States of Matter - IPA Grp 2
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Transcript of States of Matter - IPA Grp 2
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Group 2 - IPA
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1.The gas consists of molecules or atoms (of mass m) with
negligible volume.
2.Gas particles do not attract one another. Instead, they move with
complete independence.3.Gas particles exhibit continuous random motion because of its
kinetic energy.
4.The molecules exhibit perfect elasticity giving rise to pressure.
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Root mean square () can also be obtained:
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Real Gases - not composed of infinitely small and
perfectly elastic non-attracting spheres
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aerosol
Van der Waals interaction
forces
denser
occupy a definite
volume critical
temperature
criticalpressure
adiabatic expansion
Joule-Thomson
effect
Phase diagram of carbon dioxide
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Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Relationship between the vapor pressure and the
absolute temperature of a liquid
log
=( )
2.303
Pressure of the vapor above the liquid
p1andp2 vapor pressure at absolutetemperatures T1and T2
Hv molar heat of vaporization
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temperature at whichvapor pressure = atmospheric pressure
thermal agitation can overcome the attractive forces
between molecules of a liquid
Latent heats of vaporization elevations, atm P, BP
MW, van der Waals forces, BP
branching of the chain, BP
polarity, BP and heats of vaporization
straight-chain 1 alcohols and carboxylic acids
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Compute for the vapor pressure of water at 120C
given that water at 100C has a vapor pressure of
1 atm.
H = 9720 cal/mol
log
=
()
.
log
1.0 =
9720 / (393 373 )
2.3031.987373393
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Crystalline
Definite shape
Orderly arrangement of units
Melt sharply Crystallization
Cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal,
rhombic, monoclinic, triclinic
Amorphous
Disordered arrangement of
molecules
Do not possess
distinguishable crystal lattice
Supercooled liquids
No definite melting point
Tend to flow when subjected
to pressure Isotropic
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occurrence of different crystalline forms of the same drug
substance
Different physical and chemical properties
Formation depends on: Solvent differences
Impurities
Level of supersaturation
Temperature
Pressure
Attraction/repulsion of ions
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Intermediate between the solid and liquid phase
May result from
Heating of solids (Thermotropic)
Action of certain solvents on liquids (Lyotropic)
Which form mesophases?
Organic
Elongated and rectilinear
Rigid
Possess strong dipoles and easily polarizable groups
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Smectic Nematic
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Intermediate nature
Change color with
temperature
Sensitive to electricfields
Solubilization of
certain materials Similar to cell
membrane
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Sinko, P.J., 2006, Martins Physical Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5thed. Philadelphia, PA:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.