Ss Project Work

8/2/2019 Ss Project Work

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Foreign threats faced byVenice between the 15th and

18th century

By: Wenqi, Alina, Jianing, Ganwei,

Ryan



QN: Who were the Ottomans?

• The Ottomans were Turks who were followers of the Osmanli dynasty. They originated in a smallregion of modern Turkey. They eventuallyconquered all of modern Turkey, then creating the

Ottoman Empire.

• The Ottoman Empire, through conquest, aquired alarge area including not only Turkey, but NorthAfrica, Iraq, the Balkans, and parts of Arabia.



QN: How did the Ottomans pose athreat to Venice from 15th century

onwards?• Cause: The Ottoman Empire began expanding its

boundaries in the 13th century in Europe by landand sea. In the 15th century, they took over Genoaas Venice’s greatest competitor for maritime

control.

• Effect 1: Since Venice could not face the largeOttoman, Venice had to give up their lessimportant territories, to avoid further losses.

• Effect 2: They fought hard to maintain control of the Adriatic Sea despite attacks from theOttomans. Venice used its galleys to fight all theOttomans which disrupted the use of galleys for

trading purposes.



QN: How did the Ottomans pose athreat to Venice from 15th century

onwards? (cont)• Situation: Sea campaigns were started by the Ottoman

Empire during a 7 year war between them and theVenetians for the control of the Aegan Sea and the AdriaticSea. The wars drained Venice’s resources and manpowerand disrupted their trade.

• Tactic/shortcoming: In the 15th century, Venetians triedto balance their power with the Ottomans and the Europeanstates. They gave concessions to Ottomans when theysuited their commercial interests but seek military aid fromEuropean states to defend themselves from the Ottomans.Hence European neighbors developed hostility for Venice.

• Loss: In 1463, the European states decided to launch amilitary campaign against the Ottomans. Due to theresentment faced from European states, the Venetianswere left to fight for their own against the Ottomans and

were not provided military support from the other states. As



QN: How did Venice’s involvement inconflict in mainland Europe bring

about her decline?• Problem: In the beginning of 15th century, political

development in Europe forced Venetian government to turnits attention to controlling the nearby mainland territories.

This was to secure and maintain their supply of resourcesfor the growing population and expanding industries.

• Tactic: Venice tried to protect its territories andcommercial interests by taking advantage of the rivalryamong mainland states. Venice tried to achieve balance of power by offering to help one fight against another.

•

Drawbacks: However, this proved that Venice wasconstantly treading on fragile elations with larger states. This puts Venetians at a high risk as there was no certaintywhich alliance would ultimately benefit Venice. Rivalry alsomade overland trade route unsafe due to constant battles.

The Venetians were worried as they depended on these

crossroads for trade and wealth.



QN: Who was Sultan Mehmed II?

• Mehmet II, (Fatih SultanMehmet) called theConqueror, born in March 30,1432, died in May 3, 1481was sultan of the Ottoman

Empire in 1444-1446 and1451-81.

• He extended Ottoman controlof southeastern Europe to theDanube and of Anatolia to theEuphrates. His father, Murat

II, tried to abdicate when hewas only 12 years old, but hisunsuccessful first reign, madehis father to return to power.



What was the League of Cambrai?

• In 1508, a military alliance against Venice was known as the Leagueof Cambrai. It consisted of most major powers in Europe such asSpain, Hungary and France. In one of the battles at Agnadello, theVenetian mercenary army was badly defeated. As a result, many of its territories fell to the members of the League.

Why was the League of Cambrai

formed?• The League aimed to reduce the power of Venice and divide its

territories amongst the larger states. Due to changing alliancesamong the members of the League, Venice created new allianceswith some stakes and through renewed military campaigns,

managed to recapture some of its territories.



When and what is the Black Death?

• The Black Death was one of the mostdevastating pandemics in human history,peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350.Although there were several competing theories as

to the etiology of the Black Death, it has beenconclusively proven via analysis of ancient DNAfrom plague victims in northern and southernEurope that the pathogen responsible is

the Yersinia pestis bacterium.• The Black Death devastated Venice in 1348 and

once again between 1575 and 1577.



How did it affect Venice?• A decline in population and short of labour.

The Black Death devastated Venice in 1348and once again between 1575 and 1577. Inthree years the plague killed some 50,000people.

• Decline in the salt production as lots of salt farmremained

• Caused wars in Venice. The illness has been the

direct cause for the wars between the Venetiansand the ottoman-Turks. The Turks did notcapitalise on the illness and weakness of thecity-state to attack the empire, as they beganthere attacks prior to 1630.

• Speeded up the changes in Medieval societythat were already under way. (caused by lack of labour) Much land could no longer be cultivated.In response, the nobles refused to continue the

long common practice of gradually eliminatingserfdom by allowing the serfs to buy theirfreedom. Over the centuries it had been realizedby some that free tenants were more productivethan serfs, and this had led to a gradualbreakdown in the use of serfs.

• The plague struck the Republic’s tradingcapacity, due to the death of importantmerchants and there employees as well as fearsto trade with a city fraught with illness.

• Drastic increase of the price of both goodsproduced locally and those imported from other



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