Status Paper on Rice in Karnatakadocshare01.docshare.tips/files/18467/184679738.pdf · 2016. 12....

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RICE IN KARNATAKA

Status Paper on Rice in Karnataka

M. P. Rajanna

Rice Breeder and Head,

AICRP (Rice), Zonal Agricultural Research Station,

V.C. Farm, Mandya

Karnataka, India, Pin 571 405

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I. Name of the state : Karnataka

II. Introduction

The Karnataka state, a region inhabited predominantly by Kannada speaking people, is

situated between 110 31’ and 18

0 45’ North latitude and 74

0 12’ and 78

0 40’ East longitude and

lies in the west-central part of peninsular India. Its maximum spread from north to south is

about 700 km and from east to west 400 km. It is bound on the north by Maharashtra state, on

the northeast by Goa, on the east by Andhra Pradesh, on the south and southeast by Tamil

Nadu, on the southwest by Kerala with a coastline bordering the Arabian Sea. The state with

geographical area of around 1.91 lakh sq km is the eighth largest in the country. It has a variety

of topographical situations ranging from the coastal plains to gentle slopes and culminating in

the spectacular heights of the Western Ghats.

Elevations in various parts do not vary greatly though the abruptness with which they

change is marked in some parts as between the narrow coastal strip that rarely exceeds a width

of 30 km and the equally narrow Western Ghats immediately adjoining the coastal plains.

Greater part of Karnataka lies between 450 and 900 meters above mean sea level. In

places, however, the elevation reaches over 1,800 meters, in Bababudan (Chandradrona

Parvatha) ranges followed by Kudremukh at 1,892 meters. The general elevation of this table

land is about 600 meters but in central parts it is considerably higher at places between the

Krishna and Cauvery river systems particularly in Chikmagalur, Kodagu and Hassan districts.

The districts of Karnataka are shown in Figure 1.

Karnataka is blessed with abundant water wealth with as many as seven major rivers and

a number of rivulets and streams. The important rivers are Sharavathi, Kali, Nethravathi, Varahi,

Bedthi, Aghansani, Krishna, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Bhima, Tungabhadra and Cauvery. These

rivers swell in monsoons and a majority of them take out into mere trickle after the monsoons.

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Fig 1. Districts of Karnataka

The total catchment area of these river basins is 1, 91,773 sq km and the estimated

average flow is 97,800 M cum. The Krishna and Cauvery river basins together drain as much as

77 per cent of the geographical area of the state.

Groundwater in the state occurs under water table conditions, under the hard rocks

which have become sufficiently porous to hold moderate quantities of ground water. The

groundwater utility estimates reveal that the overall utilization of groundwater in the state was

only 25 per cent or one-forth of the potential.

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III. Zonal Information

a. Climate:

Rainfall and its distribution pattern: The climate of Karnataka is basically tropical and

determined largely by the physiographic and geographic location with respect to the sea and

monsoon. The state enjoys the benefit of two monsoons and hence can well be called the land

of the two seasons, because both the south-west and north-east monsoons account for major

part of the rainfall. A small quantity of rainfall is received during cold and hot weather seasons.

The state receives an average annual rainfall of 1354.7 mm with a minimum of 552.8 mm

and a maximum of 3932.4 mm. The analysis of data over two decades reveals that, of the

average rainfall of the state, 9991.7 mm is received in the south-west monsoon (June to

September), 212.4 mm from the north-east monsoon (October to December), 142.3 mm in hot

weather period (March to May), while, hardly 8.3 mm is received in the cold weather period

(January to February).

In terms of percentage contribution in the four seasons, south-west monsoon

contributes a maximum of 73 per cent, followed by north-east monsoon, hot weather and cold

weather periods accounting for 16, 10 and 1 per cent, respectively.

The distribution of annual and seasonal rainfall over Karnataka state indicates that it is

the highest over the Western Ghats and the lowest in the eastern parts of Chitradurga districts.

The rainfall in the coastal region exceeds 3000 mm, the western ghats including Malnad region

receives an annual rainfall ranging from 4000 to 8000 mm, the northern maidan region receives

from 1500 to 500 mm, decreasing from west to east and the southern maidan receives an

annual rainfall from 2000 mm in the west to around 460 mm in the eastern edge in Chitradurga

district.

Temperature: Temperature is the lowest in January and increases thereafter gradually at

first and rapidly after the middle of February or beginning of March. In the southern maidan

region, the highest temperature occur in April, while, in the northern maidan and coastal area

they occur in May. In January, the mean daily maximum temperature is 310 C in the coastal area

and slightly above 300 C in the northern maidan area except in Bidar district where it is 28 to 29

0

C. Over the western Ghat areas, it is 240

to 270 C. In April, the mean daily maximum

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temperature is about 320

C in the coastal region and increases as we go north-eastwards in the

northern maidan area to 390

C in Gulbarga-Raichur region and decreases to about 370 C in Bidar

area. Over the rest of the maidan area it is 28 to 320

C.

The highest maximum temperature is in May, which is the warmest month over major

part of the state, reaches 430

C in Gulbarga - Raichur region. It exceeds 400

C in the area north-

east of a line joining Bidar, Gadag and Bellary. It is 350

C to 360

C over the coastal area and 360 C

to 380 C over the southern maidan area. Over the Western Ghats and malnad area, it is 32

0 C to

340 C. Temperature decreases after May, and by July the daily maximum temperature decreases

appreciably. The warmest region in July, is Bellary-Raichur-Gulbarga area where the mean daily

maximum temperature is about 320 C. It decreases to 29

0 C towards Bidar. It is about 28

0 C in

the coastal area and increases north-eastwards to 320

C in Raichur-Gulbarga area. In the

southern maidan the maximum temperature is 260 C to 27

0 C. In the ghats and malnad area, it is

about 20 to 240 C. It is of interest to note that after October, temperature gradually decreases

throughout the state reaching the lowest in early January.

Humidity: The average relative humidity is the highest in the state during July-August

and lowest in March-April. Relative humidity depends not only on the amount of water vapour

in the atmosphere but also on temperature. In general the coastal area, ghats and Malnad areas

are more humid than the Maidan areas. Southern maidan areas are comparatively more humid

than the northern maidan areas. The region having the lowest monthly relative humidity of

about 30 per cent in April-May is that extending from northern Chitradurga and Bellary districts

to Bijapur districts to Bijapur, Raichur and Gulbarga districts. Humidity is as low as 5 to 10 per

cent, and sometimes even less in this area in the afternoon hours in summer. Even in the

southern maidan area, low relative humidity of 10 to 20 per cent may be recorded during the

afternoon in March-April. In July and August very high humidity exceeding 90 per cent occur

over the coastal area, ghats and malnad areas, and 80 to 60 per cent over the rest of the state.

From September onwards, humidity generally decreases gradually upto November and rapidly

thereafter.

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b. Soil type :

Karnataka state represents a wide variety of geological, climatic, vegetational and

physiographic features, which have influenced soil formation and thus given rise to various types

of soils. Accordingly, the different soils have distinct morphological and physic-chemical

properties that have a bearing on plant growth and have influenced the cropping pattern, giving

a unique status to the state. A scientific knowledge of soils is a pre-requisite to understand the

local ecology and useful in planning for agricultural development.

As per the updated soil survey data, the soils of Karnataka have been broadly classified

under nine groups. The characteristics and distribution of these nine soil groups in different

parts of Karnataka are as follows:

1. Shallow Black Soils

These soils are usually encountered on undulating ridges in the Deccan trap region and to

some extent on schist and lime stone upland region of Karnataka, occupying areas in north and

north-west parts of the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, Gulbarga and Bidar.

These are shallow (less than 23 cm), dark greyish brown, dark brown to dark reddish

browm, usually calcareous, with gravelly clay loam to clay in texture. They are neutral to weakly

alkaline and have moderate to high water holding capacity with high cation exchange capacity

(CEC). The soils are well drained to some-what excessively drained with moderate permeability.

The clay mineral is dominantly montmorillonitic. These soils are classified under the orders

Entisols and inceptisols with sub-orders Orthents and Ochrepts.

Suitable soil and water conservation measures along with adoption of package of

practices are essential to obtain satisfactory crop yields. Care is essential while, developing

these lands for irrigation due to their shallow depth and steep slopes.

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2. Medium Black Soils

These soils usually occur in the Deccan trap, schist, lime stone and shale region of the

state, occupying areas in parts of Bidar, Gulbarga, Bijapur and Belgaum districts and to some

extent on peninsular gneiss area in Raichur, Chitradurga and Dharwad districts.

These soils are moderately deep to very deep (23-90 cm), dark to very dark in greyish

brown, dark reddish brown or black in colour, usually calcareous, cracking, clayey soils. These

are highly moisture retentive, neutral to alkaline, and well supplied with bases. They contain

high percentage of clay dominated by montmorillonitic type of mineral. These are moderately

well drained with slow permeability. Heavy cracking in dry periods, typical wedge shaped blocky

structure and prominent slickensides in the sub-surface horizons are quite common. The soils

are classified under the orders Inceptisols and Vertisols with sub-orders Ochrepts and Usterts.

The soils are fertile and produce good yields when moisture is not limiting but modera -

tely susceptible to erosion.

Adequate soil and water conservation measures along with adoption of package of

practices are essential to obtain sustained high yields. Indiscriminate use of water may lead to

development of salinity, alkalinity and water logging problems.

3. Deep Black Soils

These soils occur in Deccan trap lime stone regions, in parts of Gulbarga, Bijapur and

Belgaum districts and considerable areas in parts of Raichur, Bellary, Dharwad, Chitradurga, and

Mysore districts.

These are very deep (more than 90 cm), dark brown, dark greyish brown to very dark

grey or black in colour. The texture is usually clayey throughout the profile. These are

calcareous and are weakly to strongly alkaline, highly cracking montmorillonitic clayey soils.

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These are highly moisture retentive and moderately well drained to imperfectly drained

with low to very low permeability. A loose, crumb to granular surface mulch, gilgai micro relief,

prominent intersecting slickensides and typical sub-angular to angular blocky structure are

common in these soils. These soils are classified under the order Vertisols with sub-order

Usterts.

These soils are fertile and generally produce good yields when moisture is not a limiting

factor but are slight to moderately susceptible to erosion.

Adequate soil and water conservation measures, appropriate provision of drainage

facilities especially in the low lands and adoption of package of practices are essential to obtain

sustained high yields under rainfed cultivation. Indiscriminate use of water on these soils could

spoil the soil structure and lead to salinity and water logging problems.

4. Red Sandy Soils

These soils occur on undulating landscape on acidic rock viz. Granites and granite

gneisses, occupying areas in parts of Dharwad, Bellary, Chitradurga, Shimoga, Bangalore,

Tumkur, Mandya and Mysore districts of the State.

The soils of this type can further be sub-divided into the following three groups occupying on

distinct topographic sites with varying physicochemical properties.

a) Upland

b) Midland, and

c) Low land soils

These are usually situated on convex ridges with 3-5 per cent gradient or more. The soils are

shallow to moderately deep, reddish brown to dark reddish brown, gravelly loamy sand to sandy

loam on the surface with sandy loam to gravelly sand clay in the sub-surface horizons. They are

neutral to slightly acidic in reaction and low in cation exchange capacity, base saturation and

water holding capacity but well drained with rapid permeability.

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These soils are classified under the orders Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols with sub-orders,

Orthents, Ochrepts and Ustalfs.

Though these soils respond well to irrigation, manuring and other management practices,

the yields are very low due to low fertility status, shallow rooting depth and inadequate storage

soil moisture capacity.

Adequate storage soil moisture conservation measures, combined with adequate application

of organic manures to improve soil structure, fertility and water holding capacity are essential to

obtain satisfactory yields under rainfed cultivation.

Soils of Midlands

These soils occur on gently sloping midlands in gneissic complex region. These are deep

to very deep, reddish brown to dark reddish brown, loamy sand to sandy loam or sandy clay

loam on the surface with sandy clay to gravelly clay in the sub-surface horizon with well

developed argillic (clay rich) horizon. They are neutral to acidic in reaction and low to medium in

cation exchange capacity and base saturation with medium to high water holding capacity. The

clay is dominated with Kaolinite and hydrous oxides of iron and aluminium. The soils are well

drained with moderate permeability. These soils are classified under the order Alfisols with sub-

order Ustalfs.

The yields obtained on these soils are generally good when moisture is not limiting. They

also respond well to irrigation, manuring and other management practices. Adequate soil and

moisture conservation measures and adoption of package of practices are recommended to

obtain sustained high yields.

Soils of Low Lands

These are partially deposited soils occurring on very gentle slope to nearly level or flat

valley bottom areas, are deep to very deep, dark brown to very dark brown, sandy loam sandy

clay loamand occasionally clay loam soils on the surface and sandy clay loam to clayey soils in

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the sub-surface horizons. They are neutral to weakly alkaline, non-calcarious to calcarious and

have medium to high cation exchange capacity and base saturation. The water holding capacity

is relatively high. These soils are moderately well drained to poor drainage with moderately low

to low permeability. At places the ground water table is seen within 1.5. to 2.0 meters for a

good part of the year. Patches of saline and alkaline areas also occur in the low lands. These

soils are classified under the order Alfisols and Entisols with sub-orders Ustalfs and Fluvents.

These soils normally respond to irrigation, manuring and other management practices

and generally good yields are obtained on these soils.

Adequate drainage and adoption of recommended package of practices can ensure

sustained yields. In problematic areas like high water table and water logging, encouragement

for digging wells in the command may help in reducing the water table. Also, soil amendments

may be added according to the soil test results to reclaim soils affected by alkalinity.

5. Mixed Red and Black Soils

These soils usually occur on gently undulating plain or complex geological material

comprising of gneisses. This type of soil occupies areas in parts of Bijapur, Dharwad, Belgaum,

Raichur, Bellary and Chitradurga districts.

Usually red soils resemble the red sandy soils of midland region in physic-chemical

properties and black soils resemble the medium and deep black soils in physic-chemical

characteristics. These soils are classified under the orders Alfisols, Vertisols and Entisols with

sub-orders Ustalfs, Usterts and Orthents.

The soils are productive, when moisture is not limiting. Care is essential for developing

these lands for irrigation. Provision of drainage especially in the low lying areas is essential

while, planning for irrigation. Use of good quality irrigation water and its judicious application,

application of liberal quantities of organic manures, and careful management are

recommended.

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The measures suggested for problematic areas in deep black soils are also applicable to

the problematic areas like saline, alkaline and water logged areas under these soils.

6. Red Loamy Soils

These soils occur on hilly to undulating landscape on granites, granitic gneisses and

Dharwad schists, occupying areas as a long strip along the western ghats in the transitional zone

comprising western parts of Belgaum, Uttara Kannada, Shimoga, Chitradurga, Udupi, Mangalore,

Hassan and Kodagu districts and parts of Chitradurga, Tumkur, Kolar and Bangalore districts.

The soils of this region can further be sub-divided into the following three groups

occurring on distinct physiographic position and have varying physico-chemical properties.

a) Upper slops

b) Undulating mid-slopes and

c) Valley plain soils.

Soils of Upper Slopes

These are usually situated on convex ridges and steep side slopes. The soils are shallow

to moderately deep, light grey, yellowish red and strong brown gravelly sandy loam to sandy

loam soils. They are normal to weakly acidic in reaction and low in CEC, base saturation and

water holding capacity. These soils are classified under the orders Entisols and inceptisols with

sub-orders Orthents and Ochrepts. The soils have low fertility status with shallow rooting depth

and low water holding capacity. Care should be taken to develop these lands for irrigation due

to their soil depth, coarse texture and steeper slopes. The soils may be restricted to light

irrigated crops due to high percolation losses. Application of liberal quantities of organic

manure is recommended.

Soils of Undulating Mid Slopes

These soils occur on sleepy to gently sloping undulating to hilly landscape. The soils are

very deep, dark brown to dark red, sandy loam to clay loam on the surface and loam to clay

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loam and at places gravelly sandy clay in the sub-surface horizon, with distinct argillic (clay rich)

horizon. These are neutral to weakly acidic in reaction, low in CEC, base saturation and medium

to high in water holding capacity. These soils are classified under the orders Alfisols and Ultisols

with sub-orders of Ustalfs, Udalfs, Uslults and Udults.

The soils are well drained with moderate permeability. The yields obtained in these

lands are generally good.

Appropriate soil conservation measures and adoption of recommended package of

practices are essential to obtain sustained high yields under rainfed cultivation.

Soils of Valley Plains

These are deposited soils occurring on very gently slope to nearly level of flat valley

bottom areas. These are very deep, very dark grey brown, brown to dark reddish brown, sandy

loam to clay on the surface and usually clay in the sub-surface horizon. They are neutral to

weakly alkaline, usually non-calcareous, and have low to medium CEC and base saturation. The

water holding capacity is generally high. The soils are moderately well drained to poorly drain

with low to moderate permeability. These soils are classified under the orders Alfisols and

Entisols with sub-orders Ustalfs, Udalfs and Fluvents.

The yields obtained in these soils are generally good. The soils normally respond well to

irrigation, manuring and other management practices.

Proper bunding, provision of adequate drainage and adoption of recommended package

of practices are essential for obtaining sustained high yields under rainfed cultivation.

7. Laterite Soils

These soils mainly occur on gently undulating, rolling, plain to hilly topography of

peninsular gneiss and Dharwad schist regions, occupying areas as a long strip along with western

coast in the coastal high rainfall and transitional region comprising major parts of the districts of

Uttara Kannada, Udupi, Mangalore, Kodagu and Western parts of Hassan, Chikkamagalur,

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Shimoga, Dharwad and Belgaum districts; also found in parts of Bangalore, Kolar, Bidar and

Gulbarga districts.

These are deep to very deep, yellowish red to dark red, reddish brown to brown, clay

loam to gravelly sandy loam on the surface and clay loam to gravelly sandy clay or clay in the

sub-surface horizon. They are acidic in reaction, low in CEC, base saturation and water holding

capacity. These are well drained to excessively drain with moderate to moderately rapid

permeability. These soils are classified under the orders Entisols, Ultisols, Alfisols and Oxisols

with sub-orders Orthents, Ustults, Udults, Ustalfs, Udalfs and Ustox.

These soils are fairly resistant to erosion. Due to favourable physical condition of these

soils, sustained and better yields can be obtained on many of these soils by adopting

recommended package of practices and proper soil and agricultural management systems.

8. Laterite Gravelly Soils

These soils occur in patches specially on the convex upland region of the laterite i.e., in

the southern parts of the districts of Udupi and Mangalore, northern parts of Shimoga and

north-eastern parts of Bangalore districts. Other characteristics are similar to laterite soils

described above. These soils are shallow to moderately deep with abundant ferruginous gravels.

These soils are under scrub vegetation and forest cover varying density.

9. Coastal Alluvium

These soils occur on gently sloping to nearly level plains as a narrow strip along the

western coast in the districts of Uttara Kannada, Udupi and Mangalore. They are deposited soils

consisting of washed down materials from the western ghats and by the action of the Arabian

sea.

These are deep to very deep, light grey, pale yellow or brown, sand loamy sand to sandy

loam on the surface, with loamy sand, gravelly sandy loam to clay loam in the sub-surface

horizons. These are acidic in reaction, low in CEC base saturation and water holding capacity

and deficient in the major nutrients. The water table in the low lying areas in usually within 1.0

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to 1.5 metres for most parts of the year. These soils are classified under order Entisols with sub-

orders Aquents, Fluvents and Psamments.

The soils are saline due to low lying and inundation by the sea water.

Adoption of package of practices with salt resistant varieties of crops is recommended.

c. Agro-climatic zones

Based on the rainfall pattern, topography, soil characteristics, climate in general and

cropping patterns, Karnataka state has been divided into ten distinct agro-climatic zones which

serve as focal areas for conducting location specific research (Anonymous 1993). The ten agro-

climatic zones of the state are North-eastern transition zone, North-eastern dry zone, Northern

dry zone, Central dry zone, Eastern dry zone, Southern dry zone, Southern transition zone,

Northern transition zone, Hilly zone and coastal zone. The salient features of these zones are as

follows.

Fig.2 Agro-climatic Zones of Karnataka

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1. North-eastern transition zone: It is a small zone with a total geographical area of 8.74

lakh hectares. It comprises 7 taluks coming under Bidar and Gulbarga district. The annual

rainfall of the zone ranges between 829.5 and 919 mm.

2. North-eastern dry zone: The total geographical area of the zone is 17.59 lakh hectares.

It includes eleven taluks of Gulbarga and Raichur districts. The zone receives an average rainfall

of 720 mm annually.

3. Northern dry zone: It is largest of all the zones in the state and comprises of 34 taluks of

Bijapur, Bellary, Davanagere, Koppal, Raichur and Dharwad districts. The soils of the zone are

medium to deep black clay in larger areas and sandy loam in small portion. The annual rainfall

ranges between 464.5 and 785.7 mm.

4. Central dry zone: The zone includes 19 taluks of Davanagere, Chitradurga, Tumkur,

Hassan and Chikmagalur district. It has a geographical area of 19.99 lakh ha. with an average

annual rainfall of 586.5 mm.

5. Eastern dry zone: This zone has a low rainfall pattern but with more uniform

distribution. The head quarters of UAS, Bangalore is located in this zone. The zone comprises 24

taluks coming under Bangalore, Kolar and Tumkur districts.

6. Southern dry zone: It has geographical area of 15.56 lakh hectares and consists of 18

taluks distributed over Mandya, Mysore, Chamarajanagar, Hassan and Tumkur district. Annual

rainfall of the zone ranges between 670.6 and 88.6 mm. Major area of the zone consists of red

sandy loam soils. Paddy grows under 3 lakh hectares with production of 6.5 lakh tones and

productivity of 2.2 tonnes / ha.

7. Southern transition zone: The total geographical area is 13.09 lakh ha comprising of 14

taluks coming under Shimoga, Davanagere, Chikmagalur, Hassan and Mysore districts. Annual

rainfall of the zone ranges from 611.7 to 1053.9 mm.

8. Northern transition zone: the zone has a geographical area of 11.30 lakh hectares. It

covers 14 taluks distributed in Dharwad, Haveri and Belgaum district. The zone receives 619.4 to

1303.2 mm rainfall annually.

9. Hilly zone: It is also called as malnad zone having district agro-climatic features with

rolling topography of mountains and deep valleys. It has a geographical area of 22.89 lakh

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hectares covering 22 taluks of Uttar Kannada, Shimoga, Chikmagalur, Hassan, Coorg and

Dharwad districts. This zone receives maximum rainfall of about 3695 mm annually.

10. Coastal zone: It is characterized by heavy rainfall. It has a geographical area of 11.67

lakh hectare. It includes 13 taluks distributed in Uttar Kannada, Mangalore and Udupi districts.

The annual rainfall ranges from 3010.9 to 4694.4 mm.

IV. Rice production scenario:

In Karnataka rice is grown under a variety of soils and wide range of rainfall and

temperature. Only around 44 per cent of the total acreage is under irrigation while the rest is

under the regime of monsoon. Rice is cultivated in places where the rains are as heavy as 3000

mm and in others where it is just 600 mm. In some areas only one crop is grown and in certain

other areas three crops are raised. The unique feature of rice culture in the state is that either

sowing or transplanting is seen in all seasons of the year. The duration of the rice varieties

cultivated in the state varies from 100 to 180 days depending on season and agro-climatic

location.

V. Region-wise Rice growing ecosystems

In Karnataka it is highly challenging for the researchers to work with the problems of

diversified rice cultivation. Based on the agro-climatic situation, amount and distribution of

rainfall, soil type and prevailing agro-climatic practices, rice growing ecosystems of the state can

be broadly classified into following six categories.

1. Coastal area: A major area of nearly 0.21 m ha of rice is covered by the coastal area with

the productivity of 2.9 t/ha. This area comprises the entire district of Udupi and Mangalore as

well as part of Uttar Kannada district. This area enjoys very good annual rainfall of about 3600

mm. The rice soils are mostly laterites with poor fertility and are generally deficient in lime. It

has three main rice seasons. In the first crop season, (May-June to September-October)

varieties with 135-140 days maturity are grown. The second crop is sown in Sept-October and

harvested in January-February. The third crop is cultivated between January and March. The

other seasons are late Kharif sown during August first week and Yedakolake sown during

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December. It is mainly an irrigated crop. In this region, varieties with coarse grain and red

kernels are generally preferred for parboiling. The major constraints in the region are scarcity of

labours, leaching of nutrients, infrastructures, soil acidity, crop damage by wild animals, erratic

rainfall, gall midge, blast and seasonal floods.

2. Hilly area: A total of 0.26 m ha is under rice with the productivity of 1.98 t/ha. The hill

region which includes Coorg, Chikmagalur and parts of Hassan district is completely under the

regime of monsoon. The area receives rainfall from May to October. The annual precipitation of

this region is around 1600 mm or higher. The temperature variation is also much greater (13o c

to 36o

c) in hilly region than in other regions of the state. Soils are mostly laterites, poor in lime

and acid in reaction. In the eastern parts of Chikmagalur district red soils of sandy to loamy

texture occur. The main rice season is from June-July to November-December. Rice is grown

either transplanted or broadcast. The toposequence of land situation limits the choice of

varieties, with different duration (145 to 180 days). In most hilly areas, rice is grown only once a

year. In the uplands of this hilly area rice is direct seeded on a considerable area. This class of

rice is sown in May-June and harvested in September-October.

3. Transitional area: This is the drill sown rice area, comprising Belgaum, Dharwar and parts

of North canara districts. It has a total of 0.19 m ha. (14.4 per cent of the area under rice) with

1.12 t/ha of productivity. This area is unique in that rice is direct seeded over 90 per cent of the

area. The crop is direct seeded under relatively dry conditions and the fields remain unflooded

for most part of the period. The region receives an annual rainfall of 619 to 1303 mm. The soils

vary from laterite to clay loams. Mixed red and black soils also prevail. These soils exhibit

moderate fertility. Rice is grown in terraced fields with three types of land situations – up lands,

mid lands and low lands. Short duration rice varieties grown in up lands and mid-late varieties in

mid-lands. Late duration (long duration) varieties are grown in lowlands. On a limited area, rice

is also grown during summer season (January-February to March-April) using lift irrigation.

4. Tankfed area: The area under rice in tank-fed area is around 0.15 m ha with the

productivity of 2.48 t/ha. This region includes the districts of Kolar, Bangalore, Tumkur and parts

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RICE IN KARNATAKA

of Hassan. It covers 11.0 per cent of the area under rice. This area receives an average annual

rainfall of about 760 mm. Tanks get filled during October-November. The irrigation is through

tanks water only. Generally two crops are grown. This region is unique that rice is grown on

semi-dry cum wet crop called Punaji. Rice is sown dry during June-July and carried on as a dry

crop until August-September. Water is impounded late in September-October and later

cultivated as wet rice. In addition transplanting is also in practice but late in the season in

August-September. This class of rice is harvested in December-January. Summer rice is grown

on a limited area only when tank water is available.

5. Irrigated maidan area (South): It occupies an area of 0.18 m ha, with the productivity of

2.59 t/ha. This includes the canal irrigated areas of Mandya, Mysore, Hassan, Chamarajanagar

and parts of Shimoga, Davanagere and Chitradurga districts. This area receives an annual

rainfall of 778 mm. The soils are mostly red in colour, sandy to loamy in texture and rich in

potash. It has two main season viz., the kharif (June-July to November-December) and summer

(January-February to May-June). In kharif season varieties of long duration (140-145 days),

medium duration (130-135 days) and short duration (110-115 days) are grown while during

summer it varies from short duration to long duration depending upon the availability of water

in the reservoir / tank. In this area low temperature prevails during November – January.

6. Irrigated maidan area (North): This occupies an area of 0.21 m ha with the productivity of

2.53 t/ha. It comprises Raichur, Bellary, Haveri, Koppal, Dharwad, Gulbarga and Belgaum

districts. Major source of irrigation in Raichur, Bellary, Haveri and Koppal districts is

Tungabhadra Project. This region receives an annual rainfall of 600 mm only. The rice soils vary

from black cotton type to mostly lighter black to reddish in colour. These soils exhibit a fair

degree of fertility and are generally rich in lime and magnesium. Considerable areas are affected

by salinity and/or alkalinity. As in southern irrigated maidan area here also two crops are grown.

In the kharif season rice varieties of 140-145 days duration are cultivated while summer crop is

cultivated on limited areas with short to mid-early duration genotypes.

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VI. Rice Production and Economic Analysis

Table 1. District-wise Area, Production and Productivity of Rice in Karnataka (2007-08)

Districts Area (ha) Production (t) Yield (Kg/ha)

Bagalkote 87 210 2541

Bangalore Urban 2119 6738 3347

Bangalore Rural 2293 8183 3857

Belgaum 71269 89459 1322

Bellary 122721 410503 3521

Bidar 6503 3435 657

Bijapur 12 29 2544

Chamarajanagara 19294 54673 2983

Chikaballapur 8122 26356 3416

Chikmagalur 43789 106000 2548

Chitradurga 8667 18410 2236

Dakshin Kannada 55372 132894 2526

Davanagere 130208 428172 3461

Dharwad 32834 35398 1135

Gadag 1905 3055 1688

Gulbarga 92740 157008 1782

Hassan 53146 128074 2537

Haveri 51669 64709 1818

Kodagu 35362 88096 2622

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Kolar 4157 7621 1930

Koppal 75223 245003 3428

Mandya 88657 266775 3143

Mysore 123803 356604 3032

Raichur 164925 468464 2990

Ramanagaram 6612 17968 2861

Shimoga 131070 313243 2516

Tumkur 39816 105308 2704

Udupi 61512 132678 2270

Uttara Kannada 80100 127083 1662

Total (Karnataka) 15, 13, 987 38, 02, 149 2644

Table 2. Cost of Cultivation of Paddy

Sl.

No.

Nature of work Total amount

(Rs./ha)

1. Preparatory tillage

a) Nursery preparation : 750.00

b) Bund trimming : 1,250.00

c) Ploughing (2 times) : 2,500.00

d) Leveling and puddling : 1,875.00

Total : 6,375.00

2. Manures and manuring

a) Organic manure (FYM @ 10 t/ha) : 4,000.00

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b) Application of FYM : 500.00

c) Inorganic fertilizer (100:50:50 kg NPK/ha)

Urea : 217 kg : 1,130.00

SSP : 313 kg : 1,282.50

MoP : 083 kg : 600.00

ZnSO4 : 20 kg : 600.00

d) Fertilizer application : 750.00

Total : 8,862.00

3. Seeds and Transplanting

a) Seeds (62.5 kg/ha) : 1,250.00

b) Plucking of seedlings and transplanting : 3,100.00

Total : 4,350.00

4. After tillage and care

a) Weeding – weedicide (Londax power 10 kg/ha) : 900.00

b) Application cost : 250.00

c) One hand weeding at 25-30 DAT : 1,200.00

d) Plant protection measures :

Insecticide/Fungicide(Need based chemicals) and

application cost

2,250.00

Total : 4,600.00

5. Irrigation : 2,250.00

Total : 2,250.00

6. Harvesting and preparing for market

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a) Harvesting, bundling, threshing, winnowing and

transporting

:

7,300.00

7. Miscellaneous (Land rent, etc.) : 1,250.00

Total : 8,550.00

Grand total : 34,987.00

Total cost of cultivation/ha: Rs.34, 987/-

B. Gross income

(i) Principal products Grain yield : 6250 kg @ 10.00/kg = 62, 500.00

(ii) By-product Straw : 7500 kg @ 00.50/kg = 3, 700.00

-------------------

66, 200.00

--------------------

Total Gross income/ha: Rs.66, 200/-

Net profit: Gross income – Cost of cultivation

: Rs. 66, 200 – 34, 987

: Rs. 31, 213/-

B:C ratio : 0.9

Note: Market Value

1. TL seeds :- Rs. 20 / kg 2. Grain :- Rs. 10 / kg 3. Straw :- Rs. 0.5 / kg 4. Bullock :- Rs. 250 / day 5. Casual Women Labour :- Rs. 80 / day 6. Casual Men Labour :- Rs. 100 / day 7. Urea :- Rs. 5.20 / kg 8. SSP :- Rs. 4.10 / kg 9. MOP :- Rs. 4.40 / kg 10. ZnSO4 :- Rs. 30 / kg

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VII. Rice and rice based cropping systems zone-wise

In Karnataka, where two crops of rice are taken in a year black gram / greengram is

cultivated after rice crop. The first crop is cultivated from June-July and harvested during

December and the second crop is sown during January and harvested in the months of April-

May. In canal irrigated areas of the state the cropping patterns like Rice-Rice-fallow, Rice-Ragi or

Rice-Pulses are being followed.

Table 3. Rice based cropping systems followed in different zones of Karnataka

Zone-4

Sl.

No.

Kharif Rabi Summer

Low Land

01 Paddy Green Manuring Crop Paddy

Plane Land

01 Green Manuring Crop Fallow Paddy

02 Paddy Fallow Hybrid maize / Ragi / Ground

nut / Sunflower

03 Paddy Fallow Sesamum / Cowpea /

Sorghum

04 Ragi Sunflower Paddy / Ground nut

05 Ragi / Pulses Sugarcane

Zone 5 (Tank-fed)

01 Ragi / Ground nut /

Sunflower

Fallow Paddy

02 Paddy (Short

duration)

Fallow Ragi / Ground nut / Sunflower

/ Cowpea

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Zone 6 (Channel Irrigated)

01 Paddy Fallow Paddy

02 Paddy Fallow Ragi

03 Paddy Fallow Sesamum / Cowpea /

Sorghum

Zone 7

Low Land and Mid Land Area

01 Paddy Fallow Soybean

02 Paddy Fallow Ground nut

03 Paddy Fallow Maize

04 Paddy Sunflower Cowpea

Zone 8

01 Paddy Wheat Maize / Sorghum / Ground nut

02 Paddy Wheat Paddy

03 Ground nut Wheat Paddy

04 Paddy Fallow Paddy

Zone 9

01 Paddy Fallow Paddy / Cowpea / Ground nut

/ Soybean


Zone 10

Three Crops Growing areas

01 Paddy Paddy Ground nut

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02 Paddy Ground nut Ragi / Vegetables

Two Crops Growing areas


02 Paddy Fallow Vegetables

03 Paddy Fallow Black gram / Green gram /

Cowpea

04 Paddy Fallow Sesamum

Mono Crop Growing areas

01 Paddy - Green Manuring Crop

02 Paddy – Horse Gram

VIII. Rice growing seasons and regions

Major rice growing areas of the state can be broadly classified into two seasons, viz.,

kharif (June-July) and summer (January-February). In all the six rice growing ecosystems, Kharif

sowing is common while during summer season the crop is cultivated mainly in the irrigated

maidan areas of north and south. In the tank-fed areas, the crop is taken up late in the season

(August-September) depending upon the monsoon showers. In coastal area, one can see a

specific situation where a second crop is sown in September-October and harvested in January-

February and the third crop is cultivated between December-January and March-April. In each

district, nearly 60-80 per cent of the total area is covered during Kharif (wet) season while the

remaining area is occupied in late Kharif and summer (dry) season.

a. Zone-wise Varieties and Hybrids :

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Table 4.Rice varieties recommended for Zone 4, 5 and 6 under channel and well irrigation

Varieties Duration Grain type Sowing time Transplanting time Yield (q/ha)

Kharif

BR-2655 140-145 Medium Before end of

June

Before July 3rd

week 60 to 65

Jaya 140-145 Bold Before end of

June

Before July 3rd

week 55 to 60

Mandya Vijaya 140-145 Fine Before end of

June

Before July 3rd

week 50 to 55

Thanu 130-135 Medium Before July 2nd

week

August 1st

week 45 to 50

MTU-1001 130-135 Bold Before July 2nd

week

August 1st

week 45 to 50

IR-30864 130-135 Medium Before July 2nd

week

August 1st

week 45 to 50


week

August 1st

week 45 to 50

Pushpa 130-135 Long,

Slender

Before July 2nd

week

August 1st

week 45 to 50

MTU-1010 120-125 Long,

Slender

Before July 2nd

week

August 1st

week 45 to 50

Rasi 120-125 Medium Before end of

July

August 3rd

week 40 to 45

Tellahamsa 120-125 Medium Before end of

July

August 3rd

week 40 to 45

Mangala 110-115 Bold August 2nd

week

September 1st

week 35 to 40

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Mukthi (CTH-1) 125-130 Bold, Red

Rice

Before end of

August

September 3rd

week 30 to 35

Billimukthi

(CTH-3)

110-115 Bold Before end of

August

September 3rd

week 30 to 35

Hybrid

KRH-2 130-135 Medium Before July 2nd

week

August 1st

week 70 to 75

Table 5. Rice varieties recommended for Zone 5 and 6 under tank irrigation


Kharif


week

August 1st

week 60 to 65


week

August 1st

week 60 to 65

Pushpa 130-135 Long,

Slender

Before July 2nd

week

August 1st

week 60 to 65

Rasi 120-125 Medium Before end of

July

August 3rd

week 55 to 60

Tellahamsa 120-125 Medium Before end of

July

August 3rd

week 55 to 60

Mangala 110-115 Bold August 2nd

week

September 1st

week 45 to 50

Mukthi (CTH-1) 125-130 Bold, Red

Rice

Before end of

August

September 3rd

week 50 to 55

Billimukthi

(CTH-3)

110-115 Bold Before end of

August

September 3rd

week 50 to 55

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Hybrid

KRH-1* 120-125 Medium Before end of

July

August 3rd

week 55 to 60

KRH-2 130-135 Medium Before July 2nd

week

August 1st

week 75 to 80

Table 6. Rice varieties recommended for Zone 4 and 6 under Saline soils


Kharif


week

August 1st

week 35 to 40

Vikas 130-135 Medium Before July 2nd

week

August 1st

week 35 to 40

Table 7. Rice varieties recommended for Zone 7 and 8 under channel and well irrigation


Kharif

KRH-2 125-130 Medium

Slender

Before end of

June

Before July 3rd

week 75 to 80

BR-2655 140-145 Medium Before end of

June

Before July 3rd

week 60 to 65

Jaya 140-145 Bold Before end of

June

Before July 3rd

week 55 to 60

Mandya Vijaya 140-145 Fine Before end of

June

Before July 3rd

week 50 to 55

IR-30864 130-135 Medium Before end of Before July 3rd

week 50 to 55

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Slender June

Late Kharif

KRH-1 115-120 Medium

Slender

Before mid July August 1st

week 55 to 60

IR-20 120-125 Medium

Slender


week 45 to 50

Rasi 120-125 Medium

Slender


week 50 to 55

Mangala 110-115 Medium

Slender


week 35 to 40

Table 8. Rice varieties recommended for Zone 7 and 8 under Punaji cultivation


Are-makki gadde (Mid Land Rice)

Jaya 140-145 Bold Before June 15th

Before July 3rd

week 35 to 40

Kadamba 135-140 Medium

Slender

Before end of

June

Before July 3rd

week 60 to 65

Avinash 135-140 Bold Before end of

June

Before July 3rd

week 35 to 40

Low Lands Rice

Abhilash 155-160 Medium

Slender

Before end of

June

Before July 3rd

week 40 to 45

Intan 165-170 Medium

Slender

Before end of

June

Before July 3rd

week 40 to 45

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Table 9. Rice varieties recommended for Zone 9

Varieties Duration Grain type Sowing time Yield (q/ha)

Kharif

Low Land

Intan 165-170 Medium Slender 1st

forenight of

June

45 to 50

Hemavathi 165-170 Medium Slender 1st

forenight of

June

50 to 55

Sharavati 180-185 Bold, Red 2nd

forenight of

May

50 to 55

KHP-10 145-150 Medium, Red Before June 3rd

week

45 to 50

PUBM-8 175-180 Medium Slender Before June 1st

week

45 to 50

Majalu Bhoomi (Mid Land)

KHP-2 145-150 Medium Slender 1st

fortnight of June 45 to 50

IET-7191 150-155 Bold 1st


IET-13901 150-155 Medium Slender 1st


KHP-10 145-150 Medium bold Before June 3rd

week

45 to 50

Hilly Area

Gama-138 135-140 Bold 2nd

fortnight of

May

35 to 38

Karana 140-145 Medium Slender 2nd

fortnight of

May

35 to 38

Jaya 145-150 Bold 2nd

fortnight of

May

35 to 38

KHP-5 145-150 Medium bold Before June 1st

week

40 to 43

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Late Kharif

Karna 140-145 Medium Slender Before July 2nd

week

40 to 43

IR-20 140-145 Medium Slender Before July 2nd

week

40 to 43

Mangala 125-130 Bold Before July 2nd

week

38 to 40

Mukthi (CTH-1) 130-135 Medium Bold Before July 2nd

week

38 to 40

Billimukthi (CTH-3) 130-135 Medium Bold Before July 2nd

week

38 to 40

Summer

Mangala 125-130 Medium Slender 1st

week of January 38 to 40

IR-20 140-145 Medium Slender 1st


Mukthi (CTH-1) 130-135 Medium Bold 1st


Madhu 130-135 Medium Slender 1st


Table 10. Rice varieties recommended for Zone 10

Varieties Duration Salient features Sowing time Yield

(q/ha)

Ennilu : karthi (Kharif)

Bettu

Mahavira 110-115 Red rice, Gall midge resistant 1st

week of June 35 to 40

KCP-1 115-120 White rice, Gall midge resistant 1st

week of June 35 to 40

Majalu

Shakthi 120-125 White rice, Gall midge resistant May end – June end 40 to 45

Latha 125-130 White rice, Gall midge resistant May end – June end 40 to 45

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MO-4 130-135 Red rice, Gall midge resistant May end – June end 40 to 45

Champaka 130-135 Red rice, Gall midge resistant May end – June 2nd

week 40 to 45

Bayalu

Phalgunna 135-140 White rice, Gall midge resistant May end – June 1st

week 40 to 45

Netravathi 135-140 White rice, Gall midge resistant May end – June 1st

week 40 to 45

MO-4 130-135 -- May end – June 1st

week 40 to 45

Suggi

Mukthi 120-125 Red Rice, Blast Resistant October 35 to 40

Joythi 100-105 Red Rice October 30 to 35

Shakti 120-125 -- October 35 to 40

Kolake

Jaya 120-125 Bold, White Rice January 40 to 45

Table 11. Rice varieties recommended for Zone 1,2,3,8,9 and 10

Varieties Zone and

Situation

Sowing time Duration and salient features

Kharif

Jaya 1,2,3,8,9, Rain

fed / Irrigated

Before end of June 140-145, Long, Bold

Rasi 1,2,8, Rain fed /

Irrigated

Before end of June 125-130, Suitable for drill sowing

Vaani* 1,2,3, Irrigated Before end of June 140-145, Long Slender

Sona* 1,2,3, Irrigated Before end of June 140-145, Long Slender

Prakash* 1,2,3, Irrigated Before end of June 145-150, Long Slender

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IR-20 1,2,3, Irrigated Before July 15th

130-145, Medium Slender

Pushpa* 1,2,3, Irrigated Before July 15th

120-125, Long Slender

Madhu* 1,2,3, Irrigated Before July 15th


Mangala* 1,2,3,8,9, Rain

fed / Irrigated

Up to August 15th


BPT-5204 1,2,3, Irrigated Up to June 140-145, Medium Slender

Mandya

vaani*

1,2,3,8,

Irrigated

Up to July 15th

130-135, Long Slender

Karna* 1,2,3,8,9, Rain

fed / Irrigated

Up to July 15th

130-135, Long, Bold

GEB-24* 1,2, Irrigated Up to August 15th

165-175, Long Slender, Suitable for

drill sowing

Avinash* 3,8, Rain fed /

Irrigated

May - June 135-145, Medium Bold

MTU-1001 8, Rain fed May - June 130-135, Medium Slender

Pragathi* 1,2,3, Irrigated Up to July 130-135, Medium Slender

Mandya

Vijaya

8, Irrigated Up to June 140-145, Medium Slender

Joythi 8, Irrigated Up to June 125-130, Long, Bold

Amruth* 8, Rain fed May - June 105-110, Medium Bold, Suitable for

drill sowing

Abhilash* 8,9, Rain fed May - June 155-165, Long, Bold, Suitable for drill

sowing

Intan 8,9, Rain fed May - June 160-170, Long Slender, Suitable for

drill sowing

Hemavathi 9, Rain fed May - June 160-170, Medium Slender, Suitable

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for drill sowing

KPH-2 9, Rain fed May - June 1st

week 145-150, Medium Slender, Suitable

for drill sowing

IET-7191 9, Rain fed May - June 1st

week 150-155, Long, Bold, Suitable for drill

sowing

Mahaveera* 10, Rain fed May - June 1st

week 110-115, Long, Bold, Red, Suitable for

drill sowing

Shakthi* 10, Rain fed May - June 1st


sowing

Phalguna* 10, Rain fed May - June 1st

week 135-140, Medium Slender, Suitable

for drill sowing

KKP-6 10, Rain fed May - June 1st


sowing

Getu* 10, Rain fed May - June 1st


sowing

IET-7564 10, Rain fed May - June 100-105, Long Slender

IET-13549 10, Rain fed May - June 130-135, Long Slender

Rabi (Irrigated)

Phalguna 10 Before end of October 140-150, Long, Bold

Jaya 10 Before end of October 120-145, Long, Bold

Joythi 10 Before end of October 100-105, Long, Bold

Shakthi 10 Before end of October 120-125, Long, Bold

Summer (Irrigated)

IR-64 1,2,3 Before end of January 120-125, Long Slender

ES-18* 1,2,3 Before end of January

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Tellahamsa 1,2,3 Before end of January 120-125, Long Slender

Sujatha 1,2,3 Before end of January 120-125, Long Slender

Rasi 8 Before end of January 120-125, Medium Slender

Joythi 8 Before end of January 125-130, Long Bold

Shakthi 10 Before end of January 120-125, Long Bold

Mukthi

(CTH-1)

10 Before end of January 125-130, Red Rice

* Varieties not in seed production chain

IX. Package of practices

Table 12. Fertilizer Requirement / ha

Fertilizers kg/ha

Transplanting Aerobic Rice /

Drill sown /

SRI

Hybrid

Rice Zone 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8 Zone 9 Zone 10

Kharif Summer Kharif Kharif

Nitrogen 100 125 75 60 100 120

Phosphorous 50 62 75 30 50 60

Potash 50 62 90 45 50 60

Table 13. Input Requirement / ha

Inputs

Zone 4, 5 and 6 Zone 7, 8 & 10 Zone 9

SRI

Transplanting Drill sown Transplanting Transplanting Drill

sown

Seeds

Variety 62 kg 75-80 kg 62 kg 62 kg 82 kg 5 kg

Hybrid 20 kg -- -- -- -- --

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FYM 10 tons 10 tons 05 tons

05 tons

-- 10

tons

Or Organic matter

/Green manures 05 tons -- 10 tons -- --

X (a). Traditional Rice Varieties:

Traditional rice varieties is being grown in very few selected regions of the state. The

major area of these varieties can be seen in Malnad, Hilly and Coastal tracts in Shimoga, Hassan,

Coorg, Udupi and South Kanara districts. Most popular traditional Rice varieties cultivated in

these areas include Rajaboga, Rajamudi, Kayame, Ratnachudi and Jerasanna. In maidan areas of

southern Karnataka cultivation of Haluballu can be seen in a limited area.

Rajaboga, Rajamudi and Ratnachudi are long duration, photosensitive, tall varieties with

fine grain quality. These varieties suite very well for the cropping system of malnad tract.

Hence, these are cultivated in few selected areas of the region. Jerasanna is cultivated in hilly

tracts of South Coorg and part of Hassan districts owing to its fineness and scented nature. The

cultivation of ‘Haluballu’ a medium duration, variety can be attributed to its good taste and

tolerance to pests and diseases.

Cultivation of rice in Karnataka state (earlier called as Mysore state) it as old as its

cultivation in the country. There were many varieties grown in different parts of the state under

varied agro-ecological situations. An exhaustive list of traditional rice varieties of erstwhile

Mysore state is compiled by Ramaiah (1953) and Richharia and Govindaswamy (1966). The most

important traditional rice varieties of the state and their salient features are given in Table14

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Table 14. Salient features of traditional rice varieties of Karnataka.

Sl.

No.

Variety Salient features

Merits Demerits

1. Haluballu Medium bold quality rice Poor yielder, lodging

2. Ratnachudi Fine grain good quality rice Poor yielder, photosensitive

3. Rajaboga Medium fine, good quality rice Lodging, medium yielder

4. Rajamudi Medium fine, good quality rice Lodging, medium yielder

5. Jerasanna Aromatic rice with short bold Blast susceptible, poor yield

6. Bangarkovi Long fine grain, quality rice Tall variety, lodging

7. Bangarasali Long fine grain, quality rice Tall variety, lodging

8. Bangakaddi Long fine grain, quality rice Tall variety, lodging

9. Bellary sanna Fine grain, quality rice Tall variety, lodging, poor yield

10. Coimbatore

sanna

Fine grain, good quality rice Tall variety, lodging, poor yield

11. Anekombu Elongated bold grain, for PB Poor yielder

12. Suggi Submergence tolerant red rice Poor yielder

13. Kolke Drought tolerant, red rice Poor yielder

14. Kaddi Oval bold for par boiled rice Coarse variety poor yield

15. Gajawali Elongated fine rice, good

quality

Coarse variety poor yield

16. Kembhuti Elongated bold grain Coarse variety poor yield

17. Bilekagga Saline Resistant variety Poor yield

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X (b). Traditional classification of rice lands and cropping seasons in the state

The cultivation of rice in the state dates back to early part of 20th

century. During this

period, it was cultivated in an area of 3.2 lakh ha with a production of 0.21 million tonnes. The

practice of rice cultivation purely under monsoon, monsoon followed by tank water and through

artificial irrigation by canal water under different agro-ecological situation was documented by

Ramiah and Rao (1953). Coastal region adjoining to Arabian sea in western part of the state has

been a traditional rice growing area. Rice was being cultivating here almost throughout the year

in different topographical situations. The farmers used to grow the crop under five different

periods / seasons and locally designated them as Anilu, Patla, Suggi, Yedekolake and Kolke.

These seasons can be simulated with the present kharif (May-June), late kharif (July-August),

rabi (September-October), early summer (December-January) and summer (January-February).

The cultivation was practiced on different land system and locally/traditionally called as Bettu

(upland), Majalu (mid land), Bailu (low land) and Patla (river bank). It was grown purely as a

purely rainfed crop in the hilly areas of malnad tract where soils are generally poor. Broadcasting

of seeds was the usual practice in these areas. In maidan (flat) basins the crop was grown using

monsoons with a protective irrigation from tanks. The cropping periods in the above two

situations prevailed between June to September. The crop was also cultivated purely under

canal irrigation in maidan areas during the said season. In lowland with tank water facility,

cultivation was also under practiced during summer months (January to April) popularly called as

Kar season.

X (c). Traditional cultural practices for pest and disease management

Cultivation practices followed in rice prior to the introduction of improved varieties,

chemical fertilizers, plant protection chemicals and machineries / agricultural equipments etc.

was not systematic and uniform in the state. Farmers used to follow different methods as per

their convenience and suitability in different traditional rice growing areas.

18. Kare kagga Saline resistant variety Poor yield

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Hilly areas, coastal areas and transitional areas of the state are considered as traditional

rice areas of state. In hilly and coastal areas, cultivation of rice was done on different soil

topography. The popular ones are Bettu (upland), Majalu (mid land), Bailu (low land) and Patla

(river bank). In all these eco-systems broadcasting of unsprouted seeds was the common

practice. Manual weeding and plant protections were not common. Application of forest soils

was the usual practice in many places. Harvesting and processing of the produce was done at

family level as the land holdings were small and scattered.

In transitional areas, farmers broadcast the self saved seeds after ploughing their land and

cover it up by passing a wooden plank on the land. In some other areas, sowing was also

practiced in the plough soles along with decomposed (FYM) farm yard manure. Weeding was

not usually practiced in the broadcasted crop while in line sowing it was controlled by inter-

cultivation by bullocks. No control measures were practiced for pest and disease in the rain-fed

ecosystem. However, pulses and oilseeds were intermixed (intercropped) which control the

pests and diseases to certain extent.

In all these areas, rice was cultivated mainly during monsoon period (May to August). In

coastal and hilly areas where water was available in the valleys and streams, rice was cultivated

to a limited extent during summer season. In transitional area, farmers grow crop using tank

water wherever available.

XI. Indigenous technical knowledge (ITKs) in the state

Sl.

No.

Indigenous Technology Advantage

1.

2.

Sowing of sorghum, red gram and Beans

on bund of Terraces

Mixed cropping of Rice + Sorghum in

drought prone areas

Efficient utilization of space and

smothering the weeds on bunds

As insurance crop to get the produce

from either of one crop depending on

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RICE IN KARNATAKA

3.

4.

5.

Inter-cultivation and ‘Hodta’ (Planking)

operations in dry and wet conditions in

paddy fields

Cutting the sides of terrace bunds during

rainy season with big sickle and putting

the soil on terrace bunds.

Manuring the weeds removed by heaping

in the fields and turning it frequently.

rainfall

Helps in removing the weeds, induces

better tillering, avoids percolation loss of

water and nutrients

Removes weeds and avoid the flow of

water from Paddy fields

Improves organic matter and soil

properties in the paddy fields.

XII. Status of recent rice production technologies

a. SRI

Need for SRI:

The rice production in India is strongly influenced by the amount and distribution of

rainfall. The water crisis that we are facing to-day is the greatest threat to rice cultivation.

Inadequate rainfall, lack of water harvesting measures and unscientific way use of water for

agriculture have brought down the per-capita availability of water by 40-60% in many Asian

countries including India. The depletion of ground water, inadequate water in reservoirs has

forced many farmers to abandoned rice cultivation. Since rice is most water consuming crop,

alternative rice cultivation strategies that require less water needs an hour. To mitigate the

looming water crisis there is a need to develop novel technologies and production system that

increase or sustains rice production. SRI is an emerging water saving technology, which can help

the farmers to overcome the present water crisis and as a methodology for increasing the

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RICE IN KARNATAKA

productivity of irrigated rice by changing the management of plant, soil, water and nutrients.

More changes in this system are lower seed rate (5 kg/ha) , planting of young seedlings of 10-12

days at wider spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm or 30 cm x 30 cm with good soil conditions, use of more

organic nutrients sources, regular weeding and using less water (no flooding) to achieve higher

yield. SRI has been purposefully called a system rather than a technology as it involves the

holistic management to give ideal growing condition to rice plant.

Impact of SRI :

In southern Karnataka, adoption of system of rice intensification is very meager and this

system of rice growing has hardy created impact. Even though the SAUs, KSDA and NGOs of the

state have conducted demonstration on SRI, but the farmers of this region are reluctant to

adopt the technology because of more physical drudgery involved in transplant the young

seedlings in square planting, frequent weeding, problems in adopting intermittent irrigation,

non-availability of critical implements like marker and weeder and finally farmers mind set itself

is the major obstacle in the way of adoption of this novel management practice for enhancing

irrigated rice production. Hence, there is a need of refinement of SRI practice to suit the farmers

need and local conditions.

b. Hybrid rice

The basic research on hybrid rice in Karnataka started during 1970s under the guidance

of Dr. M.Mahadevappa. It was intensified through post graduate research when he returned

from China with technical know-how and breeding materials in 1981. In 1989 it was further

strengthened under the leadership of Dr. B.Vidyachandra when government of India sanctioned

ICAR/UNDP aided project on hybrid rice to Mandya recognizing it as one of the lead centers for

hybrid rice research in India. The intensive and systematic work done by the project has resulted

in the release of two hybrids viz., Karnataka Rice Hybrid 1 (KRH 1) in 1994 and Karnataka Rice

Hybrid 2 (KRH 2) in 1996. KRH 1 is a short duration hybrid maturing in about 120 –125 days with

the yield potential of around 6 t/ha. KRH 2 on the other hand is a medium duration hybrid

maturing in about 130-135 days with the yield potential of around 10 t/ha. The grain is long

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slender with little aroma. On an average it yields one tones extra per hectare over the best check

variety that is Jaya with the duration advantage of about 15 –20 days. In 2002 it has been

accepted for release at national level for all rice growing areas in the country except for coastal

and hilly regions. It is accepted for yield widely across the country.

Future strategies

The future research strategies for popularizing rice hybrids in Karnataka should focus on

the following aspects.

• Development of medium duration, bold grain hybrids without scent.

• Development of medium duration, long slender hybrids without scent.

• Development of medium duration, medium slender hybrids without scent

• Development of medium duration, long bold red rice hybrids without scent

• Development of hybrids suitable for delayed sowings (July-August) and for adverse

soils with tolerance to cold, blast and BPH.

• Development of hybrids suitable for coastal and hilly areas with tolerance to blast

and gall midge.

Development of suitable parental lines to achieve the above objectives and appropriate

seed production practices need immediate attention of the researchers.

c. Aerobic rice / conservation agriculture :

Rice is an important food crop largely cultivated under submerged condition by

transplanting. This method of cultivation requires large quantities of water and is labour

intensive. It is estimated that 5000 liters of water is needed to produce 1 kg of rice. Water is

most limited natural resource of late, due to failure of rains and over exploitation of ground

water. The dwindling water resources reveal a grim situation for lowland puddled rice

cultivation. Farmers are seeking alternate methods of cultivation for growing Rice to combat

this water scarce situation. One such method is cultivation of rice under aerobic situation which

is, characterized by aerated soil environment during the entire period of crop growth. In this

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type of cultivation rice is grown like ragi, maize of Jowar by giving surface irrigation. Irrigation is

provided once in 5-7 days in a direct seeded aerobic rice crop. Varieties suitable for this type of

cultivation also possess ability to withstand drought periods. Varieties are bred for aerobic

situation with root introgressed from upland genotype base that yield on an average of 5.0 t/ha

of grain and 6.00 t/ha of fodder. This type of cultivation saves about 60 percent of water. The

amount of methane emitted under aerobic situation is very low thus protecting the

environment. A new mid-early, high yielding variety MAS 946-1 is recently released by the

University for Aerobic Cultivation.

Advantages of Aerobic Cultivation:

• Puddling and submergence is not required

• Direct seed sowing

• Nursery and transplanting not required

• Less quantity of seed requirement

• Less labour requirement

• Saving irrigation water upto 60 per cent

• Efficient fertilizer utilization

• Low pest / diseases incidence

• Reduced methane emission leading to lower environmental pollution

• Profuse rooting and high tillering, less lodging and high grain and fodder yield

• Retention of soil structure and quality

• Control of mosquitoes Recommended Varieties

• MAS 946-1

• MAS 26

• Rasi

• Farmer grown locals

• Doddabairanellu Seeds and Fertilizers (ha):

* Seeds - 7 kg

* FYM - 10 tons

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* Chemical Fertilizers

Nitrogen - 100 kg

Phosphorus - 50 kg

Potash - 50 kg

* Micronutrients

Zinc Sulphate - 20 kg

Iron Sulphate - 12 kg

Weedicides (Pre-emergence):

1. Butachlor 50 EC, 1 lt/acre (300 ltrs of water) 2. Saathi (Phyrazosulphuran Ethyl 100g/acre in 300 ltrs of water)

a. IPM/IDM

Integrated Pest Management:

1. Cultural practices

Judicious use of nitrogen, pesticides can minimize the pest development. Adjust the

planting in such a way, can minimize the pest incidence. For instance early planting in coast

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