SSOIndustrial Hygiene 101 Industrial Hygiene Whats an Industrial Hygienist?

SSO Industrial Hygiene 101

Industrial Hygiene

What’s an Industrial Hygienist?


•A professional qualified by education, training and experience to anticipate, recognize, evaluate and develop controls for occupational health hazards and environmental issues.

Industrial Hygienist


Not a Master…


History…



In the first century AD, Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar, perceived health risks to those working with zinc and sulfur. He devised a face mask made from an animal bladder to protect workers from exposure to dust and lead fumes.


Law Codes

Hammurabi


If any harm follows, then you shall give life for life, 24eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe. Ex 21:23-25

Anyone who kills an animal shall make restitution for it, life for life. 19Anyone who maims another shall suffer the same injury in return: 20fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth; the injury inflicted is the injury to be suffered. Lev 24: 18-24

LAW

lex talionis


In the second century AD, the Greek physician, Galen, accurately described the pathology of lead poisoning and also recognized the hazardous exposures of copper miners to acid mists.

History…


1473 Elrich EllenbogWrote a pamphlet on

occupationalDiseases with the mining industry


Magna Carta Year

•Year: 1215 •Lead to Bill of Rights•Some other clauses still used today!

Edward Coke interpreted Magna Carta to apply not only to the protection of nobles but to all subjects of the crown equally. He famously asserted: "Magna Carta is such a fellow, that he will have no sovereign."


Anti-corruption and fair trade (also in 1225 Charter)Clauses 28 to 32 say that no royal officer may take any commodity such as corn, wood or transport without payment or consent or force a knight to pay for something the knight could do himself and that the king must return any lands confiscated from a felon within a year and a day.

•Clause 25 sets out a list of standard measures and Clauses 41 and 42 guarantee the safety and right of entry and exit of foreign merchants.•Clause 45 says that the king should only appoint royal officers where they are suitable for the post.•Clause 46 provides for the guardianship of monasteries.

Magna Carta Year


Clause 24 states that crown officials (such as sheriffs) may not try a crime in place of a judge. Clause 34 forbids repossession without a writ precipe. Clauses 36 to 38 state that writs for loss of life or limb are to be free, that someone may use reasonable force to secure their own land and that no one can be tried on their own testimony alone.

Magna Carta Year 1215

Edward Coke


In the Middle Ages, guilds worked at assisting sick workers and their families. In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola, advanced the science of industrial hygiene even further when, in his book De Re Metallica, he described the diseases of miners and prescribed preventive measures. The book included suggestions for mine ventilation and worker protection, discussed mining accidents, and described diseases associated with mining occupations such as silicosis.

History…


History

Mysticisms vrs Reality

Late 1600’s it was believed that demons lived in the minesCould be controlled with fasting and prayer!


Industrial hygiene gained further respectability in 1700 when Bernardo Ramazzini, known as the "father of industrial medicine," published in Italy the first comprehensive book on industrial medicine, De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (The Diseases of Workmen).

Same time frame as the Inquisition of Galileo (His works were banned at this time!)

History…


Industrial hygiene received another major boost in 1743 when Ulrich Ellenborg published a pamphlet on occupational diseases and injuries among gold miners. Ellenborg also wrote about the toxicity of carbon monoxide, mercury, lead, and nitric acid.

History…


In the early 20th century in the U. S., Dr. Alice Hamilton, led efforts to improve industrial hygiene. She observed industrial conditions first hand and startled mine owners, factory managers, and state officials with evidence that there was a correlation between worker illness and their exposure to toxins. She also presented definitive proposals for eliminating unhealthful working conditions.

Reference: Exploring the Dangerous Trades

History…

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Child Labor Law


In 1916 Congress made its first effort to control child labour by passing the Keating-Owen Act. The legislation forbade the transportation among states of products of factories, shops or canneries employing children under 14 years of age, of mines employing children under 16 years of age, and the products of any of these employing children under 16 who worked at night or more than eight hours a day. In 1918 the Supreme Court ruled that the Keating-Owen Act was unconstitutional.

Laws that Changed


History

1966 Safety and Health - A manager’s prerogative


Values…

•$208,000


Federal Regulations•December 9, 1970 OSHA

–Each employer shall furnish to each employee a place of employment which is free of recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious harm to their employees

–Each employer shall comply with the occupational safety and heath standards under the Act.


How do IH's Recognize and Control Hazards?Industrial hygienists recognize that engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are the primary means of reducing employee exposure to occupational hazards. Engineering controls minimize employee exposure by either reducing or removing the hazard at the source or isolating the worker from the hazards.

Engineering controls include eliminating toxic chemicals.

Work practice controls alter the manner in which a task is performed. (1) following proper procedures that minimize exposures (2) inspecting and maintaining process and control equipment on a regular basis; (3) implementing good house-keeping procedures; (4) providing good supervision and (5) mandating that eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, and applying cosmetics in regulated areas be prohibited.

Administrative controls include controlling employees' exposure by scheduling production and workers' tasks, or both, in ways that minimize exposure levels. For example, the employer might schedule operations with the highest exposure potential during periods when the fewest employees are present.


The U.S. Congress has passed three landmark pieces of legislation relating to safeguarding workers' health:

(1) the Metal and Nonmetallic Mines Safety Act of 1966, (2) the Federal Coal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969, and (3) the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Act).

Today, nearly every employer is required to implement the elements of an industrial hygiene and safety, occupational health, or hazard communication program and to be responsive to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Act and its regulations.

History…


Industrial Hygiene

What is it?


Definition

• “The science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of factors and stresses (arising in or from the workplaces), which may cause sickness, impaired health and well being or significant discomfort, and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of a community” - ACGIH


• The science devoted to recognition (or identification), evaluation and control of hazards arising in or from the workplace, which could impair the health and well being of people at work, while also taking into account the possible impacts on the general environment - BIOH

“Detection and Assessment of Occupational Hazards”



• The person having a college or university degree or degrees in engineering, chemistry, physics, health physics, nursing, medicine, or related field, by virtue of special studies, training, experience, and/or certification has acquired competence in IH.


Scope of OH

• Anticipation

• Recognition

• Evaluation

• Control


Anticipation

• What is Anticipation?– Design of process, equipment– Future legislation/regulations– Research


Recognition

• Raw materials, by-product, products

• Process and operations

• Records of accidents and diseases

• Walk around – senses, talk to workers, etc

• Grab samples


Evaluation

• Purpose – not losing focus.

• Sampling technique and strategy

• Instrumentation (Real time & non Rt)

• Standard, regulations etc


Evaluation


Control

• Principle of control measures

• Hierarchy of control measures

• ALARA


Benefits of IH Program• Improve health and hygiene

• Reduce compensation

• Improve job satisfaction

• Reduce absenteeism

• Improve productivity

• Improve workers’ attitude towards management


Objectives

• To create awareness among employers and workers on the importance of OH practices in industry to preserve and protect the health of workers from being affected by hazards in the working environment.

• To investigate the effect of specific hazard on the health of workers so that the short and long term measures can be taken to control the hazard


Activities

• Occupational Hygiene Inspection

• Monitoring of occupational hazards

• Biological monitoring

• Enforcement

• Investigation of complaints / accidents

• Training


Statistics


Industrial Hygiene Monitoring

• Monitoring of occupational hazardsChemicalBiologicalPhysical Ergonomic/mechanicalPsychosocial


Biological Monitoring

• Blood – Pb, Hg, Cd etc

• Lung Function Test

• HCP

•Textile workers

•mill workers

•Timber processing workers

•Audiometric testing


Environmental Factors

• Chemical Hazards

• Physical Hazards– radiation, pressure– noise, vibration, temperature

• Ergonomic Hazards

• Biological Hazards


Chemical Hazards

• The majority of OHS are chemical

• MSDS (required by OSHA)

• The right to know act

• Proper labeling

• Hazards when machining / melting etc.

• How exposure effects the body


Solvents

• Very commonly used

• How do solvents enter the body?

• Effect from physical contact

• Acute effects versus chronic effects

• Air displacement issues

• Flammability and flash point


Toxicity

• Toxicity is not synonymous with hazard.

• Toxicity is the ability of a material to do harm when it reaches a certain concentration.

• Hazard is the probability that this contamination will occur assessing hazard is covered in chapter 6


Physical Hazards

• Noise– Psychological Effects– Interference with communication– Physiological effects

• Risk Criteria• Permissible levels

– (85 dBA requires a hearing protection plan)

• Temperature


Ionizing Radiation

• What is ionizing radiation?

• How does it effect the body

• What are the sources of ionizing radiation?

• Internal versus external hazards

• Measuring radiation


Non-Ionizing Radiation

• Definition

• Low frequency (microwaves, radio waves)

• Infrared (thermal radiation / blackbody)

• Visible light– Well lit but not over lit– 60 cycle flicker– Effects on the eyes and lasers energy output


Extremes of pressure

• Effects on gas absorption in the blood

• Effects on thermal coefficient of the atmosphere

• Effects on partial pressure of atmosphere components

• Teeth / ears / eyes / bowels etc.

• Effects of low pressure


Ergonomic Hazards

• Repetitive motion disorders

• Injury rate (guards and shields)

• Body stress – back– neck– eyes

• Workplace design


Biological Hazards

• Bacterial

• Viral

• Engineered

• Bugs and snakes etc.

• Allergens

• The water fountain


Routs of Entry

• Inhalation (area of lungs)

• Absorption

• Ingestion


Airborne Contaminates

• Dusts (0.1 - 25 um)– smaller than 5um tend to be the problem

• Fumes (less than 1um)– made from condensed volatilized solids

• Smoke (<0.1 um)

• Aerosols



• Mists– Suspended liquid droplets

• Gases

• Vapors– volatile forms of substances which are normally

in a solid or liquid form at this temperature


Hazards of Airborne Contaminates

• Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)– Reviewed and updated annually

• TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)

• TLV-STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit)

• TLV-C (Ceiling)


Break!


Toxicology


Dose Makes the Poison-Paracelsus


Toxicology

• Anything is a poison –– The dose makes a poison


Toxicology• Basic Terms:

• Lethal Dose (LD)

• Lethal Concentration (LC)

• Effective Dose (ED)

• Concentration

• Route of Entry


Everything is a poison?

All are toxic to some quantifiable degree Sugar has an LD50 of 30,000 mg/kg

The foresters favorite – ethanol has an LD50 of only 13,700 mg/kg

Even water has a recognized LD50 of slightly greater than 80,000 mg/kg


Toxicology

• Lethal Dose (LD50) - The dose necessary to kill 50% of the population


Toxicology


Toxicology

• Variance between People?

• Gender differences?

• Background?

Yes, because of metabolism


Toxicology

• The route can make all the difference


Routes of Entry

• Inhalation (area of lungs)

• Absorption (intact skin)– Eyes

• Ingestion/Injection


Exposure – Skin?



• Dusts (0.1 - 25 um)– smaller than 5um tend to be the problem

• Fumes (less than 1um)– made from condensed volatilized solids

• Smoke (<0.1 um)

• Aerosols


Russian Coal Workers



• Mists– Suspended liquid droplets

• Gases

• Vapors– volatile forms of substances which are normally in

a solid or liquid form at this temperature


LIMITS and Terms

• Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)– Reviewed and updated annually

• TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)

• TLV-STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit)

• TLV-C (Ceiling)


Dose Response Curvesre

spon

se

Dose


Non-Threshold

Dose

Res

pons

e


Threshold

Dose

Res

pons

e

No observed Response


Comparison of Dose


Comparing


Toxicology

Acute - Immediate Effect from ExposureChronic – Long term effect from exposure


LD50


Effective Dose


No Observed Adverse Effect


Dose Response


Metabolism

• Bioactivation

• Detoxification

• Metabolites


Tox Models

• One Compartment Model –

BODY VOLUME Elimination


Toxicology

Additive: 2+3=5 (2 OPs - cholinesterase inhibition)

Synergistic: 2+2=20 (CCl4 + EtOH)

Potentiation: 0+2=10 (isopropanol + CCl4)

Antagonism: 4+6=8; 4+0=1


Distribution


Differences…


Toxicology

• Buildup -


Which is more toxic?

A

B

Response

Dose

Class Activity


Break!


Toxicology 2

Details…


Toxicology

Beneficial Effects Curve

Toxic EffectsCurve

TD 50ED50

100

Eff

ects

%

Dose0.1 1.0 10 100 1000

Safety margin


Concerns with Tox Data

• Sample Size

• Control Groups

• Characteristics of the groups


Nature of Data

• 3 to 4 animals - Accuracy?– Length of study– 0.01% response – humans to animals?– Organs to man


Nature…

• Control Groups– Group not exposed to chemical– Permit proper interpretation– Confounding variables

• Smoking, age, drinking


Nature…

• Characteristics– Fischer Rats - high spontaneous tumor rate– Closely controlled– Exact chemical– Dose concentration– Length of exposure– Compare to human exposure – accidents, suicides,

case reports


Environmental and Occupational Disease

• False Positives

• False Negatives

• Errors in Extrapolation


Environment vrs Occupational

• Appearance of Disease

• Population with common exposure

• Clusters

• Unusual or uncommon disease patterns

• Symptoms or disease occurring in workers

• Appearance or disappearances of disease


Environment Vrs Occupational

• Examples– Agricultural workers with nausea, vomiting,

diarrhea, lacrimation- pesticide– Painter with weakness, headache, abdominal pain

– volatile solvents– Employee at plastics manufacture – TDI– Truck mechanic with headaches, flushing of the

face – CO or Trichloroethane


Class Practical

• A group of 25 individuals suddenly show leukemia in Albuquerque…


Practical

• You’re assumption?


Practical:

• Further research reveals:

• Each of them worked at Kirtland for a period of time 10 years ago.

• Conclusions?


Disposition of Chemicals

• Does exposure to chemicals result in Toxicity?


Disposition

• Absorption

• Distribution

• Biotransformation

• Elimination

• See Figure 2.3, page 25


Disposition

• Where does the chemical stay?

• Figure 2.4, page 26.


Skin Notation

• What Chemicals Have Skin notations?

• What does it mean?


General Rule-

• If substances are attracted to fats rather than water,

• Readily absorbed through the skin


Step 2 Transport

• Bond to Blood

• Dissolved

• Reaching the Target Organ – the effect

• Waiting in storage


Biotransformation

• Metabolism:– Oxidation– Reduction– Hydrolysis


Elimination of Chemicals

• Major Routes• Biliary (liver and Renal)• Feces• Exhaled

– Milk, Sweat, saliva, hair, nails

So what do we monitor? BEIs.


Targets:• Lungs• Respiratory• Circulatory• Brain• Kidneys• Liver• Immune System • Nervous System• Reproductive

– Teratogenesis

• Embryogenesis


• Chemical Exposure


Clusters

• Increase in apparent disease


Clusters

• Cluster events are groupings of a particular disorder or a class of disorders that appear unusually frequent in a place.


Clusters:

•High Power Lines and Cancer•Cell phones and cancer•Public Perception


Toxicological Testing

• Method – test organisms

• Keeping Up - 80,000 chemicals

• Transmitting the data

• What is done? Who decides?– CDC and Cr+6


Translating to TLVs

• Methods

• Further discussion in the section on TLVs

• Application

• Time – 2 years on TLV list, years in study


Activity: You’re the Committee

• 3 Groups of 3

• Find the TLV.

• Handout

• Determine a TLV.


Industrial Hygiene

• Industrial Hygiene

• From Many Disciplines– Toxicology– Physiology– Physics

• Long History

• AREC


Questions?

SSOIndustrial Hygiene 101 Industrial Hygiene Whats an Industrial Hygienist?

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