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nwZ:ñ‘maU‘² &

AÚ íd:~wYdmga: Jwédmga:

ø:

gmo‘dmga: ‘“bdmga: a{ddmga:

ewH«$dmga: e{Zdmga:

dmga-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & (AÚ, œ: . . . . .)

6

AmÚH¥$fH$: n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: &

•$$^maVXoeo H¥${fjoÌñ¶ d¡{eîQ>çm{Z H$m{Z ?

• H¥${fà{H«$¶m{df¶o H$W¶V &

àW‘: nmR>: &

F$½doXmV² Efm H$Wm CÕ¥Vm (F$.10.93.14) & doZ^ynVo: nwÌ: d¡Ý¶: Ed n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: B{V ZmåZm kmV: & g: àOm{hVXj: AmXe©: g‘«mQ²> B{V ñ‘¥V:& ^maVXoeo n¥WwZm Ed H¥${fH$m¶ª àmaãY§, g§emo{YV§, {dH$mg§ à{V ZrV§ M& g Ed H¥${f{dÚm¶m: OZH$: B{V ‘V: & AV Ed g: àW‘: H¥$fH$:& Y[aÍ¶m: "n¥{Wdr' B{V Zm‘m{^YmZ§ n¥Wmo: H$m¶©ñ¶ ñ‘maH$‘²' B{V ‘Ý¶Vo ~wY¡:&

^ynmb: n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: Zm‘ Yam¶m§ àW‘: A{^{f³V: g‘«mQ²> & à¶mJjoÌo n¥WwZ¥nñ¶

amOYmZr AmgrV²& amÁ¶m{^foH$g‘¶o MmaUm: n¥WwZ¥nñ¶ ñVwqV JmVw‘wËgwH$m: & VXm n¥Ww: Amkmn¶V², ""{Vð>ÝVw MmaUm: ! ¶mdV² ‘‘ gX²JwUm: Z àH$Q>r^dpÝV VmdXh§ Z ñVmoVì¶:& ñVdZ§ Vw B©ídañ¶¡d ^doV² &'' ñVw{VJm¶H$m: n¥WwZ¥nñ¶ EVmX¥et {Z:ñn¥hVm§ kmËdm àgÞm: A^dZ²&

EH$Xm n¥WwamO: ñdamÁ¶o ^«‘U‘² AH$amoV² & ^«‘Ug‘¶o VoZ Ñï>§ ¶V² àOm: AVrd H¥$em: Ae³VmíM & Vm: àOm: newd‚mrdpÝV & {ZH¥$ï>mÞ§ ImXpÝV & VX² ÑîQ‰>m amOm {MÝVmHw$b: OmV: & VXm nwamo{hVmo@dXV², ""ho amOZ², YZYmÝ¶m{X gdª dñVwOmV§ dñVwV: dgwÝYam¶m: CXa Ed dV©Vo & VËàmá§w ¶Vñd &''

VXm n¥Ww^ynoZ VXWª YZw: g‚mrH¥$V‘²& VXm ^y{‘: órê$n§ Y¥Ëdm Vñ¶ nwaV: àH${Q>Vm A^dV² AdXV² M, ""ho amOoÝÐ! Vd {nVm Xþ:emgH$: doZamO: amOY‘©ñ¶ nmbZ§ ZmH$amoV²& VXm ‘¶m MmoabwÊR>H$^¶mV² YZYmÝ¶nwîn’$bm{Z ‘‘ CXao {Z{hVm{Z & Ëd§ Vw àOm{hVXj: Z¥n: & ¶{X Ëd§ à¶ËZoZ H¥${fH$m¶ª H$amo{f V{h© Ah§ àgÞm ^{dî¶m{‘& AV: YZw: Ë¶O & I{ZÌm{U, hbmZ², Hw$ÔmbH$mZ² b{dÌm{U M hñVo J¥hrËdm àOmOZ¡: gh H¥${fH$m¶ª Hw$é&''

^y‘mVw: CnXoe§ ‘Z{g {ZYm¶ n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: ZXrZm§ ‘mJ©‘² AdéÜ¶ H¥${fH$m¶m©Wª Obñ¶ Cn¶moJ‘² AH$amoV²& d¥{ï>Obg#m¶§ H¥$Ëdm Obì¶dñWmnZ‘² AH$amoV²& ^y{‘‘² Cd©aV‘m§ H$Vwª àm¶VV& VXZÝVa§ Vpñ‘Z² joÌo OZm: YmÝ¶~rOm{Z AdnZ²& g Z¡Ho$ä¶: d¥joä¶: {d{dYàH$maH$mUm§ ~rOmZm§ g‘ bZ§§ M¶Z§ M n[al‘oU

7

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &A) MmaUm: {H$‘W©‘² CËgwH$m: ? Am) ^«‘Ug‘¶o n¥WwamOoZ qH$ Ñï>‘² ?B) dgwÝYam¶m: CXao qH$ dV©Vo ? B©) órê$n§ Y¥Ëdm n¥WwZ¥nñ¶ nwaV: H$m àH${Q>Vm A^dV² ?C) n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: H¥${fH$m¶m©Wª Obñ¶ ì¶dñWmnZ§ H$W‘² AH$amoV² ?

2. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & 3. nmR>çm§e§ n{R>Ëdm àdm{hOmb§ nya¶V &

^mfmä¶mg:

n¥Wwd¡Ý¶ñ¶ OZgodm

g§ajUì¶dñWm Obì¶dñWmnZ‘²

H¥${fg§emoYZ‘²

Amamo½¶gw{dYm:

neyZm§ H¥$Vo a{jVm{Z V¥UjoÌm{U

AÞXþ½YmXrZm§ ì¶dñWm

ZJaì¶dñWmnZ‘²

{ejUì¶dñWm

n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: ~rOmZm§

AH$amoV²

^yå¶m CXao {Z{hVm{Z

YZm{Z

H¥${f-gmYZm{Z

hbm:A)

n¥WwamOñ¶ àOm:

H¥$em:

ImXpÝV& OrdpÝV&

Am)

B)

AH$amoV²& AZÝVa§ ~rOmZm§ g§ñH$aU§ H¥$Ëdm dnZ‘² AH$amoV² & nO©Ý¶mZÝVa§ ~rOoä¶: AL²>Hw$am: CX²^yVm:& YmÝ¶bm^oZ gd} àOmOZm: gÝVwï>m: M A^dZ²& Ef: H$ë¶mUH$mar Z¥n: n¥{Wì¶m§ àemgZo AJ«Ur: OZgodmd«Vr M A^dV²&

n¥Wwd¡Ý¶ñ¶ AmXe©^yVm{Z H$m¶m©{U &

8

4. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &

A) ^y‘mVm n¥Wwd¡Ý¶§ {H$‘² Cnm{XeV² ?Am) Y[aÍ¶m: CnXoe§ ‘Z{g {ZYm¶ n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: qH$ {H$‘² AH$amoV² ?

5. A‘aH$mofmV² ¶mo½¶§ g‘mZmW©H§$ eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &A) amOm {MÝVmHw$b: OmV: & Am) ^y{‘: órê$n§ Y¥Ëdm àH${Q>Vm &

6. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

{deofU‘² H¥$em: Cd©am AmZpÝXVm: Xþ:emgH$: àOm{hVXj:{deoî¶‘² n¥Ww: doZ: àOm: ^y{‘: àOmOZm:

7. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & d¥j:, ^y{‘:, amOm, YZw:, ZXr &

8. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & ñVw{V: , gX²JwUm:, àgÞm:, Ae³Vm:, nwaV:, H¥$em: &

9. H$: H§$ dX{V ?A) {Vð>ÝVw MmaUm: & Am) VËàmáw§ ¶Vñd & B) Vd {nVm Xþ:emgH$: & B©) AV: YZw: Ë¶O &

10. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & $A) CXa Ed Am) newd‚mrdpÝV B) Ae³VmíM B©) nwamo{hVmo@dXV² &

eVeVH$mo{Q>eaV²n¶©ÝV‘² &àdhVmV² g§ñH¥$V-‘ÝXm{H$Zr &&Y¥.&&

AkmVm ¶ñ¶m J“moÌr B{Vhmgñ¶ Z ¶ÌmpñV J{V: &n[aUV§ ’$b‘² AZm{X: lw{V: ¶Ëàgd: gm ^maVdmUr &&1&&

{gÝYwewVwÐrgañdVrZm§ VQ>o F$frUm§ Ü¶mZnamUm‘² &hmo‘Yy‘nm{dVbmoH$mZm‘² A{Ì^¥JyUm§ N>ÝXmodmUr &&2&&

"H$ñËd§ H$mo@h§' àíZnamUm‘² AmË‘VÎdXe©ZmoËgwH$mZm‘² &¶mkdë³¶‘w{ZOZH$mXrZm§ VÎd‘gr{V ~«÷dm{XZr &&3&&

dmë‘r{H$‘w{Zì¶mg{da{MVm am‘H¥$îU¶mo: nmdZJmWm &AIÊS>Xrnmo ^JdÒrVm H$‘©¶moJgÝXoeXm{¶Zr &&4&&

‘oKXÿVemHw$ÝVbaKw{^: CÎmaam‘{H$amVHw$‘ma¡: &H$m{bXmg^d^y{Và‘wI¡: H¥${V{d^yfUm ‘Ywa^m{fUr &&5&& nm{U{ZgÑe¡: ñVmoÌJm¶H¡$: ^moO‘å‘Q>m{X{^^y©fH¡$: &e‘ am{X{^ñVÎd{MÝVH¡$: XÎmdÝXZm dm³g‘«mkr &&6&&

B¶‘ñ‘mH§$ Y‘©^maVr amï´>¡³¶ñ¶ M ‘hVr ñ’y${V©: &{dZm g§ñH¥$V§ Z¡d g§ñH¥${V: Bhm‘wÌH$ë¶mUH$m[aUr &&7&&

nwqï> Vwqï> g‘mdhÝVr Or{dVnwîn§ {dH$mg¶ÝVr &{díd‘“b§ ’$b§ ’$bÝVr H$mo{Q>H$mo{Q>eaËn¶©ÝV‘² àdhVmV² g§ñH¥$V‘ÝXm{H$Zr &&8&& - S>m°. JOmZZ ~miH¥$îU nigwbo

àdhVmV² g§ñH¥$V-‘ÝXm{H$Zr

nR>V-~moYVAmYw{ZH$: _hmH${d: S>m°. JOmZZ

~miH¥$îU nigwbo _hm^mJ: ‘hmamîQ´>o gmVmam ZJao OmV: & ì¶mH$aUemñÌ{df¶o VWm ^mfmemñÌ{df¶o à^yV§ g§emoYZ§ boIZ§ M H¥$V§ ‘hmoX¶oZ & Ìr{U ZmQ>H$m{Z, Ûo M[aVo, "d¡Zm¶H$‘²' B{V àoaH§$ ‘hmH$mì¶‘² BË¶ñ¶ J«ÝWgånX² & à{gÕmZm§ ‘amR>r - ZmQ>çH$mì¶mZm§ gag: gab: M AZwdmX: A{n H¥$V: AZoZ &

Z¡H¡$: nwañH$ma¡: ^y{fV: A¶§ am{ï´>`npÊS>V: amï´>n{VnwañH$maoUm{n gå‘m{ZV: & Añ_¡ npÊS>Vloð>m` Z_: &

99

ì¶gZo {‘Ìnarjm &

ApñV EH§$ MånH§$ Zm‘ AaÊ¶‘² & AaÊ¶o {MÌm“mo Zm‘ ‘¥J: EH$mjmo Zm‘ H$mH$íM ñZohoZ {ZdgV: ñ‘& EH$Xm {MÌm“: dZo ^«‘Z² Ho$Zm{n e¥JmboZ Adbmo{H$V: & jwÐ~w{Õ: Zm‘ g: e¥Jmb: ñdmW©hoVwZm ‘¥JoU gh {‘ÌVm‘² EoÀN>V² & AñV“Vo g{dV[a jwÐ~w{Õ: ‘¥JoU gh ‘¥Jñ¶ {ZdmgñWmZ§ JV: & ‘¥Je¥Jmbm¡ ÑîQ‰>m H$mH$mo@dXV², ""gIo {MÌm“! H$mo@¶§ {ÛVr¶: ?'' ‘¥J: A~«yV, ""Oå~yH$mo@¶‘² & Añ‘Ëg»¶‘² BÀN>{V &'' H$mH$: Cnm{XeV²², ""AH$ñ‘mXmJÝVwZm gh {‘ÌVm Z ¶w³Vm &'' VXmH$Ê¶© Oå~yH$: gH$mon‘² Amh, ""‘¥Jñ¶ àW‘Xe©Zo ^dmZ{n An[a{MV: Ed AmgrV² & ¶Wm¶§ ‘¥J: ‘‘ ~ÝYw: VWm ^dmZ{n &'' ‘¥J: A~«drV², ""Ab§ {ddmXoZ & d¶§ gd} AmZÝXoZ EH$Ì {Zdgm‘: &'' H$mHo$Zmo³V‘², ""Ed‘ñVw &''

{ÛVr¶: nmR>: &

{hVmonXoemV² ñdrH¥$Vm Efm H$Wm & {hVmonXoeñ¶ H$Vm© Zmam¶UnpÊS>V: & {hVmonXoeñ¶ MËdma: {d^mJm: gpÝV & 1) {‘Ìbm^: 2) gwöX²^oX: 3) {dJ«h: 4) gpÝY: & J«ÝWo@pñ‘Z² newn{jUm§ H$Wm‘mÜ¶‘oZ Zr{VdMZm{Z~mo{YVm{Z &

• $$CÎm‘{‘Ìo Ho$ JwUm: ^do¶w:?

• g‘ Q>g‘¶o {‘ÌoU gmhmæ¶§H¥$V{‘{V H$Xm{MX² AZw^yV§ dm?

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{H${#mËH$mbmZÝVa§ e¥Jmb: ‘¥J‘² AdXV², "dZo@pñ‘Z² EH§$ gñ¶nyU©joÌ‘pñV & Xe©¶m{‘ Ëdm‘² &' VWm H¥$Vo ‘¥J: àË¶h§ VÌ JËdm gñ¶‘² AImXV² & VX² ÑîQ‰>m EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo joÌn{VZm nme: ¶mo{OV: & VÌmJV: ‘¥J: nme¡~©Õ: & g: A{MÝV¶V², ""BXmZt {‘ÌmÊ¶od eaU§ ‘‘ &'' XÿamV² VV² ní¶Z² Oå~yH$: ‘Z{g AmZpÝXV>: & gmo@{MÝV¶V², ""’${bV§ ‘o ‘ZmoaW‘² & BXmZt à^yV§ ^moOZ§ àmßñ¶m{‘ &'' ‘¥JñV§ ÑîQ‰>m A~«drV², ""{‘Ì, {N>pÝY VmdÝ‘‘ ~ÝYZ‘² & Ìm¶ñd ‘m‘² &'' Oå~yH$mo XÿamXodmdXV², ""{‘Ì, ÑT>mo@¶§ ~ÝY:&

ñZm¶w{Z{‘©VmZ² nmemZoVmZ² H$W§ dm d«V{Xdgo ñn¥em{‘?'' BË¶w³Ëdm g: g‘rn‘od d¥jñ¶ n¥ð>V: {Z^¥V§pñWV: &

àXmofH$mbo ‘¥J‘pÝdî¶Z² H$mH$ñVÌmonpñWV: & ‘¥J§ VWm{dY§ ÑîQ‰>m g CdmM, ""gIo ! {H$‘oVV² ?'' ‘¥JoUmo³V‘², ""gwöX²dm³¶ñ¶ AZmXamV² ~Õmo@h‘² & C³V§ M -

gwöXm§ {hVH$m‘mZm§ ¶: e¥Umo{V Z ^m{fV‘² &{dnV² g{Þ{hVm Vñ¶ g Za: eÌwZÝXZ: &&''

H$mH$: A~«yV, ""g d#mH$: ¹$mñVo ?'' ‘¥JoUmo³V‘², ""‘Ý‘m§gmWu {Vð>Ë¶Ì¡d &'' H$mH$: C³VdmZ², ""Cnm¶ñVmdV² {MÝVZr¶: &''

AW à^mVo joÌn{Vb©JwS>hñV: AmJÀN>Z² H$mHo$Zmdbmo{H$V: & V‘mbmo³¶ H$mHo$Zmo³V‘², ""gIo ‘¥J, Ëd‘mË‘mZ§ ‘¥VdËg§Xe©¶ & dmVoZmoXa§ nya{¶Ëdm nmXmÝñVãYrH¥$Ë¶ {Vð> & ¶Xmh§ eãX§ H$amo{‘ VXm Ëd‘wËWm¶ gËda§ nbm{¶î¶go &'' ‘¥JñVW¡d pñWV: &

joÌn{VZm ‘¥J: Ambmo{H$V: C³V#m, ""Am:! ñd¶§ ‘¥Vmo@{g!'' g: ‘¥J§ ~ÝYZmV² ì¶‘w#mV² & VV: H$mH$eãX§ lwËdm ‘¥J: gËda§ nbm{¶V: & V‘w{Ôí¶ joÌn{VZm {jáoZ bJwS>oZ e¥JmbñVmdX² hV: &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &A) AaÊ¶o H$m¡ {ZdgV: ñ‘ ?Am) H$mH$: {H$‘² Cnm{XeV² ?B) ‘¥J: àË¶h§ joÌ§ JËdm {H$‘² AH$amoV² ? B©) jwÐ~w{Õ: Hw$Ì {Z^¥V§ pñWV: ?C) e¥Jmb: Ho$Z hV: ?

2. $H$: $H§$ dX{V ?A) "dZo@pñ‘Z² EH§$ gñ¶nyUª joÌ‘pñV &'Am) "{‘Ì, {N>pÝY VmdÝ‘‘ ~ÝYZ‘² &'B) "g d#mH$: ¹$mñVo ?'

3. CÎmanX§ {bIV &A) H$mH$mo@dXV² = H$mH$: + & Am) ‘¥JoUmo³V‘² = ‘¥JoU + &B) Oå~yH$mo@¶‘² = Oå~yH$: + &

4. nyd©nX§ {bIV &A) ‘¥Jmo@~«drV² = + A~«drV² &Am) dmVoZmoXa‘² = + CXa‘² &B) ‘¥Vmo@{g = + A{g &

5. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & A) "g Za: eÌwZÝXZ:' B{V dMZ§ H$Wm¶m:

AmYmaoU ñnï>rHw$éV &

Am) H$mHo$Z H$: Cnm¶: C³V: ?

6. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & ÑT>:, ‘¡Ìr, ~Õ:, à^yV‘² &

11

7. A‘aH$mofmV² ¶mo½¶§ g‘mZmW©H§$ eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &A) AaÊ¶o ‘¥J: H$mH$: M ñZohoZ {ZdgV: &Am) Oå~yH$: VoZ gh ‘¥Jñ¶ {ZdmgñWmZ§ JV: & B) ‘¥J‘pÝdî¶Z² H$mH$: VÌ CnpñWV: &

8. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

{deofU‘² {deoî¶‘² ÑT>: {jáoZ EH$pñ‘Z² bJwS>hñV:

bJwS>oZ {XZo ‘¥J: ~ÝY: joÌn{V:

H«$sS>V-ZÝXV &gL²>»¶mH«$sS>m

EH§$ Ûo Ìr{U . . . B{V H«$‘oU gd} {‘{bËdm eVn¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶m: dXo¶w: & VV: nwZ: VXod AmdV©Zr¶‘² & naÝVw Apñ‘Z² Adgao gdm©: {df‘gL²>»¶m: {ejH$: Ed dXoV² & N>mÌ¡ñVw Ho$db§ g‘gL²>»¶m: d³Vì¶m: & A{J«‘o AmdV©Zo {ejH$: g‘gL²>»¶m: dXoV², ~mbmü {df‘gL²>»¶m: dXo¶w: & EVoZ gL²>»¶mä¶mg: gwð>w ^d{V &

gL²>»¶mboIZ‘²

$N>mÌmUm§ JUÛ¶§ H$aUr¶‘² & {ejH$ñ¶ g‘rno H¥$îU’$bH§$ ^doV² & {ejH$: ¶Xm gyM¶{V VXm à{VJU‘² EH$: H«$sS>H$: AJ«o AmJË¶ H¥$îU’$bH$ñ¶ nwaV: {Vð>{V & {ejH$: g§ñH¥$VoZ H$m{#mV² gL²>»¶m§ dX{V & Vm¡ erK«m{VerK«§ Vm§

gL²>»¶m§ H¥$îU’$bHo$ {bIoVm‘² & ¶: AmXm¡ {bI{V Vñ‘¡ JUm¶ EH$: A‘: Xr¶Vo & (gL²>»¶m§ XodZmJar{bß¶m amo‘Z²-{bß¶m dm bo{IVw‘² Ah©pÝV &)

- H«$sS>md„r-nwñVH$mV² &

Zm‘m{Z

AaÊ¶‘²

e¥Jmb: H$mH$:

‘¥J:

d³Ìm g§dmX§ ‘ob¶V

Oå~yH$: ‘¥J:

d³Ìm g§dmX§ ‘ob¶V

‘¥J: H$mH$:

(‘ÄOyfm - Ìm¶ñd ‘m‘², Xe©¶m{‘ Ëdm‘², ÑT>mo@¶§ ~ÝY:, {N>pÝY ‘‘ ~ÝYZ‘²)

(‘ÄOyfm - Ab§ {ddmXoZ, H$mo@¶§ {ÛVr¶:?,

Ed‘ñVw, Añ‘Ëg»¶‘² BÀN>{V &)

9. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

CnH«$‘: - nmR>mV² CnnX{d^p³V¶w³Vm{Z dm³¶m{Z {MËdm {bIV &

10. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &

A)

Am)

12

{dÚm Zm‘ Zañ¶ ê$n‘{YH§$ àÀN>ÞJwá§ YZ‘² {dÚm ^moJH$ar ¶e:gwIH$ar {dÚm Jwê$Um§ Jwé:& {dÚm ~ÝYwOZmo {dXoeJ‘Zo {dÚm na§ X¡dV‘² {dÚm amOgw nyÁ¶Vo Z Vw YZ§ {dÚm{dhrZ: new:&&1&& -Zr{VeVH$mV²

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) ê$n‘{YH$‘² = ê$n‘² + A{YH$‘² & 2) ~ÝYwOZmo {dXoeJ‘Zo = ~ÝYwOZ: + {dXoeJ‘Zo &

AÝd¶: - {dÚm Zm‘ Zañ¶ A{YH§$ ê$n‘², àÀN>ÞJwá§ YZ‘², {dÚm ^moJH$ar ¶e:gwIH$ar (M) & {dÚm Jwê$Um§ Jwé: & {dXoeJ‘Zo {dÚm ~ÝYwOZ: & {dÚm na§ X¡dV‘² & {dÚm amOgw nyÁ¶Vo Z Vw YZ‘² & {dÚm{dhrZ: new: (Ed) &

{ZÝXÝVw Zr{V{ZnwUm ¶{X dm ñVwdÝVwbú‘r: g‘m{deVw JÀN>Vw dm ¶Woï>‘² &AÚ¡d dm ‘aU‘ñVw ¶wJmÝVao dm Ý¶mæ¶mËnW: à{dMbpÝV nX§ Z Yram:&&2&& -Zr{VeVH$mV²

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) Zr{V{ZnwUm ¶{X = Zr{V{ZnwUm: + ¶{X 2) AÚ¡d = AÚ + Ed & 3) ‘aU‘ñVw = ‘aU‘² + AñVw & 4) Ý¶mæ¶mËnW: = Ý¶mæ¶mV² + nW: &

AÝd¶: - ¶{X (A{n) Zr{V{ZnwUm: {ZÝXÝVw ñVwdÝVw dm, bú‘r: g‘m{deVw ¶Woï>§ JÀN>Vw dm, ‘aU‘² AÚ Ed AñVw ¶wJmÝVao dm, (VWm{n) Yram: Ý¶mæ¶mV² nW: nX§ Z à{dMbpÝV &

AmË‘Zmo ‘wIXmofoU ~Ü¶ÝVo ewH$gm[aH$m:& ~H$mñVÌ Z ~Ü¶ÝVo ‘m¡Z§ gdm©W©gmYZ‘²&&3&& -n#mVÝÌmV²

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) AmË‘Zmo ‘wIXmofoU = AmË‘Z: + ‘wIXmofoU & 2) ~H$mñVÌ = ~H$m: + VÌ&

AÝd¶: - ewH$gm[aH$m: AmË‘Z: ‘wIXmofoU ~Ü¶ÝVo & VÌ ~H$m: Z ~Ü¶ÝVo & (AV:) ‘m¡Z§ gdm©W©gmYZ‘² &

AënmZm‘{n dñVyZm§ g§h{V: H$m¶©gm{YH$m&V¥U¡Jw©UËd‘mnÞ¡~©Ü¶ÝVo ‘ÎmXpÝVZ: &&4&& - {hVmonXoemV²

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) AënmZm‘{n = AënmZm‘² + A{n &2) V¥U¡Jw©UËd‘mnÞ¡~©Ü¶ÝVo = V¥U¡: + JwUËd‘² + AmnÞ¡: + ~Ü¶ÝVo &

AÝd¶: - AënmZm§ dñVyZm‘² A{n g§h{V: H$m¶©gm{YH$m ({dÚVo) & (¶Wm) JwUËd‘² AmnÞ¡: V¥U¡: ‘ÎmXpÝVZ: ~Ü¶ÝVo &

gy{³VgwYm& (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)Ho$db§ npL²>³VÛ¶mË‘H$m: íbmoH$m:V¥Vr¶: nmR>:

gy³V¶: Zm‘ gwdMZm{Z & gy³VrZm§ nR>ZoZ dm³MmVw¶ª dY©Vo & gy³VrZm§ à¶moJ: boIZo ^mfUo M à^md§ OZ¶{V & C³V‘od- {IÞ§ Mm{n gw^m{fVoZ a‘Vo ñdr¶§ ‘Z: gd©Xm

lwËdmÝ¶ñ¶ gw^m{fV§ Ibw ‘Z: lmoVw§ nwZdm©ÄN>{V &AkmZ² kmZdVmo@ß¶ZoZ {h derH$Vwª g‘Wm©o ^doV² H$V©ì¶mo {h gw^m{fVñ¶ ‘ZwO¡amdí¶H$: gL²>J«h: &&

d¥Îm‘²-

emXÿ©b{dH«$s{S>V‘²

d¥Îm‘²-

dgÝV{VbH$m

d¥Îm‘²- AZwïw>n²

d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n²

1313

KQ>§ {^ÝÚmV² nQ>§ {N>ÝÚmV² Hw$¶m©ÐmgâmohU‘² &¶oZ Ho$Z àH$maoU à{gÕ: nwéfmo ^doV² &&5&& -hmñ¶mo{³V:

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) Hw$¶m©ÐmgâmohU‘² = Hw$¶m©V² + amgâmohU‘² & 2) nwéfmo ^doV² = nwéf: + ^doV² &

AÝd¶: - nwéf: KQ>§ {^ÝÚmV², nQ>§ {N>ÝÚmV², amgâmohU§ (A{n) Hw$¶m©V² & ¶oZ Ho$Z àH$maoU (g:) à{gÕ: ^doV² &

^mfmä¶mg:

ûcmoH$: 11. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) H$m Jwê$Um§ Jwé: ?Am) qH$ amOgw Z nyÁ¶Vo ? B) $H$: new: Ed ?

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &A) "{dÚm Zm‘ Zañ¶'... B{V ûcmoH$mYmaoU

{dÚm¶m: ‘hÎd§ {bIV &


ûcmoH$: 3.1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) ewH$gm[aH$m: Ho$Z ~Ü¶ÝVo ?Am) Ho$ Z ~Ü¶ÝVo ?

2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &A) ~H$mñVÌAm) AmË‘Zmo ‘wIXmofoU

ûcmoH$: 4. 1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) H$m H$m¶©gm{YH$m ^d{V ?Am) H¡$: ‘ÎmXpÝVZ: ~Ü¶ÝVo ?

2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &A) AënmZm‘{nAm) V¥U¡Jw©UËd‘mnÞ¡~©Ü¶ÝVo

3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &"g§h{V: H$m¶©gm{YH$m' B{V gyp³V§ ñnï>rHw$éV &

ûcmoH$: 5.1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) Za: qH$ {N>ÝÚmV² ?Am) ‘ZwO: qH$ {^ÝÚmV² ?

2. íbmoH$mV² {bL²>bH$mañ¶ ê$nm{U{MËdm {bIV &

3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &"¶oZ Ho$Z àH$maoU' B{V Cp³V§ ñnï>rHw$éV &


Zañ¶ A{YH§$ &

Jwê$Um§ &

àÀN>ÞJwá§ &

na§ &{dÚm

ûcmoH$: 2. 1. ‘ÄOyfmV: C{MV§ eãX§ {MËdm Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

Zr{V{ZnwUm: dm

g‘m{deVw dm

AÚ¡d dm

({ZÝXÝVw, JÀN>Vw, ¶wJmÝVao, ‘aU‘², bú‘r:, ñVwdÝVw &)2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

A) ‘aU‘ñVw & Am) AÚ¡d &3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &

"Ý¶mæ¶mËnW: à{dMbpÝV nX§ Z Yram: &' B{V gyp³V¨ñnï>rHw$éV &

1. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &{dÚm, new:, YZ‘², bú‘r:, ewH$:, g§h{V:, XÝVr, nQ>‘², amg^: &

2. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &{dXoe:, àÀN>Þ‘², {ZÝXÝVw, amohU‘² &

14

Aä¶mgnÌ‘² &1

1. dm³¶§ nwZ{b©{IËdm gË¶‘²/AgË¶‘² B{V {bIV &A) ñVdZ§ Vw ‘mZdñ¶¡d ^doV² &Am) n¥WwamO: àOm{hVXj: Z¥n: &B) AH$ñ‘mV² AmJÝVwZm gh ‘¡Ìr ¶w³Vm &B©) joÌn{V: ‘¥J§ ~ÝYZmV² ì¶‘w#mV² &

2. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {bIV &A) e¥Jmb: ñdmW©hoVwZm gh ‘¡Ì‘² EoÀN>V² & (‘¥JoU/H$mHo$Z) Am) ’${bV§ ‘o & (à¶moOZ‘²/‘ZmoaW‘²)B) ~rOoä¶: AL²>Hw$am: CX²^yVm: & (nO©Ý¶mZÝVa§/erVH$mbmZÝVa§)B©) àOm: AVrd AmgZ² & (H¥$em:/gwÑT>m:)

3. bH$ma§ {bIV &A) gdª dñVwOmV§ dgwÝYam¶m: CXa Ed dV©Vo &Am) Ah§ àgÞm ^{dî¶m{‘ &B) d¶§ gd} AmZÝXoZ EH$Ì dgm‘: &B©) nmXmÝñVãYrH¥$Ë¶ {Vð> &C) bú‘r: g‘m{deVw JÀN>Vw dm &

4. {dJ«hdm³¶mUm§ g‘mgZm‘{^: ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgZm‘ g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgZm‘1. {MÝV¶m AmHw$b: fð>r-VËnwéf: 1. ‘¥J: M e¥Jmb: M gá‘r-VËnwéf: 2. YZ§ M YmÝ¶m{Z M

nwînm{U M ’$bm{Z Mn#m‘r-VËnwéf: 2. jwÐm ~w{Õ: ¶ñ¶ g: H$‘©Yma¶:

3. MmoabwÊR>Ho$ä¶: ^¶‘² BVaoVaÛÝÛ: 3. {dÚ¶m {dhrZ: Aì¶¶r^md:4. àOm{hVo Xj: V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf: 4. ZrË¶m§ {ZnwUm: V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf:5. Obñ¶ ì¶dñWmnZ‘² H$‘©Yma¶: 5. Ah{Z Ah{Z ~hþd«r{h:6. à¶mJ§ Zm‘ joÌ‘² gá‘r-VËnwéf: 6. {d{dYm{Z ~rOm{Z BVaoVaÛÝÛ:

g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgZm‘1. Z n[a{MV: fð>r-VËnwéf:2. bJwS>§ hñVo ¶ñ¶ g: ~hþd«r{h:3. ewH$m: M gm[aH$m: M BVaoVaÛÝÛ:4. joÌmUm§ n{V: ZÄm²-VËnwéf:

(1, 2, 3 nmR>mZm‘² AmYmaoU)

5. ¶mo½¶§ {H«$¶mnX§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &A) Ëd§ YZw: & (Ë¶O/Ë¶OVw)

Am) Ëd§ à¶ËZoZ H¥${fH$m¶ª &(H$amo{V/H$amo{f)

B) Ëd‘mË‘mZ§ ‘¥VdV² & (gÝXe©¶/gÝXe©¶Vw)

B©) ^dmZ² A{n An[a{MV: Ed & (Amgr:/AmgrV²)

15

6. ¶mo½¶§ dmÀ¶n¶m©¶§ {MZwV &A) n¥Ww^ynoZ YZw: g‚mrH¥$V‘² & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)Am) joÌn{VZm nme: ¶mo{OV: & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)B) Ah§ eãX§ H$amo{‘ & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²) B©) Yram: Ý¶mæ¶mËnW: nX§ Z à{dMbpÝV & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)

7. C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &A) n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: ñdàOm: ÑîQ‰>m {MÝVmHw$b: OmV: ¶V: &

1. Vñ¶ àOmOZm: nañna§ dmX{ddmX§ Hw$d©pÝV &2. Vñ¶ àOmOZm: newdV² OrdpÝV &

Am) ^yå¶m YZYmÝ¶nwîn’$bm{Z ñd-CXao {Z{hVm{Z ¶V: &1. doZ^yn: Xþ:emgH$: AmgrV² &2. ^y{‘: ñd^mdoZ H¥$nUm AmgrV² &

B) n¥Ww^ynoZ ñdYZw: g‚mrH¥$V‘² ¶V: &1. g: eÌw§ hÝVw‘² BÀN>{V ñ‘ &2. g: YZYmÝ¶m{X gdª dñVwOmV§ dgwÝYam¶m: àmáw‘² BÀN>{V ñ‘ &

B©) n¥Ww^ynñ¶ àOmOZm: gÝVwï>m: A^dZ² ¶V: &1. Vo à^yV§ YmÝ¶‘² Ab^ÝV &2. Vo à^yV§ gwdU©‘² Ab^ÝV &

C) e¥Jmb: ‘¥JoU gh g»¶‘² BÀN>{V ¶V: &1. e¥Jmb: ‘¥J‘m§g§ Im{XVw‘² BÀN>{V &2. e¥Jmb: ‘¥Jo pñZø{V &

D$) Oå~yH$: ‘Z{g AmZpÝXV: ¶V: &1. ‘¥J: nme¡: ~Õ: &2. Oå~yH$ñ¶ AÝ¶oZ gh {‘ÌVm A^dV² &

E) joÌn{V: ‘¥J§ ~ÝYZmV² ì¶‘w#mV² ¶V: &1. g: "‘¥J: ‘¥V:' B{V {MpÝVVdmZ² &2. nme~Õ§ ‘¥J§ ÑîQ‰>m Vñ¶ öX¶§ H$éU¶m AÐdV² &

H«$sS>V-ZÝXV &

AZÝË¶dm³¶aMZm àW‘: ~mb: EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ H$WZoZ H$ñ¶{MV² dm³¶ñ¶ Amaå^§ Hw$¶m©V² & {ÛVr¶: ~mb: àW‘oZ ~mbHo$Z

Cº§$ eãX‘² Cƒm¶© Vñ¶ dm³¶ñ¶ AZwdV©Zê$noU ñd¶‘{n EH§$ eãX§ ¶moO¶oV² & V¥Vr¶: V¥Vr¶‘² & MVwW©:

MVwW©‘² Ed‘² AJ«o@{n & naÝVw H$mo@{n dm³¶ñ¶ g‘mqá Z Hw$¶m©V² & ¶: VWm H$amo{V g: JUmV² ~mø: d{V &

CXm. - - - 1. H$pñ‘§{üV² - - - 2. H$pñ‘§{üV² J«m‘o - - - 3. H$pñ‘§{üV² J«m‘o H$üZ - - -

4. H$pñ‘§{üV² J«m‘o H$üZ H¥$nU: - - -

AÌ "AmgrV²' B{V ¶{X CÀ¶Vo V{h© dm³¶§ g‘má§ ^d{V & ¶: VV² H$W¶{V g: ~mø: ^d{V & AV:

g: Ho$Zm{n àH$maoU dm³¶‘² AJ«o@{n AZwdV©{¶Vw§ à¶ËZ§ Hw$¶m©V² {ejH$: {H${#mV² gmhmæ¶§ H$Vw©‘² Ah©{V &


16

A‘Ë¶©:{ZO©a: {ÌXe:

A‘a: {d~wY: Xod: gwa: à^w: ^JdmZ²

ì¶ÄOZmÝVm: &

Am{XË¶: {‘Ì: a{d:

{XZH$a: ^mñH$a: {XdmH$a: MÊS>m§ew: gy¶©: ^mñdmZ²

eãXg¥qï> ní¶V J

^JdmZ² ^mñdmZ² [dÚmdmZ²JwUdmZ² kmZdmZ² H$bmdmZ²

"dV²'- àË¶¶mÝVm: "‘V²'- àË¶¶mÝVm:

EVmZ² ì¶ÄOZmÝVmZ² AdJÀN>V &

{ea: ({eag²)

AÜdm (AÜdZ²)

ì¶mo‘(ì¶mo‘Z²)

njr(n{jZ²)

~«÷m(~«÷Z²)

{h‘dmZ²({h‘dV²)

lr‘mZ² ep³V‘mZ² ~w{Õ‘mZ² Am¶wî‘mZ² hZw‘mZ² H$s{V©‘mZ²

dV²/‘V² àË¶¶: ñdm{‘Ëd§ Xe©¶{V & EVo dV²/‘V² àË¶¶mÝVm: &

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘²

17

AÝV‘² nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²

gH$mamÝVm:VH$mamÝVm:dV/‘V²-àË¶¶mÝVm:BÞÝVm: AÞÝVm: MH$mamÝVm:OH$mamÝVm: eH$mamÝVm:

MÝÐ‘g²‘éV²

^JdV²/lr‘V²e{eZ²

amOZ²/AmË‘Z²n¶mo‘wM²d{UO²-

Aßgag²V{S>V²

B© àË¶¶§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm ZXr-eãXdV² ê$nm{U & ¶Wm ^JdVr, lr‘Vr, e{eZr, ¶mo{JZr

-dmM²òO²{Xe²

n¶g²OJV²

OJV² - eãXdV²^m[dZ²

Zm‘Z²/dË‘©Z²---

^JdV² - dV²àË¶¶mÝV§ {deofU§ nw§{bL²>J‘² & lr‘V² - ‘V²àË¶¶mÝV§§ {deofU§ nw§{bL²>J‘² &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²^JdmZ² ^JdÝVm¡ ^JdÝV: àW‘m lr‘mZ² lr‘ÝVm¡ lr‘ÝV:^JdÝV‘² ^JdÝVm¡ ^JdV: {ÛVr¶m lr‘ÝV‘² lr‘ÝVm¡ lr‘V:^JdVm ^JdX²ä¶m‘² ^Jd{Ø>: V¥Vr¶m lr‘Vm lr‘X²ä¶m‘² lr‘{Ø:^JdVo ^JdX²ä¶m‘² ^JdX²ä¶: MVwWu lr‘Vo lr‘X²ä¶m‘² lr‘X²ä¶:^JdV: ^JdX²ä¶m‘² ^JdX²ä¶: n#m‘r lr‘V: lr‘X²ä¶m‘² lr‘X²ä¶:^JdV: ^JdVmo: ^JdVm‘² fð>r lr‘V: lr‘Vmo: lr‘Vm‘²^Jd{V ^JdVmo: ^JdËgw gá‘r lr‘{V lr‘Vmo: lr‘Ëgwho ^JdZ² ho ^JdÝVm¡ ho ^JdÝV: gå~moYZ‘² ho lr‘Z² ho lr‘ÝVm¡ ho lr‘ÝV:

^JdV² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm:- j‘mdV², {h‘dV², ~bdV², X¶mdV², hZw‘V², ~w{Õ‘V², ep³V‘V² BË¶mX¶: &

JVdV², n{R>VdV², Ñï>dV², ZrVdV² BË¶mXr{Z H$V©[a ^y.Ym. {deofUm{Z "^JdV²' eãXdV² ànÚÝVo &

• e{eZ² ee-BZ² (BZ² àË¶¶: ñdm{‘Ëd§ Xe©¶{V) "ee:' Zm‘ eeH$: & ee: ¶ñ¶ (AL²>Ho$) ApñV g: eer &

e{eZ² - BÞÝV§ {deofU§ nw§{b“‘² & ^m{dZ² - BÞÝV§ {deofU§ Znw§gH${b“‘² &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²eer e{eZm¡ e{eZ: àW‘m ^m{d ^m{dZr ^mdr{Z

e{eZ‘² e{eZm¡ e{eZ: {ÛVr¶m ^m{d ^m{dZr ^mdr{Ze{eZm e{eä¶m‘² e{e{^: V¥Vr¶m ^m{dZm ^m{dä¶m‘² ^m{d{^:

e{eZo e{eä¶m‘² e{eä¶: MVwWu ^m{dZo ^m{dä¶m‘² ^m{dä¶:e{eZ: e{eä¶m‘² e{eä¶: n#m‘r ^m{dZ: ^m{dä¶m‘² ^m{dä¶:e{eZ: e{eZmo: e{eZm‘² fð>r ^m{dZ: ^m{dZmo: ^m{dZm‘²

e{e{Z e{eZmo: e{efw gá‘r ^m{d{Z ^m{dZmo: ^m{dfwho e{eZ² ho e{eZm¡ ho e{eZ: gå~moYZ‘² ho ^m{dZ²/

^m{dho ^m{dZr ho ^mdr{Z

e{eZ² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm:- ñdm{‘Z², àm{UZ², {dÚm{W©Z², em{IZ², ¶mo{JZ², g§Ý¶m{gZ², dm{OZ², lo{ð>Z² BË¶mX¶: &

}

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 1

18

MÝÐ: e{eZ²

MÝÐ: JJZo dV©Vo & amÌm¡ d¶§ MÝÐ§ ní¶m‘: &

MÝÐoU Ed {Zem¶m: emo^m dY©Vo &

MÝÐm¶ gd} ñn¥h¶pÝV &

MÝÐmV² ‘mZdm: àH$me§ b^ÝVo &

gwYm§ew: eem‘ :, MÝÐ‘m: BË¶oVm{Z

MÝÐñ¶ AÝ¶m{Z Zm‘m{Z &

MÝÐo H$b‘ m: A{n gpÝV &

ho MÝÐ, ‘ø§ ‘Z:gm‘Ï¶ª ¶ÀN> &

AmË‘Z² - AÞÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ & amOZ² - AÞÝV§ n§w{b“§ Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²AmË‘m AmË‘mZm¡ AmË‘mZ: àW‘m amOm amOmZm¡ amOmZ:

AmË‘mZ‘² AmË‘mZm¡ AmË‘Z: {ÛVr¶m amOmZ‘² amOmZm¡ amk:AmË‘Zm AmË‘ä¶m‘² AmË‘{^: V¥Vr¶m amkm amOä¶m‘² amO{^:AmË‘Zo AmË‘ä¶m‘² AmË‘ä¶: MVwWu amko amOä¶m‘² amOä¶:AmË‘Z: AmË‘ä¶m‘² AmË‘ä¶: n#m‘r amk: amOä¶m‘² amOä¶:AmË‘Z: AmË‘Zmo: AmË‘Zm‘² fð>r amk: amkmo: amkm‘²AmË‘{Z AmË‘Zmo: AmË‘gw gá‘r am{k, amO{Z amkmo: amOgwho AmË‘Z² ho AmË‘mZm¡ ho AmË‘mZ: gå~moYZ‘² ho amOZ² ho amOmZm¡ ho amOmZ:

OÝ‘Z² - AÞÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ & Zm‘Z² - AÞÝV§ Zn§wgH${b“§ Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²OÝ‘ OÝ‘Zr OÝ‘m{Z àW‘m Zm‘ Zm‘Zr-ZmåZr Zm‘m{ZOÝ‘ OÝ‘Zr OÝ‘m{Z {ÛVr¶m Zm‘ Zm‘Zr-ZmåZr Zm‘m{Z

OÝ‘Zm OÝ‘ä¶m‘² OÝ‘{^: V¥Vr¶m ZmåZm Zm‘ä¶m‘² Zm‘{^:OÝ‘Zo OÝ‘ä¶m‘² OÝ‘ä¶: MVwWu ZmåZo Zm‘ä¶m‘² Zm‘ä¶:OÝ‘Z: OÝ‘ä¶m‘² OÝ‘ä¶: n#m‘r ZmåZ: Zm‘ä¶m‘² Zm‘ä¶:OÝ‘Z: OÝ‘Zmo: OÝ‘Zm‘² fð>r ZmåZ: ZmåZmo: ZmåZm‘²

OÝ‘{Z OÝ‘Zmo: OÝ‘gw gá‘r ZmpåZ,Zm‘{Z ZmåZmo: Zm‘gwho OÝ‘ ho OÝ‘Zr ho OÝ‘m{Z gå~moYZ‘² ho Zm‘Z²/

Zm‘

ho Zm‘Zr/

ZmåZr

ho Zm‘m{Z

"AmË‘Z²'- AZwgma‘² - ‘hmË‘Z², AÜdZ², ¶ÁdZ², ~«÷Z², Aí‘Z² BË¶mXr{Z &"amOZ²' - AZwgma‘² - J«mdZ², ‘yY©Z², ‘{h‘Z², J[a‘Z², b{K‘Z², gr‘Z² (ór.), ào‘Z² BË¶mXr{Z &"OÝ‘Z²' - AZwgma‘² - H$‘©Z², dË‘©Z², ^ñ‘Z², ~«÷Z², gÙZ² BË¶mXr{Z &"Zm‘Z²' - AZwgma‘² - ho‘Z², ì¶mo‘Z², ào‘Z², gm‘Z², Xm‘Z², Ym‘Z², bmo‘Z² BË¶mXr{Z &* ~«÷Z² VWm ào‘Z² - nw§{b“o Znw§gH${b“o M dV}Vo &

eer JJZo dV©Vo & amÌm¡ d¶§ ní¶m‘: &

Ed {Zem¶m: emo^m dY©Vo &

gd} ñn¥h¶pÝV &

‘mZdm: àH$me§ b^ÝVo &

gwYm§ew: eem‘ :, MÝÐ‘m: BË¶oVm{Z

AÝ¶m{Z Zm‘m{Z &

H$b‘ m: A{n gpÝV &

ho , ‘ø§ ‘Z:gm‘Ï¶ª ¶ÀN> &

19

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

dmM² - MH$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ & {Xe² - eH$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²dmH²$-dmJ² dmMm¡ dmM: àW‘m {XH²$-{XJ² {Xem¡ {Xe:dmM‘² dmMm¡ dmM: {ÛVr¶m {Xe‘² {Xem¡ {Xe:dmMm dm½ä¶m‘² dmp½^: V¥Vr¶m {Xem {X½ä¶m‘² {Xp½^:dmMo dm½ä¶m‘² dm½ä¶: MVwWu {Xeo {X½ä¶m‘² {X½ä¶: dmM: dm½ä¶m‘² dm½ä¶: n#m‘r {Xe: {X½ä¶m‘² {X½ä¶:dmM: dmMmo: dmMm‘² fð>r {Xe: {Xemo: {Xem‘²dm{M dmMmo: dmjw gá‘r {X{e {Xemo: {Xjw

ho dmH²$/dmJ² ho dmMm¡ ho dmM: gå~moYZ‘² ho {XH²$/{XJ² ho {Xem¡ ho {Xe:

"dmM²' eãXdV²- ËdM² (ór.), n¶mo‘wM² (nw§.) BË¶mX¶:& "{Xe²' eãXdV²- Ñe² BË¶mX¶:&

d{UO² - OH$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ & òO² - OH$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²d{UH²$/J² d{UOm¡ d{UO: àW‘m òH²$/J² òOm¡ òO:d{UO‘² d{UOm¡ d{UO: {ÛVr¶m òO‘² òOm¡ òO:d{UOm d{U½ä¶m‘² d{Up½^: V¥Vr¶m òOm ò½ä¶m‘² g«p½^:d{UOo d{U½ä¶m‘² d{U½ä¶: MVwWu òOo ò½ä¶m‘² ò½ä¶:d{UO: d{U½ä¶m‘² d{U½ä¶: n#m‘r òO: ò½ä¶m‘² ò½ä¶:d{UO: d{UOmo: d{UOm‘² fð>r òO: òOmo: òOm‘²d{U{O d{UOmo: d{Ujw gá‘r ò{O òOmo: òjw

ho d{UH²$/J² ho d{UOm¡ ho d{UO: gå~moYZ‘² ho òH²$/J² ho òOm¡ ho òO:

"d{UO²' eãXdV² - F$pËdO², {^fO² BË¶mX¶: &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1) ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV &

* ñdamÝV‘² ì¶ÄOZmÝV‘²

{MÌ‘² àm{Vn{XH$‘² àW‘m E.d. àm{Vn{XH$‘² àW‘m E.d.

1. Z¥n amOZ², ^y^¥V², ú‘m^¥V², ‘hr{jV²

2. ObX n¶mo‘wM²

20

2) MVwW©nX§ {bIVA) dmUr - dmÊ¶m :: dmM² - & Am) Ob - ObmV² :: n¶g² - &B) àmk - àmkmZ² :: Yr‘V² - & B©) ZXr - ZXrZm‘² :: g[aV² - &

3) dm³¶mW©‘obZ§ Hw$éV &A) ^y^¥V² n¥{Wdt aj{V & A) Jrdm©UdmUr Xod^mfm &Am) ì¶mopåZ {dhm¶g: {dhapÝV & Am) {dœ§ ^JdVm g¥ï>‘² &B) g§ñH¥$VdmJ²$ {d~wY^maVr & B) AmH$meo IJm: CS>²S>¶ÝVo &B©) lrH¥$îUñ¶ ‘ñVHo$ ‘wHw$Q>§ ^m{V & B©) Jmo{dÝXñ¶ ‘ypÜZ© {H$arQ>§ {damOVo &C) OJV² B©œaoU {Z{‘©V‘² & C) amOm ‘o{XZt n«{Vnmb¶{V &

4) Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:1. ho‘ / àW‘m2. {dÚmdÝVm¡ {ÛVr¶m3. Ëd½ä¶m‘² V¥Vr¶m4. ~«÷ä¶m‘² (nw§.) MVwWu 5. {^fO: n#m‘r

6. J«mìU: fð>r7. ¶mo{Jfw gá‘r8. hZw‘ÝV: gå~moYZ‘²

5) ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ ¶moO¶V &A) grVm aËZhma§ ¶ÀN>{V & (hZw‘V²) Am) VmaH$m: emo^ÝVo & (ì¶mo‘Z²)B) àOmnmbZ§ H$V©ì¶‘² & (amOZ²) B©) ‘‘ {‘Ìñ¶ Zgra: & (Zm‘Z²)C) ho , qH$ H$adm{U ? (ñdm{‘Z²)

nR>V-~moYV &CnnX{d^³V¶:

1. Z {h gwI§ Xþ:I¡: {dZm bä¶Vo &2. {dZm nwéfH$maoU Z M X¡d§ gw{gÜ¶{V &3. Z H$mMñ¶ H¥$Vo OmVw ¶w³Vm ‘w³Vm‘Uo: j{V: &4. Z‘mo Xoì¶¡ ‘hmXoì¶¡ {edm¶¡ gVV§ Z‘: &5. Vñ‘¡ lrJwado Z‘: &

nR>V-~moYV-H$ÊR>ñWrHw$éV &H$maH$m{U

1H$Vm© 2H$‘© M 3H$aU§ 4gåàXmZ§ VW¡d M &5AnmXmZ-6A{YH$aU{‘Ë¶mhþ: H$maH$m{U fQ²> &&

eãXmZwH«$‘{UH$m1am‘mo 2h[a: 3H$ar 4^y^¥X² 5^mZw: 6H$Vm© M 7MÝÐ‘m: &8VpñWdmZ² 9^JdmZ² 10AmË‘m Xe¡Vo nw§{g Zm¶H$m: &&1a‘m 2é{Ma² 3ZXr 4YoZwa² 5dmJ² 6Yr: 7g[aX²-AZÝVa‘² &8jwV² 9àmd¥Q²> M 10eaƒ¡d Xe¡Vo órfw Zm¶H$m: &&1kmZ§ 2X{Y 3n¶mo 4d‘© 5YZwa² 6dm[a 7OJV² VWm &8‘Yw 9Zm‘ 10‘Zmohm[a Xe¡Vo Vw Znw§gHo$ &&

21

g Ed na‘mUw: &

(AU©d: OnmHw$gw‘§ J¥hrËdm à{de{V & Vñ¶ {nVm {dkmZñ¶ àmÜ¶mnH$: & g: nwñVH$nR>Zo ‘¾: & Vñ¶ nmíd} CËnr{R>H$m¶m§ gyú‘o{jH$m dV©Vo &)

AU©d: - {nV:, Añ‘mH$‘² CÚmZmX² OnmHw$gw‘‘² AmZrV§ ‘¶m & {H$¶ÝV: gyú‘m: Vñ¶ namJH$Um: ! {nVm - gyú‘o{jH$¶m ní¶, Vofm§ H$UmZm§ aMZm‘² A{n Ðïw>§ e³Zmo{f ! (AU©d: VWm H$amo{V &) {nVm - qH$ Ñï>§ Ëd¶m ?AU©d: -

{nVm - AU©d, EVm{Z nwînñ¶ A“m{Z Ëd§ gyú‘o{jH$¶m Ðïw>§

e³Zmo{f & naÝVw EVX² {dœ§ na‘mUwä¶: {Z{‘©V‘² & Vo na‘mUd: Vw gyú‘o{jH$¶m A{n Z Ñí¶ÝVo &

AU©d: - na‘mUw: Zm‘ {H$‘² ?{nVm - AñVw & H$W¶m{‘ & ‘w{ï>‘mÌmZ² VÊSw>bmZ² ‘hmZgV:

AmZ¶ &AU©d: - (VWo{V C³Ëdm nmH$J¥hmV² VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶{V &)

ñdrH$amoVw, VmV &{nVm - AYwZm B‘§ VÊSw>b§ {d^O &AU©d: - VmV, {H$¶mZ² bKw: ApñV Ef: & ní¶Vw, EVñ¶ ^mJÛ¶§ ¶WmH$W‘{n H¥$V§ ‘¶m &{nVm AU©d: - ¶{X {H«$¶Vo V{h© MyUª ^doV² Vñ¶ &{nVm

Ed na‘: AUw: &AU©d: - Ðì¶ñ¶ ApÝV‘: KQ>H$: ‘yb§ VÎd§ M na‘mUw:, gË¶§ Ibw ?{nVm - gË¶‘², A¶§ Ibw H$UmX‘hf}: {gÕmÝV: & A{n OmZm{g ? na‘mUw: Ðì¶ñ¶ ‘ybH$maU‘² B{V

VoZ ‘h{f©Um à{Vnm{XV‘² & VX{n àm¶: {¼ñVnydª n#m‘o fð>>o dm eVHo$ &AU©d: - VmV, ‘h{f©Um H$UmXoZ qH$ {H$‘² C³V§ na‘mUw{df¶o ? d¶§ Vw Ho$db§ Vñ¶ ‘hm^mJñ¶ Zm‘Yo¶‘²

Ed OmZr‘: &

{nVm - H$UmX‘w{ZZm à{Vnm{XV‘² - na‘mUw: AVrpÝÐ¶:, gyú‘:, {Zad¶d:, {ZË¶:, ñd¶§ ì¶mdV©H$: M & "d¡eo{fH$gyÌm{U' B{V ñdJ«ÝWo VoZ na‘mUmo: ì¶m»¶m H¥$Vm &

• {H$§ ¶y¶§ "{~J ~°“'

{gÕmÝV{df¶o OmZrW ?

• {dkmZ-Aä¶mgH«$‘o ¶wî‘m{^:'Atom' {df¶o qH$ qH$

n{R>V‘² ?

MVwW©: nmR>:

{dœñ¶ CËn{Îm{df¶o Z¡Ho$ {gÕmÝVm: à{Vnm{XVm: & Z¡Ho$ àmMrZm: {gÕmÝVm: H$mbdeVm§ JVm: Z¡Ho$ ZyVZm: M d¡km{ZH¡$: ñdrH¥$Vm: & 'Atom' B{V eãX: gd}fm§ gwn[a{MV: Ed & AmYw{ZH${dkmZemñÌo 'Atom' B{V ‘ybH$maU§ Ðì¶ñ¶ & g Ed "Element' B{V ‘Ý¶Vo & àmMrZemñÌo Vw "na‘mUw:' {Z{‘©Vo: ‘ybH$maU‘² B{V H${WV‘² & na‘mUmo: d¡{eîQ>çm{Z ‘h{f©Um H$UmX‘hmoX¶oZ d¡eo{fH$Xe©Zo H${WVm{Z & Apñ‘Z² {df¶o A{YH§$ g§emoYZ§ e³¶‘² &

{nV:, AX²^wV‘² EVV² & AÌ namJH$Uñ¶ gyú‘m{U A“m{Z Ñí¶ÝVo &

- BVmo@{n bKwVa: ^mJ: H$Vwª e³¶Vo dm ?

- gå¶J²$ C³V§ Ëd¶m & ¶Ì EVX² {d^mOZ§ g‘mß¶Vo, ¶ñ‘mV² gyú‘Va: ^mJ: àmáw§ Z e³¶Vo g:

22

AU©d: - $H$m gm ì¶m»¶m ?{nVm - Ombgy¶©‘ar{MñW§ ¶V² gyú‘§ Ñí¶Vo aO: &

Vñ¶ fð>V‘mo ^mJ: na‘mUw: g CÀ¶Vo &&AU©d: - Ah‘² EVX²{df¶o {dñVaoU n{R>Vw‘² BÀN>m{‘ &{nVm - CÎm‘‘² ! œ: ‘‘ ‘hm{dÚmb¶‘² AmJÀN> &

VÌ H$UmX{df¶H$m{U Z¡H$m{Z nwñVH$m{Z gpÝV & Vd {Okmgm {Zü¶oZ emå¶oV² &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &A) AU©d: nmH$J¥hmV² {H$‘² AmZ¶{V ?Am) H$: na‘mUw: ?B) na‘mUw{gÕmÝV: Ho$Z ‘h{f©Um H${WV: ?B©) ‘h{f©Um H$UmXoZ na‘mUw{df¶o qH$ à{Vnm{XV‘² ?C) ‘hf}: H$UmXñ¶ ‘VmZwgma§ na‘mUmo: ì¶m»¶m H$m ?

na‘mUw:

{ZË¶:

ñd¶§ ì¶mdV©H$:

2. $g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &Hw$gw‘‘², {dœ‘², {nVm, Zm‘Yo¶‘², gy¶©: &

3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV &A) ‘h{f©: H$UmX: na‘mUw{df¶o qH$

à{Vnm{XVdmZ² ?Am) "VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶' B{V {nVm AU©d§

{H$‘W©‘² Am{Xï>dmZ² ?

4. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² ‘ÄOyfmV:ApÝdî¶ {bIV &

5. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {bIV &

6. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V

gË¶‘², ApÝV‘:, A{ZË¶:, bKw:, gyú‘:,(AmÚ:, Jwé:, {ZË¶:, AgË¶‘², ñWyb:)

{Z{‘©V‘² & (VÊSw>b¡:/AUw{^:) Ðì¶ñ¶ ‘ybH$maU‘² & (na‘mUw:/{dkmZ§)

A) EVX² {dœ§Am)B) aOg: ^mJ: na‘mUw: & (fð>V‘:/eVV‘:)

23

¶Wm MVw{^©: H$ZH§$ narú¶Vo {ZKf©UÀN>oXZVmnVmS>Z¡:& VWm MVw{^©: nwéf: narú¶Vo lwVoZ erboZ JwUoZ H$‘©Um&&1&& - d¥ÕMmU³¶eVH$mV²

AÝd¶: - ¶Wm H$ZH§$ {ZKf©U - N>oXZ - Vmn-VmS>Z¡: (B{V) MVw{^©: narú¶Vo, VWm nwéf: lwVoZ, erboZ, JwUoZ, H$‘©Um (B{V) MVw{^©: narú¶Vo &

¶Ì {dÛ‚mZmo ZmpñV ûcm¿¶ñVÌmënYra{n& {ZañVnmXno Xoeo EaÊS>mo@{n Ðþ‘m¶Vo &&2&& - {hVmonXoemV²

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) ZmpñV = Z + ApñV & 2) ûcm¿¶ñVÌmënYra{n = ûcm¿¶: + VÌ + AënYr: + A{n & 3) EaÊS>mo@{n = EaÊS>: + A{n &

AÝd¶: - ¶Ì {dÛ‚mZ: Z ApñV, VÌ AënYr: A{n ûcm¿¶: (^d{V) & (¶Wm) {ZañVnmXno Xoeo EaÊS>: A{n Ðþ‘m¶Vo &

VmdX² ^¶m{Õ ^oVì¶§ ¶mdX² ^¶‘ZmJV‘²& AmJV§ Vw ^¶§ drú¶ Za: Hw$¶m©X² ¶Wmo{MV‘²&&3&& - n#mVÝÌmV²

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) ^¶m{Õ = ^¶mV² + {h & 2) ^¶‘ZmJV‘² = ^¶‘² + AZmJV‘² &AÝd¶: -¶mdV² ^¶‘² AZmJV§ VmdV² {h ^¶mV² ^oVì¶‘² &(VWm{n) AmJV§ Vw ^¶§ drú¶ Za: ¶Wmo{MV§ Hw$¶m©V² &

CÎm‘mo Zm{Vd³Vm ñ¶mXY‘mo ~hw ^mfVo& gwdU} Z Üd{ZñVmÑ½¶mÑ¸$m§ñ¶o àOm¶Vo&&4&&

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) CÎm‘mo Zm{Vd³Vm = CÎm‘: + Z + A{Vd³Vm & 2) ñ¶mXY‘mo ~hw = ñ¶mV² + AY‘: + ~hþ & 3) Üd{ZñVmÑ½¶mÑ¸$m§ñ¶o = Üd{Z: + VmÑH²$ + ¶mÑH²$ + H$m§ñ¶o &

AÝd¶: - CÎm‘: A{Vd³Vm Z ñ¶mV², AY‘: ~hþ ^mfVo & ¶mÑH²$ H$m§ñ¶o (Üd{Z:) àOm¶Vo VmÑH²$ gwdU} Üd{Z: Z (àOm¶Vo) &

¶mÑe§ dnVo ~rO§ joÌ‘mgmÚ H$f©H$: & gwH¥$Vo XþîH¥$Vo dm@{n VmÑe§ b^Vo ’$b‘² &&5&&

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) joÌ‘mgmÚ = joÌ‘² + AmgmÚ & 2) dm@{n = dm + A{n &AÝd¶: - H$f©H$: joÌ‘² AmgmÚ ¶mÑe§ ~rO§ dnVo (VmÑe§ ’$b§ b^Vo) & (VW¡d ‘Zwî¶:) gwH¥$Vo dm XþîH¥$Vo

dm A{n VmÑe§ (Bï>‘² A{Zï>§ dm) ’$b§ b^Vo &

¶w½‘‘mbm&

g§ñH¥$Vgm{hË¶o eãX¶w½‘m{Z à{gÕm{Z & ¶Wm - ¶Xm-VXm, ¶mdV²-VmdV², ¶Ì-VÌ & CXm.- ¶Wm amOm VWm àOm & eãX¶w½‘mZm‘² Cn¶moJoZ ûcmoH$ñ¶ dm³¶ñ¶ dm gm¡ÝX¶ª dY©Vo &

n#m‘>: nmR>:



d¥Îm‘²-d§eñW‘²



(H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

^mfmä¶mg:

ûcmoH$: 11. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &A) H$ZH$narjm H$W§ ^d{V ? Am) nwéfnarjm H$W§ ^d{V ?

24


A) AmJV§ ^¶§ drú¶ Za: qH$ Hw$¶m©V² ?2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

^¶m{Õ &ûcmoH$: 4. 1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV

A) H$: ~hþ ^mfVo ?

2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &A) ñ¶mXY‘: &


A) H$f©H$: H$rÑe‘² ’$b§ b^Vo ?

2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &A) joÌ‘mgmÚ Am) dm@{n &

2. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V

erboZH$‘©Um

nwéfnarjm

1) g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &H$ZH$‘², {dÛmZ², nmXn:, AY‘: &

2) {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &JwU:, {dÛmZ², CÎm‘:, gwH¥$V‘² &

3) g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZm§ ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

A) gwdU©‘², CÎm‘:, H¥$fH$:, Üd{Z:

Am) eãX:, joÌmOrd:, ho‘, loð>:

4. A‘aH$mofmV² ¶mo½¶§ g‘mZmW©H$ eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &A) MVw{^©: H$ZH§$ narú¶Vo & Am) H$f©H$: ~rO§ dnVo & B) ¶Ì EH$: A{n nmXn: ZmpñV VÌ EaÊS>: Ðþ‘m¶Vo &

[a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &A) ¶Xm AÜ¶mnH$: Z AmJÀN>{V N>mÌm: ñdmÜ¶m¶§ Hw$d©pÝV &Am) Yy‘: VÌ d{•: & B) AmH$meo ‘oKm: JO©pÝV VXm ‘¶ya: Z¥Ë¶{V &B©) ¶Wm {dMma: dV©Z‘² & C) ¶{X gå¶H²$ n{R>î¶{g OrdZo ¶e: àmßñ¶{g &D$) g‚mZm: dXpÝV VWm Hw$d©pÝV &

Am)

A)

H$ZH$narjm

N>oXZoZ

VmS>ZoZ


A) AënYr: Hw$Ì ûcm¿¶: ^d{V ?Am) EaÊS>: Hw$Ì Ðþ‘m¶Vo ?

2. gpÝY-{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &A) ûcm¿¶ñVÌ Am) AënYra{n &

5) MVwW©nX§ {bIV &A) {dÛmZ² - npÊS>V: :: AënYr: - &Am) ûcm¿¶: - àe§gZr¶: :: Ðþ‘: - &B) Za: - ‘Zwî¶: :: C{MV‘² - &B©) drú¶ - ÑîQ‰>m :: ^¶‘² - &

25

Aä¶mgnÌ‘² &2

1. dm³¶§ nwZ{b©{IËdm gË¶‘²/AgË¶‘² B{V {bIV &A) EVX² {dœ‘² AUw{^: {Z{‘©V‘² & Am) Ðì¶ñ¶ Am{X‘: KQ>H$: na‘mUw: ApñV &B) AU©d: joÌmV² VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶{V &

2. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &A) AU©d: J¥hrËdm à{de{V & (OnmHw$gw‘‘²/H$‘b‘²) Am) EVX² {dœ§ {Z{‘©V‘² & (AUw{^:/VÊSw>b¡:)B) Ðì¶ñ¶ ‘ybH$maU‘² & (gwJÝY:/na‘mUw:)


g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgZm‘1. nwñVH$ñ¶ nR>Z‘² H$‘©Yma¶: 2. gyú‘m: H$Um: fð>r-VËnwéf:3. na‘: AUw: ~hþd«r{h:4. ‘hmZ² ^mJ: ¶ñ¶ g: CnnX-VËnwéf:5. nmX¡: {n~{V B{V H$‘©Yma¶:

(4, 5 nmR>¶mo: AmYmaoU)

g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgZm‘1. namJñ¶ H$Um: H$‘©Yma¶: 2. H$UmX: Zm‘ ‘w{Z: CnnX-VËnwéf:3. Aënm Yr: ¶ñ¶ g: fð>r-VËnwéf: 4. {H${#mV² OmZm{V B{V H$‘©Yma¶: 5. Onm Zm‘ Hw$gw‘‘² ~hþd«r{h:

4. bH$ma§ {bIV &A) gyú‘o{jH$¶m ní¶ & Am) H$UmX{df¶H$m{U Z¡H$m{Z nwñVH$m{Z gpÝV &B) Za: ¶Wmo{MV§ Hw$¶m©V² &B©) H$f©H$: VmÑe§ ’$b§ b^Vo &

5. ¶mo½¶§ dmÀ¶n¶m©¶§ {MZwV &A) Añ‘m{^: gyú‘H$Uofw AL²>Jm{Z Ñí¶ÝVo & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)Am) d¶§ ‘hm^mJñ¶ Zm‘Yo¶§ OmZr‘: & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)B) H$UmXoZ na‘mUmo: ì¶m»¶m H¥$Vm & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)B©) H$f©H$: ’$b§ b^Vo & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)

6. ¶mo½¶§ {H«$¶mnX§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &A) Ëd§ Ðïw>§ & (e³Zmo{f/e³Zmo{V) Am) ^dmZ² & (ñdrHw$é/ñdrH$amooVw)B) Ëd§ VÊSw>bmZ² &(AmZ¶/AmZ¶Vw) B©) Ëd§ œ: ‘‘ ‘hm{dÚmb¶‘² & (AmJÀN/AmJÀN>Vw)>

&7. C{MV§ H$maU§ {MZwV &

A) {nVm AU©dm¶ ñd‘hm{dÚmb¶‘² AmJÝVw§ H$W¶{V ¶V:1. {nVw: ‘hm{dÚmb¶o H$UmX{df¶H$m{U nwñVH$m{Z gpÝV &2. {nVw: ‘hm{dÚmb¶o ñZoh-gå‘obZ‘² ApñV &

26

e¥ÊdÝVw e¥ÊdÝVw ! Apñ‘Z² df} n¶©Q>ZmWª d¶§ gd©o VmS>mo~m-A^¶maÊ¶§ ¶m‘: B{V {Z{üV‘² & P

AÝ¶H$jmÀN>mÌm: VWm ~«wdVo & AÜ¶mnH$H$jo A{n VWm MMm©‘² Ae¥Ud‘² & P

A‘o¶:

Ëd§ H$W‘² AOmZm:?

gm{ZH$mV{h© gË¶dMZ‘² &

Am¶m© Ah‘² Adí¶§ ¶m{‘ &

A{X{V:gd} ¶mpÝV MoV² Ah‘{n E{‘ &

AÚ Amaä¶ Ed {gÕVm§ Hw$‘©: & P

Am¶m©Ah§ H$ÝXþH$‘² ,Omb¶{ï>H$m§ ¶{ï>H$ÝXþH$m¡ A{n AmZ¶m{‘ &

nmW©:

Ah§ Q>mo{nH$m§ H«$sUm{‘ &

Am{XË¶: Anyn§ bmOmZ² gw{nï>H$m{Z A{n H«$sUr{h & MmH$bohmZ² A{n J¥hmU &

gm{ZH$m

Am{XË¶: Vw gd©Xm ImXZ{df¶o Ed ~«dr{V & AV: Ed nrZ: &

Am{XË¶: ^dVw , V{h© Ah‘² EH$mH$s Ed ^moú¶o, Z Xmñ¶m{‘ H$ñ‘¡ A{n &

A‘o¶:ì¶mK«Xe©Z§ VÌ à‘wI‘² AmH$f©U‘², Ah§ ‘‘ AJ«OmV²

{MÌJ«mhH§$ àmßZmo{‘ & H$aXrn‘² A{n &

{H$ÝVw A‘o¶, ¶: OmJ{V© g: Ed ì¶mK«§ ní¶{V & Ëd§ Vw dJ} A{n ñd{n{f & P

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² ìhm°Q>²g²-A°n-JUmbmn:bH$maOJV² - (A) YmVd:& ({ÛVr¶: g‘yh:)

27

(A) YmVwVm{bH$m: ({ÛVr¶: g‘yh:)km (9 C.n.)

nañ‘¡nX‘² bQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

OmZm{V OmZrV: OmZpÝV àW‘: OmZrVo OmZmVo OmZVoOmZm{g OmZrW: OmZrW ‘Ü¶‘: OmZrfo OmZmWo OmZrÜdoOmZm{‘ OmZrd: OmZr‘: CÎm‘: OmZo OmZrdho OmZr‘ho

nañ‘¡nX‘² bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²


AOmZmV² AOmZrVm‘² AOmZZ² àW‘: AOmZrV AOmZmVm‘² AOmZVAOmZm: AOmZrV‘² AOmZrV ‘Ü¶‘: AOmZrWm: AOmZmWm‘² AOmZrÜd‘²AOmZm‘² AOmZrd AOmZr‘ CÎm‘: AOm{Z AOmZrd{h AOmZr‘{h

nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²


OmZmVw OmZrVm‘² OmZÝVw àW‘: OmZrVm‘² OmZmVm‘² OmZVm‘²OmZr{h OmZrV‘² OmZrV ‘Ü¶‘: OmZrîd OmZmWm‘² OmZrÜd‘²OmZm{Z OmZmd OmZm‘ CÎm‘: OmZ¡ OmZmdh¡ OmZm‘h¡

nañ‘¡nX‘² {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²


OmZr¶mV² OmZr¶mVm‘² OmZr¶w: àW‘: OmZrV OmZr¶mVm‘² OmZraZ²

OmZr¶m: OmZr¶mV‘² OmZr¶mV ‘Ü¶‘: OmZrWm: OmZr¶mWm‘² OmZrÜd‘² OmZr¶m‘² OmZr¶md OmZr¶m‘ CÎm‘: OmZr¶ OmZrd{h OmZr‘{h

nañ‘¡nX‘² b¥Q²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²


kmñ¶{V kmñ¶V: kmñ¶pÝV àW‘: kmñ¶Vo kmñ¶oVo kmñ¶ÝVo

kmñ¶{g kmñ¶W: kmñ¶W ‘Ü¶‘: kmñ¶go kmñ¶oWo kmñ¶Üdokmñ¶m{‘ kmñ¶md: kmñ¶m‘: CÎm‘: kmñ¶o kmñ¶mdho kmñ¶m‘ho

~«y (2 C.n.)nañ‘¡nX‘² bQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²


~«dr{V,Amh ~«yV:, AmhVw: ~«wdpÝV,Amhþ: àW‘: ~«yVo ~«wdmVo ~«wdVo

~«dr{f,AmËW ~«yW:, AmhWw: ~«yW ‘Ü¶‘: ~«yfo ~«wdmWo ~«yÜdo

~«dr{‘ ~«yd: ~«y‘: CÎm‘: ~«wdo ~«ydho ~«y‘ho

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 2

28



A~«drV² A~«yVm‘² A~«wdZ² àW‘: A~«yV A~«wdmVm‘² A~«wdVA~«dr: A~«yV‘² A~«yV ‘Ü¶‘: A~«yWm: A~«wdmWm‘² A~«yÜd‘²A~«d‘² A~«yd A~«y‘ CÎm‘: A~«w{d A~«yd{h A~«y‘{h



~«drVw ~«yVm‘² ~«wdÝVw àW‘: ~«yVm‘² ~«wdmVm‘² ~«wdVm‘²~«y{h ~«yV‘² ~«yV ‘Ü¶‘: ~«yîd ~«wdmWm‘² ~«yÜd‘²

~«dm{U ~«dmd ~«dm‘ CÎm‘: ~«d¡ ~«dmdh¡ ~«dm‘h¡nañ‘¡nX‘² {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²


~«y¶mV² ~«y¶mVm‘² ~«y¶w: àW‘: ~«wdrV ~«wdr¶mVm‘² ~«wdraZ²~«y¶m: ~«y¶mV‘² ~«y¶mV ‘Ü¶‘: ~«wdrWm: ~«wdr¶mWm‘² ~«wdrÜd‘² ~«y¶m‘² ~«y¶md ~«y¶m‘ CÎm‘: ~«wdr¶ ~«wdrd{h ~«wdr‘{h



dú¶{V dú¶V: dú¶pÝV àW‘: dú¶Vo dú¶oVo dú¶ÝVodú¶{g dú¶W: dú¶W ‘Ü¶‘: dú¶go dú¶oWo dú¶Üdodú¶m{‘ dú¶md: dú¶m‘: CÎm‘: dú¶o dú¶mdho dú¶m‘ho

Xm (3 C.n.)nañ‘¡nX‘² bQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²


XXm{V XÎm: XX{V àW‘: XÎmo XXmVo XXVo

XXm{g XËW: XËW ‘Ü¶‘: XËgo XXmWo XX²ÜdoXXm{‘ XÛ: XÙ: CÎm‘: XXo XÛho XÙho



AXXmV² AXÎmm‘² AXXþ: àW‘: AXÎm AXXmVm‘² AXXV

AXXm: AXÎm‘² AXÎm ‘Ü¶‘: AXËWm: AXXmWm‘² AXX²Üd‘²AXXm‘² AXÛ AXÙ CÎm‘: AX{X AXÛ{h AXÙ[h



XXmVw XÎmm‘² XXVw àW‘: XÎmm‘² XXmVm‘² XXVm‘²Xo{h XÎm‘² XÎm ‘Ü¶‘: XËñd XXmWm‘² XX²Üd‘²XXm{Z XXmd XXm‘ CÎm‘: XX¡ XXmdh¡ XXm‘h¡

29



XÚmV² XÚmVm‘² XÚw: àW‘: XXrV XXr¶mVm‘² XXraZ²XÚm: XÚmV‘² XÚmV ‘Ü¶‘: XXrWm: XXr¶mWm‘² XXrÜd‘²XÚm‘² XÚmd XÚm‘ CÎm‘: XXr¶ XXrd{h XXr‘{h



Xmñ¶{V Xmñ¶V: Xmñ¶pÝV àW‘: Xmñ¶Vo Xmñ¶oVo Xmñ¶ÝVoXmñ¶{g Xmñ¶W: Xmñ¶W ‘Ü¶‘: Xmñ¶go Xmñ¶oWo Xmñ¶ÜdoXmñ¶m{‘ Xmñ¶md: Xmñ¶m‘: CÎm‘: Xmñ¶o Xmñ¶mdho Xmñ¶m‘ho

^wO² (7 C.n.)nañ‘¡nX‘² (ajUo) bQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘² (^moOZo)


^wZp³V ^wL²>³V: ^wÄOpÝV àW‘: ^wL²>³Vo$ ^wÄOmVo ^wÄOVo^wZ{j ^wL²>³W: ^wL²>³W ‘Ü¶‘: ^wL²>jo ^wÄOmWo ^wL²>½Üdo^wZpÁ‘ ^wÄÁd: ^wÄÁ‘: CÎm‘: ^wÄOo ^wÄÁdho ^wÄÁ‘ho



A^wZH²$-J² A^wL²>³Vm‘² A^wÄOZ² àW‘: A^wL²>³V$ A^wÄOmVm‘² A^wÄOVA^wZH²$-J² A^wL²>³V‘² A^wL²>³V ‘Ü¶‘: A^wL²>³Wm: A^wÄOmWm‘² A^wL²>½Üd‘²A^wZO‘² A^wÄÁd A^wÄÁ‘ CÎm‘: A^w{ÄO A^wÄÁd{h A^wÄÁ‘{h


E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.^wZ³Vw$ ^wL²>³Vm‘² ^wÄOÝVw àW‘: ^wL²>³Vm‘² ^wÄOmVm‘² ^wÄOVm‘²^wpL²>½Y ^wL²>³V‘² ^wL²>³V ‘Ü¶‘: ^wL²>úd ^wÄOmWm‘² ^wL²>½Üd‘²^wZOm{Z ^wZOmd ^wZOm‘ CÎm‘: ^wZO¡ ^wZOmdh¡ ^wZOm‘h¡



^wÄÁ¶mV² ^wÄÁ¶mVm‘² ^wÄÁ¶w: àW‘: ^wÄOrV ^wÄOr¶mVm‘² ^wÄOraZ²^wÄÁ¶m: ^wÄÁ¶mV‘² ^wÄÁ¶mV ‘Ü¶‘: ^wÄOrWm: ^wÄOr¶mWm‘² ^wÄOrÜd‘²^wÄÁ¶m‘² ^wÄÁ¶md ^wÄÁ¶m‘ CÎm‘: ^wÄOr¶ ^wÄOrd{h ^wÄOr‘{h



^moú¶{V ^moú¶V: ^moú¶pÝV àW‘: ^moú¶Vo ^moú¶oVo ^moú¶ÝVo^moú¶{g ^moú¶W: ^moú¶W ‘Ü¶‘: ^moú¶go ^moú¶oWo ^moú¶Üdo^moú¶m{‘ ^moú¶md: ^moú¶m‘: CÎm‘: ^moú¶o ^moú¶mdho ^moú¶m‘ho

30

1) Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

YmVd: AW©: bH$ma: EH$dMZ‘² [ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

~«y (2 C.n.)Xm (3 C.n.)

^wO² (7 C.n.)

km (9 C.n.)

J«h² (9 C.n.)

dX{V¶ÀN>{V

ImX{V

AdJÀN>{V

ñdrH$amo{V

bL²>bQ²>bmoQ²>bQ²>{d{Y{bL²>bQ²>bmoQ²>bQ²>

^wÄOrVOmZrVo

J¥†m{‘

A~«yVm‘²XXmVoXÎm‘²^wÄOmWo^wÄOr¶mVm‘²OmZmVoOmZmdh¡J¥†rd:

A~«wdZ²XXVoXÎm^wL²>½Üdo

OmZm‘h¡

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

nR>V-~moYV-H$ÊR>ñWrHw$éVXebH$mam:

1bQ²> dV©‘mZo 2boQ²> doXo ^yVo 3bwL²> 4bL²> 5{bQ>ñVWm &{dÜ¶m{efm¡ Vw 6{bL²>-7bmoQ>m¡ 8bwQ²> 9b¥Q²> 10b¥L²> M ^{dî¶{V &&

31

‘Ywam nV{V &

H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²

àW‘m

(1)ZmpñV(0)

àW‘mÝVnXmZwgma‘² (1)

am‘oU J«ÝW: nR>çVo &H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²

V¥Vr¶m(3)

àW‘m (1)


am‘: J«ÝW§ nR>{V &H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²

àW‘m (1)

{ÛVr¶m (2)


Añ‘m{^: H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ H$‘©dmÀ¶§ M JVdf} n{R>Vo & H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX§ ~moY¶{V &

AYwZm dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ ní¶m‘: &

gH$‘©H§$ H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² H$‘©dmÀ¶‘² am‘: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & am‘oU J«ÝW: nR>çVo &~mbH$: J«ÝWmZ² nR>{V & ~mbHo$Z J«ÝWm: nR>çÝVo &

AH$‘©H§$ H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² ^mddmÀ¶‘²‘Yþam nV{V & ‘Ywa¶m nË¶Vo &~m{bH$m: nVpÝV & ~m{bH$m{^: nË¶Vo &

(Am) dmÀ¶n[aM¶: &

H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²~mbH$: ûcmoH§$ Jm¶{V & ‘mbm nwînm{U Z¶{V &Ah§ ‘wHw$ÝX§ ñ‘am{‘ &Ëd§ amo{Q>H$m: H$amo{f &gy¶©: àH$me§ XXm{V &‘mVm Añ‘mZ² VmS>¶{V &{nVm Ëdm‘² Cn{Xe{V &F${f: ¶wî‘mZ² dX{V &Ëd§ ‘m§ n¥ÀN>{g &

&

amOm ‘pÝÌU‘² Amˆ¶{V & e¥Jmb: ‘¥JH$mH$m¡ ní¶{V &

‘Ywa¶m nË¶Vo &

H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²

V¥Vr¶m(3)

ZmpñV(0)

{ZË¶§ àW‘nwéf-EH$dMZo (1)

H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: Jr¶Vo & ‘mb¶m nwînm{U Zr¶ÝVo &‘¶m ‘wHw$ÝX: ñ‘¶©Vo &

amo{Q>H$m: {H«$¶ÝVo & àH$me: Xr¶Vo & d¶§ VmS>çm‘ho &

{nÌm Cn{Xí¶go &F${fUm CÚÜdo &Ëd¶m n¥ÀN²ço &

‘¶m ‘mVm dÝÚVo &amkm ‘ÝÌr Amhÿ¶Vo &

&

AÝ¶bH$maofw à¶moJn[adV©Z‘² &

~mbH$: ûcmoH$‘² AJm¶V² & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: AJr¶V &

~mbH$: ûcmoH§$ Jm¶Vw & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: Jr¶Vm‘² &

~mbH$: ûcmoH§$ Jm¶oV² & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: Jr¶oV &

32

‘Zwî¶: J¥ho AdgV² & Am{X‘mZd: Jwhm¶m‘² Cdmg &

bH$maOJV² - (~)({bQ²>) &

^yVH$mb: &

àW‘: & AZÚVZ: (bL²>bH$ma:)

AJÀN>V²

V¥Vr¶: &gm‘mÝ¶:/AÚVZ: (bwL²>bH$ma:)

AJ‘V²

{ÛVr¶: &namoj: ({bQ²>bH$ma:)

OJm‘

namoj^yVH$mb: A{VàmMrZËd§ gyM¶{V & namoj: Zm‘ AúUmo: na‘² &

nañ‘¡nX‘² {bQ²>-àË¶¶m: AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.A AVwg²

(AVw:)Cg² (C:)

àW‘nwéf: E AmVo Bao

Aä¶ñV-{bQ>²bH$ma: (namoj^yVH$mb:)

Aä¶mg: Zm‘ nwZamd¥{Îm: & AV: àW‘dU©ñ¶ nwZamd¥{Îm: ¶pñ‘Z² ^d{V, g: Aä¶ñV: namoj^yVH$mb: & ¶Wm Xm - XXm¡ XXVw: XXþ:

nm - nnm¡ nnVw: nnw: & Ñe² - XXe© XÑeVw: XÑew: &

km - Okm¡ OkVw: Okw: & ¶m - ¶¶m¡ ¶¶Vw: ¶¶w: &

ø: nwam‘mohZ: nmR>embm‘² AJÀN>V² & lrH¥$îU: gmÝXrn{Z‘wZo: Aml‘§ OJm‘ &

N>mÌm: nwpñVH$m: A¶ÀN>Z² & Xodm: eóm{U XXþ: &

JÝYma: ’$b‘² AImXV² & lram‘: ~Xar’$bm{Z MImX &

~mbH$: Xod‘² AZ‘V² & H$U©: eH«§$ ZZm‘ &


0AÚ íd:/AmJm{‘H$mbo ø:àmMrZH$mbo

MH$ma AH$amoV² H$amo{V H$[aî¶{V

({bQ²>) (bL²>) (bQ²>) (b¥Q²>)

33

g§ñH¥$VZmQ>ç¶w½‘‘² & (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)

(VV: à{de{V d¡ImZg:, AÝ¶m¡ Vmngm¡ M)d¡ImZg: - (amOmZ‘² AdéÜ¶) amOZ² ! Aml‘‘¥Jmo@¶§, Z hÝVì¶:, Z hÝVì¶: & Amew à{Vg§ha gm¶H$‘² &

amkm§ eó‘² AmV©ÌmUm¶ ^d{V Z Vw AZmJ{g àhVw©‘² &Xþî¶ÝV: - à{Vg§öV Ef: gm¶H$: & (¶Wmo³V§ H$amo{V)d¡ImZg: - amOZ² ! g{‘XmhaUm¶ àpñWVm d¶‘² & Ef Ibw H$Êdñ¶ Hw$bnVoo: AZw‘m{bZrVra‘ml‘mo

Ñí¶Vo & à{dí¶ à{VJ¥øVm‘² Am{VWo¶: gËH$ma: &Xþî¶ÝV: - VnmodZ{Zdm{gZm‘wnamoYmo ‘m ^yV² & AÌ¡d aW§ ñWmn¶ ¶mdXdVam{‘ &

gyV: - Y¥Vm: àJ«hm: & AdVaVw Am¶wî‘mZ² &Xþî¶ÝV: - (AdVr¶©) gyV, {dZrVdofoU àdoï>ì¶m{Z VnmodZm{Z Zm‘ & BX§ VmdV² J¥øVm‘² & (B{V

gyVñ¶m^aUm{Z YZwümonZr¶) gyV, ¶mdXml‘dm{gZ: ÑîQ‰>m@h‘wnmdV} VmdXmÐ©n¥ð>m: {H«$¶ÝVm§ dm{OZ: &

gyV: - VWm & (B{V {ZîH«$mÝV: &)

fð>: nmR>:

àW‘§ nwîn‘²

^mfmä¶mg:

1) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & Xþî¶ÝVñ¶ H$m{Z ñd^mdd¡{eîQ>çm{Z km¶ÝVo ?

g§ñH¥$VH${dfw H$m{bXmgñ¶ ñWmZ‘² AZÝ¶gmYmaU‘² & "A{^kmZemHw$ÝVb‘²' B{V Vñ¶ à{gÕ§

ZmQ>H$‘² & Vñ¶ H$mì¶ZmQ>Ho$fw ^maVr¶g§ñH¥$Vo: ‘yë¶mZm§ M à{V{~å~§ Ñí¶Vo & BXmZrÝVZH$mbo@{n Vñ¶

gm{hË¶§ OZmZ² aÄO`{V &

34

(VV: à{de{V ¶mMH$ê$noU eH«$: &)eH«$: - (H$U©‘wnJå¶) ^mo: H$U©, ‘hÎmam§ {^jm§ ¶mMo &H$U©: - ÑT>§ àrVmo@pñ‘ ^JdZ² & Efmo@h§ Z‘ñH$amo{‘ &eH«$: - (AmË‘JV‘²) qH$ Zw Iëdh§ dXm{‘ ? ¶{X XrKm©¶w^©do{V dXo¶‘² XrKm©¶w^©doV² & ¶{X Z dXo¶‘² ‘yT>

B{V ‘m§ n[a^d{V & Vñ‘mX² C^¶§ n[aöË¶ qH$ Zw Ibw ^mfo ? ^dVw, Ñï>‘² & (àH$me‘²) ^mo: H$U©, gy¶© Bd, MÝÐ Bd, {h‘dmZ² Bd, gmJa Bd {Vð>Vw Vo ¶e: &

H$U©: - ^JdZ², qH$ Zmo³V‘² XrKm©¶w^©do{V ? AWdm ¶Xþ³V§ VXod emo^Z‘² & ¶V: hVofw Xohofw JwUm: YaÝVo & JdZ², {H${‘ÀN>{g? {H$‘h§ XXm{‘?

eH«$: - ‘hÎmam§ {^jm§ ¶mMo &H$U©: - ‘hÎmam§ {^jm§ ^dVo àXmñ¶o & Jmoghò§ XXm{‘ &eH«$: - Jmoghò{‘{V? ‘whÿV©H§$ jra§ {n~m{‘ & ZoÀN>m{‘ H$U©, ZoÀN>m{‘ &H$U©: - qH$ ZoÀN>{V ^dmZ²? An¶m©á§ H$ZH§$ XXm{‘ & eH«$: - J¥hrËdm JÀN>m{_ & ZoÀN>m{‘ H$U©, ZoÀN>m{‘ &

H$U©: - VoZ {h {OËdm n¥Ïdt XXm{‘ &

eH«$: - n¥{Wì`m qH$ H$[aî`m{_ & ZoÀN>m{‘ H$U©, ZoÀN>m{‘ & H$U©: - AWdm ‘pÀN>amo XXm{‘ & eH«$: - A{dhm & A{dhm &

H$U©: - Z ^oVì¶‘² Z ^oVì¶‘² & AÝ¶X{n ly¶Vm‘² & A“¡: gh¡d O{ZV§ H$dM§ Hw$ÊS>bmä¶m§ gh XXm{‘ &

eH«$: - (ghf©‘²) XXmVw, XXmVw &

{ÛVr¶§ nwîn‘²

1) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & eH«$ñ¶ H$nQ>§ {deXrHw$éV &

^mg: B{V g§ñH¥$VZmQ>çg¥ï>o: àW‘: ZmQ>H$H$ma: & Vñ¶ e¡br gw~moYm gagm M & ^mgZmQ>H$MH«o$ ‘hm^maVH$Wm‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ {b{IV: emoH$mË‘H$: EH$m‘ : Zm‘ "H$U©^ma‘²' & Apñ‘Z² àg“o eH«$: Zm‘ BÝÐ: ¶mMH$ê$noU AmJË¶ H$Uª H$dMHw$ÊS>bm{Z ¶mMVo &

^mfmä¶mg:

35

• $nmR>çnwñVH§$ {dhm¶ $

¶y¶§ qH$ qH$ nR>W ?• gm{hË¶ñ¶ Ho$ àH$mam: ^dpÝV ?• A{n ¶y¶§ à{V{XZ§ d¥ÎmnÌ§ nR>W ?

S>m°. E. nr. Oo. AãXþbH$bm‘‘hmoX¶: "{‘gmB©b ‘°Z' B{V{~éXoZ »¶mV: & Vñ¶ OrdZo VoZ N>mÌmUm§ e¡j{UH${dH$mgmWª Z¡Ho$ ¶ËZm: H¥$Vm: & 15 Am°³Q>mo~a B{V Vñ¶ OÝ‘{XZ§ "dmMZàoaUm{Xdgê$noU' AmM¶©Vo & {d{dYmZm§ J«ÝWmZm§, bKwJ«ÝWmZm§, d¥ÎmnÌmUm§ dmMZoZ ‘Zwî¶o Ho$ JwUm: {dH${gVm: ^dpÝV, BË¶mX¶: {df¶m: nÚo@pñ‘Z² d{U©Vm: gpÝV &

dmMZàe§gm &gá‘: nmR>: (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)

1) gpÝY{dJ«hm: -1) {dkmZ‘od = {dkmZ‘² + Ed & 2) CËgmhmo dY©Vo = CËgmh: + dY©Vo &AÝd¶: - ¶oZ erb§, gX²JwUgån{Îm:, kmZ§, {dkmZ‘² CËgmh: M dY©Vo VX² dmMZ§ {hVmdh‘² Ed &2) gpÝY{dJ«hm: -1) dmMZoZ¡d = dmMZoZ + Ed & 2) Xjm ^dpÝV = Xjm: + ^dpÝV &

AÝd¶: - ‘ZwOm: dmMZoZ Ed ~hÿZ² {df¶mZ² ~moYÝVo & dmMZoZ (‘ZwOm:) H$m¶}fw Xjm: ~hþlwVm: (M) dpÝV &3) AÝd¶: - ¶o gXm dmMZo aVm: VmZ² dmë‘r{H$-ì¶mg-~mUmÚm: àmMrZm: H${dnpÊS>Vm: {ej¶pÝV &4) gpÝY{dJ«hm: -1) AÚ¶md{Õ = AÚ¶mdV² + {h & 2) nR>oËgXm = nR>oV² + gXm &

3) dmMZ‘wnH$maH$‘² = dmMZ‘² + CnH$maH$‘² &AÝd¶: - ‘ZwO: AÚ¶mdX² kmZm¶ d¥ÎmnÌ§ gXm {h nR>oV² & gd©{dYgw{dÚmWª dmMZ‘² CnH$maH$‘² (dV©Vo) &5) gpÝY{dJ«hm: -1) $H$mbjonmo Z = H$mbjon: + Z & 2) $H$V©ì¶mo {dÚmWu = H$V©ì¶: + {dÚmWu &AÝd¶: - ({dÚm{W©{^:) d¥Wm^«‘U-Hw$H«$sS>m-nanrS>m-An^mfU¡: H$mbjon: Z H$V©ì¶: & {dÚmWu dmMZ§l¶oV² &6) AÝd¶: - dmMZ§ ~më¶o kmZX§, VméÊ¶o erbajH$‘², dmY©³¶o Xþ:IhaU§ (^d{V) (AV:) gX²J«ÝWdmMZ§

{hV§ (^d{V) &

erb§ gX²JwUgån{Îm: kmZ§ {dkmZ‘od M &CËgmhmo dY©Vo ¶oZ dmMZ§ VX² {hVmdh‘² &&1&&

‘ZwOm dmMZoZ¡d ~moYÝVo {df¶mZ² ~hÿZ² &Xjm ^dpÝV H$m¶}fw dmMZoZ ~hþlwVm: &&2&&

dmë‘r{H$ì¶mg~mUmÚm: àmMrZm: H${dnpÊS>Vm: &VmZ² {ej¶pÝV gVV§ ¶o gXm dmMZo aVm: &&3&&

AÚ¶md{Õ kmZm¶ d¥ÎmnÌ§ nR>oËgXm &gd©{dYgw{dÚmWª dmMZ‘wnH$maH$‘² &&4&&

d¥Wm^«‘UHw$H«$sS>mnanrS>mn^mfU¡: &H$mbjonmo Z H$V©ì¶mo {dÚmWu dmMZ§ l¶oV² &&5&&

dmMZ§ kmZX§ ~më¶o VméÊ¶o erbajH$‘² &dmY©³¶o$ Xþ:IhaU§ {hV§ gX²J«ÝWdmMZ‘² &&6&&

36

^mfmä¶mg:

gX²JwUgån{Îm:

dmMZoZ dY©Vo

Am)

B)

H$mbjonñ¶ H$maUm{Z

An^mfU‘²

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &A) dmMZoZ Ho$ JwUm: dY©ÝVo ?Am) dmMZoZ ‘ZwOm: qH$ ~moYÝVo ?B) {dÚm{W©{^: H$W§ H$mbjon: Z H$V©ì¶: ?

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & A) dmMZ‘wnH$maH§ H$W‘² B{V ñnï>rHw$éV &$

3. $g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & erb‘², Xj:, aVm:, H$mbjon:, dmY©³¶‘²,

npÊS>V: 4. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &

A)gX²J«ÝWdmMZ‘²

erbajH$‘²

7. ${deofU-{deoî¶mUm§ ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &{deofU‘² {deoî¶‘²CnH$maH$‘² ‘ZwOm:àmMrZm: {df¶mZ²Xjm: dmMZ‘²~hÿZ² H${dnpÊS>Vm:

8. A‘aH$mofmV² ¶mo½¶§ g‘mZmW©eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdmdm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &

A) ‘ZwOm: dmMZoZ ~hÿZ² {df¶mZ² ~moYÝVo &

5. ${déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &gX²JwU:, CËgmh:, àmMrZm:, CnH$maH$‘²

6. $gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &A) dmMZoZ¡d Am) AÚ¶md{Õ

nR>V-~moYV

nR>Zñ¶ Xmofm: JrVr erK«r {ea:H$ånr ¶Wm{b{IVnmR>H$: &

AZW©kmo@ënH$ÊR>íM fS>oVo nmR>H$mY‘m: &&

CƒmaU{df¶H$ûcmoH$: &ì¶mK«r ¶Wm haoV² nwÌmZ² X§ï>mä¶m§ Z M nrS>¶oV² &

^rVm nVZ^oXmä¶m§ VÛX² dUm©Z² à¶moO¶oV² &&

37

ÛÝÛ:BVaoVaÛÝÛ: g‘mhmaÛÝÛ:

VËnwéf:

H$‘©Yma¶:{deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY:{deofZm‘-gm‘mÝ¶Zm‘-gå~ÝY:Cn‘mZ-Cn‘o¶-gå~ÝY:

~hþd«r{h: Aì¶¶r^md:

g‘mgm:

ÛÝÛ: VWm M {d^p³V-VËnwéf: B{V àH$maÛ¶‘² Añ‘m{^: JVdf} n{R>V‘² & AYwZm g‘mgmZm‘² AÝ¶àH$mamZ² OmZr‘: &

nwZ:ñ‘maU‘² 1. g‘mg{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

Obì¶dñWmnZ‘²gñ¶nyU©‘² &

hñVnmX‘² &

Aí‘IÊS>: &

YZYmÝ¶m{Z &‘¥Je¥Jmbm¡ &

ewH$gm[aH$m: &

Zr{V{ZnwU: &

g‘mgm: &

{d^p³V-VËnwéf:CnnX-VËnwéf:ZÄm²-VËnwéf:


38

2. CXmhaU¡: aoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &

g‘mhmaÛÝÛ:

3. fð>rVËnwéfg‘mgñ¶ g‘ñVnX‘² ApÝdî¶ VËn[aV: dVw©b‘² Am{bIV &

{ÛVr¶mVËnwéf:

gá‘rVËnwéf:

1. joÌñ¶ n{V: &2. Obñ¶ ì¶dñWmnZ‘² &3. amk: Y‘©: &4. nwñVH$ñ¶ nR>Z‘² &5. ^«‘Uñ¶ g‘¶: &6. {H«$¶m¶m: {g{Õ: &

^« ‘ U g ‘ ¶: ‘²O Z: am O Y ‘©: Gb Å> M: nw {Z am k:ì¶ d: hm ñV H$: n ñWmd {Z jo $H$ hmo {H«$ ¶mñWm Vmo Ì n A ¶m gn Äm² n R> gm {g ‘²Z G {V: Z ‘² {Õ: ‘²‘² ^« ‘² ‘² g ‘² ‘©:

4. g‘mg{dJ«hdm³¶mZm§ g‘mgZm‘{^: ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

A) Am)

B)

{dJ«hdm³¶‘² g‘mgZm‘{MÝV¶m AmHw$b: n#m‘r-VËnwéf:

àOm{hVo Xj: {ÛVr¶m-VËnwéf:

MmoabwÊR>Ho$ä¶: ^¶‘² gá‘r-VËnwéf:

{dXoe§ J‘Z‘² V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf:

{dJ«hdm³¶‘² g‘mgZm‘nwñVH$nR>Zo ‘¾: fð>r-Ënwéf:

{dÚ¶m {dhrZ: MVwWu-VËnwéf:

nyOm¶¡ BX‘² gá‘r-VËnwéf:

namJñ¶ H$Um: V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf:

39

AdYo¶‘² - CnnX-VËnwéf: * CÎmanXo YmVmo: A§e: Ñí¶Vo &* {dJ«ho Vñ¶ YmVmo: bQ²>bH$mañ¶ àW‘nwéfñ¶ ¶mo½¶§ dMZ§ ¶moOZr¶‘² & ¶Wm -emók: - emó§ OmZm{V B{V &* VWm M AW©ÑîQ>çm nyd©nXñ¶ ¶mo½¶m {d^p³V: ¶moOZr¶m & ¶Wm -nL²>H$O‘² - nL²>Ho$ Om¶Vo B{V &

CXmhaUm{Z - daXm - da§ XXm{V B{V & J¥hñWm: - J¥ho {VîR>pÝV B{V & ‘Ywn: - ‘Yw {n~{V B{V & {dÚmWu-{dÚm_² AW©`Vo B{V & OQ>mYmar-OQ>m: Yma`{V B{V &

ZÄm²-VËnwéf: &

1. VËnwéf: g‘mg: &CnnX-VËnwéf: &

1. Ob§ XXm{V 2. nmX¡: {n~{VB{V ObX: & B{V nmXn: &

AdYo¶‘² - ZÄm²-VËnwéf: * àW‘nX‘² "A/AZ²' B{V ZH$ma§ Xe©¶{V &* {dJ«ho "A'/AZ² ñWmZo "Z' B{V à¶moOZr¶: &

CXmhaUm{Z - A{ZÀN>m - Z BÀN>m & Ae³¶‘² - Z e³¶‘² & AgË¶‘² - Z gË¶‘² & AZmdí¶H$‘² - Z Amdí¶H$‘² &

¶mo½¶‘² & Z ¶mo½¶‘²-A¶mo½¶‘² &

Aën‘² & Z Aën‘²-AZën‘² &

3. nd©Vo {Vð>{VB{V nd©VñW: &

4. Hw$å^§ H$amo{VB{V Hw$å^H$ma: &

40

a³V§ nwîn‘² &a³Vnwîn‘² &

{ddoH$mZÝX: Zm‘ ‘hmoX¶: &

{ddoH$mZÝX‘hmoX¶: &

^maV: Zm‘ Xoe: &^maVXoe: &

^mñH$a: Zm‘ AmMm¶©: &^mñH$amMm¶©: &

ñWyb: nwéf: &ñWybnwéf: &

XrKm© ¶{ï>H$m &XrK©¶{ï>H$m &

h[aVm: ewH$m: &h[aVewH$m: &

{d{dYm: dUm©: &{d{dYdUm©: &

CÞVm: d¥jm: &CÞVd¥jm: &

J“m Zm‘ ZXr &J“mZXr &

gañdVr Zm‘ Xodr &gañdVrXodr &

eoJmd B{V ñWmZH$‘² eoJmdñWmZH$‘² &

H$‘©Yma¶: &* {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: &

* {deofZm‘-gm‘mÝ¶Zm‘-gå~ÝY: &

eoJmd

^maVXoe:

41

A) H$ny©a: Bd Jm¡a: =

H$ny©a: (Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd Jm¡a: (gmYå¶©‘²) = H$ny©aJm¡a: (‘hmXod:-Cn‘o¶‘²)

KZ: Bd í¶m‘: =

KZ:(Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd í¶m‘: (gmYå¶©‘²) = KZí¶m‘:(lrH¥$îU:-Cn‘o¶‘²)

Am) nmXn‘ O‘² =

nmXm¡ (Cn‘o¶‘²) n‘ O‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd &

‘wIH$‘b‘² =

‘wI‘²(Cn‘o¶‘²) H$‘b‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd&

B) {dÚmYZ‘² =

{dÚm(Cn‘o¶‘²) Ed YZ‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) &

J¥h‘pÝXa‘² =

J¥h‘² (Cn‘o¶‘²) Ed ‘pÝXa‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) &

AdYo¶‘² -H$‘©Yma¶: * g‘ñVnXmZm§ {dJ«ho nyd©nX‘² CÎmanX§ M àW‘mÝV‘² &* nyd©nX§ {deofU§ MoV² VX² {deoî¶ñ¶ {b“§, dMZ§, {d^p³V‘² AZwga{V &

* Cn‘mZ-Cn‘o¶-gå~ÝY: &

CXmhaUm{Z -A) {à¶^mfm - {à¶m ^mfm &

gd©àXoem: - gd} àXoem: & ~hþOZm: - ~hd: OZm: &

Am) $gyp³VgwYm - gyp³V: gwYm Bd & H$‘bH$mo‘b: - $H$‘b‘² Bd $H$mo‘b: &

B) ‘Zmo‘pÝXa‘² - ‘Z: Ed ‘pÝXa‘² &g§gmagmJa: - g§gma: Ed gmJa: &

42

dmhZ§ {h Vo ^d{V ‘yfH$mo ‘yfH$dmhZ Z‘mo@ñVw Vo & H$Um¡© Vd ao eynm©H$mam¡ eyn©H$U© ho Z‘mo@ñVwVo && AmZZ§ {h Vo JOñ¶¡d ho Xod JOmZZ Z‘mo@ñVw Vo & H$m¶ñVd ao ‘hm‘hr¶mZ² ‘hmH$m¶ ho Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &&1&&

MÝÐñVo emo^Vo ^mbo ^mbMÝÐ Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &H$ÊR>ñVo {dÚVo Zrbmo ZrbH$ÊR> Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &&2&&

JXm Vo {dÚVo hñVo JXmhñV Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &~b§ Vo {h ‘hX² Xod ‘hm~b Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &&3&&

2. ~hþd«r{h: g‘mg: &

AdYo¶‘² -

~hþd«r{h: - * AÝ¶nXmW©àYmZ: &* {ZË¶§ {deofU§ Xe©¶{V &* {dJ«ho "¶X²' BË¶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ: gå~ÝYXe©Zm¶ ^d{V &* {dJ«ho "VX²' BË¶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ: AÝ¶nX§ gyM¶{V &

* ~hþd«r{h: - CXmhaUm{Z‘yfH$: dmhZ§ ¶ñ¶ g: ‘yfH$dmhZ: &œoV‘² Aå~a§ ¶ñ¶m: gm œoVmå~am &ew^«§ dó§ ¶ñ¶m: gm ew^«dóm &

nrV‘² Aå~a§ ¶ñ¶ g: nrVmå~a: &eynm£ Bd H$Um£ ¶ñ¶ g: eyn©H$U©: &

* ~hþd«r{h: - CXmhaUm{Z

eer eoIao ¶ñ¶ g: e{eeoIa: &MH«§$ nmUm¡ ¶ñ¶ g: MH«$nm{U: &

e’$: hñVo ¶ñ¶ g: e’hñV: &^wOJo e¶Z§ ¶ñ¶ g: ^wOJe¶Z: &

g‘mg{dJ«ho ¹${MV² nyd©nX§ CÎmanX§ M g‘mZ{d^³Vm¡ ^dV: ¹${MV² Z BË¶{n AdYo¶‘²&

43

3. Aì¶¶r^md: g‘mg: &* àW‘§ nX§ VWm gånyUª g‘ñVnX‘² Aì¶¶§ ^d{V AV: Aì¶¶r^md: B{V CÀ¶Vo &* {dJ«h: Vw Aì¶¶ñ¶ AWm©Zwgma‘² &* {ZË¶§ Znw§gH${b“‘² EH$dMZ§ dV©Vo &* dm³¶o {H«$¶m{deofUê$noU à¶wÁ¶Vo &

CXmhaUm{Z -1) í¶m‘: {XZo {XZo nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V &

í¶m‘: à{V{XZ§ nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V &2) ^maVñ¶ J¥ho J¥ho g§ñH¥$V§ ^dVw &

^maVñ¶ à{VJ¥h§ g§ñH¥$V§ ^dVw &3) ‘mVm Ah{Z Ah{Z XodnyOm§ H$amo{V &

‘mVm àË¶h§ XodnyOm§ H$amo{V &

4) ^mñH$a: BÀN>m‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ ^moOZ§ H$amo{V &^mñH$a: ¶WoÀN>§ ^moOZ§ H$amo{V &

5) aKw: ep³V‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ XmZ§ H$amo{V &aKw: ¶Wmep³V XmZ§ H$amo{V &

6) N>mÌm: H«$‘‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ dJª à{depÝV &

N>mÌm: ¶WmH«$‘§ dJª à{depÝV &

gH$mon‘², gdoJ‘², gmZÝX‘² BË¶{n Aì¶¶r^md-g‘mgñ¶ Ed CXmhaUm{Z -

1) ‘mVm ~mbH§$ ñZohoZ gh ^moO¶{V &‘mVm ~mbH§$ gñZoh§ ^moO¶{V &

2) ^³V: lÕ¶m gh Xod§ nyO¶{V &

^³V: glÕ§ Xod§ nyO¶{V &

3) dfm©H$mbo ‘¶yam: AmZÝXoZ gh Z¥Ë¶pÝV &dfm©H$mbo ‘¶yam: gmZÝX§ Z¥Ë¶pÝV &

4) N>mÌm: CËgmhoZ gh g§ñH¥$V§ nR>pÝV &

N>mÌm: gmoËgmh§ g§ñH¥$V§ nR>pÝV &

H¥${V: - g‘ñVnXmZ² ApÝdî¶ dV©wb‘² Am{bIV &

^m b M ÝÐ: {d a B© A

gw ö X: {d ‘ b: œ Om

jw Ð ~w {Õ: bm E a V

b ãY {e j: å~w H$ {Z e

J Om Z Z: ¶: X ð>: Ìw:

{d em b ~m hþ: ÝV: Z² g

n Ù h ñVm ‘ hmo X ¶:

1) jwÐm ~w{Õ: ¶ñ¶ g: & 2) {dembm¡ ~mhÿ ¶ñ¶ g: &3) EH$: XÝV: ¶ñ¶ g: & 4) bãYm {ejm ¶oZ g: &5) B©œao {Zð>m ¶ñ¶ g: & 6) ^mbo MÝÐ: ¶ñ¶ g: &7) nÙ§ hñVo ¶ñ¶m: gm & 8) JOñ¶ AmZZ‘² Ed AmZZ§ ¶ñ¶ g: &9) {d‘b‘² Aå~w ¶pñ‘Z² VV² & 10) ‘hmZ² CX¶: ¶ñ¶ g: &

44

ZXrgy³V‘² &Aï>‘: nmR>:

(a“‘#mo - H$sV©ZH$ma: H$sV©Z§ H$amo{V, lmoV¥d¥ÝX: ldUo ‘¾: &)H$sV©ZH$ma: - J“o M ¶‘wZo M¡d JmoXmd[a gañd{V & Z‘©Xo {gÝYwH$mdo[a n¥{Wì¶m§ g{ÞqY Hw$é && Á¶oð>‘mgo ew³bnjo à{VnXm¶m§ {VWm¡ J“mXehamnd© g‘m¶moÁ¶Vo & nd©Ê¶pñ‘Z² ZXrnyOZ§ H$V©ì¶‘² &

lmoV¥d¥ÝX: - ZXrnyOZ‘² ? {H$‘Wª ZXrnyOZ‘² ? H$sV©ZH$ma: - ZXr Ibw OrdZXm{¶Zr & AV: Apñ‘Þdgao H¥$VkVm§ àXe©{¶Vw§ OZm: Obo XrnXmZ§ Hw$d©pÝV &

ÐmoUo Xrn§ àÁdmë¶ ZXrObo g‘n©¶pÝV & Ob§ àmeZmW©‘² & H¥${fdY©ZmW©‘² &

{dÚw{Þ‘m©UmW©‘² & Ob§ OrdZmW©‘² && gOrdmZm§ H¥$Vo ZXr Xo{dV‘m & ZXr ‘mV¥V‘m & AV: AÚ ZXrgy³V§ gd©Wm ldUr¶§ ñ‘aUr¶§ M & lmoV¥d¥ÝX: - ^mo: nwam{UH$d¶©, H$W§ ZXr Añ‘mH§$ ‘mVm ? H$sÑem: ZXrZm‘² CnH$mam: ?H$sV©ZH$ma: - e¥UwV Am¶m©: e¥UwV & A{VàmMrZm Ibw Efm H$Wm & ApñV {dœm{‘Ì: Zm‘ Hw${eH$nwÌ:

‘w{Zda: & gn[adma§, gJmoYZ§ g: XÿaV: AmJV: & ‘mJ©‘² AmH«$m‘Z² g: {dnmQ>² VWm ewVwÐr EV¶mo: ZÚmo: g“‘§ àmá: &

•$ Z‘m{‘ J“o B{V ¶moOZm{df¶o

qH$ OmZm{g ?• Ob{dÚw{Þ‘m©U§ H$W§ ^d{V ?

{dído {dÚ‘mZ§ àmMrZV‘§ gm{hË¶§ Zm‘ doXdm¶¶‘² B{V ~wYm: ‘Ý¶ÝVo & F$½doXñ¶ V¥Vr¶‘ÊS>bo "{dídm{‘Ì-ZXr' g§dmX: dV©Vo & {dídm{‘Ì: ZXt ‘mVa‘² Bd nyO¶{V & ‘mZdr¶m g§ñH¥${V: ZXrVrao Ed {dH${gVm & AV: Añ‘m{^: ZXr gd©Wm ajUr¶m & S>m°. ‘ÄOyfm JmoIbo ‘hm^mJ¶m ZXrgy³V‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ a{MVmV² ZmQ>çmV² g§dmXmo@¶§ ñdrH¥$V: &

(gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)

45

^mfmä¶mg:

hËdm d¥Ì§ dO«hñV: ZXràdmh§ {d‘w³VdmZ² &&‘¶m Z H$m¶m© Vñ¶ Adkm H«w$Õmo Xodmo ^{dî¶{V & j‘ñd {dœm{‘Ì H$Xm{n Z¡d {dam‘: gå^d{V &&

ZÚm¡ - ao {dœm{‘Ì, Z¡d {da‘md: ËdËH¥$Vo & Z¡d Hw$d©: XodoÝÐñ¶ H$m¶} A{Yjon‘² &{dœm{‘Ì: - Z¡d ‘mV:, ‘mñVw XodoÝÐñ¶ Adkm & Ho$db‘² BÀN>m‘: naVra§ JÝVw‘² & ho ‘mV:, àgrX &

d¶§ gd} Vd nwÌm: Ed & Z d¶§ H$Xm{n Vd CnH$mamZ² {dñ‘am‘: & Z {H${#mX{n Añ‘m{^: H$V©ì¶§ ¶oZ Vd A{Yjon: ^doV² & Efm ‘o à{Vkm &

ZXr({dnmQ>²) - {H$‘² ? Ef: ‘Ë¶©: ‘m§ ‘mVm B{V gå~moY¶{V ? ZXr(ewVwÐr) - H$W§ ‘mVm Z $H$amo{V gmhmæ¶§ ñdnwÌñ¶ ? gmYw ‘mZdloð> gmYw ! {H$ÝVw, H${ƒV² Vd

d§eOm: ‘ZwOm: VdoX§ dMZ§ {dñ‘[aî¶pÝV ?{dœm{‘Ì: - Z {h ‘mV:, Z¡VV² e³¶‘² & gdm©: g[aV: gwI§ dhÝVw &

gd} OZm: gw{IZ: gÝVw && ({dœm{‘Ì: {ZJ©ÀN>{V )H$sV©ZH$ma: - Ed§ {dœm{‘Ì: ZÚm¡ àrU{¶Ëdm naVra§ JVdmZ² & A{¶ lmoVma:, BËW§ ZÚ: ‘mZdm: M nañna§

n«rU¶ÝV: g§ñH¥${V§ g§d{Y©VdÝV: &

àdm{hVm Va{“Ur g§ñH¥${V{d©H$m{gVm & à‘w{XVmü ‘mZdm: g[aËH¥$nmg‘wÞVm: && ZpÝXVm: H¥$frdbm: à’w${„Vm dgwÝYam & AÞXmZ{Z^©am gñ¶í¶m‘bm Yam && goVw~ÝYamo{YV§ {Z¶pÝÌV§ ZXrOb‘² & O{ZÌ‘Ì Mm{bV§ OrdZ§ àH$m{eV‘² &&

1. $‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &A) {dœm{‘Ì: ZÚm¡ qH$ àmW©¶Vo ?Am) ‘mZdmZm§ OrdZ§ ZXrZm§ gmhmæ¶oZ H$W§ g‘¥Õ§ OmV‘² ?

A{¶ lmoV¥dam:, BËW§ ‘mZdr¶§ OrdZ§ ZXrVrao, ZXrZm‘od gmhmæ¶oZ g‘¥Õ‘² &

AYwZm H$W¶V, A{n {dídm{‘Ìñ¶ dMZ§ Vñ¶ d§eOm: Zm‘ d¶§ gd} ‘ZwOm: AYþZm@{n AZwgam‘: ?

(VV: à{de{V {dídm{‘Ì: & ZXt àUå¶... ){dœm{‘Ì: - H$W§ b”Zr¶: àdmhmo ZXrZm‘², H$W§ a{jVì¶§ ‘¶m JmoYZ§ M &

H$W§ ¶m{MVì¶ñVaUm¶ ‘mJ©:, H$W§ àmW©Zr¶m ew^oÀN>m ZXrZm‘² &&ZXr({dnmQ>²) - H$: Ibw Ef: ‘mZd: ? Añ‘mZ² {H$‘Wª dÝXVo ñVm¡{V M ? Am¶©, {H$ÝZm‘m ^dmZ² ?

H$ñ‘mX² Añ‘mZ² Amˆ¶{V ?{dœm{‘Ì: - A{¶ ‘mV:, {dœm{‘Ìmo@h‘² & XÿaV: Am¶mV: aW¡: eH$Q>¡: M & d¶§ gd} naVra§ JÝVw§

g‘wËgwH$m: & ZXr(ewVwÐr) - {dàda, ‘Ywam Ibw Vo dmUr & aÄO¶{V Añ‘mZ² & dX, H$W§ Vd gmhmæ¶§ H$V©ì¶‘² ?{dœm{‘Ì: - Aå~, e¥Uw ‘o Aä¶W©Zm‘² & JmYm ‘o ^{dî¶{g ? ñdënr^dVw Obm¡K: & ¶oZ d¶§ gwIoZ¡d

naVra§ n«máw§ e³Zw‘: &ZXr({dnmQ>²) - XodoÝÐ: Ibw na‘oída: ‘mJª ‘ø§ àXÎmdmZ² &

46

^maVXoeo XrKm© AmMm¶©naånam dV©Vo & Vñ¶m‘² AÛ¡V{gÕmÝVñ¶ ^mî¶H$ma: OJÒþé: Am{Xe‘ amMm¶©: à{gÕ: & ‘hmZ² VÎdk: A¶§ OZà~moYZmWª ^maV^«‘U§ H¥$Ëdm ^maVñ¶ MVg¥fw {Xjw nrR>m{Z AñWmn¶V² & VoZ a{MVm{Z Jo¶m{Z AW©nyUm©{Z ñVmoÌm{U AÚm{n OZmZm§ ‘wIofw {damOÝVo & Vñ¶ OrdZM[aÌmV² ‘hÎdnyU©: àg“: AÌ CX²Y¥V: &

^maVñ¶ X{jU{X{e Ho$abàXoeo Ambwdm ZJañ¶ g‘rn§ "H$mb{S>'> Zm‘ J«m‘: & g: J«m‘: nyUm©ZXrVrao dV©Vo & VÌ OJX²Jwamo: e‘ amMm¶©ñ¶

OÝ‘ {¼ñVmãXo Aï>‘o eVHo$ A^dV² & Vñ¶ {nVm {edJwé: ‘mVm Am¶m©å~m MmñVm‘² & ~më¶o Ed Vñ¶ {nVm {edJwé: {Xd“V: & Vñ‘mX² ‘mV¡d nwÌñ¶ nmbZ‘² AH$amoV² & n#m‘o d¶{g CnZrV: g: nR>ZmWª Jwé‘wnmJÀN>V² & VÌ doX-doXm“m{Z, {d{dYemóm{U M AgmYmaUdoJoZ ~mbH$mo@¶‘² AYrVdmZ² & nR>Zm{XH§$ g‘mß¶ e‘ a: J¥h§ àË¶mJVdmZ² & J¥h§ àmß¶ ‘mV¥godm‘² Ama^V& ‘mVm Am¶m©å~m nwÌñ¶ {ddmh{df¶o gX¡d {MÝV¶{V ñ‘ & naÝVw ‘Zgm dMgm H$‘©Um M {da³V: e‘ a: g§Ý¶mgmW©‘²² AZw‘qV àmW©¶V & e‘ añ¶ Eo{hH${df¶ofw AéqM ÑîQ‰>m Am¶m©å~m {MÝVm‘¾m OmVm &

EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo e‘ a: ñZmZmWª nyUm©ZXt JV:& ¶Xm g: ñZmZo ‘¾: VXm VÌ EH$: ZH«$:

AmJV: & ZH«$: P{Q>{V Vñ¶ nmX‘² AJ¥†mV² & VXm e‘ a: Cƒ¡: AmH«$moeV² & ""Aå~! Ìm¶ñd & ZH«$mV² Ìm¶ñd!'' AmH«$moe§ lwËdm ZXrVra§ àmßVm Am¶m©å~m nwÌ§ ZH«o$U J¥hrV‘ní¶V² & ^¶mHw$bm gm A{n amoXZ‘² Ama^V & e‘ a: ‘mVa‘² AmV©V¶m àmW©¶V - ""Aå~, BV:na‘² Ah§ Z Ordm{‘ & ‘aUmV² nydª g§Ý¶mgr ^{dVw‘² BÀN>m{‘ & AYwZm dm Xo{h AZw‘{V‘² &'' MoVgm A{ZÀN>ÝVr A{n {ddem ‘mVm AdXV² - ""dËg, ¶Wm Vwä¶§ amoMVo VW¡d ^dVw & BXmZr‘od g§Ý¶mg§ ñdrHw$é$& ‘‘ AZw‘{V: ApñV'' B{V& VËjU‘od Amü¶ª K{Q>V‘² & X¡ddemV² e‘ a: ZH«$mX² ‘w³V: & g ZXrVra‘² AmJË¶ ‘mVw: MaUm¡¡ àmU‘V² &

AZÝVa§ e‘ a: ‘mVa§ g§Ý¶mgñ¶ ‘hÎd‘² Adm~moY¶V² & g§Ý¶mgr Z Ho$db‘² EH$ñ¶m: nwÌ: & {demb§ OJX² Ed Vñ¶ J¥h‘² & "‘mV:, ¶Xm Ëd§ ñ‘[aî¶{g VXm Ed ËdËg‘rn‘mJ{‘î¶m{‘' B{V ‘mÌo à{VlwË¶ g: J¥hmV² {ZaJÀN>V² & VV: Jmo{dÝX^JdËnmXmZm§ {eî¶mo ^yËdm g: gdm©{U Xe©Zm{Z AnR>V² & Voä¶: g§Ý¶mgXrjm§ J¥hrËdm d¡{XH$Y‘©ñ¶ ñWmnZmWª àñWmZ‘² AH$amoV² &

Aï>df} MVwd}Xr ÛmXeo gd©emó{dV² &fmoS>eo H¥$VdmZ² ^mî¶§ ÛmqÌeo ‘w{Zaä¶JmV² &&

Am{Xe‘ amMm¶©: &

• $¶y¶§ H$m{Z ñVmoÌm{U OmZrW ?• Mn©Q>nÄO[aH$mñVmoÌñ¶ aM{¶Vm

H$: ?• Am{Xe‘ amMm¶©ñ¶ H$m¶©{df¶o

qH$ OmZrW ?

Zd‘: nmR>:

47

^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &A) Jwé‘wnJå¶ e‘ a: {H$‘² AYrVdmZ² ? Am) e‘ a: {H$‘W©‘² AmH«$moeV² ? B) e‘ a: ‘mÌo qH$ à{VlwË¶ J¥hmX² {ZaJÀN>V² ? B©) e‘ a: H$ñ¶ {eî¶: A^dV² ?C) e‘ a: g§Ý¶mgXrjm§ J¥hrËdm {H$‘² AH$amoV² ?

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & e‘ aoU g§Ý¶mgmWª H$W‘² AZw‘{V: bãYm ?3. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

(A) MmñVm‘² (Am) ËdËg‘rn‘mJ{‘î¶m{‘ (B) Jwé‘wnmJÀN>V² (B©) ‘w{Zaä¶JmV² (C) ‘mV¡d4. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & {deoî¶‘² - {edJwé:, Am¶m©å~m, e‘ a:, OJV² &

{deofU‘² - àgÞ:, {demb‘², {Xd“V:, {da³V:, {MÝVm‘¾m & 5. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & {Xd“V:, erK«‘², ‘¾:, ZH«$:, nmX:, nwÌ:, {eî¶: &

6. ñWmZmYmaoU eãXno{Q>H$m§ nya¶V & 7. àdm{h Omb{MÌ§ nya¶V &

(H$mbS>rJ«m‘:, Ho$abàXoe:, ^maVXoe:, AmbwdmZJa‘², )

e‘ añ¶

(J¥h§ àË¶mJ‘Z‘², Jwé‘wnJ‘Z‘², ‘mV¥godm,

doX-doXm“mZm‘² AÜ¶¶Z‘²)

e‘ amMm¶©:

Aï>df}

ÛmXeo

$$H¥$VdmZ² ^mî¶‘² &

$$‘w{Z: Aä¶JmV² &

e‘ añ¶

OÝ‘H$mb:

OÝ‘J«m‘: ‘mVm

{nVm


Am{Xe‘ amMm¶£: a{MVm{Z &ñVmoÌm{U - {ed^wO“à¶mVñVmoÌ‘², {ednÄMmjañVmoÌ‘², doXgma{edñVmoÌ‘², Zmam¶UñVmoÌ‘², {ÌnwagwÝXarñVmoÌ‘², AÞnyUm©ñVmoÌ‘², X{jUm‘y{V©ñVmoÌ‘², ÛmXeÁ¶mo{V{b©“‘², H$mb^¡admï>H$‘², AÀ¶wVmï>H$‘², Aå~mï>H$‘², H¥$îUmï>H$‘², Jmo{dÝXmï>H$‘², nmÊSw>a“mï>H$‘², J“mï>H$‘², ¶‘wZmï>H$‘², Z‘©Xmï>H$‘², b{bVmn#mH$‘² BË¶mXr{Z &^mî¶m{U - ~«÷gyÌ^mî¶‘², Cn{ZfØmî¶‘², JdÒrVm^mî¶‘², {dîUwghòZm‘^mî¶‘², gZËgwOmVr¶^mî¶‘² &

A) Am)

48

Aä¶mgnÌ‘² &3

1. dm³¶§ nwZ{b©{IËdm gË¶‘²/AgË¶‘² B{V {bIV &A) n#m‘o d¶{g CnZrV: g: nR>ZmWª Jwé‘wnmJÀN>V² &Am) EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo e‘ a: ñZmZmWª ea¶yZXt JV: & B) X¡ddemV² e‘ a: ì¶mK«mX² ‘w³V: &

2. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV&A) d¶{g CnZrV: g: nR>ZmWª Jwé‘² CnmJÀN>V² & (nÄM‘o/Xe‘o)Am) nR>Zm{XH§$ g‘mß¶ e‘ a: àË¶mJVdmZ² & (J¥h‘²/ZXr‘²)B) Am¶m©å~m nwÌ§ J¥hrV‘² Aní¶V² & (ZH«o$U/‘Ëñ¶oZ)

3. bH$ma§ {bIV &A) ‘ZwOm: dmMZoZ ~hÿZ² {df¶mZ² ~moYÝVo & Am) H${dnpÊS>Vm: VmZ² {ej¶pÝV &B) {dÚmWu dmMZ§ l¶oV² & B©) AYwZm AZw‘qV Xohr &C) g: J¥hmV² {ZaJÀN>V² &

4. ¶mo½¶§ dmÀ¶n¶m©¶§ {MZwV &A) H${dnpÊS>Vm: VmZ² {ej¶pÝV & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)Am) ~mbH$: AÝ¶emóm{U AYrVdmZ² & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)

5. ¶mo½¶§ {H«$¶mnX§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &A) Ëd§ ZH«$mV² & (Ìm¶ñd/Ìm¶Vm‘²) Am) Ëd§ & (ñ‘[aî¶{g/ñ‘[aî¶{V)>B) Ëd‘² BXmZr‘od g§Ý¶mg§ & (ñdrH$amoVw/ñdrHw$é)


g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgZm‘

1. gX²JwUm: Ed gån{Îm: gá‘r-VËnwéf:

2. H$d¶: M npÊS>Vm: M H$‘©Yma¶:

3. ‘mVw: godm ZÄm²-VËnwéf:

4. Z é{M: H$‘©Yma¶:

5. {MÝVm¶m§ ‘¾m fð>r-VËnwéf:

6. nyUm© Zm‘ ZXr BVaoVa-ÛÝÛ:

7. C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &A) e‘ a: Cƒ¡: AmH«$moeV² ¶V: &

1. g: ZXrObo A‘ÁOV² & 2. ZH«$: Vñ¶ nmX‘² AJ¥†mV² &

3 (7, 9 nmR>¶mo: AmYmaoU)

49

gyÌ‘² - ‘ybYmVw: + V (V/Y/Z, Q/T/U)CXmhaUm{Z - H¥$> (8 C.n.) - H¥$V, Xm (1 n.n./3 C.n.) - XÎm, nR²> (1 n.n.) - n{R>V,

b^² (1 Am.n.) - bãY, ‘wM² (6 C.n.) - ‘w³V, Ñe² (1 n.n.) - Ñï>àW‘mÝVê$nm{U

nw§{b“ê$nm{U ór{b“ê$nm{U Znw§gH${b“ê$nm{U

H¥$V: H¥$Vm¡ H¥$Vm:XÎm: XÎmm¡ XÎmm:n{R>V: n{R>Vm¡ n{R>Vm:bãY: bãYm¡ bãYm:‘w³V: ‘w³Vm¡ ‘w³Vm:Ñï>: Ñï>m¡ Ñï>m:

H¥$Vm H¥$Vo H¥$Vm:XÎmm XÎmo XÎmm:n{R>Vm n{R>Vo n{R>Vm:bãYm bãYo bãYm:‘w³Vm ‘w³Vo ‘w³Vm:Ñï>m Ñï>o Ñï>m:

H¥$V‘² H¥$Vo H¥$Vm{ZXÎm‘² XÎmo XÎmm{Zn{R>V‘² n{R>Vo n{R>Vm{ZbãY‘² bãYo bãYm{Z‘w³V‘² ‘w³Vo ‘w³Vm{ZÑï>‘² Ñï>o Ñï>m{Z

n{R>>V: J«ÝW:, Im{XV: ‘moXH$: & n{R>Vm H${dVm, Im{XVm Hw$ÊS>{bH$m & n{R>V§ H$mì¶‘², Im{XV§ ’$b‘²$ &

EVm{Z {deofUm{Z YmVwä¶: {Z{‘©Vm{Z AV: YmVwgm{YVm{Z & EVm{Z {deofUm{Z H$‘©nX‘² AZwgapÝV &

Cn¶moOZ‘² - A) {deofUê$noU - Ah§ d¥jmV² n{VV§ ’$b§ ImXm{‘ & Am) H$‘©dmÀ¶o dm³¶o {H«$¶mnXñWmZo - 1. am‘oU J«ÝW: n{R>V: &

2. grV¶m nÌ§ {b{IV‘² &

3. N>mÌ¡: àým: n¥ï>m: &

³VdVw-àË¶¶mÝVm{Z

gyÌ‘² - ‘ybYmVw: + VdV² CXmhaUm{Z - H¥$>-H¥$VdV², Xm-XÎmdV², nR²-n{R>VdV², b^²-bãYdV², ‘wM²-‘w³VdV², Ñe²-Ñï>dV²àW‘mÝVê$nm{U

nw§{b“ê$nm{U ór{b“ê$nm{U Znw§gH${b“ê$nm{U

H¥$VdmZ² H¥$VdÝVm¡ H¥$VdÝV:XÎmdmZ² XÎmdÝVm¡ XÎmdÝV:

n{R>VdmZ² n{R>VdÝVm¡ n{R>VdÝV:bãYdmZ² bãYdÝVm¡ bãYdÝV: ‘w³VdmZ² ‘w³VdÝVm¡ ‘w³VdÝV:Ñï>dmZ² Ñï>dÝV>m¡ Ñï>dÝV:

H¥$VdVr H¥$VdË¶m¡ H¥$VdË¶:XÎmdVr XÎmdË¶m¡ XÎmdË¶:

n{R>VdVr n{R>VdË¶m¡ n{R>VdË¶:bãYdVr bãYdË¶m¡ bãYdË¶: ‘w³VdVr ‘w³VdË¶m¡ ‘w³VdË¶:Ñï>dVr Ñï>dË¶m¡ Ñï>dË¶:

H¥$VdV² H¥$VdVr H¥$VdpÝVXÎmdV² XÎmdVr XÎmdpÝV

n{R>VdV² n{R>VdVr n{R>VdpÝVbãYdV² bãYdVr bãYdpÝV ‘w³VdV² ‘w³VdVr ‘w³VdpÝVÑï>dV² Ñï>dVr Ñï>dpÝV

n{R>VdmZ² ~mbH$: n{R>VdVr ~m{bH$m n{R>VdV² AnË¶‘² &

Im{XVdmZ² ~mbH$: Im{XVdVr ~m{bH$m Im{XVdV² AnË¶‘² &EVm{Z {deofUm{Z YmVwV: {Z{‘©Vm{Z AV: YmVwgm{YVm{Z & EVm{Z {deofUm{Z H$V¥©nX‘² AZwgapÝV &

³V-àË¶¶mÝVm{Z

(H$‘©{U-^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z)

(H$V©[a-^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z)

nwZ:ñ‘maU‘² &

50

Cn¶moOZ‘² - A) {deofUê$noU - Aä¶mg§ H¥$VdmZ² N>mÌ: JwUmZ² àmßZmo{V &Am) H$V¥©dmÀ¶o dm³¶o {H«$¶mnXñWmZo - ~mbH$: J«ÝW§ n{R>VdmZ² & grVm nÌ§ {b{IVdVr &

H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²H${dZm H$mì¶§ a{MV‘² & JwéUm kmZ§ XÎm‘² &N>mÌ¡: nmR>m: n{R>Vm: &‘mbmH$maoU nwînm{U {MVm{Z & ‘¶m Amn{UH$: n¥ï>: & Xoì¶m ^³V: ào[aV: &

N>mÌm: àýmZ² n¥ï>dÝV: &

H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²

H${d: H$mì¶§ a{MVdmZ² &

Jwé: kmZ§ XÎmdmZ² &

N>mÌm: nmR>mZ² n{R>VdÝV: &

‘mbmH$ma: nwînm{U {MVdmZ² &

Ah‘² Amn{UH§$ n¥ï>dmZ²/n¥ï>dVr &

Xodr ^³V§ ào[aVdVr &

AdYo¶‘² - dmÀ¶n[aM¶g‘¶o bQ²>bH$ma-dm³¶m{Z VWm M Ho$db§ ^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z Ed Ano{jVm{Z &

H¥${V: - 1) ‘ybYmVw§ ¶moO¶V &

nR²>

dÝX²

nm

Xm

‘wM²

^mf²

nV² b^²

‘w³Vm{Z

^m[fVm

XÎm:

bãY‘²dpÝXVm

n{R>VdÝVm¡ nrVdmZ²

n{VVdV²

51

YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &

H¥$Ë¶ - àË¶¶mÝVm{Z

nmR>ç: J«ÝW: &n{R>Vì¶: J«ÝW: &nR>Zr¶: J«ÝW: &

nR>Zm¶ ¶mo½¶: J«ÝW: &

$H$: nmR>ç: ? J«ÝW: nmR>ç: &

ImÚm{Z ’$bm{Z &Im{XVì¶m{Z ’$bm{Z&ImXZr¶m{Z ’$bm{Z &

ImXZm¶ ¶mo½¶m{Z ’$bm{Z &

H$m{Z ImXZr¶m{Z? ’$bm{Z ImXZr¶m{Z &

AÝ¶m{Z CXmhaUm{Z -no¶§ Ob‘² & Xe©Zr¶: {MÌnQ>: & Jo¶§ gw^m{fV‘² & {MÝVm Z H$m¶m© & gwJå¶: nd©V: & Xo¶§ XmZ‘² & {MÝVZr¶: {df¶: &

H¥${V: - 1) {e{jH$m ‘ybYmVw§ dX{V & N>mÌmUm§ àW‘: d¥ÝX: "¶' àË¶¶¶w³V§ ê$n§ dX{V & {ÛVr¶: d¥ÝX: "Vì¶' àË¶¶¶w³V§, V¥Vr¶: d¥ÝX: "AZr¶' àË¶¶¶w³V§ ê$n§ dX{V & ¶Wm -

{e{jH$m dX{V àW‘: N>mÌd¥ÝX: {ÛVr¶: N>mÌd¥ÝX: V¥Vr¶: N>mÌd¥ÝX:¶ Vì¶ AZr¶

Ë¶O² Ë¶mÁ¶ Ë¶³Vì¶ Ë¶OZr¶ dM² dmÀ¶ d³Vì¶ dMZr¶

à + AW²© àmÏ¶© àmW©{¶Vì¶ àmW©Zr¶

Kwf-Kmof² Kmoî¶ Kmof{¶Vì¶ KmofUr¶Xm Xo¶ XmVì¶ XmZr¶{jn² joß¶ joáì¶ jonUr¶

Ñe² Ñí¶ Ðï>ì¶ Xe©Zr¶J¡ Jo¶ JmVì¶ JmZr¶

aú¶: Xoe: &a{jVì¶: Xoe: &ajUr¶: Xoe: &

Xoe-ajU‘² B{V H$V©ì¶‘² &

H$: ajUr¶: ? Xoe: ajUr¶: &

dÝÚm ‘mVm &dpÝXVì¶m ‘mVm&dÝXZr¶m ‘mVm &

dÝXZmhm© ‘mVm &

H$m dÝXZr¶m ?‘mVm dÝXZr¶m &

1) 2)

4)3)

(H$‘©{U-{dÜ¶W©H$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z)


52

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

Jm¶V ZÝXV & bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘²

‘Zgm gVV§ ñ‘aUr¶‘²dMgm gVV§ dXZr¶‘²bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && && bmoH${hV§&&

Z ^moJ^dZo a‘Ur¶‘²Z M gwIe¶Zo e¶Zr¶‘² &Ah{Z©e§ OmJaUr¶‘² bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && && ‘Zgm&&

Z OmVw Xþ:I§ JUZr¶‘² Z M {ZOgm¡»¶§ ‘ZZr¶‘² &H$m¶©joÌo ËdaUr¶‘²bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && && ‘Zgm&&

Xþ:IgmJao VaUr¶‘²H$ï>nd©Vo MaUr¶‘²{dn{Îm{d{nZo ^«‘Ur¶‘²bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && && ‘Zgm&&

JhZmaÊ¶o KZmÝYH$mao ~ÝYwOZm ¶o pñWVm Jˆao &VÌ ‘¶m g#maUr¶‘²bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && && ‘Zgm&&

-S>m°. lrYa ^mñH$a dU}H$a

2) gmd©O{ZH$ ñWmZo qH$ H$V©ì¶‘² ? qH$ Z H$V©ì¶‘² ?1) é½Umb¶ñ¶ g‘rno Üd{ZjonH$ñ¶ à¶moJ: &2) ‘mJ} {Zð>rdZ‘² &3) AdH$anmÌofw AdH$a-jonU‘² &4) nXnWofw dm‘V: MbZ§ &

1) ¶mo½¶§ {deofU§ ¶moO¶V &‘mVm XÊS>Zr¶m:em{Q>H$m: lmì¶m{UkmZ‘² H«o$Vì¶o‘m{nHo$ AO©Zr¶‘²O¶: àjmbZr¶m:Mmoam: àmáì¶:gË¶dMZ‘² dÝÚm JrVm{Z d³Vì¶‘²

nR>V-~moYV &

{dX^©àmÝVo ZmJnwao OmV: "S>m°. lrYa ^mñH$a dU}H$a:' B{V ‘hmZ² g§ñH¥$VnpÊS>V: & g§ñH¥$V{Zð>: A¶§ g§ñH¥$Vo ñZmVH$moÎmanXdr§ àmß¶ AJ«o S>r. {bQ²> B{V Cnm{Y‘² A{n àmádmZ² & ‘hm^mJoZmZoZ {dnwb§ g§ñH¥$VboIZ§ H¥$V§ {ddoH$mZÝX{dO¶‘², {edamÁ¶m{^foH$‘² B{V ZmQ>Ho$, "{edamÁ¶moX¶‘²' B{V ‘hmH$mì¶§, l‘JrVm BË¶mXr{Z Z¡H$m{Z bKwH$mì¶m{Z M {b{IVm{Z & "‘Zgm gVV§ ...' B{V JrV§ dU}H$a‘hmoX¶oZ {b{IV‘² &

{Ûghòm{YH$-gáXeV‘§ dfª (2017) ‘hmoX¶ñ¶mñ¶ OÝ‘eVmãXny{V©df©‘² & Añ‘¡ npÊS>Vloð>m¶ Z‘: &

53

H¥$Ë¶-àË¶¶mÝVm{Z

gyÌ‘² - ‘ybYmVw: + ¶/Vì¶/AZr¶CXmhaUm{Z -H¥$> - $H$m¶©/H¥$Ë¶/H$V©ì¶/H$aUr¶ Xm - Xo¶/XmVì¶/XmZr¶nR² - nmR>ç/n{R>Vì¶/nR>Zr¶ ‘wM² - ‘moÀ¶/‘mo³Vì¶/‘moMZr¶ Ñe² - Ñí¶/Ðï>ì¶/Xe©Zr¶

Xod-eãXdV² (nw§), ‘mbm-eãXdV² (ór.) dZ-eãXdV² (Znw§)

nw§{b“ê$nm{U ór{b“ê$nm{U Znw§gH${b“ê$nm{UH$aUr¶: H$aUr¶m¡ H$aUr¶m: XmZr¶: XmZr¶m¡ XmZr¶m: nmR>ç: nmR>çm¡ nmR>çm: ‘mo³Vì¶: ‘mo³Vì¶m¡ ‘mo³Vì¶m: Ñí¶: Ñí¶m¡ Ñí¶m:

H$aUr¶m H$aUr¶o H$aUr¶m: XmZr¶m XmZr¶o XmZr¶m: nmR>çm nmR>ço nmR>çm: ‘mo³Vì¶m ‘mo³Vì¶o ‘mo³Vì¶m: Ñí¶m Ñí¶o Ñí¶m:

H$aUr¶‘² H$aUr¶o H$aUr¶m{Z XmZr¶‘² XmZr¶o XmZr¶m{Z nmR>ç‘² nmR>ço nmR>çm{Z ‘mo³Vì¶‘² ‘mo³Vì¶o ‘mo³Vì¶m{Z Ñí¶‘² Ñí¶o Ñí¶m{Z

nR>Zr¶: J«ÝW: nR>Zr¶m H${dVm nR>Zr¶§ H$mì¶‘² & ImXZr¶: ‘moXH$: Im{XVì¶m Hw$ÊS>{bH$m ImÚ§ ’$b‘² &

EVm{Z {deofUm{Z {H«$¶m¶m: Ah©Vm§ gyM¶pÝV & VW¡d H$‘©nX‘² AZwgapÝV & AV: Ho$db§ H$‘©dmÀ¶o dm³¶o EVofm‘² Cn¶moJ: ^d{V &

Cn¶moOZ‘² -A) {deofUê$noU - ñ‘aUr¶m H$Wm, àojUr¶§ ñWb‘², nyÁ¶: nwéf: &Am) H$‘©dmÀ¶o dm³¶o {H«$¶mnXñWmZo - 1. am‘oU J«ÝW: nmR>ç: / n{R>Vì¶: / nR>Zr¶: &

2. grV¶m nÌ§ bo»¶‘² / bo{IVì¶‘² / boIZr¶‘² & 3. N>mÌ¡: àým: n«ÀNçm: / àï>ì¶m: / n«ÀN>Zr¶m: &

ê$n‘obZ§ Hw$éV &1. ImX{V A) ³VdVw-àË¶¶mÝVê$n‘²

2. Im{XV‘² Am) bQ²> (H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)3. Im{XVdmZ² B) H¥$Ë¶-àË¶¶mÝVê$n‘²4. ImXZr¶: B©) ³V-àË¶¶mÝVê$n‘²5. ImÚVo C) bQ²> (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²)

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 4

(H$‘©{U-{dÜ¶W©H$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z)

54

‘ÝX§ hgÝV§ à^¶m bgÝV§OZñ¶ {MÎm§ gVV§ haÝV‘² &doUw§ {ZVmÝV§ ‘Yw ZmX¶ÝV§~mb§ ‘wHw$ÝX§ ‘Zgm ñ‘am{‘ &&

‘wHw$ÝX:

hgZ²

ZmX¶Z²

haZ²

bgZ²

H$sÑe: ‘wHw$ÝX: ? (‘wHw$ÝXñ¶ {deofUm{Z H$m{Z ?)

Ah§ ‘wHw$ÝX§ ñ‘am{‘ &‘wHw$ÝX: qH$ H$amo{V?‘wHw$ÝX: ‘ÝX§ hg{V & ‘wHw$ÝX: à^¶m bg{V &‘wHw$ÝX: OZñ¶ {MÎm§ gVV§ ha{V &‘wHw$ÝX: {ZVmÝV§ ‘Yw doUw§ ZmX¶{V &

Ah‘² EVmÑe§ hgÝV§ à^¶m bgÝV§ {MÎm§ haÝV§ doUw§ ZmX¶ÝV§ ‘wHw$ÝX§ ñ‘am{‘ &

EVmÑem{Z {deofUm{Z Apñ‘Z² ûcmoHo$ ApÝdî¶V &ImXZ² Z JÀN>m{‘ hgZ² Z ^mfo

JV§ Z emoMm{‘ H¥$V§ Z ‘Ý¶o &Û¶moñV¥Vr¶mo Z ^dm{‘ amOZ² qH$ H$maU§ ¶oZ ^dm{‘ ‘yI©: &&

H¥$îU: hg{V &hgZ² H¥$îU: &

~m{bH$m Z¥Ë¶{V &

Z¥Ë¶ÝVr ~m{bH$m &

‘{hbm Ymd{V &

‘{hbm &

¶wdH$: Jm¶{V &Jm¶Z² ¶wdH$: &

¶mZ§ JÀN>{V &

JÀN>V² ¶mZ‘² &

’$b§ nV{V &

’$b‘² &

hgZ², Z¥Ë¶ÝVr, nVV² EVm{Z hg², Z¥V², nV² B{V YmVwä¶: {Z{‘©Vm{Z {deofUm{Z (YmVwgm{YVm{Z) & EVm{Z

{deofUm{Z {H«$¶m Z g‘mám B{V gyM¶pÝV & AV: EVm{Z dV©‘mZH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &

eV¥-emZM²-àË¶¶mÝVm{Z & (H$V©[a-dV©‘mZH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &)


55

gyÌ‘² - ‘yb YmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘² + AV² / ‘mZ / AmZ (AmXoe:) (n.n.) (Am.n.) (Am.n.)

(1 V: 10) (1, 4, 6, 10) (2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9)

eV¥(AV²)-àË¶¶mÝV-CXmhaUm{Z - (nañ‘¡n{XZ: YmVd:, 1 V: 10 JUr¶m:)

‘ybYmVw: àm{Vn{XH$‘² nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²

A) J‘²-JÀN>² (1 n.n.) JÀN>V² JÀN>Z² JÀN>ÝVr JÀN>V²Am) Z¥V² (4 n.n.) Z¥Ë¶V² Z¥Ë¶Z² Z¥Ë¶ÝVr Z¥Ë¶V²

B) {bI² (6 n.n.) {bIV² {bIZ² {bIÝVr {bIV²

B©) nyO² (10 n.n.) nyO¶V² nyO¶Z² nyO¶ÝVr nyO¶V²

C) * H¥$ (8 n.n.) Hw$d©V² Hw$d©Z² Hw$d©Vr Hw$d©V²

D$) * km (9 n.n.) OmZV² OmZZ² OmZVr OmZV²

EVofm§ {deofUmZm‘² ê$nm{U nw§{b“o àm¶: ^JdV²-gÑem{Z ^dpÝV & ¶Wm JÀN>Z² JÀN>ÝVm¡ JÀN>ÝV: &ór{b“o ZXr-gÑem{Z VW¡d Znw§gH${b“o OJV²-gÑem{Z ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &

emZM² (‘mZ)-àË¶¶mÝV-CXmhaUm{Z - (AmË‘Zon{XZ: YmVd:, 1, 4, 6, 10 JUr¶m:)


A)‘Z² (4 Am.n.) ‘Ý¶‘mZ ‘Ý¶‘mZ: ‘Ý¶‘mZm ‘Ý¶‘mZ‘²

Am)a‘² (1 Am.n.) a‘‘mU a‘‘mU: a‘‘mUm a‘‘mU‘²

B) ‘¥ (6 Am.n.) {‘«¶‘mU {‘«¶‘mU: {‘«¶‘mUm {‘«¶‘mU‘²

B©) ‘ÝÌ² (10 Am.n.) ‘ÝÌ¶‘mU ‘ÝÌ¶‘mU: ‘ÝÌ¶‘mUm ‘ÝÌ¶‘mU‘²

emZM² (AmZ)-àË¶¶mÝV-CXmhaUm{Z - (AmË‘Zon{XZ: YmVd:, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9JUr¶m:)


A) ~«y (2 Am.n.) ~«wdmU ~«wdmU: ~«wdmUm ~«wdmU‘²

Am) {M (5 Am.n.) {MÝdmZ {MÝdmZ: {MÝdmZm {MÝdmZ‘²

B) * H¥$ (8 Am.n.) Hw$dm©U Hw$dm©U: Hw$dm©Um Hw$dm©U‘²

B©) * km (9 Am.n.) OmZmZ OmZmZ: OmZmZm OmZmZ‘²EVofm§ {deofUmZm§ ê$nm{U nw§{b“o Xod-gÑem{Z ^dpÝV & ¶Wm ‘Ý¶‘mZ: ‘Ý¶‘mZm¡ ‘Ý¶‘mZm: &ór{b“o ‘mbm-gÑem{Z VW¡d Znw§gH${b“o dZ-gÑem{Z ^dpÝV &

Cn¶moOZ‘² - 1. embm§ JÀN>Z² am‘: nV{V & 2. Z¥Ë¶V² AnË¶§ ÑîQ‰>m ‘mVm AmZÝX{V &3. IobZo a‘‘mU: ~mbH$: {nVa§ ní¶{V & 4. ñVmoÌ§ ~«wdmUm ‘{hbm nyOm§ H$amo{V &ê$nn[aM¶: - JÀN>Z² - J‘²-JÀN² 1 n.n., eV¥-àË¶¶mÝV‘², nw§{b“-àW‘m-EH$dMZ‘²

hgÝV‘² - hg² 1 n.n., eV¥-àË¶¶mÝV‘², nw§{b“-{ÛVr¶m-EH$dMZ‘² &

nR>V-~moYV

56

YmVw-gm{YV-{deofUm{Z (nw§., àW‘m, E.d.)

YmVw: ³V ³VdVw H¥$Ë¶m: eV¥/emZM²

J‘²-JÀN>² (1 n.n.) JV: JVdmZ² Jå¶: JÝVì¶: J‘Zr¶: JÀN>Z²

a‘² (1 Am.n.) aV: aVdmZ² aå¶: aÝVì¶: a‘Ur¶: a‘‘mU:

‘Z² (4 Am.n.) ‘V: ‘VdmZ² ‘mÝ¶: ‘ÝVì¶: ‘ZZr¶: ‘Ý¶‘mZ:

Xm>-¶ÀN²> (1 n.n.) XÎm: XÎmdmZ² Xo¶: XmVì¶: XmZr¶: ¶ÀN>Z²

nm-{n~² (1 n.n.) nrV: nrVdmZ² no¶: nmVì¶: nmZr¶: {n~Z²

km (9 C.n.) kmV: kmVdmZ² ko¶: kmVì¶: kmZr¶: OmZZ²/OmZmZ:

Zr-Z¶² (1 C.n.) ZrV: ZrVdmZ² Zo¶: ZoVì¶: Z¶Zr¶: Z¶Z²/Z¶‘mZ:

H¥$ (8 C.n.) H¥$V: H¥$VdmZ² H$m¶©:/H¥$Ë¶:

H$V©ì¶: H$aUr¶: Hw$d©Z²/Hw$dm©U:

g¥ (1 n.n.) g¥V: g¥VdmZ² gm¶©: gV©ì¶: gaUr¶: gaZ²

nR²> (1 n.n.) n{R>V: n{R>VdmZ² nmR>ç: n{R>Vì¶: nR>Zr¶: nRZ²

nV² (1 n.n.) n{VV: n{VVdmZ² nmË¶: n{VVì¶: nVZr¶: nVZ²

ImX² (1 n.n.) Im{XV: Im{XVdmZ² ImÚ: Im{XVì¶: ImXZr¶: ImXZ²

dX² (1 n.n.) C{XV: C{XVdmZ² dmÚ: d{XVì¶: dXZr¶: dXZ²

Z¥V² (4 n.n.) Z{V©V: Z{V©VdmZ² Z¥Ë¶: Z{V©Vì¶: ZV©Zr¶: Z¥Ë¶Z²

{bI² (6 n.n.) {b{IV: {b{IVdmZ² bo»¶: bo{IVì¶: boIZr¶: {bIZ²

god² (1 Am.n.) go{dV: go{dVdmZ² goì¶: go{dVì¶: godZr¶: god‘mZ:

dÝX² (1 Am.n.) dpÝXV: dpÝXVdmZ² dÝÚ: dpÝXVì¶: dÝXZr¶: dÝX‘mZ:

à+AW©²(10Am.n.) àm{W©V: àm{W©VdmZ² àmÏ¶©: àmW©{¶Vì¶: àmW©Zr¶: àmW©¶‘mZ:

nyO² (10 C.n.) ny{OV: ny{OVdmZ² nyÁ¶: nyO{¶Vì¶: nyOZr¶: nyO¶Z²/nyO¶‘mZ:

H$W² (10 C.n.) H${WV: H${WVdmZ² H$Ï¶: H$W{¶Vì¶: H$WZr¶: H$W¶Z²/H$W¶‘mZ:

Ñe²-ní¶² (1 n.n.) Ñï>: Ñï>dmZ² Ñí¶: Ðï>ì¶: Xe©Zr¶: ní¶Z²

àÀN²>-n¥ÀN²> (6 n.n.) n¥ï>: n¥ï>dmZ² àÀN²>¶: àï>ì¶: àÀN>Zr¶: n¥ÀN>Z²

à+{de²(6 n.n.) à{dï>: à{dï>dmZ² àdoí¶: àdoï>ì¶: àdoeZr¶: à{deZ²

Am+{Xe²(6 C.n.) Am{Xï>: Am{Xï>dmZ² AmXoí¶: AmXoï>ì¶: AmXoeZr¶: Am{XeZ²/Am{Xe‘mZ:

‘wM²-‘w#m² (6 C.n.) ‘w³V: ‘w³VdmZ² ‘moÀ¶: ‘mo³Vì¶: ‘moMZr¶: ‘w#mZ²/‘w#m‘mZ:

dM² (2 n.n.) C³V: C³VdmZ² dmÀ¶: d³Vì¶: dMZr¶: dMZ²

Am+a^²(1 Am.n.) AmaãY: AmaãYdmZ² Amaä¶: AmaãYì¶: Ama^Ur¶: Ama^‘mU:

b^² (1 Am.n.) bãY: bãYdmZ² bä¶: bãYì¶: b^Zr¶: b^‘mZ:

dh² (1 C.n.) D$T>: D$T>dmZ² dmø: dmoT>ì¶: dhZr¶: dhZ²/dh‘mZ:

Am+éh²-amoh²(1 n.n.) Amê$T>: Amê$T>dmZ² Amamoø: AmamoT>ì¶: AmamohUr¶: AmamohZ²

57

{MÌH$mì¶‘² &

gw^m{fV§ Zm‘ gå¶H²$ ê$noU ^m{fV‘² & g§ñH¥$Vgw^m{fVm{Z AmXe©OrdZñ¶ Jwø‘² Am»¶mpÝV & d¡{eîQ>çnyUm©{Z gw^m{fVm{Z g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: gm¡ÝX¶©ñWmZm{Z Ibw & ~w{Õ{dH$mgH$m{Z gw^m{fVm{Z Zm‘ {MÌH$mì¶m{Z & Vm{Z aÄOH$m{Z A{n gpÝV & Apñ‘Z² {MÌH$mì¶o AÝVambmn:, AÝ¶mop³V:, hmñ¶mop³V:, H$V¥©Jwám àho{bH$m, g‘ñ¶mny{V©:, dmH$modm³¶‘² BË¶mX¶: gw^m{fVmZm§ àH$mam: gpÝV &

(H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘ ² )Xe‘: nmR>:

d¥Îm‘²-Am¶m©

H§$ g§OKmZ H¥$îU: H$m erVbdm{hZr J“m &Ho$ XmanmofUaVm: H§$ ~bdÝV§ Z ~mYVo erV‘² &&1&&

-(AÝVambmn:)

d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² d¡ÚamO Z‘ñVwä¶§ ¶‘amOghmoXa &¶‘ñVw ha{V àmUmZ² Ëd§ Vw àmUmZ² YZm{Z M &&2&&

-(hmñ¶mo{º$:)

H§$ g§OKmZ H¥$îU: ?

H$m erVbdm{hZr J“m ?

Ho$ XmanmofUaVm: ?

H§$ ~bdÝV§ Z ~mYVo erV‘² ?

58

d¥Îm‘²-BÝÐdO«mam‘m{^foHo$ Ob‘mhaÝË¶m hñVmV² g¥Vmo ho‘KQ>mo ¶wdË¶m: &gmonmZ‘mJ}U H$amo{V eãX§ R>§R§ R>R>§ R>§ R>R>>R>§ R>R>§ R>: &&4&&-(g‘ñ¶mny{V©:)

R>§R§ R>R>§ R>§ R>R>>R>§ R>R>§ R>:

d¥Îm‘²-CnOm{V:

A¶§ Z ^³Vmo Z M nyOH$mo dm KÊQ>m§ ñd¶§ ZmX¶Vo VWm{n &YZ§ OZoä¶: {H$b ¶mMVo@¶‘² Z ¶mMH$mo dm Z M {ZY©Zmo dm &&3&&

-(àho{bH$m)

59

gpÝY{dJ«hm:1) Z‘ñVwä¶‘² = Z‘: + Vwä¶‘² & 2) ¶‘ñVw = ¶‘: + Vw & 3) VWm{n = VWm + A{n &

^mfmä¶mg:

ûcmoH$: 11. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) H¥$îU: H§$ OKmZ ? Am) XmanmofUo Ho$ aVm: ?

B) H§$$erV§ Z ~mYVo ?

2. g‘mZmW©H§$ eãX§ {bIV &H¥$îU:, J“m, aV:, ~bdmZ² &

3. "J“m' B{V nXñ¶ {deofU‘² ApÝdî¶V {bIV M &4. "H§$ g§OKmZ' B{V íbmoH§$ ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m

ñnï>rHw$éV &


A) $H${d: H§$ Z‘{V ?Am) $H$m¡ àmUmZ² haV: ?B) d¡Ú:$qH$ qH$ ha{V ?

2. gå~moYZmÝVnXÛ¶‘² ApÝdî¶ {bIV &

3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &¶‘:, d¡Ú:, ghmoXa:, YZ‘²

4. "d¡ÚamO Z‘ñVwä¶§...' B{V íbmoH$ñ¶ñnï>rH$aU§ ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &

4) ¶mMVo@¶‘² = ¶mMVo + A¶‘² &5) Ob‘mhaÝË¶m = Ob‘² + AmhaÝË¶m &

ñnï>rH$aU‘²íbmoH$: 1.

AÝVambmnñ¶ CXmhaU‘² EVV² & AÌ àíZMVwï>¶§ dV©Vo & àíZo Ed Vñ¶ CÎma§ dV©Vo & Efm eãXmbL²>H$mañ¶

M‘ËH¥${V: & H$ñ¶{MX² Ajañ¶ g§¶moOZoZ {dKQ>ZoZ dm àíZñ¶ CÎma§ àmß¶Vo & ¶Wm - 1) H§$ g§OKmZ H¥$îU: ?

H¥$îU: H§$ ‘m[aVdmZ² ? CÎma‘² - H§$g§ OKmZ H¥$îU: & 2) H$m erVbdm{hZr J“m ? CÎma‘² - H$merVbdm{hZr

J“m & 3) Ho$ XmanmofUaVm: ? Xmam: Zm‘ nËZr & XmamUm§ (Hw$Qw>å~ñ¶) nmofUo Ho$ aVm: ? CÎma‘² - Ho$Xma-nmofUaVm: & Ho$Xmam: Zm‘ joÌm{U & 4) H§$ ~bdÝV§ Z ~mYVo erV‘² ? CÎma‘² - H$å~bdÝV§ erV§ Z ~mYVo & ¶: H$å~b§ Yma¶{V, V§ erV§ Z ~mYVo B{V &

íbmoH$: 2. ho ¶‘amOghmoXa d¡ÚamO, Vwä¶§ Z‘: & ¶‘: Vw àmUmZ² ha{V {H$ÝVw Ëd§ Vw àmUmZ² YZm{Z M gdª ha{g & EVoZ

íbmoHo$Z H${d: YZbwãYmZ² An[an¹$d¡ÚmZ² {ZÝX{V hmg#m OZ¶{V &

íbmoH$: 3. EVX² An•þ{V-AbL²>H$mañ¶ CXmhaU‘² & A¶§ OZ: ¶Ú{n Z ^³V: Z nyOH$: VWm{n ñd¶§ KÊQ>m§ ZmX¶Vo & g: Z

¶mMH$: Z dm {ZY©Z: VWm{n OZoä¶: (OZmZ²) YZ§ ¶mMVo & V{h© dXV, g: H$: ? Añ¶ CÎma§ dV©Vo & "H$:hdmZ¶mH$bmo&' ({dnarVH«$‘oU nR>V &) H$mì¶àdmh: B{V H$mì¶gL²>J«hmV² & H${d: - lr. gXm{ed Í¶å~H$ ahmVoH$a.

íbmoH$: 4.

g‘ñ¶mnyV}: CXmhaU‘² EVV² & "R>§R§ R>R>§ R>§ R>R>>R>§ R>R>§ R>: &' B{V dV©Vo g‘ñ¶m & am‘ñ¶ amÁ¶m{^foH$g‘¶o H$m{MV² ¶wdVr gwdU©KQ>oZ ObmZ¶Zo ‘¾m AmgrV² & gmonmZ‘mJ}U J‘Zg‘¶o Vñ¶m: hñVmV² gwdU©KQ>: n{VV:, VXm ¶:

eãX: A^dV² g Ed eãXmo@¶‘² & R>§R§ R>R>§ R>§ R>R>>R>§ R>R>§ R>: B{V &

60


bmoH$¶mZdmhH$: Z

Z

Z

Z


A) $H$: eãX§ H$amo{V ?Am) H$ñ¶m: hñVmV² gwdU©KQ>: n{VV: ?

2. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &ho‘, Ob‘², eãX: &

3. "am‘m{^foHo$ ...' B{V íbmoH$ñ¶ ñnï>rH$aU§‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &

CnH«$‘: 1) $"g‘ñ¶mny{V©'-íbmoH$mZm§ gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &¶Wm- A) ‘¥JmV² qgh: nbm¶Vo &

Am) eVMÝÐ§ Z^ñVb‘² &2) AÝ¶mop³VíbmoH$mZm§ gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &3) H$m‘{n AÝ¶m‘² EH$m§ àho{bH$m§ {bIV &


A) $H$: YZ§ ¶mMVo ?Am) A¶§ Z ³Vmo B{V àho{bH$m¶m: CÎma§ {H$‘² ?

2. aoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &

H«$sS>V-ZÝXVnÚH«$sS>m

1. EH$: JU: gw^m{fVñ¶ EH§$ MaU§ dX{V &Ana: JU: ûcmoH$mYª nyUª H$amo{V &

2. nXJ«hU‘² - EHo$Zmo³VmV² ûcmoH$mYm©V² EH§$nX§ ñdrH¥$Ë¶ Ana: JU: AÝ¶§ ûcmoH$mYªûcmoH$nmX§ dm H$W¶{V &


H«$sS>V-ZÝXV

ûcmoH$mÝË¶mjar$H«$sS>H$mZm§ JUÛ¶§ ^doV² & AmXm¡

àW‘JUr¶ofw AÝ¶V‘: EH§$ ûcmoH§$ dXoV² & VXm {ÛVr¶JUr¶ofw AÝ¶V‘: VmÑe‘² EH§$ ûcmoH§$ dXoV² ¶ñ¶ M Amaå^: AÝ¶JUr¶oZ Cº$ñ¶ ûcmoH$ñ¶ ApÝV‘oZ AjaoU ^d{V &


¶‘amO: d¡ÚamO:

ha{V

3. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &A) ¶mMVo@¶‘² = ¶mMVo + & Am) ¶mMH$mo dm = + dm &

61

‘mZdVmY‘©: &EH$mXe: nmR>:

• $‘mZdVm Zm‘ {H$‘² ?

• ‘mZdVmY‘©‘² AZwg¥Ë¶

gm‘m{OH$H$m¶ª Hw$d©Vm§ OZmZm§

Zm‘m{Z H$W¶V &

¶W¡d gH$bm ZÚ: à{depÝV ‘hmoX{Y‘²&VWm ‘mZdVmY‘ª gd} Y‘m©: g‘m{lVm: &&1&&

fS²>O‘ybm ¶Wm gd} g“rVo {d{dYm: ñdam: &VWm ‘mZdVmY‘ª gd} Y‘m©: g‘m{lVm: &&2&&

EH$s^y¶ ¶Wm gd} dUm© JÀN>pÝV ew³bVm‘² &VWm gå^y¶ e§gpÝV Y‘m© ‘mZdVmJwU‘² &&3&&

gdª ì¶mßZmo{V g{bb§ eH©$am bdU§ ¶Wm &Ed§ ‘mZdVmY‘mo© Y‘m©Z² ì¶mßZmo{V gd©Wm &&4&&

¶Wm àH$me¶Ë¶oH$mo ^mZw^w©dZ‘ÊS>b‘² &Y‘m©Z² àH$me¶Ë¶oH$ñVWm ‘mZdVmJwU: &&5&&

AmË‘m¡nå¶§ g‘m{lË¶ ‘mZdmo ‘mZd¡: gh &¶Xm ì¶dhao„moHo$ VXm ‘mZdVm ^doV² &&6&&

gd©Y‘m©Z² n[aË¶Á¶ ^O ‘mZdVm§ Yw«d‘² &Efmo@ä¶wX¶H¥$V² nÝWm: VWm lo¶ñH$amo@{n M &&7&&

(gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)

H${b¶wJo@pñ‘Z² gd©Ì {d{dYY‘m©Um§ àMma: ^d{V B{V Ñí¶Vo & {H$ÝVw, "Y‘©:' B{V g‘>ënZm¶m: H$: AW©: B{V MoV² ¶: Yma¶{V g: Y‘©: & ñdH$V©ì¶ñ¶ nmbZ§ Zm‘ Y‘©: & ¶Wm - amOY‘©:, {nV¥Y‘©:, H$Ý¶mY‘©:, n{VY‘©:, nËZrY‘©: BË¶mX¶: &

¶{X ‘mZd: gd©Ì empÝV‘² BÀN>{V, {ddmX§ ¶wÕ§ M Ë¶³Vw‘² BÀN>{V V{h© VoZ ‘mZdVmY‘© Ed nmbZr¶: & gd} Y‘m©: ‘mZdVm{hVdm{XZ: Ed & AV: ‘mZdVm gd©Y‘m©Um§ ‘yb‘² & g ‘mZdVmY‘© Ed AÌ d{U©V: ApñV ‘. ‘. S>m°. XodràgmX IadÊS>rH$a‘hm^mJ¡: &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &A) gH$bm ZÚ: H§$ à{depÝV ? Am) g“rVo ñdam: H$sÑem: ?B) H$: gd©Y‘m©Z² ì¶mßZmo{V ? B©) ^mZw: H§$ àH$me¶{V ? C) H$m§ ^O B{V H${d: dX{V ?

2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &A) ^mZw^w©dZ‘ÊS>b‘² = + ^wdZ‘ÊS>b‘² &Am) àH$me¶Ë¶oH$ñVWm = + + VWm &B) ì¶dhao„moHo$ = + bmoHo$ &B©) Efmo@ä¶wX¶H¥$V² = Ef: + &

3. nmR>mV² ë¶~ÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z {MËdm {bIV &

62

4. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & A) ‘mZdVmY‘©: Aä¶wX¶H¥$V² H$W§ dV©Vo ? Am) $"‘mZdVmY‘©:' B{V H$mì¶ñ¶ AmYmaoU ‘mZdVmY‘©ñ¶ dU©Z§ Hw$éV &5. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &

Zm‘ gd©Zm‘

(‘ÄOyyfm- ‘‘, amOm, EVm¡, gmYd:)

Zm‘ gd©Zm‘

(‘ÄOyyfm- emIr, d¶‘², {nVm, Vm:)

Zm‘ gd©Zm‘

(‘ÄOyyfm- H$ñ‘¡, ¶¶m, aW¡:, Vrao,)

Zm‘ gd©Zm‘

(‘ÄOyyfm- ‘Zgm, Añ¶m:, àmUmZ², A¶‘²)Zm‘ gd©Zm‘

(‘ÄOyyfm- B‘m{Z, eãXofww, EV¶m, ~më¶o)

{H«$¶mnX‘² YmVwgm{YV{deofU‘²

(‘ÄOyyfm- Ë¶OVw, hV:, A~«yV, nrV:)


(‘ÄOyyfm- ^oVì¶‘², OmZm{V, XXm{V, ‘w³V:)


(‘ÄOyyfm- H«w$Õ:, AXXmV², àOm¶Vo, Ñí¶‘²)


(‘ÄOyyfm-¶mMVo,ldUr¶‘²,àXÎmdmZ²,{ej¶{V){H«$¶mnX‘² YmVwgm{YV{deofU‘²

(‘ÄOyyfm- a‘Ur¶‘², l¶oV², àmám, ^wL²>³Vo)

n¥W¸$aU§ Hw$éV &

gd}

gH$bm: fS²>O‘ybm:

lo¶ñH$a:

AdYo¶‘² - Zm‘ - g‘ñVnX§ Z ^doV² &{H«$¶mnX‘² - {bQ²> bH$mao Z ^doV² & bH$maofw à.nw.E.d. Ho$db‘² &YmVwgm{YV{deofU‘² - {Ìfw {b“ofw àW‘mÝV‘² &

(1) g[aV² (A) dU©: (2) a“: (Am) ^mZw: (3) Aå^: (B) ZXr (4) {XZH¥$V² (B©) nÝWm: (5) ‘mJ©: (C) g{bb‘²

6. g‘mZmW©H$eãX‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

63

Aä¶mgnÌ‘² &4

g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgZm‘1. XmanmofUo aVm: H$‘©Yma¶:

2. ¶‘amOñ¶ ghmoXa: CnnX-VËnwéf:

3. am‘ñ¶ A{^foH$: H$‘©Yma¶:

4. ‘mZdVm Ed Y‘©: gá‘r-VËnwéf:

5. gd} Y‘m©: fð>r-VËnwéf:

6. Aä¶wX¶§ H$amo{V B{V fð>r-VËnwéf:

(10, 11 nmR>¶mo: AmYmaoU)

H«$sS>V-ZÝXV YmVwê$nm{U dm YmVwgm{YVm{Z {ZarjÜd‘² &

nR>Zr¶

n{R>Vì¶

nmR>ç

nR>oV²gånR>ç

n{R>Ëdm

n{R>î¶{Vn{R>VdV²

n{R>VAnR>V²nnmR>

nR>Vw

n{R>Vw‘²

nR>V²

nR>{V

^mfVo

^mf² YmVmo: ¶mo½¶ê$n¡: [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &

1. bH$ma§ {bIV &A) ~bdÝV§ erV§ Z ~mYVo &Am) ¶‘: àmUmZ² ha{V &B) g: OZoä¶: YZ§ ¶mMVo &B©) ho‘KQ>: eãX§ H$amo{V &C) ZÚ: ‘hmoX{Y§ n«{depÝV &

D$) gd} dUm©: JÀN>pÝV ew³bVm‘² &E) VXm bmoHo$ ‘mZdVm ^doV² &

2. ¶mo½¶§ dmÀ¶n¶m©¶§ {MZwV & A) ¶‘: àmUmZ² ha{V & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²) Am) g: KÊQ>m§ ZmX¶Vo & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)B) Y‘m©: ‘mZdVmJwU§ e§gpÝV & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/

H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)


4. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &~bdmZ², nwaV:, {ZY©Z:, {‘Ì‘², npÊS>V:,lo¶ñH$a: &

64

~mbH$: nR>{V &

d¥j: dY©Vo &

~mbH$: AmgÝXmV² nV{V &

~m{bH$m {MÌ§ ní¶{V &

~mbH$: AÞ§ ^wL²>³Vo &

~mbH$: Ob§

{n~{V &

{ejH$: ~mbH§$ nwñVH§$ nmR>¶{V &

‘mVm ~mbH$‘² AÞ§ ^moO¶{V &

{nVm ~mbH§$

Ob§ nm¶¶{V &

~m{bH$m d¥j§ dY©¶{V &

a‘oe: ~mbH$‘² AmgÝXmV²

nmV¶{V &

gIr ~m{bH$m§ {MÌ§ Xe©¶{V &

{UOÝVm: (à¶moOH$m:)&aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘²

65

¶mZ§ Mb{V &

MmbH$: ¶mZ§ Mmb¶{V &

ê$ne¥’bm§ nya¶V &ñWm - ñWmn¶{V/Vo Xm - ‘m -

km - ¶m - nm(2n.n.)-nmb¶{V/Vo nm(1n.n.)-nm¶¶{V/Vo J¡ - Jmn¶{V/Vo Ü¶¡ - Zr - Zm¶¶{V/Vo lw - lmd¶{V/Vo

^y - H¥$ -H$ma¶{V/Vo‘¥ - d¥ - V¦ -

ñ‘¥ -

Y¥ - J‘² - J‘¶{V/VoImX² - ^j² - Ymd² - Z‘² -

‘wM² - ‘moM¶{V/Vo Hw$n² - ~wY² - ^wO² - éX² - d¥Y² - dY©¶{V/Vo g¥O² - Z¥V² - $H¥$f² -

dM² - dmM¶{V/Vo nR²> - dX² - hg² - ‘Z² - {bI² - boI¶{V/Vo à + {de² - {gM² - {dX² -

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

gyX: AÞ§ nM{V & J¥{hUr gyXoZ AÞ§ nmM¶{V &

66

(‘mVm‘øm gh Xm¡{hÌm: Xm¡{hÍ¶: M CndZo Cn{dí¶ dmVm©bmn§ Hw$d©pÝV &)

n¥Wm - (AmZÝXoZ) ‘mVm‘{h, {H$¶ÝV: d¥jm: gpÝV Añ‘mH$‘² CndZo !‘mVm‘hr - A{nA{^OmZrW Ho$ d¥jm: EVo ? Zm‘m{Z H$W¶V &doUw: - Ef: àW‘: d¥j: Am‘«d¥j: & {ÛVr¶: M H$Xbrd¥j: &

n¥Wm - AÌ V¥Vr¶: Xm{S>‘d¥j: &gwYoÝXþ: - MVwW©: M Zma“d¥j: &doUw: - ^mo:, Z Ho$db§ àW‘: d¥j: A{n Vw d¥jmUm§ àW‘m Amd{b: Ed Am‘«d¥jmUm‘² &

{ÛVr¶m H$Xbrd¥jmUm‘² ...n¥Wm - V¥Vr¶m Xm{S>‘mZm§ MVwWu M Zma“mUm‘² &‘mVm‘hr - gmYw ~mbH$m: & gwðw> A{^kmV‘² & A{n OmZrW, àW‘, {ÛVr¶, V¥Vr¶ EVo eãXm: Zm‘

H«$‘dmMH$-gL²>»¶m{deofUm{Z? H$W‘² Cn¶wÁ¶ÝVo B‘m{Z ? doUw: - àW‘: ~mbH$: - àW‘m ~m{bH$m - àW‘§ J¥h‘² &gwYoÝXþ: - VW¡d {ÛVr¶: - {ÛVr¶m - {ÛVr¶‘² &n¥Wm - V¥Vr¶: - V¥Vr¶m - V¥Vr¶§ M &‘mVm‘hr - CÎm‘‘² & {H$ÝVw MVwW©V: ór{b“ê$nm{U MVwWu, n#m‘r, fð>r BË¶mXr{Z ^dpÝV &n¥Wm - AV Ed ZmJn#m‘r, aWgá‘r, AmfmT>-EH$mXer, AZÝVMVwX©er EVm: {VW¶: à{gÕm: Ibw !‘mVm‘hr - gå¶H²$ & V{h© H«$‘dmMH$m{Z Cn¶wÁ¶ BVmo@{n dm³¶m{Z dXV & gwYoÝXþ: - Ah§ àW‘o Vbo dgm{‘ & nmR>embm¶m§ ‘‘ dJ©: Vw {ÛVr¶o Vbo &doUw: - JVdf} Ah§ Zdå¶m§ H$jm¶m§ nR>m{‘ ñ‘ & Apñ‘Z² df} Xeå¶m§ H$jm¶m§ nR>m{‘ & A{J«‘o df}

EH$mXí¶m§ H$jm¶m§ n{R>î¶m{‘ &n¥Wm - nR>ZñnYm©¶m‘² Ah§ {ÛVr¶§ nmR>‘² AnR>‘² & VXm àW‘§ nm[aVmo{fH§$ àmßZd‘² &doUw: - fð>ñ¶ àíZñ¶ CÎma‘² Aï>å¶m N>mÌ¶m XÎm‘² & AÌ JUoeñVmoÌ§ ñ‘am{‘ "àW‘§ dH«$VwÊS>§ M . . . B{V &‘mVm‘hr - ~mT>§ ~mT>‘² & Añ¶ H¥$Vo ¶wî‘mH§$ nm[aVmo{fH§$ Zm‘ ‘Ywam{U ’$bm{Z & ¶mdpÝV ’$bm{Z BÀN>W

VmdpÝV ImXW& $

gL²>»¶m{dœ‘² 1- H«$‘dmMH$m: &aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘²

67

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

1 2 3 4 5^dZ‘² Ðm oUr $H${d: n o{Q>H$mAmgÝX:

H«$‘dmMH$m{Z {deofUm{Z

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘² àW‘: àW‘m àW‘‘²{ÛVr¶: {ÛVr¶m {ÛVr¶‘²V¥Vr¶: V¥Vr¶m V¥Vr¶‘²MVwW©: MVwWu MVwW©‘²n#m‘: n#m‘r n#m‘‘²fð>: fð>r fîR>‘²gá‘: gá‘r gá‘‘²Aï>‘: Aï>‘r Aï>‘‘²Zd‘: Zd‘r Zd‘‘²Xe‘: Xe‘r Xe‘‘²

(1) gL²>»¶m¶mZ§ nya¶V & àW‘:

(2) ‘ obZ § $$Hw$éV &

XrK©gL²>»¶m: &

108Aï>m{YH$eV‘²

400MVwíeV‘²

1000ghò‘²

200{ÛeV‘²

500n#meV‘²

10,000Xeghò‘²

1,00,00,000H$mo{Q>:

1,00,000bj‘²

5728n#mghò§ gáeV§ Aï>mqde{V:

V¥Vr¶¶mn#m‘mV²gá‘‘²Aï>å¶¡Xeå¶m

gmonmZmV²H$Ý¶¶mXoì¶¡

H$jm¶m‘²Vb‘²

68

(doUw: ewÕ§ gwñda§ ñVmoÌ§ nR>{V & gd} e¥ÊdpÝV &)‘mVm‘hr - CÎm‘§ doUmo ! gH¥$V² lwËdm A{n H$W§ Ëd¶m ñVmoÌ§ H$ÊR>ñWrH¥$V‘² !gwYoÝXþ: - ‘mVm‘{h, gH¥$V² BË¶w³Vo$ {H$‘² ?‘mVm‘hr - gH¥$V² Zm‘ EH$dma‘² & "H${Vdma‘²' B{V àíZñ¶ ¶X² CÎma§ VX² Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$‘² B{V H$Ï¶Vo &n¥Wm - V{h© Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$m{Z Zm‘ EH$dma§, {Ûdma§, {Ìdma§, MVwdm©a‘² B{V &‘mVm‘hr - gË¶‘² & EVm{Z Aì¶¶m{Z & gH¥$V² , {Û:, {Ì:, MVw: EVm{Z AZwH«$‘oU Vofm‘od g‘mZmW©H$m{Z &doUw: - h§@@... Añ‘mH§$ {e{jH$m gd©Xm dX{V, "Xedma§ H${WV§ ‘¶m &' "{Ûdma§ nmR>§ nR>V &' "{Ìdma§

gw^m{fV‘mbm§ {bIV' B{V & EVmÑe: Ibw Cn¶moJ: Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$mZm‘² &gwYoÝXþ: - VWm M df©ñ¶ gH¥$V² d¶§ ‘mVm‘hr-J¥h‘² AmJÀN>m‘: &n¥Wm - Ah‘{n H$W¶m{‘ dm³¶‘² & A§ ..... Ah§ {XZñ¶ {Û: ^moOZ§ H$amo{‘ & (gwYoÝXþ§ ÑîQ‰>m {dhñ¶)

Ef: Vw {XZñ¶ MVw: ^wL²>ºo$ & A{n ¶mo½¶‘², ‘mVm‘{h$?gwYoÝXþ: - gd©Wm A¶mo½¶‘² & Zmh§ dma§dma§ ImXm{‘ & Efm Ed AÜ¶¶Z§ {dhm¶ gámhñ¶ {Ì: Z¥Ë¶dJª

JÀN>{V &‘mVm‘hr - dm³¶m{Z Vw ¶mo½¶m{Z & {H$ÝVw ~mbH$Ì¶§ H$mobmhbo ‘¾§ Ñí¶Vo & doUw: - AYwZm "Ì¶‘²' B{V {H$‘² ?gwYoÝXþ: - ‘¶m AdJV‘² & A{n g‘yhdmMH$‘oVV² ?‘mVm‘hr - gmYw gwYoÝXmo & Û¶‘², Ì¶‘², MVwï>¶‘², n#mH$‘², fQ²>H$‘² BË¶mXr{Z g‘yhdmMH$m{Z Ed &n¥Wm - V{h© ‘Ywamï>Ho$ Aï> ûcmoH$m: gpÝV Ibw ? ‘mVm‘hr - g‘rMrZ‘² & A{n OmZrW ‘hoÝÐoU YmdZeVH§$ H¥$V§ ø: ?n¥Wm - h§@@... Ah§ dXm{‘ dm³¶‘² & N>mÌÌ¶oU àH$ën: H¥$V: &doUw: - d¥jn#mHo$ à^yVm{Z ’$bm{Z gpÝV &gwYoÝXþ: - OZMVwï>¶§ g§ñH¥$VoZ¡d dmVm©bmn§ H$amo{V &‘mVm‘hr - gd©Wm ¶mo½¶‘² & gå¶H$² AdJV§ gL²>»¶m{dœ§ ¶wî‘m{^: & ~mT>‘² &

gL²>»¶m{dœ‘² 2 - Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$m: g‘yhdmMH$míM &

gH¥$V² EH$dma‘²

{Û: {Ûdma‘²

{Ì: {Ìdma‘²

MVw: MVwdm©a‘²

n#mH¥$Ëd: n#mdma‘²

fQ²>H¥$Ëd: fQ²>dma‘²

gáH¥$Ëd: gádma‘²

Aï>H¥$Ëd: Aï>dma‘²

ZdH¥$Ëd: Zddma‘²

XeH¥$Ëd: Xedma‘²

g‘yhdmMH$m: gd©Xm Znw§gH${b“o EH$dMZo ^dpÝV & ¶Wm - ‘mJ} ¶mZMVwï>¶§ Ymd{V &

nR>V-~moYV gH¥$Xod ànÞm¶ Vdmñ‘r{V M dm{XZo &A^¶§ gd©^yVoä¶mo XXmå¶oVV² d«V§ ‘‘ &&

Amd¥{ÎmdmMHo$Z gh ¶Xm H$mbdmMH$: eãX: à¶w³V: ^d{V VXm H$mbdmMH$ñ¶ fð>r{d^p³V:H$m¶m© & ¶Wm -

{XZñ¶ {Û: & gámhñ¶ MVwdm©a‘² &g§dËgañ¶ gH¥$V² B{V &

69

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

(1) Amd¥{ÎmdmMHo$Z dm³¶§ nya¶V &(A) N>mÌ: {XZñ¶ AÜ¶¶Z§ H$amo{V & (Ûo/{Ûdma‘²)(Am) ‘mVm ‘‘ ¶wVH§$ àjm{bVdVr & (n#mdma§/n#m‘r) (B) VoZ à¶moJ: H¥$V: & (Ìr{U/{Ìdma§)

(2) g‘yhdmMH§$ {bIV &

(3) H«$‘-gL²>»¶m-Amd¥{Îm-dmMH$mZm§ ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV &A) gL²>»¶mdmMH$m{Z &

H$) ^JdVm ì¶mgoZ nwamUm{Z a{MVm{Z & (Aï>mXe/Aï>Xe:)I) doXm: dV©ÝVo & (MËdm[a/MËdma:) J) ‘{hbm: Ob‘² AmhVªw JÀN>pÝV & ({Vó:/Ìr{U) K) ^moOZo agm: ^dpÝV & (fð>:/fS²>)

Am) H«$‘dmMH$m{Z &H$) lrH¥$îU: Xod³¶m: AnË¶‘² & (Aï>‘‘²/Aï>:) I) nm¡f‘mg: g§dËgañ¶ ‘mg: & (Xe:/Xe‘:)J) Am¶©^Å>: B{V ^maVdf}U ào{fV: CnJ«h: & (àW‘:/EH$pñ‘Z²) K) ^dZo ‘‘ J¥h§ Vbo dV©Vo & (gßV‘o/gßVo) M) ^dZo ¶moJoe: {Zdg{V & ({ÛVr¶o/{ÛVr¶:)

B) Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$m{Z & H$) gámhñ¶ g§ñH¥$VdJ©: ^d{V & (V¥Vr¶§/{Ìdma§)I) {XZñ¶ bmoH$¶mZ‘² AmJÀN>{V & (Zddma§/Zd‘²) J) Añ‘mH§$ Hw$Qw>å~§ g§dËgañ¶ n¶©Q>ZmWª JÀN>{V & (EH$pñ‘Z²/EH$dma§) K) Ah‘² EH§$ nmR>§ gå¶H²$ nR>m{‘ & ({Ûdma§/Ûm¡)M) df©ñ¶ narjm ^d{V & (MVwdm©a§/MVwfw©)

70

dm³¶aMZm

1) àW‘m-{d^p³V: &

H$maH§$-H$Vm©(H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²)

H$maH§$-H$‘©(H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)

Zm‘{ZX}e:

àW‘m

CXmhaUm{Z -1) A) ~mbH$: Xþ½Y§ {n~{V & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²) Am) d¥jmV² ’$b§ nV{V &2) ~mbHo$Z íbmoH$: nR>çVo & (H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)3) A) gm gm{ZH$m ApñV & Am) ^maVo {h‘mb¶: Zm‘ nd©V: dV©Vo &

2) {ÛVr¶m-{d^p³V: & CXmhaUm{Z -1) ~mbH$: Xþ½Y§ {n~{V & (H$‘©)2) am‘: dZ§ JÀN>{V / ¶m{V &3) ¶mMH$: Z¥n§ YZ§ ¶mMVo &4) dËg: YoZw§ à{V Ymd{V &5) Ob§ {dZm OrdZ‘² Ae³¶‘² &6) embm‘² A{^V: d¥jm: gpÝV &7) nwîn§ n[aV: ^«‘am: JwÄOpÝV &8) ‘mJ©‘² C^¶V: joÌm{U gpÝV &

{ÛVr¶m

J‘²(JÀN²>)/¶m

¶mM²

à{V

{dZmA{^V:

n[aV:

C^¶V:

3) V¥Vr¶m-{d^p³V: &

CXmhaUm{Z -1) amHo$e: hñVoZ {bI{V & (H$aU‘²)2) JUoeoZ ‘moXH$m: ImÚÝVo & (H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)3) {dÚ¶m {dZm Z ‘moj: &4) AWd©: {‘ÌoU gh/gmH§$/gmYª/g‘§ {MÌnQ>§

ní¶{V &5) Ab§ H$monoZ &

H$maH§$-H$aU‘²

gh/gmH$‘²/gmY©‘²/g‘‘²

Ab‘²

{dZmH$maH§$-H$Vm©(H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)

V¥Vr¶m

{d^³Ë¶Wm©: &

$H$maH§$-H$‘©

(AÝVJ©V‘yë¶‘mnZmW©‘²)

71

5) n#m‘r-{d^p³V: & CXmhaUm{Z -1)A. H¥$frdb: joÌmV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & (AnmXmZ‘²)

Am. d¥jmV² ’$b§ nV{V &2) g‚mZm: gËH$m¶m©V² Z {da‘pÝV &3) g¡{ZH$m: eÌwä¶: Xoe§ ajpÝV &4) kmZmV²: {dZm Za: Z emo^Vo &5) ZJamX² ~{h: CÚmZ§ dV©Vo &6) YZmV² F$Vo OrdZ§ H${R>Z‘² &

{d+a‘²

aj²

{dZm

~{h:

F$Vo

H$maH§$- AnmXmZ‘²

n#m‘r

H¥$Vo

g‘rno

nwaV:/n¥ð>V:

dm‘V:/X{jUV:

AY:/Cn[a

gå~ÝYdmMH$:

fð>r

6) fð>r-{d^p³V: & CXmhaUm{Z -1) am‘ñ¶ ^«mVm bú‘U: & (gå~ÝYdmMH$:)2) ~mbmZm§ H¥$Vo {ejU‘² Amdí¶H$‘² &3) J¥hñ¶ g‘rno dmMZmb¶: dV©Vo &4) nmR>embm¶m: nwaV: H«$sS>m“U§ dV©Vo &5) J¥hñ¶ n¥ð>V: nd©V: ApñV &6) am‘ñ¶ dm‘V: grVm, X{jUV: bú‘U: M dV©Vo &7) d¥jñ¶ AY: ewZH$: Cn{de{V &8) d¥jñ¶ Cn[a ‘H©$Q>: dg{V &

7) gá‘r-{d^p³V: & CXmhaUm{Z -1) A. nwñVH§$ ñ¶yVo ApñV & (A{YH$aU‘²)

Am. nwñVH$‘² CËnr{R>H$m¶m‘² ApñV &B. Ah§ nwÊ¶nÎmZo dgm{‘ &B©. g: OyZ ‘mgo àW‘o gámho AmJ{‘î¶{V &

2) ‘mVm nwÌo pñZø{V &3) ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$: N>mÌofw nm[aVmo{fH$m{U {dVa{V &

H$maH§$-A{YH$aU‘²

{d + V¦-Va²

pñZh²

gá‘r

4) MVwWu-{d^p³V: &

MVwWu

éM²

H«w$Y²

Hw$n²

Z‘:

à{V + lwH$W²

ñn¥h²

CXmhaUm{Z -1) A. {ejH$: N>mÌoä¶: kmZ§ ¶ÀN>{V & (gåàXmZ‘²)

Am. OZm: ^moOZm¶ CnmhmaJ¥h§ JÀN>pÝV & 2) ewH$m¶ Xm{S>‘§ amoMVo &3) OZZr nwÌm¶ H«w$Ü¶{V / Hw$ß¶{V &4) ¶‘: Z{MHo$Vgo daÌ¶§ à{Ve¥Umo{V &5) {nVm‘hr ~mbHo$ä¶: H$Wm§ H$W¶{V &6) ewH$: Xm{S>‘m¶ ñn¥h¶{V &7) emaXm¶¡ Z‘: &

H$maH§$-gåàXmZ‘²

72

A‘aH$mofmV² eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &1. ho amOoÝÐ! Vd {nVm Xþ:emgH$: doZamO: &

2. Ëd§ Vw àOm{hVXj: Z¥n: &

3. Ef: H$ë¶mUH$mar Z¥n: &

4. ‘¥J: V§ ÑîQ²²>dm A~«drV² &

5. g: Za: eÌwZÝXZ: &

6. g: d#mH$: ¹$mñVo?

amOm - amOm amQ²> nm{W©d: ú‘m^¥Þ¥n^yn‘hr{jV: &^y{‘: - JmoÌm Hw$: n¥{Wdr n¥Ïdr ú‘m@d{Z‘}{XZr ‘hr & H¥$fH$: - joÌmOrd: H$f©H$ü H¥${fH$ü H¥$frdb: &‘¥J: - ‘¥Jo Hw$a“dmVm¶wh[aUm{OZ¶moZ¶: &H$mH$: - H$mHo$ Vw H$aQ>m[aï~{bnwï>gH¥$ËàOm: &e¥Jmb: - e¥Jmbd#mwH$H«$moï¥>’o$é’o$adOå~wH$m: &{‘Ì‘² - d¶ñ¶: pñZ½Y: gd¶m AW {‘Ì§ gIm gwöV² &dZ‘²- AQ>ì¶aÊ¶§ {d{nZ§ JhZ§ H$mZZ§ dZ‘² &bú‘r: - bú‘r: nÙmb¶m nÙm H$‘bm lrh©[a{à¶m &a{d: - ^mZwhªg: ghòm§ewñVnZ: g{dVm a{d: &Z^: - Z^mo@ÝV[aj§ JJZ‘ZÝV§ gwadË‘© I‘² &H$ZH$‘² - ñdUª gwdUª H$ZH§$ {haÊ¶§ ho‘ hmQ>H$‘² &nmXn: - d¥jmo ‘hréh: emIr {dQ>nr nmXnñVé: &Za: - ‘Zwî¶m ‘mZwfm ‘Ë¶m© ‘ZwOm ‘mZdm Zam: &ZXr - Va{“Ur e¡d{bZr V{Q>Zr õm{XZr YwZr &J“m- J“m {dîUwnXr O•þVZ¶m gwa{ZåZJm &‘oK: � YmamYamo ObYañV{S>ËdmZ² dm[aXmo@å~w^¥V²&d¡Ú: - amoJhm¶©JXL²>H$mamo {^f½d¡Úm¡ {M{H$ËgHo$ &YZ‘² - Ðì¶§ {dÎm§ ñWmnVo¶§ [aŠW‘¥ŠW§ YZ§ dgw: &Ob‘² - n¶: H$sbmb‘‘¥V§ OrdZ§ ^wdZ§ Ob‘² &nwÌ: - AmË‘OñVZ¶: gyZw: gwV: nwÌ: {ó¶m§ Ëd‘r &erK«‘² - gËda§ Mnb§ VyU©‘{dbpå~V‘mew M &npÊS>V: - Yramo ‘Zrfr k: àmk: gL²>»¶mdmZ² npÊS>V: H${d: &OJV² - {ÌîdWmo OJVr bmoHo$ {dï>n§ wdZ§ OJV²{nVam¡ - Aå~mW OZZr ‘mVm VmVñVw OZH$: {nVm &

H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘² & {dJ«h: &

A‘aH$mof: &

amOm, amQ²>, nm{W©d:, ú‘m^¥V², Z¥n:, ^yn:, ‘hr{jV² &JmoÌm, Hw$:,n¥{Wdr,n¥Ïdr,ú‘m,Ad{Z:,‘o{XZr, ‘hr &joÌmOrd:, H$f©H$:, H¥${fH$:, H¥$frdb: &‘¥J:, Hw$a“:, dmVm¶w:, h[aU:, A{OZ¶mo{Z: &H$mH$:, H$aQ:, A[aï>:, ~{bnwï>:, gH¥$ËàO: &e¥Jmb:, d#mwH$:, H«$moï>m, ’o$é:, ’o$ad:, Oå~wH$: &d¶ñ¶:, pñZ½Y:, gd¶m:, {‘Ì‘², gIm, gwöV² &AQ>dr, AaÊ¶‘², {d{nZ‘², JhZ‘², H$mZZ‘², dZ‘²&bú‘r:, nÙmb¶m, nÙm, H$‘bm, lr:, h[a{à¶m &^mZw:, h§g:, ghòm§ew:, VnZ:, g{dVm, a{d: &Z^:, AÝV[aj‘², JJZ‘², AZÝV‘², gwadË‘©, I‘² &ñdU©‘², gwdU©‘², H$ZH$‘², {haÊ¶‘², ho‘, hmQ>H$‘² &d¥j:, ‘hréh:, emIr, {dQ>nr, nmXn:, Vé: &‘Zwî¶m:, ‘mZwfm:, ‘Ë¶m©:, ‘ZwOm:, ‘mZdm:, Zam: &Va{“Ur, e¡d{bZr, V{Q>Zr, õm{XZr, YwZr &J“m, {dîUwnXr, O•þVZ¶m, gwa{ZåZJm &YmamYa:, ObYa:, V{S>ËdmZ², dm[aX:, Aå~w^¥V²&amoJhmar, AJXL²>H$ma:, {^fH²$, d¡Ú:, {M{H$ËgH$: &Ðì¶‘²,{dÎm‘²,ñWmnVo¶‘²,[aŠW‘²,F$ŠW‘²,YZ‘², dgw: &n¶:, H$sbmb‘², A‘¥V‘², OrdZ‘², ^wdZ‘², Ob‘² &AmË‘O:, VZ¶:, gyZw:, gwV:, nwÌ: &gËda‘², Mnb‘², VyU©‘², A{dbpå~V‘², Amew &Yra:, ‘Zrfr, k:, àmk:, gL²>»¶mdmZ² npÊS>V:, H${d:&OJVr, bmoH$:, {dï>n‘², wdZ‘², OJV² &Aå~m, OZZr, ‘mVm, VmV:, OZH$:, {nVm &

7. Oå~yH$: ‘Z{g AmZpÝXV: & 8. H$mH$eãX§ lwËdm e¥Jmb: gËda§ nbm{¶V: &

9. e‘añ¶ {nVm {edJwé: &

10. AU©dñ¶ {nVm {dkmZñ¶ àmÜ¶mnH$: &

11. EVX² {dœ§ na‘mUwä¶: {Z{‘©V‘² &

12. e¥Jmb: ñdmW©hoVwZm ‘¥JoU gh {‘ÌVm‘² EoÀN>V² &

73

H$V©¥dmÀ¶‘²

H$Vm©-àW‘m {d^{º$: &

H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²

H$Vm©-V¥Vr¶m {d^{º$: &

àOm: {ZH¥$ï>mÞ§ ImXpÝV & OZ¡: MVw{^©: H$ZH§$ narú¶Vo &

1. ‘¶m YZYmÝ¶nwîn’$bm{Z CXao {Z{hVm{Z & 2. e¥JmboZ {MÌmL²>J: (‘¥J:) Adbmo{H$V: &

3. ‘¥J: gñ¶§ ImX{V & 4. ‘h{f©Um H$UmXoZ na‘mUmo: ì¶m»¶m H¥$Vm &

5. AU©d: VÊSy>bmZ² AmZ¶{V & 6. nyOH$: ñd¶§ KÊQ>m§ ZmX¶Vo &

7. ho‘KQ>: eãX§ H$amo{V & 8. ^«‘Ug‘¶o n¥WwamOoZ Ñï>‘² &

9. d¶§ gd} AmZÝXoZ EH$Ì {Zdgm‘: & 10. joÌn{VZm e¥Jmb: hV: &

11. Yram: Ý¶mæ¶mËnW: nX§ Z à{dMbpÝV & 12. H$f©H$: ’$b§ b^Vo &

13. Ah§ Z Ordm{‘ & 14. {nÌm Ëd‘² Cn{Xí¶go &

1. ho amOZ² & Ëd§ VËàmáw§ & (¶VVm‘²/¶Vñd)

2. ^dmZ² H¥${fH$m¶ª & (H$amo{f/H$amo{V)3. ao Oå~yH$ & Ëd§ ‘m§ & (Ìm¶ñd/Ìm¶Vm‘²)4. Ëd§ AmË‘mZ§ ‘¥VdV² & (gÝXe©¶Vw/gÝXe©¶)5. ^dmZ² nmXmZ² ñVãYrH¥$Ë¶ & ({Vð>Vw/{Vð>)6. ^dVr ‘m‘² & (ñ‘[aî¶{V/ñ‘[aî¶{g)7. ¶y¶§ {MÌnQ>J¥h§ & (JÀN>ÝVw/JÀN>V)8. ^dÝVm¡ dmMZmWª J«ÝWmb¶§ dm? (JÀN>W:/JÀN>V:)9. Ëd§ g§Ý¶mg§ & (ñdrHw$é/ñdrH$amoVw)10. A{n Ëd§ ? (OmZm{V/OmZm{g)

1. ^maVo Z¡H$m{Z {Z{~S>m{Z gpÝV & (AaÊ¶‘²/AaÊ¶m{Z)

2. ‘mVm eL²>H$a‘² AdXV² & ({ddem/{dde:)3. OZm: JUoem¶ nwîn‘² An©¶pÝV & (aº$:/aº§$)4. ZXrVrao d¥jm: Ñí¶ÝVo & (CÞVm:/CÞVm)5. g§ñH¥$V^mfm ‘‘ ^mfm & ({à¶‘²/{à¶m)6. ‘ZwOm: dmMZoZ ~hÿZ² ~moYÝVo & ({df¶m:/{df¶mZ² )7. H$UmX{df¶H$m{U Z¡H$m{Z gpÝV & (nwñVHo$/nwñVH$m{Z)8. AmZpÝXV: A{MÝV¶V² & (Oå~yH$:/Oå~yH§$)9. Z¥n: àemgZo AJ«Ur: A^dV²&

($H$ë¶mUH$mar/H$ë¶mUH$a‘²)10. d¥jo h[aVm: dgpÝV & (ewH$m¡/ewH$m:)

¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV &dmÀ¶‘² AmYmarH¥$Ë¶ - H$V©¥dmÀ¶‘² / H$‘©dmÀ¶‘² B{V {bIV &

^dmZ²-Ëd‘² AmYmarH¥$Ë¶- {deofU-{deoî¶‘² AmYmarH¥$Ë¶-

74

(A) VaV‘dmMH$m: &

n[a{eï>‘²

H«$‘m‘: {deofU‘² VadmMH$‘² V‘dmMH$‘²1 ~bdV² ~bdÎma (~br¶g²) ~bdÎm‘(~{bð>)2 gmYw gmYwVa gmYwV‘3 ñdmXþ ñdmXþVa (ñdmXr¶g²) ñdmXþV‘ (ñdm{Xð>)4 ñWyb ñWybVa ñWybV‘5 XrK© XrK©Va XrK©V‘6 d¥Õ d¥ÕVa (Á¶m¶g²) d¥ÕV‘ (Á¶oð>)7 Aën AënVa (H$Zr¶g²) AënV‘ (H${Zð>)

8 àeñ¶ àeñ¶Va (lo¶g²) àeñ¶V‘ (loð>)

9 gyú‘ gyú‘Va gyú‘V‘

~¥hV² nwñVH$‘²

XrKm© ‘m{nH$m

CÞV: ~mbH$:

~¥hÎma§ nwñVH$‘²

XrK©Vam ‘m{nH$m

CÞVVa: ~mbH$:

~¥hÎm‘§ nwñVH$‘²

XrK©V‘m ‘m{nH$m

CÞVV‘: ~mbH$:

1) ‘Ü¶‘m AZm{‘H$m¶m: XrK©Vam & 2) ‘Ü¶‘m n#m-A“x{bfw XrK©V‘m &3) nmÊS>dofw ^r‘: ~{bð>: & 4) nmÊS>dofw ¶w{Y{ð>a: Á¶oð>: &

Va-V‘-Bð>-àË¶¶mÝV-{deofUmZm§ ê$nm{U AH$mamÝVm{Z &

AV: Xod-dZ-‘mbmZm§ ê$ngÑem{Z ^dpÝV & B©¶g²-àË¶¶mÝV-{deofUmZm§ ê$nm{U g-H$mamÝVm{Z &

75

(B) Zm‘YmVw:$ &

MÝÐ‘m: {dœ§

Ydb§ H$amo{V & MÝÐ‘m: {dœ§ Ydb¶{V &

‘YwZm {g#m¶oV² {Zå~‘² & {H$ÝVw {Zå~: ‘Ywa: Z ^d{V &‘YwZm {g#m¶oV² {Zå~‘² & {H$ÝVw {Zå~: Z ‘Ywam¶Vo &

¶Ì d¥jm: Z gpÝV & VÌ EaÊS>: A{n Ðþ‘: ^d{V &¶Ì d¥jm: Z gpÝV &

VÌ EaÊS>: A{n Ðþ‘m¶Vo &

àmgmX{eIañWmo@{n H$mH$: JéS>: Z ^d{V & àmgmX{eIañWmo@{n H$mH$: Z JéS>m¶Vo &

EVm{Z Zm‘V:/{deofUmV: [Z{‘©Vm{Z {H«$¶mnXm{Z &

H¥$îUrH$amo{V, YdbrH$amo{V, ñnï>rH$amo{V, ‘{bZr^d{V, bKyH$amo{V BË¶mXr{Z pÀd-ê$nm{U &

’o$ZH$: dó§ ñdÀN>rH$amo{V &’o$ZH$: AñdÀN>§ dó§ ñdÀN>§ H$amo{V, B{V AW©: &

{ejH$: eãX§ ñnï>rH$amo{V & {ejH$: Añnï>§ eãX§ ñnï>§ H$amo{V, B{V AW©: &

{deofU‘² + pÀd-àË¶¶: + H¥$/^y YmVwê$nm{U = "pÀd'-ê$n‘² &* H¥$îUrH$amo{V - AH¥$îU§ H¥$îU§ H$amo{V &nydª H¥$îU§ Z AmgrV² & AYþZm H¥$îU§ H$amo{V/ H¥$îUËd§ àmßZmo{V &Ed§, ¶m pñW{V: nydª ZmgrV² VWm ZyVZm§ pñWqV H$amo{V/àmßZmo{V VÌ "pÀd'ê$n§ à¶wÁ¶Vo &

(Am) pÀd-ê$nm{U &

VW¡d =VWm + Ed

Yy{bH$U¡: ¶wVH§$ ‘{bZr^d{V & Yy{bH$U¡: A‘{bZ§ ¶wVH§$ ‘{bZ§ ^d{V, B{V AW©: &

76

1. AmÚH¥$fH$: n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: &

MmaUm:ñVdZ‘²{Z:ñn¥hVmbwÊR>H$:I{ZÌ‘²Hw$ÔmbH$‘²hb‘²b{dÌ‘²Cd©amAJ«Ur:A{^{f³V:{ZH¥$ï>‘²dñVwOmV‘²g§ñH$aU‘²

2. ì¶gZo {‘Ìnarjm &

AmJÝVw:joÌn{V:nme:{Z^¥V‘²bJwS>:àXmofH$mb:

3. gyp³VgwYm &

àÀN>Þ‘²Jwá‘²

n{WZ² (A{Z¶{‘V:)g§h{V:XÝVramg^:

4. g Ed na‘mUw: &

gyú‘o{jH$m‘hmZg:AVrpÝÐ¶:

{Zad¶d:{ZË¶:ì¶mdV©H$:‘ar{M:aO:

5. ¶w½‘‘mbm &

{ZKf©U‘²lwV‘²ûcm¿¶:{ZañV: A{Vd³VmH$m§ñ¶‘²

6. g§ñH¥$VZmQ>ç¶w½‘‘² &

gm¶H$:

g{‘Y²CnamoY:àJ«h:dmOrA{dhmXmaH$:AmV©ÌmU‘²AZmJm:AmÐ©n¥ð>m:

7. dmMZàe§gm &

H$mbjon:An^mfU‘²

8. ZXrgy³V‘²

gy³V‘²

{dà:JmYmObm¡K:d¥Ì:

eãXH$mof: & (nmR>mZwgma‘²){ejH$ñ¶/eãXH$mofñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m eãXmWª {bIV &

(AÝVJ©V‘yë¶‘mnZmW©‘²)

77

dO«‘²A{Yjon:d§eO:‘Ë¶©:AdkmO{ZÌ‘²

9. Am{XeL²>H$amMm¶©: &

CnZrV: {da³V:Eo{hH$‘²ZH«$:

10. {MÌH$mì¶‘² &

Xmam:gmonmZ:ghmoXa:

11. ‘mZdVmY‘©: &

EH$s^y¶AmË‘m¡nå¶‘²Aä¶wX¶H¥$V²

lo¶ñH$a:

{d{eï>{d^{º$:-dm³¶{Z‘m©U‘² &1) ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & A) B)

Am) B©)

éM²aj²¶mM²

{ÛVr¶mMVwWun#m‘r

ñn¥h²J‘²

{d + V¦-Va²

gá‘rMVwWu {ÛVr¶m

Xm-¶ÀN²>{d + a‘²

pñZh²

gá‘rn#m‘r MVwWu

à{V + lwnV²¶m

{ÛVr¶mMVwWun#m‘r

¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV & A) a³Vnwînm{U amoMÝVo&(^JdV²) Am) H¥$frdb: AH$W¶V² & (Y{ZH$) B) àOm: pñZøpÝV & (^yn) B©) g[aV: Aå^: XX{V & (Añ‘X²) C) lr‘ÝV: YZ‘² A¶ÀN>Z² & (npÊS>V) D$) hZw‘mZ² AJÀN>V² & (b‘ m)

¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV & A) {dZm H$W§ g’$bVm bä¶Vo? (Aä¶mg) Am) gh grVm dZ‘² A¶mV² & (am‘) B) Ab§ & (^¶‘²) B©) Z‘: & (emaXm/JUoe/amOZ²) C) H¥$Vo Am¡fY‘² Amdí¶H$‘² & (é½U)

narjmW©‘² {ZYm©[aVm{Z Aì¶¶m{Z{dZm, gh, Ab‘², Z‘:, H¥$Vo

dm³¶{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &

narjmW©‘² {ZYm©[aVm: YmVd: &J‘²-JÀN²>, Xm(1 n.n., 3 C.n.)>, éM²-amoM²,

H$W², pñZh²

78

YmVwê$nm{U & ê$n‘² YmVw:, JU:, nX‘² ê$nn[aM¶: YmËdW©: bQ²>, à.nw., E.d.

ñVmoVì¶: ñVw (2 C.n.) ñVm¡{V/ñVwVo

¶Vñd ¶V² (1 Am.n.) ¶VVo

{Z{hVm{Z {Z + Ym (3 C.n.)

{ZYm¶ {Z + Ym (3 C.n.)

AdnZ² dn² (1 n.n.) dn{V

ì¶bgZ² {d + bg² (1 n.n.) {dbg{V

ní¶Z² Ñe²-ní¶² (1 n.n.) ní¶{V

^«‘Z² ^«‘² (1 n.n.) ^«‘{V

Adbmo{H$V: Ad+bmoH²$ (10 C.n.) AdbmoH$¶{V/Vo

AmñVo Amg² (2 Am.n.) AmñVo

gÝXe©¶ g‘² + Ñe²-ní¶² (1 n.n.) {UOÝV‘²

gåní¶{V ({UOÝV‘²-gÝXe©¶{V/Vo)

ñVãYrH¥$Ë¶ ñVãY+H¥$(8 C.n.) pÀdê$n‘² ñVãYrH$amo{V

nbm{¶î¶go nam + A¶² (1 Am.n.) nbm¶Vo

ì¶‘w#mV² {d+‘wM²-‘w#m² (6 C.n.) {d‘w#m{V/Vo

à{dMbpÝV à+{d+Mb² (1 n.n.) à{dMb{V

{^ÝÚmV² {^X² (7 C.n.) {^Z{Îm/{^ÝVo

{N>ÝÚmV² {N>X² (7 C.n.) {N>Z{Îm/{N>ÝVo

emå¶oV² e‘²-em‘² (4 n.n.) emå¶{V

Ðþ‘m¶Vo Ðþ‘ (Zm‘YmVw:) Ðþ‘m¶Vo

drú¶ {d + B©j² (1 Am.n.) drjVo

à{Vg§ha à{V+g‘²+ö-ha² (1 C.n.) à{Vg§ha{V/Vo

n[a^d{V n[a+^y-^d² (1 n.n.) n[a^d{V

ly¶Vm‘² lw-e¥ (5 n.n.) H$‘©{U e¥Umo{V

{ej¶pÝV {ej² (1 Am.n.){UOÝV‘²

{ejVo ({UOÝV‘² - {ej¶{V/Vo)

l¶oV² {l-l¶² (1 C.n.) l¶{V/Vo

ñVm¡{V ñVw (2 C.n.) ñVm¡{V/ñVwVo

ñdënr^dVw ñdën + ^y-^d² (1 n.n.) pÀdê$n‘²

ñdënr^d{V

àgrX à + gX²-grX² (1n.n.) àgrX{V

àrU¶ÝV: àr (9 n.n.) {UOÝV‘² àrUm{V ({UOÝV‘²-àrU¶{V/Vo)

à{VlwË¶ à{V + lw (5 n.n.) à{Ve¥Umo{V

ZmX¶Vo ZX² (1 n.n.) {UOÝV‘² ZX{V({UOÝV‘²-ZmX¶{V/Vo)

g¥V: g¥-ga² (1 n.n.) ga{V

AdYo¶‘² -YmËdW©: ê$nn[aM¶: M N>mÌ¡: {ejH$ñ¶/eãXH$mofñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ boIZr¶: &

{ZXYm{V/ {ZYÎmo

{ZXYm{V/ {ZYÎmo

79

Xe‘r H$jm - H¥${Vn{ÌH$m¶m: àmê$n‘² & g‘¶: - hmoamÛ¶‘² {df¶: g§ñH¥$V‘² (g§¶w³V‘²) JwUm‘ m: 40

àW‘: {d^mJ: - gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² (06)1) A) {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m Zm‘m{Z {bIV & (4 V: 3) (Ho$db§ Xe‘rH$jm-{MÌnXH$mofV: &) 1 Ñ 3 =3

1. 2. 3. 4.

Am) gL²>»¶m: Aja¡:/A‘¡: {bIV & (3 V: 2) (n¥. H«$. 4 AmYmaoU) 1 Ñ 2 = 2 B) g‘¶-ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & (n¥. H«$.4 AmYmaoU) 1

2Ñ 2 = 1

{ÛVr¶: {d^mJ: - JÚ‘² & (14)

2) A) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm {Z{X©ï>m: H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (80-100 eãX¶w³V: JÚm§e: XmVì¶:) 4

1. Ad~moYZ‘² & (3 V: 2) 1 Ñ 2 = 2 H$) C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & / C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & ([a³VñWmZÛ¶§ àï>ì¶‘²) 1

2Ñ 2

I) H$: H§$ dX{V? (g§dmXmË‘H$nmR>mZ² dO©{¶Ëdm) J) nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & K) dm³¶§ nwZ{b©{IËdm gË¶‘²/AgË¶‘² B{V {bIV & M) Ef: JÚm§e: H$ñ‘mV² nmR>mV² CÕ¥V: ? N>) A‘aH$mofmV² eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & (AYmoao{IV: eãX: àW‘m {d^º$m¡ ^doV² &) 2. eãXkmZ‘² & (3 V: 2) 2 H$) 2 YmVwgm{YV-Aì¶¶o/{d^³Ë¶ÝVnXo {MËdm {bIV & (ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝV/Vw‘ÝV B{V ñnï>: C„oI: Amdí¶H$:) 1

2Ñ 2

I) {deofU§-{deoî¶‘² & (H¥$V¶: - ‘obZ§ Hw$éV/M¶Z§ Hw$éV/ MVwW©nX§ {bIV &) 12Ñ2

J) gpÝY: & (nyd©nX§ {bIV= 12 Ñ2, CÎmanX§ {bIV 1

2Ñ2)

AWdm J) bH$ma§ {bIV & 1 Ñ 1 (AYmoaoIZ‘² Amdí¶H$‘² &) Am) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm {Z{X©ï>m: H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & 4 H¥$V¶: - 1. Ad~moYZ‘² & (3 V: 2) 1 Ñ 2 = 2 H$) C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & / C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & ([a³VñWmZÛ¶§ àï>ì¶‘²) 1

2Ñ 2

I) H$: H§$ dX{V? (g§dmXmË‘H$nmR>mZ² dO©{¶Ëdm) J) nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & K) dm³¶§ nwZ{b©{IËdm gË¶‘²/AgË¶‘² B{V {bIV & M) Ef: JÚm§e: H$ñ‘mV² nmR>mV² CÕ¥V: ? N>) A‘aH$mofmV² eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & (AYmoao{IV: eãX: àW‘m {d^º$m¡ ^doV² &) 2. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & 1

2Ñ 4 = 2

(OmbaoIm/d¥jaoIm/àdm{h-Omb‘²/ñVå^nyaU‘²/eãXno{Q>H$m)

80

B) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm gabmWª {bIV & (2 V: 1) 1 Ñ 4 = 4 (4-5 dm³¶mË‘H$: JÚm§e: XmVì¶: &) (ZmQ>çñV~H$:, ZXrgy³V‘² &) B©) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (2 V: 1) (Ho$db§ ñdmÜ¶m¶mYm[aV‘² &) 2 Ñ 1 = 2

V¥Vr¶: {d^mJ: - nÚ‘² & (10) 3) A) nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm {Z{X©ï>m: H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (5 V: 4) 1 Ñ 4 = 4 (6-8 nL²>³V¶: àï>ì¶m: &)$ H¥$V¶: - H$) nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & I) {deofU§-{deoî¶‘² & (H¥$V¶: - ‘obZ§ Hw$éV/M¶Z§ Hw$éV/ MVwW©nX§ {bIV &) J) OmbaoIm{MÌ‘²/ñVå^ny{V©: (2 eãXm¡ àï>ì¶m¡) K) 2 YmVwgm{YV-Aì¶¶o/{d^³Ë¶ÝVnXo {MZwV & (ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝV/Vw‘ÝV B{V ñnï>: C„oI: Amdí¶H$:) M) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (nyd©nX§/CÎmanX‘²) Am) nÚo ewÕo nyU} M {bIV & (3 V: 2) (Ho$db§ npL²>³VÛ¶mË‘Ho$) 2 Ñ 2 = 4 B) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m gabmWª {bIV & (2 V: 1) (dmMZàe§gm/‘mZdVmY‘©: &) 2

MVwW©: {d^mJ: - ^mfmä¶mg: & (10)

à. 4 A) n¥W¸$aU‘² & 41. Zm‘m{Z gd©Zm‘m{Z M n¥W³Hw$éV & (5 V: 4) 1

2 Ñ 4 = 2

2. {H«$¶mnXm{Z YmVwgm{YV{deofUm{Z M n¥W³Hw$éV & (5 V: 4) 12

Ñ 4 = 2 Am) {Z{X©ï>m: H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (4 V: 2) 4

1. gL>»¶m/H«$‘/Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$ñ¶ ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & (3 V: 2) 22. g‘mg{dJ«hmZm§ g‘mgZm{^: ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & (6 V: 4) 23. ‘ÄOyfmV: g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ²/{déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {MËdm {bIV & 24. ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV & (3 V: 2)

H$) dmÀ¶‘² AmYmarH¥$Ë¶ & I) dmZ²-Ëd‘² AmYmarH¥$Ë¶ &J) {deofU-{deoî¶‘² AmYmarH¥$Ë¶ &

B) {d{eï>{d^³Vo: Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dm³¶{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & (4 V: 2) (n¥. H«$.77) 2

AÝVJ©V-‘yë¶‘mnZ‘² & (10 JwUm…)

‘m¡pIH$s narjm & (5 JwUm…) ñdmÜ¶m¶… & (5 JwUm…) Ho$db‘² EH$‘² &

1. ldUH$m¡eb‘² = 3 dm³¶m{Z (n¥. H«$. 70 ) 3 JwUm: & AWdm 6 eãXm: (n¥.H«$. 76) 3 JwUm: & 2. ^mfUH$m¡eb‘² = {H$‘{n 1 gw^m{fV§ ñ‘¥Ëdm {UVì¶‘² & 2 JwUm: &

ñdmÜ¶m¶: = Aä¶mgnÌ‘² 1, 2, 3, 410 JwUmZm§ ñdmÜ¶m¶: boIZr¶: & (10 ÷ 2 = 5 JwUm: &)

AdYo¶‘²-àmpíZHo$ä¶: Ano{jVm: gyMZm: AÌ h[aVdU}Z XÎmm: &


Xe‘r H$jm



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