STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in

the founding of the nation.

LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT

1. Identify significant changes that occurred during Jefferson’s presidency.

2. Explain the causes and consequences of the War of 1812.

3. Summarize the ways in which nationalism shaped American foreign policy.

Section 1

The Jeffersonian Era During the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, the country grows in both size and prestige.

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Jefferson’s Presidency

The Election of 1800• Thomas Jefferson, Democratic-Republican,

beats President John Adams • Jefferson, Aaron Burr tie; House of

Representatives breaks tie• Twelfth Amendment separates ballots for

president and vice-president

The Jeffersonian Era 1SECTION

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THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA: SECTION 1

• Election of 1800 pitted Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party vs. John Adams and his Federalist Party

• While Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral votes, he tied his running mate, Aaron Burr

• For six days the House of Reps took vote after vote until 36 votes later – Jefferson prevailed (Led to 12th Amendment)

3rd President of the U.S. 1800-1808

1800 Election Results

Jefferson’s Presidency

The Jeffersonian Era 1SECTION

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Simplifying the Government• Jeffersonian republicanism—decentralized

power; cut spending, taxes• New pattern: Southern dominance, Northern

Federalist decline• Jefferson first president to take office in

Washington D.C.

SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT

Jefferson’s theory of government, known as Jeffersonian Republicanism, held that simple, limited government was the best for the people

Jefferson decentralized the government, cut costs, reduce bureaucracy, and eliminate taxesJefferson Memorial

John Marshall and the Supreme Court• Marbury v. Madison: Jefferson says judges

appointed by Adams invalid• Chief Justice John Marshall declares part of

Judiciary Act unconstitutional• Judicial review—Supreme Court decides if laws

are constitutional

continued Jefferson’s Presidency

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JOHN MARSHALL & THE POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT

• Before leaving office, John Adams (2nd President), attempts to “pack” the Federal courts with Federalists Judges

• Jefferson argued this was unconstitutional

• Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall rules in Marbury v. Madison (1803) that part of the Judicial Act was unconstitutional

• Established principle of Judicial Review – the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

continued Jefferson’s Presidency

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The Louisiana Purchase• Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from France in

Louisiana Purchase• Louisiana Purchase more than doubles size of U.S.• Meriwether Lewis, William Clark lead expedition to

Territory in 1804

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE• By 1803, French

leader Napoleon had abandoned his dreams of an American Empire

• He needed money to fight European wars, so he accepted Jefferson’s offered of $15,000,000

• More than doubled the size of our country

• Lewis and Clark ordered to go explore new territory

• Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from France in Louisiana Purchase

• Louisiana Purchase more than doubles size of U.S.

• Meriwether Lewis, William Clark lead expedition to Territory in 1804

MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT

• After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James Madison

• Madison was two-term President 1808-1816

• Known as the “Father of the Constitution, Madison also is known for his leadership during the War of 1812

4th President 1808-1816

Madison and the War of 1812

The Causes of the War• U.S. angered by British impressment—

seizing, drafting U.S. sailors• British arm Native Americans to fight settlers in

West

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Continued . . .

WAR OF 1812: The Causes of the War

• British “impressments” (seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into their navy) upset Americans

• The War: 1814 – British sack D.C. Burn White House

• Andrew Jackson leads great victory in New Orleans

• Treaty of Ghent signed, Christmas Eve, 1814

British Impressments of U.S. seamen upset Americans

• U.S. angered by British impressment—seizing, drafting U.S. sailors

• British arm Native Americans to fight settlers in West

Madison and the War of 1812

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Continued . . .

The Course of the War• U.S. army unprepared; British sack and burn

Washington, D.C. in 1814• Americans win Battle of New Orleans in

January 1815• Treaty of Ghent peace agreement had been

signed in December 1814

The Course of the WarDespite the

burning of the President’s

mansion, the U.S. emerged strong

• U.S. army unprepared; British sack and burn Washington, D.C. in 1814

• Americans win Battle of New Orleans in January 1815

• Treaty of Ghent peace agreement had been signed in December 1814

continued Madison and the War of 1812

The Consequences of the War• Three results of the war:

- Federalist Party dies out; most members opposed war- American industries grow- status of U.S. as free and independent nation confirmed

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The Consequences of the War

End of the Federalist Party (opposed war)

Encouraged industries in U.S.

Confirmed status of U.S. as a strong, free, and independent nation

The Federalist Party dies out. The Democratic Republicans rule un

opposed.

Election of 1816• James Monroe succeeds James Madison as

president

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Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY• Immediately, Nationalism clearly established as

key concern of administration

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Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

Territory and Boundaries• Convention of 1818 fixes northern U.S. border at 49th

parallel• Oregon Territory to be jointly held by U.S., Britain

for ten years• Adams-Onís Treaty transfers Florida to U.S., sets

western border

• Convention of 1818 fixes northern U.S. border at 49th parallel• Oregon Territory to be jointly held by U.S., Britain for ten years• Adams-Onís Treaty transfers Florida to U.S., sets western border

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Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

The Monroe Doctrine• Portugal, Spain want old colonies; Russia pushes

south from Alaska• Monroe Doctrine (1823) warns Europe not to

interfere in Americas

THE MONROE DOCTRINE

• In the early 19th Century, various European countries hinted at increased colonization

• In his 1823 address to Congress, Monroe made it clear to Europe: Don’t interfere with Western Hemisphere (Monroe Doctrine)

Monroe Doctrine: told European powers to stay

out of the Americas.

Section 2

SECTION 2

Quarter

STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in

the founding of the nation.

LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT

1. Describe the regional economic differences in the early United States.

2. Summarize tensions between national and sectional interests.

3. Examine the crucial issues and events of Andrew Jackson’s presidency.

4. Identify the presidents that followed Jackson and the challenges they faced.

Section 2

The Age of JacksonDuring a time of growing sectionalism, Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828 ushers in a new era of popular democracy.

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Regional Economies Create Differences

Early Industry in the United States• Industrial Revolution begins in Britain and spreads

to U.S.• Textile mills open in New England, where farming

is not profitable• Market economy in North: farmers sell crops, buy

factory goods

The Age of Jackson2SECTION

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THE AGE OF JACKSON: SECTION 2

• During a time of growing Sectionalism, Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828, ushered in a new era of popular democracy

REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE DIFFERENCES

• The Northeast continued to develop industry while the South and West continued to be more agricultural

• The Industrial Revolution reached America by the early-mid 19th century

• New England first to embrace factory system

• Especially in textile (fabric) mills

Regional Economies Create Differences

The Age of Jackson2SECTION

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The South Remains Agricultural• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin makes cotton production

more profitable• Need for more field laborers leads to growth of

slavery

THE SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL

• Meanwhile, the South continued to grow as an agricultural power

• Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin (1793) made producing cotton even more profitable

• The South became a “Cotton Kingdom”

• More labor was needed – 1790 = 700,000 slaves

1820 = 1,500,000 slaves

Cotton Gin quickly separated cotton fiber from seeds

BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM

Clay’s American System• Henry Clay promotes Madison’s economic plan as

“American System”:- establishes tariff, recharters national bank- sponsors development of transportation systems to make travel easier

• John C. Calhoun gets Southern support for plan

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

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Clay’s American System

• House Speaker Henry Clay’s American Plan called for a protective tariff, a National Bank, and an improved infrastructure to help travelHENRY CLAY: THE GREAT

COMPROMISER

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

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The Missouri Compromise• Missouri Compromise admits Missouri as slave

state, Maine as free• Divides Louisiana Territory: slavery legal in south,

not in north

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE• In 1818 settlers in Missouri

applied for statehood

• Northerners and Southerners disagreed on whether Missouri should be admitted as a “free” state

• Henry Clay organized a compromise in which Missouri was “slave” but Maine would be “free”

• Also Louisiana Territory split at 36 30’ north latitude

MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820

1. Why did the House of Representatives support John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson?

As speaker of the house, Henry Clay had great influence in Congress.

Clay disliked and distrusted Jackson.

Clay and the rest of Congress elected Adams to be president.

The Election of Andrew Jackson

The Election of 1824• John Quincy Adams beats Andrew Jackson in

presidential election• Split between Clay, Jackson tears apart

Democratic-Republican party

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The Election of 1824

• In the 1824 election, won by John Quincy Adams, 350,000 white males voted

• Jackson, hero of the common man, won election in 1828 in part because the right to vote had been expanded to more citizens

The Election of Andrew Jackson

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Expanding Democracy Changes Politics• Andrew Jackson wins election (1828), has

support of common people

Expanding Democracy Changes Politics

• In 1828, over 1,000,000 white males voted

• Many of the new voters supported the rugged westerner Jackson who also won re-election in 1832

The Spoils System• Jacksonian democracy—ideal of political power for

all classes • Spoils system gives government jobs to supporters

Jacksonian Democracy

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JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACYThe Spoils System

• As part of his political philosophy, Jackson sought to grant political power to the common people

• Called The Spoils System or Jacksonian Democracy, Jackson hired his own supporters to replace the previous administration’s staff

• Jackson gave away many jobs to his friends and political allies

Jacksonian Democracy

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The Indian Removal Act• Indian Removal Act (1830) forces Native Americans

off their lands• Supreme Court rules Georgia cannot give orders to

Cherokee (1832)• Jackson disobeys court ruling

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830• Congress, with Jackson’s support,

passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830

• Under this law, the federal government funded treaties that forced tribes west

• The Cherokee Tribe in Georgia refused and were supported by the Supreme Court

• Jackson refused to abide by the Court decision

• Jackson said, “John Marshall (Supreme Court Chief Justice) has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

Jacksonian Democracy

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The Trail of Tears• U.S. soldiers force Cherokee to march west along

Trail of Tears

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830• Trail of Tears

followed the Court ruling as U.S. troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them west, mostly on foot. . .thousands died

The Trail of Tears

• U.S. soldiers force Cherokee to march west along Trail of Tears

INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830

2. What did the Indian Removal Act call for?

The federal government would provide funds to negotiate treaties that would force Native Americans to move west.

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Nullification and the Bank War

The South Faces Economic Problems• Rise in tariff lowers sale of British goods and

Southern cotton • South forced to buy expensive Northern goods

2SECTION

The South Faces Economic Problems

TARIFF OF “ABOMINATION”

• In 1824 and again in 1828, Congress increased the Import Tariff of 1816

• Southerners called the 1828 Tariff, “a Tariff of Abominations,” and blamed it for economic problems in the South

THE NORTH

THE SOUTH

TARIFFS

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Nullification and the Bank War

2SECTION

The Nullification Crisis• Calhoun’s idea of nullification: states say if law is

constitutional• South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null;

threatens secession• Compromise bill lowers tariff, allows military to

collect duties

THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS• In an attempt to free South

Carolina from the tariff, John Calhoun (Jackson’s VP from S.C.), developed the Theory of Nullification

• He believed if a state found an act of Congress to be unconstitutional, it could declare the law void within its borders

• Tensions only relieved by a Clay Compromise Tariff in 1833

South Carolina

First to Secede

3. What was John C. Calhoun’s theory of nullification?

Calhoun’s theory held that the U.S. Constitution was based on a compact among the sovereign states.

Since the states never relinquished their sovereignty, each state retained the right to determine whether acts of Congress were constitutional.

If a state decided an act was unconstitutional, it could nullify the act within its borders.

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Nullification and the Bank War

2SECTION

Jackson’s Bank War• Federal funds removed from Bank of the U.S.; put

in pet state banks

The BANK WarJackson’s removed from Bank of the

U.S. & put in pet state banks

JACKSON’S BANK WAR• Jackson opposed

National Bank so he created Pet Banks – so called because they were favored by Jackson’s Democrats

• Many felt Jackson was

acting more like a King than a president

• In 1832, his opponents formed a new party – the Whigs

4. How did the style of politics change during the Age of Jackson?More Americans became involved in the political process.

Also, the West was playing an increasing role in national politics.

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Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy

Election of 1836• Democrat Martin Van Buren wins election with

Jackson’s support

2SECTION

Election of 1836

• In 1836, Democrat Martin Van Buren won the Presidency

• He inherited problems from the “Bank Wars”

• Jackson’s Pet Banks printed money without Gold backingMARTIN VAN BUREN

1837-1841

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Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy

2SECTION

The Panic of 1837• Many pet banks print money in excess of gold and

silver deposits• Banks close, credit system collapses, 1/3 of

population jobless

PANIC OF 1837• Jackson’s Pet Banks

printed money without Gold backing

• In 1837 a panic set in and many banks closed, accounts went bankrupted, and unemployment soared

5. How did Jackson’s policies contribute to the Panic of 1837?

Many of the pet banks that accepted federal deposits were wildcat banks that failed when people tried to redeem their currency for gold or silver.

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Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy

2SECTION

Harrison and Tyler• Van Buren loses in 1840 to Whig war hero William

Henry Harrison• Harrison dies; new president John Tyler opposes

many Whig ideas• 1840s, Democrats, Whigs dominate; political

appeals become emotional

HARRISON Defeats Van Buren

• Whig William Henry Harrison defeated Democrat Van Buren in the election of 1840

• Harrison, known as “Tippecanoe” for a battle he won against natives, died a month into his termHARRISON 1841

HARRISON DIES

• Whig William Henry Harrison died a month into his term, caught the flu.

• His VP, John Tyler became (ACTING) president

TYLER 1841-1845

CHP3:2:A

• A – How did agriculture and industry support a market economy in the North?– Farmers produced livestock or specific crops

that they sold in urban markets and then purchased goods that had been manufactured in Northern factories.

CHP3:2:A

• B – What was the intention behind the “American System”?– The “American System” was supposed to

unite the nation’s economic interests and promote economic independence for the nation.

CHP3:2:A

• C – What agreements made up the Missouri Compromise?– Maine was admitted as a free state and

Missouri as a slave state. The rest of the Louisiana Territory was split into two parts at 36’ 30’ north latitude. South of the line slavery was legal. North of the line except for Missouri – slavery was banned.

CHP3:2:A

• D – How did the federal government initially try to enforce the Indian Removal Act? – The government tried to negotiate treaties

that would force the Native Americans to sell their lands and resettle in the West.

CHP3:2:A

• E – What do you think might be the consequences of Calhoun’s nullification theory for federal-state relations? – Some might argue that nullification would

weaken federal authority and lead to disunion. Others might say that it would merely return proper authority to the states.

CHP3:2:A

• F – What were some of Jackson’s reasons for opposing the Second Bank of the United States?– He thought the national bank was a tool of the

upper classes and a threat to democracy.

CHP3:2:A

• G – How did “wildcats banks” contribute to the panic of 1837?– “Wildcat banks” printed paper currency in

excess of the gold and silver necessary to back it up. Eventually, other banks stopped accepting that currency and the nation’s economy collapsed.