State of Charge: Electric Vehicles’ Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the...

7/31/2019 State of Charge: Electric Vehicles Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United States

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State of ChargeElectric Vehicles Global Warming Emissions

and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United StatesE x E c u t i v ES u m m a r y

F or electric vehicles (EVs), theuture is here. No longer justconcept models, EVs are beingeatured inand rolling out o show-

rooms across the country. For example,the all-electric Nissan LEAF, poweredsolely by batteries, and the plug-in hybridChevy Volt, powered both by batteries and

an internal combustion engine, debutedin 2011. Automakers are introducingmany new models in 2012, including theFord Focus Electric, oyota Prius Plug-inHybrid, and Mitsubishi i, with plans ormany more EVs over the next several years.

Tese vehicles will draw some or allo their power rom the U.S. electricity grid instead o the gas pump, resultingin signi cant reductions in the oil con-sumption, global warming emissions, and

ueling costs o driving. However, theglobal warming emissions o driving anEV depend on how the electricity is gen-eratedgiven that the sources o powervary among the nations regional elec-tricity gridsand the cost to uel thesevehicles is dependent on local utilitieselectricity rates. o compare the global

warming emissions and uel-cost savingso electric vehicles with traditional gaso-line -powered vehicles, consumers needaccess to more localized in ormation,

which has not been readily availableuntil now.

Tis reports analysis shows that con-sumers should eel con dent that drivingan electric vehicle yields lower global

warming emissions than the average new compact gasoline-powered vehicle.

In regions covering 45 percent o thenations population, electricity is gener-ated with a larger share o cleaner energy resourcessuch as renewables and naturalgasmeaning thatEVs produce lowerglobal warming emissions than even themost efcient gasoline hybrids. But inregions where coal still makes up a large

percentage o the electricity grid mix, themost e cient gasoline-powered hybridvehicles will yield lower global warmingemissions than an electric vehicle. Eventhen, however, electric vehicles slash oilconsumption in nearly all regions.

Our analysis also concludes that wherever EV owners charge up, they can save $750 to $1,200 a year com-pared with operating an average new compact gasoline vehicle (27 mpg)

ueled with gasoline at $3.50 per gallon.1 At that gasoline price, driving the averagegasoline vehicle costs more than $18,000to re uel over the vehicles li etime, butthe owner o an EV can expect to pay thousands o dollars less to power hisor her vehicle. Tus, while in this early electric vehicle market these productshave higher up- ront costs, knowing how much one can save by using electricity instead o gasoline is an important actor

or consumers considering an EV pur-chase. In some areas, consumers realiza-tion o maximum savings may entaila switch rom their current electricity rate plan to the most advantageous oneofered by their utility.

1 Assum g 11,000 m les d v g pe yea .

c ed s: (abs ac p ba e ) EVV/S u e s ck.c m;lec c ca c a g g) F d M C mpa y; (w d u b esd s la pa els) S ckp .c m/Mus a a Del ma l ;

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Notes: Ratings are applicable to midsize electric vehicles o average e cienc . Gasoline mpg comparisons are or combined cit /highwa EPA ueleconom ratings. Electricit grid boundaries represented on the map are approximations. See Table ES.1 or more detailed regional in ormation.Assumptions: Full uel c cle accounting is used both or electric vehicle and gasoline vehicle emissions. Global warming emissions per gallon o gasoline are 11,200 grams/mile while electric emissions var b regional electricit grid and are based on 2007 power plant data rom the EPAs eGRID2010database the most recent version available . EV e cienc is 0.34 Wh/mile equivalent to the e cienc o the Nissan LEAF batter electric vehicle.Population estimates are rom ear 2000 data published b the U.S. Census Bureau.

F re ES.1. REgio nal g lobal WaRmin g Em iSS ionS RatingS FoR ElEc tRic VEhi clES

Yo u r E l E c t r i c i t Y M a Y Va r Y


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4 Union oF ConCErnED SCiEntiStS

Key ndings include (see Figure ES.1):

ne r 45 er e a er s ve bEStre sw ere EV s wer w re ss s 50 s e wered ve e,

eve e es s e r ds erke . Charging an EV in the cleanest electricity regions,

which include Cali ornia, New York (excluding LongIsland), the Paci c Northwest, and parts o Alaska, yieldsglobal warming emissions equivalent to a gasoline-poweredvehicle achieving over 70 mpg.

S e 37 er e a er s ve bEttERre sw ere e e r ve e s e e v e

w r e ss s 41 50 s eve e, s r e es s e r ds v e

d .For example, charging an EV in Florida and acrossmost o exas yields global warming emissions equivalentto a 46 to 47 mpg gasoline vehicle; this is the uel economy level o vehicles such as the Honda Civic Hybrid (44 mpg)and oyota Prius Hybrid (50 mpg).

a 18 er e a er s ve gooDre sw ere e e r ve e s e e v e

w r e ss s 31 40 s eve e, k s e s e r d ve es e

er e w res e w r e ss s. Te Rocky Mountain grid region (covering Colorado andparts o neighboring states) has the highest emissions inten-sity o any regional grid in the United States, which meansan EV will produce global warming emissions equivalentto a gasoline vehicle achieving about 33 mpg. Gasoline-

powered cars with uel economy at this level include theHyundai Elantra (33 mpg) and the Ford Fiesta (34 mpg).

For detailed emissions estimates by region see able ES.1(p. 12).

An EV driver could save 6,100 gallons of gasoline and nearly $13,000 over thelife of the vehicle relative to todays average compact gasoline car, assuming anational average electricity price and $3.50-per-gallon gasoline.

t e a gs GooD, BEttEr, a d BESt a e based a eg s m x elec c y s u ces a d s

ave age em ss s e s y (gl bal wa m g

p llu pe u elec c y) ve e c u a yea . i ac ual y e elec c y g d s a

dy am c sys em, w e m x p we pla sc s a ly c a g g esp se va a

u ly, da ly, a d seas al elec c y dema das well as va a s e ava lab l y elec c y es u ces suc as w d, s la , ydi d v dual u l es w eg s may als m xes elec c y s u ces a d e m

eg al ave age, based e spec c p we

pla s m w c ey b a e elec c yh weve , e a ual ave age eg al em ss sp v de eas able es ma es w a e m gexpec m EV c a g g. i e u u e, ep

u l y-level em ss s da a c uld p v de ml cal zed em ss s es ma es.

Your Electricity May Vary

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StAtE oF ChArGE 5

fu l-C s S vin s el c icV icl s

Electric vehicles currently ofered by manu acturers come with a wide range o price tags, ranging rom luxury sportscars with $100,000 sticker prices to more modest our-and

ve-passenger vehicles, some o which can be purchasedor under $30,000 (when actoring in an available $7,500ederal tax credit).5 While electric vehicles today cost more

to purchase than comparable gasoline vehicles and, i astercharging is desired, require some up- ront investment inhome equipment, EV owners can realize signi cant uel-cost savings compared with operating a gasoline vehicle be-cause driving on electricity is cheaper. An EV driver couldsave 6,100 gallons o gasoline and nearly $13,000 overthe li e o the vehicle relative to todays average compactgasoline car, assuming a national average electricity price6 and $3.50-per-gallon gasoline (Figure ES.2). But electric-ity rates vary among cities and utilities across the country,and many utilities ofer optional rate plans that can bene t

5 t ese ca s clude e u -passe ge M sub s a d e ve-passe ge n ssaLEAF.6 t e a al ave age es de al elec c y p ce s 11 ce s pe k l wa - u , based

e U.S. Depa me E e gys A ual E e gy ou l k 2011.7 Based ew ve cle sales 2010, e m s ece yea w c da a a e ava lable.

EV owners. In the 50 most populous cities in the UnitedStates, driving on electricity will save money compared withdriving the average gasoline vehicle, but taking advantageo utility rate plans that ofer lower-cost electricity at nightmay provide additional savings o hundreds o dollars peryear or EV owners.

Our analysis compiled in ormation rom utilities servingthose 50 cities to determine the cost o charging an EV (Figure ES.3, p. 7) on diferent rate plans (see box, EV Charging Options and Electricity Rate Plans), and we thenevaluated how much owners could save on uel costs. Mostelectric vehicles being ofered by automakers today are smallto midsize cars, so uel-cost savings rom EVs were com-pared with the average new compact gasoline vehicle, whichhas an EPA city/highway uel-economy rating o 27 milesper gallon.7

F re ES.2. compaRiSon oF liFE timE VEh iclE Fu El/ch aRgin g coStS anD ga Solin E conSum ption

*Electric vehicles consume no gasoline and contribute ver little to oil consumption, since less than 1 percent o U.S. electricit is generated with petroleum.Note: Assumptions include gasoline cost o $3.50 per gallon, a national average electricit price o 11 cents/ Wh, a discount rate o 3 percent applied to uturesavings, cumulative li etime mileage o 166,000 miles, and annual travel that starts at 15,000 miles per ear and declines 4.5 percent per ear over 15 ears.Electric drive e cienc is that o the Nissan LEAF 0.34 Wh/mile and is representative o toda s small to midsize EVs. Greater annual mileage or higher electric e cienc would result in increased cost savings estimates.

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EV Charging Options andElectricity Rate Plans

Standard RatesM s es de al c sume s ave e elec c y me e a d a e a de aul a e pla , w c e c s elecbased e am u elec c y c sumed. typ cally, e a e d es va y by me day.

Time-of-Use (TOU) Rates toU a es ave elec c y p ces a c a ge ve e c u se e day. i de el eve p essu e e elecg d, ese a es a e yp cally s uc u ed ave g e c s s du g u s peak elec c y dema d a d l w a es du g -peak mes yp cally ve g , w e EVs a e m s l kely be c a ged. F gu e ES.3 s ws

e me- -use a e e ed by e L s A geles Depa me Wa e a d P we elec c ve cle w e s; ea yp cal toU a e s uc u e. i es ma g c a g g c s s toU a es, u a alys s assumes a e vas majve cle c a g g s d e du g -peak u s, w e ema de c a g g be g equally d s bu ed u

e es e day.8 toU a e pla s apply e e e c mb ed elec c y c sump e use ld a d EV c a g g , a sepa a e me e as bee s alled, jus e EV c a g g. Because e c s c a ge a EV ca du de ese w se ups, toU a es a e sepa a ed w c esp d g ca eg es:

Time o Use Whole HouseTOU WH

A toU-Wh a e mea s a b e

use ld elec c y use a d e EV-c a g g elec c y use a e subjec me-va y g elec c y a es. n ly w ll ec s ve cle c a g g c a ge depe d-

g w e y u plug , s w ll e c s u g y u d s was e a c d e .

F cus me s us g s g ca am u s elec c y du g peak u s ( yp cally

du g e day), w e p ces a e g ,c s g a toU-EV a e (see bel w) c a g g a ca may be a be e p . i

a y case, y u s uld b a m e u l ya es ma e e c s mpac toU-Whp c g y u mes elec c y c sump-

be e mak g a sw c toU-Wh(c s sav gs s ep toU-Wh a esa e elec c y c sumed by EV c a g-

g ly a d d clude a y c a ge use ld elec c y c sump c s sa m g ccu ).

8 o -peak c a g g assump s a ge m 76 94 pe ce al ve cle c a g g, depe d g e toU a e pla e ed by e

u l y. t e l we e d e a ge appl es a e pla s w e s -es le g -peak u s a d e a ges uppe e d appl es a epla s w e l ges le g -peak u s. See e ull ep a de a led desc p c a g g assump s.

a s e e e r e er e sed r es e e r s d e e r

ve e r . t s f r s sed ess s d rd e e r r e s d e

se w e se tou Wh e e r s.

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StAtE oF ChArGE 7STATE OF CHARGE 7

F re ES.3. loS a ngElES DEpaRtmEnt oF WatER anD poW ERS timE-oF- uSE R atE FoR EV chaRging

Note: Rates are or summertime wee da electricit consumption and include taxes and ees.

Time o Use EV OnlTOU EV

Because a toU-EV a e appl es ly eelec c y c sumed EV c a g g,

equ es a me e sepa a e m e ex s guse ld elec c y me e . t e add al

c s s all g e sec d me e va es byu l y as well as by e am u elec calw k eeded e me. t e d v dual

mes s ua s uld be evalua ed be esw c g suc a pla . i e u u e, al e -

a ves s all g a sec d u l y me ec uld make toU-EV a es m e access ble

a d a dable. F example, us g me e sbu l e ve cle e mes c a g-

g equ pme c uld el m a e e eed s all g a sec d u l y me e .

a se d e e r e er e sed se r e EV r r see e r s . t s f r ws ess e setou EV e e r r e s.

houSE mEtER

30

25

20

15

10

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H O U R O F T H E D Ay

E L E C T R I C I T y C O S T S ( C E N T S / k W H )

1midnight 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 midnightnoon

$$MID PEAk

HOURS

$$$ON PEAk HOURS

$OFF PEAk HOURS


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can save $100 to $570 per year in uel costs when using tlowest-cost rate plans. Tis means a cutting o uel costsby 10 to 75 percent relative to todays most uel-e cientgasoline-powered vehicle.

Sw r s d rd r e e

se tou r e d e r e rr r w e e e r s e es e

dreds d rs dd s v s er ees e c r es.ime-o -use rates o tenofer the best EV charging costs. Tirty-nine out o the56 utilities serving the 50 cities evaluated ofer OU rates,and all but our were estimated to save money on EV chaing compared with the standard rate. In many Cali orniacities, EV owners paying OU rates could realize savingsmore than $500 per year compared with staying on stan-

dard residential rate plans.

F re ES.4. FuE l-coSt S aVingS oF E lEctRic VEhiclE S compaRED With a 27 mpg gaSolinE VE hiclEin 50 u.S. citiES at gaSolinE pRicES oF $3.50 pER gallon

Notes:1 Data points represent EV uel cost savings on rate plans o 56 utilities serving the 50 most populous cities in the United States. The same utilit serv

ing more than one cit is shown as separate points. See Table ES.2 or a list o all 50 cities.2 We assume 30 miles per da o travel and EV e cienc o 0.34 Wh/mile. Home charging equipment costs are not included. Time o use whole

house TOU WH rates do not include estimates o changes in household electricit consumption costs that ma occur as a result o switching rom astandard rate plan. Savings on time o use rate plans assume 76 to 94 percent o charging occurs during o pea hours, with greater percentages assumed

or rate plans with longer o pea periods. The remainder o charging is distributed evenl throughout the da . See the ull report or urther details.

Key ndings include (see Figure ES.4):

W e r e wes s e e r ,EV w ers s ve $750 $1,200 er e r e

s s red w e s er e vere s e ve e 27 s e

r es $3.50 er t e ES.2, . 13 . t sf d re rese s red e s s 50 85 er e ever e r. In the cities with the lowest-costelectricity, such as Oklahoma City and Indianapolis, an EV owner could save more than $1,200 a year. Even in Phila-delphia, which ofers the most modest savings among the50 cities evaluated, an EV owner could still save more than$750 per year in uel costs.

Even when their electric vehicles are compared with a

50-mileper-gallon gasoline-powered vehicle, EV owners

$1,400

$1,200

$1,000

$800

$600

$400

$200

$0

L O W E S T- C O S T R AT EP L A N ( S TA N D A R D , T O U - W H , T O U - E V )

An average $650 a yearsavings for a 50 mpggasoline vehicle

EV drivers in some CA cities would need to switchfrom a standard rate to a time-of-use rate in orderto save more than a 50 mpg gasoline vehicle

On a standardrate , all 50cities offer fuel-cost savingscompared witha 27 mpggasoline vehicle

A N N U A L S A V I N G S ( $ / y E A R )

S TA N D A R DR AT E P L A N

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StAtE oF ChArGE 9

Here is some advice, based on the ndings o ouranalysis, or consumers considering the purchase o anelectric vehicle.

Reducing the Global Warming Emissionso Electric Vehicles

use r re r s es e w r e ss s. o estimate the global warmingemissions o an EV in your region, use the regional ratingsin this analysis as a rule o thumb. For plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles, which are powered both by electricity andgasoline, these ratings apply to the portion o miles drivenon electricity. We assume an EV with an e ciency o 0.34 kWh/mile, but an EV that uses less electricity per mile

will have even lower emissions than our ratings imply. Andremember that the emissions caused by a vehicle you buy today will likely decrease over its li etime as the electricity grid (according to projections) becomes cleaner.

c s der r s r e er e e r, es e gooD re s.Consumer demand

or renewable electricity sends a strong signal to businesspeople and policy makers and thus can help to stimulatemore investments in renewable energy projects. IncreasingGOOD regions raction o renewable energy sources anddecreasing their reliance on coal-powered electricity will

i ever e e 50 es, EV w ers w s vee e s s red w e ver e

s e ve e eve w e wes r e s.In 44 o the 50 largest cities (88

percent), the standard electricity rate plan ofers savingscompared with even the best gasoline hybrid (50 mpg).Te only exceptions are some Cali ornia cities, where aswitch to time-o -use plans is necessary to top the bestgasoline hybrid (assuming a gas price o $3.50 per gallon).

able ES.2 (p. 13) shows the cost savings o charging ondiferent electricity rate plans or the 56 utilities serving the50 cities studied, and it shows the regional global warmingemissions rating or those cities as well.

C nsum advic

Electric vehicles can help enhance our nations energy andeconomic security by reducing the consumption o oil andthe emissions o global warming pollutants. And whilecosting more up ront than a gasoline vehicle, EVs can savethousands o dollars on re ueling costs over their li etimescompared with those o gasoline vehicles. Purchasing anelectric vehicle today can help support an early market orthese technologies and send a strong signal to automakersto continue investing in them, while tax incentives romthe ederal and some state governments can help make EVsmore afordable.

Switching from a standard rate plan

to a time-of-use (TOU) rate plan andthen charging the car primarily whenelectricity is cheapest can mean hundredsof dollars in additional savings per year,especially in California cities.

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Cl n C s, Cl n en yg in m h t

Major automakers introduction o electricity-poweredvehicles may be an early signal o our transition toward a

virtually zero-emissions and oil- ree transportation uturo make this transition a success, however, the electricity

grid needs to evolve alongside our vehicles. As the markeor EVs expands, we must phase out the highest-emitting

electricity sources, such as coal, and increase the use o cleaner and renewable alternatives. Only by taking bothtypes o actions in parallelincreasing the numbers o electric vehicles while cleaning up our electricity gridcan EVs ul ll their potential.

Making electric vehicles an afordable choice or greatnumbers o consumers is also important to ensuring

continued progress away rom gasoline-powered cars andtrucks. Electricity-purchasing options that ofer low ratesto encourage of-peak charging at certain times o the daycan help EV buyers save money while also allowing utilitand electricity grid operators to better manage that grid.Utilities and regulators can help increase consumer accessto low vehicle-charging rates in two important ways: by making OU plans available to more people in more citiesand by making it easier to separate EV charging rom homelectricity consumption.

Driving on clean electricity promises to play a majorrole both in ending the United States oil addiction and inslowing global climate change. But because the transition

rom oil will take time, investments in clean energy andadvanced vehicle technologies must be sustained. Te goodnews is that electric vehicles are of to a running start.

help move them into the BE ER and BES categories(see box, Options or Buying Cleaner Electricity).

S r e ve es d e e er es. Support state, regional, and ederal policies, such as renew-able electricity standards and tax incentives, that increasethe availability o renewable electricity. Tese policiesensure that your contribution to tackling climate change by investing in an electric vehicle will only grow more signi -cant over time.

Minimizing Electric Vehicle Charging Costs

use r r s s s es e, r r re r . I you live in one the

50 cities we evaluated or charging costs (or live nearby and

are served by the same utility),9

use our estimates or anidea o how much you might expect to save. But be sure tocontact your utility or the latest in ormation on rate-planoptions or EV charging and to obtain estimates o chargingcosts and any up- ront costs that might be involved.

c s der sw e se r e ,es e c r . OU plans typically ofercheaper rates in the early-morning hours, so i vehiclecharging is primarily overnight, as is likely or many EV owners, a OU plan can be a good option. I your homes

electricity consumption is high during the day (when OUrates typically are high), consider your options or chargingthe electric vehicle on a OU-EV rate. Consumers shouldask their utility to estimate any changes in their householdelectricity costs as a result o switching to a OU-WH rateand any costs associated with installing a separate meter ora OU-EV rate.

Re e er: eve s d rd r e s, EV r s e er e e ver e

s e ve e. EV owners should get educated on what

options, such as OU plans, are available rom their utility,but also keep in mind that most plain vanilla standardrate plans across the country will still deliver signi cant

uel-cost savings compared with operating the average com-pact gasoline vehicle.

o learn more about electric vehicle technology, visit our website atwww.ucsusa.org/model-e .

9 n e a l cal axes ca va y by c y, w c c uld ave a small e ec c s -sav gs es ma es.


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StAtE oF ChArGE 11STATE OF CHARGE 11

i s all g s la pa els ge e a e elec c y s aal e a ve be g c s de ed by a c eas g

umbe pe ple a leas s me e meselec cal eeds. Am g EV w e s w ex s g s laelec c sys ems, c eas g e s ze ese sys emsmay be a p ge e a g e elec c y aw uld e w se ave be pu c ased c a ge

e ve cle.Acc d g e U.S. Depa me E e gy,

m e a 860 u l es ac ss e a a e e gs me ype g ee p we p g am. t ese a vesall w c sume s, by pay g a p em um e ewableelec c y, supp e u l ys g ea e ves me

e ewables. t e ypes e ewables a d p g amde a ls va y by u l y.

i s me de egula ed u l y ma ke s, c sume save e ab l y c se e p we p v de . i

Consumers can support renewable energy by generating their own renewableelectricity, participating in green power programs offered through theirutility, choosing an energy provider that offers cleaner electricity (if theyhave a choice), or buying renewable energy certificates.

se l cales, selec g a p v de a suppl es elec c ym e ewable s u ces a ma a s a g ee p we

p g am may be a d s c p .Pu c as g e ewable e e gy ce ca es (rECs),

w c a e ava lable a w de, s a e p . rECsa e d ec ly ed elec c y ge e a ed by e ewables u ces a d a e s ld a v lu a y ma ke . Pu c as grECs ca elp c ease dema d e ewable elec c-

y ge e a by p v d g add al eve ue e ewable e e gy p jec s

W e ev ew g y u p s buy g g ee p we ,l k e G ee -E ce ca label, w c d ca es

a e p duc s ave bee depe de ly ve ed(www.green-e.org ). t lea m e ab u p s sup-p g g ee p we , v s e U.S. Depa me E e gywebs e t e G ee P we ne w k(eere.energy.gov/ greenpower ).

Options for Buying Cleaner Electricity

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t e ES.1. ElEctR ic VEhicl E global WaRming pollution RatingS anD gaS olinE VEhicl E EmiS SionSEquiValEntS by ElEctRicity gRiD REgion. The mpg value listed or each region is the combined cit /highwa ueleconom rating o a gasoline vehicle that would have global warming emissions equivalent to an EV.

NOTES: Cities shown area sample o those locatedin the electricit gridregion. The EPAs powerprofler tool (www.epa.gov/ cleanenergy/energy-and- you/how-clean.html) provides a zip code loo upto determine primar utilit and grid region. Citieslisted here were assignedto grid regions based onthe primar utilit servingthe cit . Cities served bmultiple utilities, someo which are in di erentregions, are indicated with

an asteris . The regional electricit

emissions data used inthis anal sis are based onthe most recent version o the EPAs eGRID database

which includes powerplant emissions rom 2007available at the time o publication.x

nWpp73 MPG

camX79 MPG

himS45 MPG

hioa37 MPG

aKgD46 MPG

aKmS112 MPG

aZnm48 MPG

Rmpa33 MPG

mRoW37 MPG

Spno35 MPG

SpSo37 MPG

ERct46 MPG

SRmV57 MPG

SRmW36 MPG

RFcW41 MPG

RFcm38 MPG

mRoE37 MPG

SRtV41 MPG

SRSo41 MPG

FRcc47 MPG

SRVc55 MPG

nyup86 MPG

RFcE58 MPG

nyli39 MPG

nycW74 MPG

nEWE67 MPG

Good Better Best

NPCC Long Island (NYLI) - 39

Hempstead

RFC Michigan (RFCM) - 38Detroit

HICC Oahu (HIOA) - 37Honolulu

MRO East (MROE) - 37Madison

MRO West (MROW) - 37Omaha, Minneapolis

SERC Midwest (SRMW) - 36St. Louis

SPP North (SPNO) - 35kansas Cit ,* Wichita

WECC Rockies (RMPA) - 33Mesa,* Denver, Colorado Springs

SPP South (SPSO) - 37O lahoma Cit , Tulsa

WECC Southwest (AZNM) - 48

Phoenix, El Paso,* Las Vegas,Albuquerque, Tucson

FRCC All (FRCC) - 47Jac sonville,* Miami

ERCOT All (ERCT) - 46Houston, San Antonio, Dallas, Austin,Fort Worth, Arlington

HICC Miscellaneous (HIMS) - 45Hilo

SERC South (SRSO) - 41Atlanta

SERC Tennessee Valley (SRTV) - 41Memphis,* Nashville, Louisville*

RFC West (RFCW) - 41Chicago, Indianapolis, Columbus,Milwau ee, Cleveland

ASCC Alaska Grid (AKGD) - 46Anchorage

ASCC Miscellaneous (AKMS) - 112

Juneau

NPCC Upstate NY (NYUP) - 86Bu alo

NPCC NYC/Westchester (NYCW) - 74New yor Cit

WECC Northwest (NWPP) - 73Seattle, Portland

WECC California (CAMX) - 79Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, Oa land,San Francisco, Sacramento, Long Beach,Fresno

NPCC New England (NEWE) - 67Boston

SERC Mississippi Valley (SRMV) - 57New Orleans

RFC East (RFCE) - 58Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, DC*

SERC Virginia/Carolina (SRVC) - 55Charlotte, Virginia Beach, Raleigh


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StAtE oF ChArGE 13

Regional Global Warming Emissions Rating Good Better BestRefueling Cost Savings Compared with Gaso-line

>70% (more than $1000/year)

$1,420 = Annual Fuel Cost of 27 mpg vehicle driven 11,000 mile per year at fuel price of $3.50/gallonCity Utility Annual Savings Compared with Gasoline Vehicle ($/year)

Standard Rate Plan TOU-WH TOU-EV

Albuquerque Public Service Compan o New Mexico 900 1,110 1,110

Arlington TXU Energ 1,010

Atlanta Georgia Power 1,000 1,140 1,140

Austin Austin Energ 1,020

Baltimore Baltimore Gas and Electric Compan 1,020 1,080 1,080

Boston NSTAR 850 950 950

Charlotte Du e Energ 1,090 1,030 1,030

Chicago ComEd 990 1,020

Cleveland Cleveland Public Power 980

Cleveland First Energ The Illuminating Compan 1,140

Colorado Springs Colorado Springs Utilities 1,080 1,160 1,160

Columbus AEP Ohio Columbus SouthernPower Compan 1,140 1,140 1,140

Columbus Cit o Columbus 1,030

Dallas TXU Energ 1,010

Denver Xcel Energ 990 1,060 1,060

Detroit DTE Energ Compan 880 1,000 1,020

El Paso* The Electric Compan El Paso Electric 1,010 1,060 1,060

Fort Worth TXU Energ 1,010

Fresno Pacifc Gas and Electric Compan 250 650 1,190

Houston Enterg Texas 1,080 1,150 1,150

Houston TXU Energ 1,000

Indianapolis Indianapolis Power and Light Compan 1,180 1,220

Jac sonville* Jac sonville Electric Authorit 970 1,050

kansas Cit * kansas Cit Power and Light 1,150 1,110 1,110

Las Vegas NV Energ 970 1,180 1,220

Long Beach Southern Cali ornia Edison 150 690 930

Los Angeles Los Angeles Department o Waterand Power

840 1,030 1,030

city utility

annual SaVingS compaRED With a27 mpg gaSolinE VEhiclE ($/yR)


t e ES.2. annual FuEl-coS t SaVingS F Rom DRiV ing on ElEctR icity in thE 50 moS t popu louS citiESin thE unitED StatES

BestBetterGood

Re gW r E ss s

R

Continued on next page


14/16


Louisville* Louisville Gas and Electric 1,140 1,200 1,200

Memphis* Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division 1,100

Mesa* Cit o Mesa 1,050

Miami Florida Power and Light Compan 940 1,050 1,050

Milwau ee WE Energies 920 1,140 1,140

Minneapolis Xcel Energ 1,030 1,180 1,180

Nashville Nashville Electric Service 1,050

New yor Cit ConEdison 710 1,050 1,050

Oa land Pacifc Gas and Electric Compan 50 500 1,120

O lahoma Cit O lahoma Gas and Electric Compan 1,160 1,220 1,140

Omaha Omaha Public Power District 1,070

Philadelphia PECO Energ Compan 770

Phoenix APS 870 1,130 1,090

Portland Portland General Electric 990 1,110 1,140

Portland Pacifc Power 1,010 1,040 1,040

Raleigh Du e Energ 1,090 1,030 1,030

Raleigh Progress Energ 1,060 1,170 1,170Raleigh Piedmont Electric Membership

Corporation1,010 1,150 1,150

Sacramento Sacramento Municipal Utilit District 840 1,070 1,070

San Antonio San Antonio Public Service CPS Energ 1,090

San Diego San Diego Gas and Electric 330 850 840

San Francisco Pacifc Gas and Electric Compan 130 560 1,140

San Jose Pacifc Gas and Electric Compan 170 590 1,170

Seattle Seattle Cit Light 1,060

Tucson Tucson Electric Power 1,020 1,070 1,150

Tulsa Public Service Compan o O lahoma 1,170 1,200 1,170

Virginia Beach Dominion Virginia Power 1,080 1,180 1,180

Washington, DC* Pepco 950 840 840

Wichita Westar Energ 1,100

city utility

annual SaVingS compaRED With a27 mpg gaSolinE VEhiclE ($/yR)


t e ES.2 continuED



15/16

StAtE oF ChArGE 15

Notes:1 Vehicle assumptions: Electric vehicle e cienc o 0.34 Wh/mile, gasoline vehicle e cienc o 27 miles per gallon, 11,000 miles per ear o driving,

and $3.50 per gallon gasoline. Annual gasoline costs are $1,420. For example, in Albuquerque, an EV charged on the standard rate plan is estimated tocost $520 annuall , resulting in annual savings o $900 compared with ueling a gasoline vehicle.

2 Cost savings on standard rate and TOU WH assume EV charging is added to the average household electricit consumption. This consumption isbased on state level data except or Cali ornia rom the U.S. Energ In ormation Administration. In Cali ornia cities, baseline electricit usage was estimated on the basis o tiered rate assumptions.

3 Charging assumptions: 3.3 W Level 2 rom a 240 volt outlet . The amount o o pea charging varies b utilit and rate plan, ranging rom 76percent or the rate plan with the shortest window o o pea times fve hours or San Diego Gas and Electric to 94 percent or the rate plan with thelongest window o o pea times Las Vegas has a 19 hour o pea period . The remainder o charging is distributed equall throughout the rest o theda . See the methodolog in Appendix B or urther details.

4 Based on an inquir to ComEd in Chicago, the TOU rate is available onl on a whole house basis. Jac sonville Electric Authorit also o ers onl a TOUWH rate.

5 TOU WH rates do not include estimates to changes in household electricit consumption costs that ma occur as a result o switching rom a standard rate plan.

6 TOU rates or Pacifc Gas and Electric are under review and are expected to change in the spring o 2012.7 The regional electricit emissions data used in this anal sis are based on the most recent version o the EPAs eGRID database which includes

power plant emissions rom 2007 available at the time o publication. Utilit rate in ormation was collected between March 2011 and Januar 2012.

* These cities are served b multiple utilities in di erent electricit grid regions. The electricit grid regions assigned to these cities were determined b

the utilit listed.

Electric vehicles have lower global warming emissions thanthe average gasoline-powered vehicle, but how much lower

depends on how clean your regions electricity grid is.

F re ES.5. global WaRming EmiSSion S oF ElEctR ic VE hiclES compaRED WithgaSolinE-poWERED VEhiclES

Notes: Gasoline mpg comparisons are or combined cit /highwa EPA uel econom ratings. Full uel c cle accounting is used both or electric vehicleand gasoline vehicle emissions. Global warming emissions per gallon o gasoline are 11,200 grams/mile while electric emissions var b regional electricit grid and are based on 2007 power plant data rom the EPAs eGRID2010 database the most recent version available . EV e cienc is 0.34 Wh/mile equivalent to the e cienc o the Nissan LEAF batter electric vehicle.


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National HeadquartersTwo Brattle SquareCambridge, MA 02138-3780Phone: (617) 547-5552Fax: (617) 864-9405

Washington, DC, Office1825 K St. NW, Ste. 800Washington, DC 20006-1232Phone: (202) 223-6133Fax: (202) 223-6162

Web:www ucsusa org

West Coast Office2397 Shattuck Ave., Ste. 203Berkeley, CA 94704-1567Phone: (510) 843-1872Fax: (510) 843-3785

Midwest OfficeOne N. LaSalle St., Ste. 1904Chicago, IL 60602-4064Phone: (312) 578-1750Fax: (312) 578-1751

Email:ucs @ucsusa org

The full text of this report is available on the UCS website atwww.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles .

State of Charge: Electric Vehicles Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United States was co-authored by Don Anairand Amine Mahmassani of the UCS Clean Vehicles Program.

The Union of Concerned Scientists is the leading science-basednonprofit working for a healthy environment and a safer world.

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