S&T Section 2 Pt1 PRINT · Sarua Study on Science & Technology in SADC Countries Page 171 TANZANIA...

Compiled by: Johann Mouton and team • 14 January 2008

Sarua Study on Science & Technology in SADC Countries


Sarua Study on Science & Technology in SADC Countries www.sarua.org

71www.sarua.org

TANZANIA

Political Facts- The United Republic of Tanzania was formed

out of the union of two sovereign states namely Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964

- Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) is the leading political party currently

Economic Facts- The economy of Tanzania depends heavily on agriculture, which accounts for almost half of

GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work force

- Estimated Growth in GDP in 2005 was 6%

Demographic Facts- Estimated population 34 million in the mainland

and 1 million in Zanzibar - The official language is Kiswahili

Introduction

The Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MSTHE) published the national Science and Technology Policy for Tanzania in 1996. The formulation of a national policy on science and technology arose out of the recognition that the country needed a suitable policy instrument to guide it in sourcing and applying new technologies and creating endogenous technological capacity. The major thrust of this policy is to establish relative priorities and programmes for generating new knowledge and to determine strategies for the application of science and technology development.

The main areas of emphasis are agriculture and livestock. The policy document asserts that science and technology should be applied to improve and sustain agricultural production in the country. The following table summarises the main policy bodies in the national science and technology system of Tanzania

Table 96: Stakeholders in the National S&T system of Tanzania

INSTITUTION KEY TASK /RESPONSIBILITIES

The planning Commission of the office of the presidency Coordinates national sectorial policies and plans

Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher EducationResponsible for the operation of Tanzania’s three universities 14 technical colleges and COSTECH

Higher Education CouncilEstablished in 1994 to coordinate the development and planning of higher education

Sectorial, ministries with research departments , policies and research institutes

Agriculture and health, coordinate sector specific research activities that are aligned with national priorities and plans

COSTECH Advise the MSTHE and coordinate policy. Promotes research activities in the country

Source: Adopted from Gaillard, 2001

12. TANZANIA Mziwandile Madikizela, HII



Page 172 A Baseline Study on Science and Technology and Higher Education in the SADC RegionCompiled by: Johann Mouton and team • 14 January 2008


Areas of specialization in R&D

Local Research institutionsTanzania has an extensive science and technology infrastructure with R&D institutions in most sectors of the economy. Costech statistics show that by the late 1990s the Tanzanian R&D system consisted of 62 research institutes covering agriculture, livestock and forestry (28), industry (4), medical (11), wildlife and fisheries (4) and five higher learning institutions. These institutions are also responsible for producing the science and technology workforce. Research activities in Tanzania mainly take place within in the public sector via public universities and research institutions. A major weakness of the system is that very few linkages exist between R&D institutions and the productive sector (Mwamila &Diyamett, 2006)

The following types of research institutes will be covered in the section below:• Centres of Excellence• Public Universities in Tanzania• Research institutes Affiliated to COSTECH• Agricultural research institutes • Medical and Health Research Institutes

Tanzania has established a number of Centres of Excellence (CoEs are highly reputed world-renowned centres of science and technologies) and several are listed in Table 97. These institutions provide the leading role in their respective areas of specialization. The CoEs are supported by international organizations and form part of a network of leading institutions in their respective fields.

Table 97: List of Centres of Excellence in Tanzania

Centre of Excellence Area of Specialisation

Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organisation (TIRDO)

Research/Technology development/Technology brokerage, technical services to industry

Located at University of Dar es Salaam Sustainable development related scientific and technological research, part of the Centres of Excellence for Technological Innovation for Sustainability in Africa (CETISA network)

Muhimbili Medical College Health Care Systems

Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI) Cancer Therapy –to be established by International Atomic Energy Agency

Sources: Compiled from Websites of CETISA, IAEA and personal communication (COSTECH)

The higher education institutions play a key role in research and development in Tanzania and production of scientists and technologists. At present, the two main R&D performers in this sector are the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) and Sokione University of Agriculture (SUA). Below is a list of these universities, their faculties and associated institutes as well as their research activities (Open University of Tanzania does not conduct research).





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Table 98: Profile of the key Public Universities in Tanzania

UNIVERSITY FACULTIES AND INSTITUTES RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM)

FACULTIES Arts and Social Sciences, Commerce and Management, Education, Engineering, Law. Science.

INSTITUTES Institute of Development Studies, Institute of Kiswahili Research,

Institute of Marine Sciences, Institute of Production Innovation, Institute of Resource Assessment

The College of Engineering and Technology (COET) amongst other things perform research to fully tap natural resources in Tanzania, leading to the innovation and technical development

Research at UDSM has received marginal funding from the government and this is a significant constraint to the R&D effort. In his report of 2001, Gaillard estimated that the government was allocating about US$30 000 annually to the UDSM for research activities for several years, out of a total budget of slightly more than US$10 million. To fund its research activities the University has to rely on support from international donors

Sokione University of Agriculture

FACULTIES –Agriculture, Forestry, Veterinary Medicine)

INSTITUTES

Institute of Continuing Education

Development Studies Institute

The University offers undergraduate training leading to the award of degrees in Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Science, Home Economics and Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Agronomy, Agricultural Engineering, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine. The University also offers training leading to awards of master and doctoral degrees in the fields of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine

Open University of Tanzania

FACULTIES Arts, Arts with Ed, ,Commerce, Law, Science, Science with Education-long distance education institution

Tanzania has a large number of research institutes, that are either affiliated to COSTECH and/or to the sectorial ministries of which Agriculture and Health are the main ones. Below is a brief presentation of the main institutes that are associated with COSTECH (from the different economic sectors) • Industrial Research

• Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organisation (TIRDO) • Tanzania Engineering Manufacturing and Design Organisation (TEMDO) • Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS)• Building Research Unit (BRU) National Construction Council (NCC) • Tanzania Industrial Studies and Consulting Organisation (TISCO)• Tanzania Automotive Technology Centre (TATC) • Institute of Production Innovation of the University of Dar es Salaam (IPI)

• Health and Medical Research • National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR)

• Food and Agricultural Research• Centre for Agriculture Mechanisation and Rural Technology (CAMARTEC) Tropical Pesticides and Research Institute (TPRI)• Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre (TFNC) • Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI)





• Natural Resources Research• Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI) • Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI)

• Energy Research • Tanzania National Radiation Commission (NRC)

• Social Sciences Research • National Social Welfare and Training Institute

• Environmental Research • National Environmental Management Council

Tanzania has a strong tradition of agricultural research with agricultural institutions spread all over the country. The basic philosophy of this sector is to undertake client-orientated, demand-driven and cost-effective research. Agricultural research under the ministry comprises four research programmes, namely, crops, livestock, special programmes, farming systems research and socioeconomics.

The following table is a summary of some of the key institutions that are main R&D performers in this sector.

Table 99: Major agricultural research institutions

CATEGORY SUPERVISING AGENCY NAME OF INSTITUTE RESEARCH FOCUS

Government

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS)

Directorate of Research and Development (DRD)

Crops, livestock, natural resources, socio-economics

Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI)

Pesticides

Tsetse & Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (TTRI)

Animal health

Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism

Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI)

Forestry, natural resources

Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI)

Fisheries

Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI)

Wildlife

Non-profit

Tanzania Coffee Research Institute (TACRI)

Coffee

Tea Research Institute of Tanzania (TRIR)

Tea

Source: ASTI Country Briefs, March 2003

The main institutions that are responsible for health research in Tanzania are cantered around three categories of institutions: governmental health research institutions, universities (public and private), and private health research institutions.






Table 100: Major health research institutions

CATEGORY SUPERVISING AGENCY NAME OF INSTITUTION RESEARCH PRIORITY

Government

Research in decision making and policy implementation

Ministry of Health Research in decision making and policy implementation

Contagious diseases - mainly medical research National Institute of

Medical Research

Contagious diseases – mainly medical research

NIMR has ordered its research priorities as follows: Malaria, Filariasis, Trypanosomiasis, Onchocerciasis, Schistosomiasis and sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS

Food and Nutrition issues Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre

Food and Nutrition issues

Universities

Muhimbili University College of Medical Science (MUCHS)

Contagious and non-contagious diseases

Tumaini University / Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College

Reproductive Health, HIV/AIDS, Maternal and child health, malaria

Mikocheni International University of Health Science Programmes

New university in the process of identifying its research programme

Private

Ifakara Health Research and

Development Centre

Entomology, malaria, schistosomiasis, socioeconomic

studies and traditional medicinePrimary Health Care Institute, Iringa

Continuing education for health workers. Not primarily involved in health research

Centre for Education and Development in

Health, Arusha (CEDHA)

Continuing education for health workers.

Not primarily involved in health research

International research institutions include the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF).

IITA is an Africa-based international research-for-development organization and has more than 100 international scientists based in various stations across Africa. This network of scientists is dedicated to the development of technologies that reduce producer and consumer risk, increase local production, and generate wealth. IITA is supported primarily by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). (CREST & High Impact Innovation, 2007).

The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southern Africa Programme is one of five active regional programmes; the others are East and Central Africa, West Africa, Latin America and South East Asia. The Southern Africa Programme commenced activities in the region in 1985 and opened the regional office in 1987, first in Malawi. In 1999 the regional office was moved to Harare, Zimbabwe. ICRAF-SA has offices and fully-fledged national programmes in Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and





2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

269 316

322 371

476 418

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Zimbabwe. In other Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) countries the Programme works through universities and other partners. Funding partners include CIDA, DfID, Flemish Association for International Cooperation and Technical Assistance, European Union, BMZ, World Bank, Netherlands Government, SIDA and Plan International. (CREST & High Impact

Innovation, 2007).

Research outputThe total number of articles published in Tanzania as indexed in the international database ISI between 2001 and 2007 was 2 446. With a yearly average of about 350, the publication output is the second highest within the SADC region. With the exception of 2007, there is also evidence of a steady increase in the previous years.

Figure 19: Number of ISI papers 2002 - 2007

The top four universities in terms of scientific output are the University of Dar es Salaam, Muhimbili University College, Sokione University of Agriculture and State University of Zanzibar (Figure 20). The high ranking of Sokione University of Agriculture demonstrates the strong research tradition in agriculture.

Figure 20: Main producers of publications (1994-2004)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

University ofDares

SalaamMuhimbiliUniversity

SoikoneUniversity

StateUniversity of

ZanzibarMoshi

UniversityOpen

University ofTanzania

MzumbeUniversity

UniversityCollege Other

995 408 222 109 82 9 2 0 349Series 1

995

408

222

109 829 2 0

349

Num

ber o

f pub

licat

ions






Tanzanian institutions have a significant number of internationally co-authored papers in many countries. Analysis of the data of publications from Tanzania for 2004 shows extensive international collaboration. The number of co-authored articles from Tanzanian institutions indicates they mainly collaborate with the USA (50), England and Denmark (25).

The number of co-authored articles with African countries reveals that the main collaborations are with Kenya (16) Uganda (7) and South Africa (4). Overall, Tanzania’s main collaborative partners are the EU countries and the US. On the other hand, there is very limited collaboration among the Tanzanian institutions probably because of limited resources and institutional weaknesses.

Table 101: Number of Publications by Source Title

Source Title Record Count % of 2446

Tropical Medicine & International Health 77 3.1%

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74 3.0%

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 58 2.4%

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 50 2.0%

Malaria Journal 46 1.9%

Lancet 43 1.8%

African Journal of Ecology 34 1.4%

Tropical Doctor 30 1.2%

Tropical Animal Health and Production 29 1.2%

Discovery and Innovation 28 1.1%

Aids 27 1.1%

Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 27 1.1%

Acta Tropica 25 1.0%

Bulletin of the World Health Organization 25 1.0%

Journal of African Earth Sciences 24 1.0%

Journal of Infectious Diseases 24 1.0%

British Journal of Ophthalmology 23 0.9%

Faseb Journal 19 0.8%

Sexually Transmitted Infections 19 0.8%

Journal of Nutrition 18 0.7%

Jaids-Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 17 0.7%





Source Title Record Count % of 2446

Veterinary Parasitology 16 0.7%

Oryx 15 0.6%

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 14 0.6%

Lancet Infectious Diseases 14 0.6%

Size of the R&D work force

Universities R&D workforceThe size of the university workforce (educators, tutorial assistants) has increased steadily from 2 088 in 2000/1 to 2 735 in 2004/5. The public sector accounted for 56% of the total headcount in 2004/5. According to Gaillard’s report, a common feature of the public university staff is the lack of financial resources that results in underpaid staff. Another important characteristic is the ageing academic staff population. The distribution of the academic staff is presented graphically in Figure 13.

Figure 21: Trends in academic staff in Higher Education Institutions

Source: MSTHE

Public Sector R&D workforceIn 2005, a survey of R&D and Human Resource inputs in Tanzania was commissioned by COSTECH (Masanja, V. G). The study covered a nine-year period (1993-2004). Unfortunately, the institutions that responded to the survey could only provide data for the year 2003/2004. The presented data therefore are approximations, not actual numbers. Even then, these numbers can still shed some light on the distribution of personnel in R&D institutions. Figure 22 data shows that the Higher education sector had a 55% personnel head count while the Government R&D institutions had 45%.

Number of staff in HEI and Technical Institutions

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Stud

ents

2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005

1288 1256 1300 1427 1551

319 272 317 366 422

178 190 164 502 247

303 264 329 472 515

2098 1992 2110 2516 2735

Public universities

Private universities

Technical institutions

Institutions underother ministry

Grand total






Figure 22: Distribution of R&D Personnel HC by Performance Sector (2004)

Trends in masters and doctoral enrolmentsThe head count of masters and doctoral enrolment in 2004/5 is shown in Figure 16. This illustrates that the number of postgraduate students is very low given the size of the total student enrolment, mainly due to the high cost of education with many students relying on government and foreign funding. A common feature of the enrolment at postgraduate level is the low number of female students. Figure 23 highlights this by comparing the number of female and male students.

Figure 23: Masters and Doctoral Students in 2003-4

Source: MSTHE website

Initiatives in Human Resource DevelopmentOne of the goals of Tanzania’s Development vision is a well-educated and learning society. The major challenges that face higher education in Tanzania are:

• Very low student enrolment; • Gross imbalance in science relative to liberal arts; • Gender imbalance; • Poor financing; • Unregulated, uncontrolled proliferation of tertiary training institutions; • A tendency to distort the real worth of academic programmes.

Breakdown of masters and doctoral students by gender

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Stud

ents

Female Male Total Female Male

501 1248 1749 34 135

9 40 49 0 2

0 0 0 0 0

47 151 198 0 0

557 1439 1996 34 137

Public universities

Private universities

Technical institutions

Institutions underother ministry

Grand total

Total

169

2

0

0

171

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A number of strategies have been proposed to address these problems. For example, higher enrolments can be achieved by expanding public facilities and encouraging private universities, cost sharing, affirmative action to expand female participation, more places that are non-residential, efficiency gains and distance education.

Higher education curricula should be geared towards the changing world of science and technology and the corresponding ever-changing needs of the people, their government, industry, commerce and the surrounding environment in general. As agriculture will continue to be the backbone of the economy, agricultural-related disciplines and technologies should be given priority.

Training and research objectives will target the develop-ment and promotion of a strong indigenous base of science and technology to enable Tanzanians to solve their development problems.

The Tanzanian government is funding a highly successful initiative to increase the number of women studying science subjects at university. (Scidev). The ‘pre-entry programme’ – which gives a six-week ‘booster’ course to women who initially fail to meet the entry requirements of science courses – has increased the proportion of women studying science at the University of Dar es Salaam from 3% to 28%. Students enrolled through the pre-entry programme can be admitted to various degrees in the faculties of science, engineering and education at the University of Dar es Salaam, the Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, and the University College of Lands and Architectural Studies.Other human capital development strategies include those employed by the College of Engineering and Technology at UDSM. CoET, through the faculties of Civil Engineering and the Built Environment (CEBE), Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering (ECSE), and Mechanical and Chemical Engineering (MECHE) is responsible for academic training and research through the 12 academic Departments. (Mwamila &Diyamett, 2006)

Key R&D Initiatives and Networks

Key InitiativesKey initiatives in the field of ICT, Indigenous Knowledge Research and Biotechnology will be discussed below.

Strategies to stimulate innovation in the SMME sector are undertaken by organisations such as the College of Engineering and Technology (CoET), the Technology Development and Transfer Centre (TDTC); and the Bureau for Industrial Cooperation (BICO). These strategies and others will be covered in the section below.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)COSTECH is currently in the process of developing the national ICT policy. (Costech website). The Commission is also participating in a regional project on strengthening of ICT policy under the African Technology Policy Research Network (ATPS).

To further increase the diffusion and utilization of ICT, UNESCO has contracted the Commonwealth Network of IT for Development (COMNET-IT) to commission two computer installations in two Tanzanian villages for the purposes of enhancing local governance and, indirectly, catalysing community development. The project is being executed in partnership with COSTECH.

Indigenous Knowledge Research The University of Dar Es Salaam and Muhimbili University College have strong research programmes in research on the Tanzanian indigenous plants for natural chemicals that have medicinal potential. A number of scientific discoveries have been made from this research, particularly focusing on bio-molecules that have anti-malarial properties. Among some of the discoveries are anti-malarial and tryponocidal compounds (ability to kill parasites that cause sleeping sickness).

Biotechnology Tanzania has embraced agricultural biotechnology in order to improve plant production and yields. It is beginning its first field trials of biotech crops by testing modified cotton developed to repel the red bollworm caterpillar, which attacks cotton plants and causes disease. Furthermore, new plant varieties have been developed using biotechnological methods. Research in animal health is another area of focus.

In so far as innovation strategies are concerned, the objectives and roles of the Technology Development and Transfer Centre (TDTC) and Bureau for Industrial Cooperation (BICO) are summarised below. In addition four other initiatives are also discussed.






The Technology Development and Transfer Centre (TDTC)All technology (prototype) development by College staff, technology brokerage as well as the subsequent transfer to industry is being coordinated by the Technology Development and Transfer Centre (TDTC). The College arranges for technology information exchange with, at least, some leading international technology transfer centres. TDTC aims primarily to impact on the development of SMEs and on the lives of the public through the development and dissemination of technologies that have direct relevance to the Tanzanian society.

Bureau for Industrial Cooperation (BICO)BICO was established in July 1990 to enhance the capability of CoET to contribute effectively to the industrial development of Tanzania. Furthermore, one of the objectives was to optimise the use of the College expertise and resources to solve societal engineering and technology related problems;

The Innovation Systems and Innovative Clusters InitiativeThe innovative cluster approach was established as a tool for analysis of industrial dynamics and for policy initiatives to foster innovations, growth and economic development. The challenge embodied in the innovative cluster approach is how to best organize and manage clusters in order to exploit their maximum potentials. Arising from consideration of the facts mentioned above, the Faculties/College of Engineering at three Universities in Eastern Africa namely; the Faculty of Engineering at Eduardo Mondlane University, the Faculty of Technology at Makerere University and the College of Engineering and Technology at the University of Dar es Salaam have to date organized two Regional Conferences on Innovation Systems and Innovative Clusters in Africa. This is an interesting collaboration in knowledge sharing at regional level.

Collaboration with Tanzania Gatsby Trust (TGT)Tanzania Gatsby Trust (TGT) is a charitable organization, established in 1992, committed to the support of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) and alleviation of poverty in Tanzania through credit provision, marketing development training and technology transfer. TGT receives funding from the Gatsby Charitable Foundation and the Ashden Trust of the United Kingdom. CoET and TGT started collaborating in the field of technology development and transfer (TDT) in 2001.

Technology-/Business IncubationTechnology/business incubation has been established as a strategy of effective technology transfer and commercialization of research results. The CoET-TGT collaboration programme has technology incubation as one of the areas to be addressed. The Carnegie Corporation of New York is financing part of the project. CoET technology incubator activities are carried out at three localities that have shown good potential.

Establishment of SME/Gatsby ClubsOne of the ways through which the TGT-CoET project can deliver the services to SMEs is through incubation as described above. However, the number of SMEs, which need services, is quite large and the process to establish incubators is quite lengthy. Furthermore, even when the incubators become operational, only a few of the SMEs will be accommodated. An alternative to this is the establishment of SME Clubs through which all kinds of support and services may be channelled. Establishment of the SME Clubs will also facilitate networking and the dissemination and acquisition of various technological innovations as will be required by the SMEs.

Priority areasA survey by COSTECH reveals that foreign donors contribute nearly half of R&D funding. Government, on the other hand contributes a meagre 14% causing others to drive the R&D agenda instead of government policy or researchers’ quest for search for knowledge, innovation and discovery. Figure 24 shows the split between contributors of R&D funding between 1995 and 2004

Figure 24: Proportions of source of funds to total 1995-04 funds flow to R&D programmes

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The survey shows the rather poor state of Tanzania’s commitment towards R&D investment.. The current state of below 0.24% calls for immediate action and concerted efforts.

It is the duty of COSTECH to set out research priority areas in order to assist Government in its planning process and research fund allocation. As one of its first tasks COSTECH developed a document on priority areas for research in Tanzania that was reviewed in 1998. The Commission meets this obligation through assistance from its R&D advisory committees. These research priority areas cover a wide range of research topics including:

• agriculture and livestock,• natural resources, • environment, • medicine and public health and industry• energy,• basic sciences • social sciences.

Collaboration through international and regional networksCooperation with South Africa When this report was developed South Africa did not have a bilateral cooperative agreement with Tanzania at national level.

The CSIR has collaborations with the following institutions: • Institute of Production Innovation, University of

Dar Es Salaam• Tanzania Engineering. and Manufacturing &

Design Org• Tanzania Industrial R&D Organisation

The nature of these collaborations could not be determined. During the field visit to Tanzania it was found that some of the research organizations in the country have informal links with Southern African countries. Most of the links involve training of students and Tanzanian scientists.

Bilateral Cooperations Bilateral cooperations, mainly in the field of agricultural research, exist with the following countries. These countries provide developmental support to Tanzania:

• UK (DFID), • Germany (GTZ), • Netherlands,

• Sweden (SIDA), • Norway (NORAD)• Denmark (DANIDA) • Ireland

Multilateral and Bilateral Tanzania has formal links with the following multilateral organizations and regional agencies:

• Member of SADC • UNESCO• IMF • FAO • World Bank

Other membershipsTanzania is a member of the Natural Products Research Network of Eastern and Central Africa (NAPRECA). Its mandate is to mobilize scientists in the relevant fields in the East and Central African sub-region to contribute effectively to the development of the science of Natural Products. (CREST & High Impact Innovation, 2007).

The Regional Potato and Sweet potato Improvement Network (PRAPACE) is one of the pioneer networks of ASARECA. The three original member countries are Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. They were later joined by Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, Eritrea, Tanzania, Madagascar and Sudan. Since its formation PRAPACE operated as an independent network with close affiliation to the International Potato Centre (CIP). In 2003 PRAPACE was integrated in the ASARECA arrangement. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) funds the network. (www.asareca.org/index.php?option=networks&Itemid=54; www.foodnet.cgiar.org/prapace/about/about_prap.htm). (CREST & High Impact Innovation, 2007)

The ASARECA Animal Agricultural Research Network (A-AARNET) was established in 1997 to strengthen NARS capacity in livestock research in East and Central Africa. As a regional network, A-AARNET caters for the needs, interests and expectations of stakeholders in the 10 member countries of ASARECA which are Burundi, D.R. Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. These stakeholders include NARS scientists, NGOs, farmers and other public and private sector organisations. (CREST &

High Impact Innovation, 2007).






Sorghum is the third most important crop among the commodities and ASARECA established to this effect the Eastern and Central Africa Regional Sorghum and Millet Network (ECARSAM), which became operational in October, 2003. ECARSAM strives to create synergy and effectiveness of national agricultural research systems (NARS) and all stakeholders through networking to remove some of the bottlenecks to increased productivity of sorghum and millet, and their use in value addition and processing at farm and village levels by generating and adopting appropriate technologies, knowledge and information. The ASERCA member countries all form part of this network: Burundi, D.R. Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. (CREST & High Impact Innovation, 2007).

RAIN (Regional Agricultural Information Network) is a network of agricultural information organizations and professionals operating in 10 countries in eastern and central Africa – Burundi, D.R. Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan Tanzania and Uganda. RAIN’S mission is to promote the provision and sustainable management of client-orientated agricultural information throughout the ECA region. Its particular emphasis is on the strengthening of regional capacities to access, generate, exchange, package, disseminate and use this information to further economic growth. (CREST & High Impact Innovation, 2007).

Africa Midwives Research Network (AMRN) is a unique organization in which midwives can learn from each other how to conduct research and utilize research findings in their daily practice. Midwives from Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique and Sweden initiated AMRN in Tanzania in 1992. The Network is supported by Sweden SIDA, SAREC and WHO, and has organised various scientific conferences, meetings and workshops for improving midwifery practice and education, ultimately reaching the goal of reducing maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. www.afronets.org/archive/200006/msg00155.php. (CREST continental report

August 2007)

African Media and Malaria Research Network (AMMREN) is a network of African journalists and scientists working together to eradicate malaria in Africa. The network was one of the key outcomes of a one-week workshop on malaria research reporting in Africa, held in Accra Ghana in November 2006, for selected journalists from nine African countries – The Gambia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal and Tanzania (www.ammren.org). AMMREN focuses on disseminating accurate information on malaria control initiatives and monitoring and advocating the implementation of malaria policies in Africa. The network also advocates and engages policy makers in the implementation of international agreements on malaria control. The network’s top priority is training journalists to report effectively on malaria. This will develop in the long-term into a Malaria Media Institute, to be hosted by Women, Media and Change (WOMEC) -Ghana. (CREST continental report August 2007)

Facts and Figures on brain drain

A United Nations report on International Migration presented before the 61st UN General Assembly in August 2006 points out that “Between 33 and 55 per cent of the highly-educated people of Angola, Burundi, Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania live in the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Mouton et al., 2007).

International and foreign funding of S&T

Foreign donor funding in Tanzania contributes approximately 70% of the R&D expenditure in Tanzania. (Kingamkono R, personal communication (COSTECH) Foreign funding agencies concentrate on particular institutions or faculties (notably the two main universities: University of Dar es Salaam–UDSM; and Sokione University of Agriculture –SUA). The table below, taken from Gaillard shows the most important and long-term aid between 1980 and 2000. The donor country and the Tanzanian beneficiary.





Table 102: Long-term aid to Tanzanian research

AGENCY AND COUNTRY TANZANIAN BENEFICIARY NORAD ,Norway SUA Faculty of ForestryNORAD ,Norway UDSM Department of ChemistryNORAD, Norway UDSM Department of Chemical and Process EngineeringFINNIDA, Finland UDSM Department of GeologyDANIDA ,Denmark SUA Department of Animal ScienceSDC ,Switzerland UDSM Departments of Mathematics and PhysicsGTZ, Germany UDSM Faculty of EngineeringNUFFIC ,The Netherlands UDSM Department of MicrobiologySAREC-ISP, Sweden UDSM Department of SeismologySweden UDSM University LibraryWorld Bank ,International MoAC Rehabilitation of Agricultural Research Centres

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