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ISSN 2230-7001

The Journal of Indian Thought and Policy Research

n tuZy vkWQ bf.M;u FkkWV ,.M ikWfylh fjlpZ

(An English-Hindi Bilingual Research Journal)

Year: 6 Issue: 1 March-September 2016

Founder Patron Shri Ashok Singhal

Patron Dr. Mahesh Mehta

Advisory Board Editorial Board Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi Prof. Girish Chandra Tripathi Dr. Subramanian Swamy Prof. Susheel Kumar Sharma Justice Dr. Rama Jois Dr. J.P. Mishra

Dr. Mahesh Sharma Shri Rajeev Mishra

Editor Dr. Chandra Prakash Singh

Editorial Address: Arundhati Vashishtha Anusandhan Peeth 21/16 Mahaveer Bhavan, Hashimpur Road Tagore Town, Allahabad- 211002 U.P. E-mail: nationalthought@gmail.com Tel. & Fax – 0532-2466563

Cite this issue as: 6 JITPR (I) 2016

© Arundhati Vashishtha Anusandhan Peeth 2016

No part of this journal can be printed, published, photo copied, reproduced or stored in any retrievable system except with prior written permission of the proprietors of this publication.

It is clarified that the views expressed by the authors of the articles published in the journal are their own and may not reflect the views of the Members of the Editorial Board.

Printed and Published by Dr. Chandra Prakash Singh at Allahabad for the proprietors, Arundhati Vashishtha Anusandhan Peeth, 21/16 Mahaveer Bhavan, Hashimpur Road Tagore Town, Allahabad- 211002(UP).

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Editorial

Of human beings, it is said that there are some who do not take an initiative for the fear of difficulties ahead; and others who do take an initiative but stop midway when confronted with hurdles; but the best men are they who never lose heart and follow the right path even when they are frequently interfered with by adversities. Such men are truly rare and are assets for the human race. They take birth once in aeons, so to say.

Shri Ashok Singhalji was one of such rare souls whose life is but a blessing for the entire mankind. He lived for humanity and died for humanity. Never caring for his personal comfort, he would incessantly endeavour to make better the lives of millions of deprived and the downtrodden. Hinduism for him wan an all encompassing phenomenon that was inclusive rather than exclusive. The clarity of vision and the selfless determination to get that vision translated as a reality into the life of one and all made Singhalji what he was.

He taught us how to transcend the barriers of ordinary human desires and ambitions and universalise one’s being for the welfare of one and all. Dharma for him was maryada of one’s own vis-à-vis others, and vice versa. Maryada Purushottam was his ideal; and through his fiery speeches he ignited the minds of millions who thereby came forward to dedicate for Lord Ram all that was theirs. It is solely on their strength that Singhalji raised the great structure of Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), widening its frontiers much farther than what Swami Chinmayanandji might have foreseen; and cemented it with his dedication for the cause of Hinduism.

The strength of his words came from deeds which he would never publicise but keep on performing continuously for the welfare of Hindus in particular and the entire humanity in general. Establishing schools for the tribal or building temples for the erstwhile ‘untouchable’ persons in our society are only a few among several noble deeds of Singhalji who knew the true meaning of Dharma.

In an age where religion and politics are frequently interlinked to weave out a confusing social fabric so that one may be used for the other in an attempt to serve vested interests; Singhalji’s persona stands the tallest. He would often say that Dharma is all pervasive and should not be equated to narrower concepts like religion. This is why he would always keep a safe distance from politics.

For Hindus, Singhalji was an icon the equal of which we would perhaps never find. He commanded the respect of the Hindus world over. He lived for them and dreamt for them. His biggest dream was the construction of a grand temple at the Ram Janma Bhoomi in

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Ayodhya. His faith in Dharma would convince him of the victory ahead; and he was eager to see that all necessary materials-be it the stones or other things- were there in place as if he had foreseen the day of victory which we so impatiently wait for.

In order to reintroduce the discourse on the propriety of construction of Ram Mandir, Singhalji had desired to hold a seminar at the national capital, New Delhi, on January 9-10, 2016; and despite a protest by a bunch of fanatics, the Seminar on the campus of Delhi University met with a resounding success leaving its message far and wide except one thing that Singhalji was not there to see all this. However, the people devoted to the cause of Hinduism left no stone unturned to make the Seminar a success. Similarly he will not be there to see the Ram Mandir being constructed at the Shri Ram Janm Bhoomi; but millions and millions of those espousing his cause will certainly do.

The shattered hopes of Hindus may take a shape some day when a majestic temple is born out of those stones having Shri Ramlala Virajman at its garbh grih, that is, sanctum sanctorum. However, Singhalji has taught us not to lose heart and continue to do what is our Dharma in this regard; because the temple for Shri Ram ought to be built only on the strength of Dharma by means that are Dharmic and people who are truly Dharma parayana for Lord

Rama Himself is the embodiment of Dharma: रामो �व�हवान धम�:

Singhalji was a man of many worlds: Vedic to Scientific to Modern. Thus he had a vision that embraced many planes and extended to as many horizons. In the year 2007 he provided not only inspiration but also the resources for establishing Arundhati Vashishtha Anusandhan Peeth, a Centre for policy research in the light of Integral Humanism propounded by Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay, at his parental house Mahavir Bhawan, Allahabad. About the same time he also exhorted us to launch a national Journal on Indian Thought and Policy Research which came out in the year 2010 as The Journal of Indian Thought and Policy Research which is running in its sixth year now.

This issue of the Journal is dedicated to Singhalji and as such it shall include some of several thought provoking papers presented at the seminar mentioned above. His words and vision will continue to guide us in our endeavour to serve the cause of humanity which was so dear to him. In order to constantly remind ourselves of the vision of India cherished by Singhalji and to work to that end, the forthcoming issues of the Journal shall carry on a prominent place a photo of Singhalji accompanied by a piece of his inspiring thoughts.

(Dr J P Mishra)

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bfrgkl ds iUuksa ij fganqRo ds iqutkZxj.k ds ,sfrgkfld dky&[kaM chloha vkSj bDdhloha lnh ds laf/kdky ds pkj n”kdksa esa tc dqN uk;dksa ds uke mHkj dj lkeus vk,axs rc mlesa ,d izeq[k uke J)s; v”kksd flagy th dk gksxkA v”kksd th dk ifjokj ewy:i ls vyhx<+ ds fctkSyh xk¡o dk jgusokyk FkkA v”kksd th ds firk Jh egkohj flag flagy rRdkyhu fczfV”k ljdkj esa fMIVh dysDVj Fks rFkk ekrk Jherh fo|korh th ,d /kkfeZd fonq’kh xfg.kh FkhaA v”kksd th dk tUe 27 flrEcj 1926 dks vkxjk esa gqvk FkkA os vius lkr Hkkb;ksa esa e/; Øe esa Fks] muls NksVh ,d cgu Hkh FkhaA muds tUe ds i”pkr muds firk th dk LFkkukarj.k iz;kx ¼bykgkckn½ gks x;k vkSj ;gk¡ ij mUgksaus LFkk;h vkokl Hkh cuk fy;k( vr% v”kksd th dh ckY;koLFkk bykgkckn esa gh O;rhr gqbZ] blh dk ifj.kke Fkk fd iz;kx esa vk;ksftr gksus okys dqEHk] v)Z dqEHk ,oa ek?k esyk esa mifLFkr gksusokys lk/kw&larksa dk muds thou ij O;kid izHkko iM+kA ;gk¡ jgrs gq, gh izks- jktsanz flag ¼jTtw HkS;k½ ds ek/;e ls mudk laidZ jk’Vªh; Loa;lsod la?k ds lkFk vk;kA ek/;fed rd dh f”k{kk lh-,-oh- b.Vj dkWyst bykgkckn ls izkIr djus ds i”pkr v”kksd th us vfHk;kaf=dh dh f”k{kk ds fy, dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky; esa izos”k fy;kA tgk¡ ls mUgksaus 1950 esa /kkrq&deZ vfHk;kaf=dh esa Lukrd dh mikf/k izkIr fd;k vkSj mlds i”pkr~ 1950 esa gh jk’Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k ds izpkjd gks x;sA v”kksd th dk la?k ds lkFk gh egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh; vkSj muds }kjk LFkkfir dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky; ds lkFk cgqr gh HkkokukRed lEcU/k FkkA dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky; ds lkFk mudk ;g yxko thou ds var rd cuk jgkA dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky; ds rRdkyhu mi&dqyifr loZiYyh jk/kk—‘.ku ,oa fo”ofo|ky; esa ml le; /keZ vkSj laL—fr ij O;k[;ku nsus vkusokys fo}kuksa dh ppkZ dj os Hkko&foHkksj gks tk;k djrs FksA dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky; “krkCnh o’kZ esa ,d O;k[;ku nsrs gq, ek- v”kksd th us dgk Fkk fd ^^eSa ;gk¡ ukSdjh ds fy, f”k{kk xzg.k djus ugha vk;k Fkk] vfirq og laLdkj vkSj f”k{kk xzg.k djus vk;k ftlds ek/;e ls egkeuk Hkkjrh; laL—fr dks lEiw.kZ fo”o esa xkSjo iznku djkuk pkgrs FksA** ;gha mudk laidZ “kkL=h; laxhr ds ew/kZU; fo}ku ia- vkasdkjukFk Bkdqj ls gqvk] ftuls mUgksaus “kkL=h; laxhr dh fof/kor f”k{kk izkIr dhA ,d ckj mUgksaus ppkZ esa dgk Fkk fd ,d o’kZ iwoZ ;fn vkasdkjukFk Bkdqj ls HksV gks x;h gksrh rks thou dh fn”kk gh dqN vkSj gksrhA

v”kksd th dk thou jk’Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k ds izpkjd ds :i esa lgkjuiqj ls izkjEHk gksdj dkuiqj vkSj fnYyh esa O;rhr gqvk] ftlesa 18 o’kksaZ dk lcls yEck dky[k.M foHkkx izpkjd vkSj laHkkx izpkjd ds :i esa dkuiqj esa O;rhr gqvk] ;gha mudh HksaV muds iwT; xq:nso ia- jkepanz frokjh th ls gqbZ] ftuds ek/;e ls v”kksd th ds thou esa la?k ds lekt laxBu ,oa jk’Vª tkxj.k ds izR;{k dk;Z ds lkFk v/;kRe dh ,d vkrafjd /kkjk Hkh izokfgr gks pyh] ftldk leUo; muds thou ds vafre “okl rd cuk jgkA v”kksd th ds thou ij jk’Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k ds f}rh;

ljla?kpkyd Jhxq� th ,oa muds xq:nso Jh jkepanz frokjh th dk xgjk izHkko FkkA blds

vfrfjä ,d vkSj egkiq:’k egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh; th dh Hkh muds thou ij Li’V Nki fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA v”kksd th ds lEiw.kZ drZRo] O;fäRo ,oa fparu dk fo”ys’k.k fd;k tk;s rks bUgha rhuksa egkiq:’kksa ds fopkjksa ,oa dk;ksZa ls vuqizkf.kr fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

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ije iwT; Jhx q� th ls mUgsa lk/kw&larksa dks ,dtqV dj muds usr`Ro esa fganqRo ds

iqutkZxj.k rFkk fgUnq lekt ds laxBu dk lw= izkIr gqvk Fkk] ftls mUgksaus vkxs c<+k;kA vius laLej.k esa os lquk;k djrs Fks fd ,d ckj os vius dkuiqj ds dk;Zdky esa bVkok ds lqnwj xzkeh.k {ks= esa ,d lar ls feyus x,A mUgksaus ifjp; iwNk rc mUgsa yxk fd gks ldrk gS egkRek la?k ds ckjs esa u tkurs gksa] blfy, mUgksaus dgk ,d egkRek gSa xksyoydj eSa mudk vuq;k;h gw¡A mu egkRek us rqjar iz”u iwNk rqe tkurs gks xksyoydj D;k dj jgs gSa\ v”kksd th us dgk egkjkt th vki gh ekxZn”kZu djus dh —ik djsaA egkRek us tks mÙkj fn;k ogh v”kksd th ds thou dk dsUnz fcanq cu x;kA egkRek us dgk rqeus tehu esa iM+h gqbZ nks&pkj bap pkSM+h njkjsa ns[kh gksaxh] fdUrq vkt fgUnw lekt esa bruh pkSM+h njkjsa iM+ x;h gSa ftuesa gkaFkh pyk tk;sA xksyoydj mUgha njkjksa dks Hkjus dk dk;Z dj jgs gSaA rwa iq.;kRek gks tks muds lkFk yxs gksA v”kksd th us bldks viuk /;s; cuk;k vkSj fo”o fganw ifj’kn~ esa vkus ds ckn /keZ laln rFkk Jhjke tUeHkwfe vkUnksyu ds

ek/;e ls lEiw.kZ ns”k ds lk/kw&larksa vkSj fgUnw lekt dks laxfBr o ,dजV djus dk eguh; dk;Z

fd;kA

v”kksd th ds xq:nso jkepUnz frokjh th osnksa ds lk/kd FksA lEiw.kZ Hkkjr dk oSfnd jk’Vª ds :i esa iquizZfr’Bk mudk LoIu FkkA mudh blh izsj.kk ds ifj.kkeLo:i v”kksd th }kjk dk”kh] iz;kx] v;ks/;k] gfj}kj] fnYyh] dkuiqj vkfn LFkkuksa ij ,sls osnfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;h tgk¡ Jsf=; ijaijk ls osn dh fofHkUu “kk[kkvksa ds Lojksa ds laj{k.k dk dk;Z fd;k x;k gSA vius thou ds vafre fnuksa esa v”kksd th osnksa esas vUrfuZfgr [kxksy] xf.kr] HkkSfrdh] jlk;u] —f’k] LokLF; vkfn ls lEcaf/kr Kku&foKku ij “kks/k ds fy, dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky; esa osn foKku laLFkku dh LFkkiuk ds fy, iz;Ru”khy FksA

v”kksd th dk thou ftruk vkUnksykukRed Fkk mruk gh lajpukRed Hkh Fkk] tks muds cgqvk;keh dk;ksaZ ls izdV gksrk gSA xaxk&j{kk] xks&j{kk] vLi`”;rk fuokj.k] eafnj dsfUnzr lekt O;oLFkk] f”k{kk ,oa LokLF; lEcaf/kr lsok&dk;Z dh izsj.kk la?k dk;Z ds lkFk gh ml dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky; ls Hkh mUgsa izkIr gqbZ Fkh] ftlds vf/k’Bkrk egkeuk ekyoh; us Lo;a bu lHkh fo’k;ksa ij fparu ,oa dk;Z fd;k FkkA

xzkes&xzkes lHkk dk;kZ xzkes&xzkes dFkk “kqHkkA ikB”kkyk eYy”kkyk izfr ioZ egksRloAA xk¡o&xk¡o esa tu&tkxj.k ,oa ijLij ,drk ds fy, lHkk] dFkk&okrkZ] ikB”kkyk] eYy”kkyk dk tks LoIu ekyoh; th us ns[kk Fkk v”kksd th us mls dk;Z&:i esa ifj.kr dj fn[kk;kA fo”o fganw ifj’kn~ ds }kjk lqnwj oukapy esa pyk;s tk jgs ,dy fo|ky;] gfj dFkk rFkk xzke lRlax eaMfy;k¡ bldh izR;{k mnkgj.k gSaA

lukruh] vk;Zlekth] flD[k] ckS) vkSj tSu vkfn lHkh dks viuh&viuh ijEijkvksa dk ikyu djrs gq, ijLij izse vkSj vknj ds lw= esa xwaFkus dk tks egku dk;Z v”kksd th ds }kjk fd;k x;k og vf}rh; gSA

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lukrkuh;% lektk% flD[kk% tSuk”p lksxrk%A LosLos deZ.;fHkjrk% Hkko;s;q ijLijaAA

lekt esa dksbZ Hkh vNwr ugha gS] lc ,d gh Hkkjr ekrk ds lgksnj iq= gSa v”kksd th us bls lkdkj dj fn[kk;kA v”kksd th ds O;fäRo dk gh ;g v)qr dkS”ky Fkk fd ns”k dh lEekfur ijEijkvksa ds “kh’kZLFk lar&egkRek dk”kh ds Mkse jktk ds ?kj lgHkkst esa lfEefyr gq,A

v”kksd th dsoy fgUnw lekt ds laxBu ij gh tksj ugha nsrs Fks] vfirq mudk ekuuk Fkk fd yksx izfrHkk”kkyh] pfj=oku vkSj rstLoh Hkh gksa rFkk oká laxBu ds lkFk gh vkrafjd ,dkRerk dh vuqHkwfr Hkh muds vUnj gksA blds fy, lEiw.kZ ns”k dh uhfr ,oa O;oLFkk gekjh lkaL—frd ijaijk ls pys vk jgs rÙo ,oa fl)karksa dks orZeku ns”k] dky ,oa ifjfLFkfr ds vuq:i <kydj nhun;ky mik/;k; th ds }kjk izfrikfnr ,dkRe ekuookn ds lw=ksa ds vyksd esa O;kid fparu] euu vkSj “kks/k ds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr gksuh pkfg,A ;g dk;Z ns”k ds izcq)tuksa ,oa fo”ofo|ky;ksa dks vius gkFk esa ysuk pkfg,A blds fy, mUgksaus fofHkUu fo”ofo|ky;ksa esa fo}kuksa dks izsfjr djus dk dk;Z Hkh fd;kA

v”kksd th jk’Vª] /keZ ,oa lekt ds fgr dks ysdj lS)kafrd :i ls ftrus dBksj ,oa n`<+ fu”p;h Fks O;fäxr thou mrus gh ljy] lgt] Lusfgy ,oa enqHkk’kh FksA ^^otzknfi dBksjkf.k e`nqfu dqlqeknfiA yksdksÙkjk.kka psrkafl dks fg foKkrqegZfrA** dh mfä muds thou ij v{kj”k% pfjrkFkZ gksrh FkhA v”kksd th dk thou fgUnw lekt ,oa Hkkjr ds Lof.kZe Hkfo’; ds fy, var le; rd

vgfuZ”k lØh; jgkA os Jhx q� th dk laLej.k lqukrs gq, dgk djrs Fks fd dk;ZdrkZ dsoy fprk ij

gh foJke djrk gS vkSj mUgksaus vius thou esa bls pfjrkFkZ dj fn[kk;kA 17 uoEcj 2015 dks “kjhj NksM+us ds rhu fnu iwoZ rd ,d vuFkd deZ;ksxh dh rjg os ek¡ Hkkjrh dh lsok esa lØh; jgsA

v”kksd th ds bu leLr dk;ksaZ ds u{k= eaMy esa ;fn dksbZ dk;Z lw;Z dh rjg izdkf”kr gksrk gS rks og Jhjke tUeHkwfe ij eafnj fuekZ.k gsrq pyk;k x;k vkUnksyuA Jhjke tUeHkwfe vkUnksyu vkSj v”kksd th ,d nwljs ds iwjd cu pqds FksA ;g Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa ,d ,slk vkUnksyu Fkk] tks gtkjksa o’kZ ls pyh vk jgh fgUnw lekt ds foHkktu dh O;kf/k dks nwj dj {ks=] Hkk’kk] tkfr vkfn Hksnksa ds vk/kkj ij foHkkftr fgUnw lekt dks ,dtqV vkSj laxfBr djus dk v)qr dk;Z fd;kA Jhjke tUeHkwfe dk vkUnksyu v”kksd th dh n`f’V esa ,d lkekU; vkUnksyu ugha Fkk] vfirq ;g egf’kZ vjfoan }kjk ?kksf’kr fd;k x;k Hkkjr dh lkaL—frd Lora=rk dk vkUnksyu FkkA Jhjke Hkkjr dh laL—fr ds vk/kkj iq:’k gSaA vkØe.kdkjh }kjk /oLr dh x;h mudh tUe LFkyh ij HkO; eafnj fuekZ.k ds fcuk yksxksa esa Jhjke ds pfj= dh f”k{kk nsuh v/kwjh gSA

Jhjke dks ekuo lekt ds lHkh oxksaZ us lEeku iznku fd;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd jke euksgj yksfg;k tSls /kqj lektoknh mUgsa jk’Vª ds ewrZeku xkSjo ds :i esa ns[krs gSa] tcfd egku bLykeh fo}ku vkSj dfo vYykek bdcky beke &,& fgan¼jk’Vª xq:½ ds :i esa mudk o.kZu djrs gSaA

Jhjke tUeHkwfe ds lUnHkZ esa lHkh dks ;g Kkr gS fd U;k;ky; ds funsZ”k ds rgr Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k }kjk fd, x, [kqnkbZ vkSj Hkkjr esa ,oa fons”kksa esa miyC/k ,sfrgkfld vfHkys[kksa vkSj

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lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij 2010 esa ekuuh; bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; dh ,d rhu lnL;h; ihB bl fu’d’kZ ij igqaph fd] Hkxoku Jhjke ,d dkYifud pfj= ugha gS vkSj ;g Hkh dgk fd os v;ks/;k esa iSnk gq, Fks vkSj tgk¡ os iSnk gq, Fks ml tUe LFkku ij ,d jktlh eafnj vfLrRo esa Fkk ftls] Jhjke tUeHkwfe eafnj ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA

yksxksa dh izcy bPNk vkSj ,d vuqdwy U;kf;d QSlys ds ckotwn] v;ks/;k esa Jhjke tUeHkwfe ij jke eafnj ds fuekZ.k dk ladYi vkt Hkh v/kwjk gSA

mijksä i`’BHkwfe esa] lEiw.kZ U;k;ky;h; izfØ;k esa bl ladYi dks lkdkj djus ds laHko rjhds ij ppkZ djus ds Øe esa v:a/kfr of”k’B vuqlU/kku ihB ¼AVAP½ ds rRok/kku esa ,d jk’Vªh; laxks’Bh ubZ fnYyh esa “kfuokj vkSj jfookj 09&10 tuojh] 2016 dks vk;ksftr djus dh ?kks’k.kk ekuuh; v”kksd th }kjk U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dh ikapoha o’kZ xkaB ij fnukad 30 flrEcj 2015 dks dh x;h FkhA v”kksd th dk ;g ladYi muds l”kjhj mifLFkr u jgus ij Hkh vusd fojks/kksa ,oa

>a>kokrksa ds ckn Hkh lQy gqvkA bl laxks’Bh esa izLrqr izeq[k “kks/k&i=ksa dks v�a/krh of”k’B

vuqlU/kku ihB dh “kks/k&if=dk ^^n tuZy vkWQ bafM;u FkkWV ,aM ikfylh fjlpZ** ds fo”ks’kkad ds :i esa izdkf”kr fd;k tk jgk gSA v”kksd th ds izsj.kk ,oa iz;kl dh ewrZLo:i laxks’Bh ds izfrQy dks bl “kks/k&if=dk ds ek/;e ls mudks lefiZr djrs gq, muds pj.kksa esa “kr&”kr ueuA

Ronh;a oLrq xksfon% rqH;eso leiZ;sA

MkW- pUnz izdk”k flag

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Building the Sri Rama Temple in Ayodhya

The Legal Case

-Subramanian Swamy1

I

Sri Aurobindo said: “All great movements of life in India have begun with the new

spiritual thought and usually a new religious activity”. Even Jawaharlal Nehru ultimately at

the fag end of his life acknowledged this truth (in his foreword to one of Dr.Karan Singh’s

books) as follows: “It is significant to note that great political mass movements in India have

had a spiritual background behind them”.

A society based on dharma is vitally needed at this moment in our history, because

there is a dimension to the current national crisis, namely, the moral decay and the decline of

character in our society which if not stemmed, will slowly poison our nation to death.

This decay and decline is visible in every aspect of our life—politicians defecting for

office and cash, bureaucrats taking bribes, teachers selling exam questions, students passing

by cheating, businessmen adulterating products, lawyers cheating clients, doctors betraying

their patients etc. To some extent such degeneration is there in every society, but the

alarming aspect in India is the pace of this decay and the spread of it. Consequent to this

decay is the wave of dangerous cynicism amongst the youth.

This moral decay has to be stemmed. A renaissance of values in society has to take

place. How will this renaissance come about? And which leader shall be its instrument? For

this, a leader shall be one who is committed to an ideology and determined to implement an

agenda for renaissance.

1Ph.D. (Harvard). Dr Swamy, an eminent economist and a renowned political thinker, is also a former Union Minister for Commerce, Law & Justice, Government of India; and a former Professor of Economics, IIT, New Delhi.

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In India, the majority is the conglomerate Hindu community which represents about

80% of the total Indian population, while minorities are constituted by Muslims (13%) and

Christians (3%). Sikhs, Jains, Parsis, and some other small religious groups, represent the

remaining four percent. But while Sri Rama is revered by Hindus as an avatara (incarnation);

the other religious groups also respect his nobility and moral courage. Thus Rama is an

eternal national icon for all Indians.

Thus re-building Sri Rama Temple in Ayodhya becomes a national goal. It must

however be accomplished legally and with maximum consensus. This Seminar is about how

it can be accomplished. The re-building of the Rama Temple is part of our renaissance. It

means righting a historical atrocity.

II

True and devout Hindus believe that Bhagvan Sri Rama was born in Ayodhya, the then

capital of a flourishing kingdom of the Suryavamsa dynasty. Rama is venerated as Maryada

Purushottam, and worshipped by Hindus of the north.

As an avatar of Vishnu, while it was first propagated by the Tamil saints known as

Nayanmars and Alwars who composed many hymns and songs dedicated to his divinity; in

the North, which later came to accept Rama as one, especially thanks to the saint Tulsidas,

the fervor for Rama worship is much more. In that sense, Sri Rama was the first truly

national king of India: supra region, supra varna or jati. That is why poet Iqbal called him

‘Imam-e-Hind’.

The exact spot of the palace where Rama was born has been, and remains, firmly

identified in the Hindu mind and is held as sacred. This is the very area where stood from

1528 AD till December 6, 1992 AD a structure that came to be known as Babri Masjid, put

up in 1528 AD by Babar’s commander Mir Baqi.

In fact, Baqi was a Shia Muslim, and hence he intended it to be a place for Shias to

read namaz. Today, interestingly, it is the Sunni Wakf Board, which entered the legal dispute

11

as late as 1961, and has been litigating in the court claiming the title to the land on which the

structure once stood.

I call it a “structure” since it cannot be strictly called a mosque by Sunni edicts-

because it did not have the mandatory minarets and wazu [water pool]. That a Ram temple

existed and or that there is a sacred spot known as Ramjanmabhoomi is attested by many

ancient sources and by modern scientific methods.

In Skanda Purana1 the site is vividly described. Valmiki Ramayana also describes it

beautifully. Less than two decades before Mir Baqi carried out the horrible demolition of the

Ram Temple, Guru Nanak had visited the Ramjanmabhoomi and had darshan of Ramlala in

the mandir at the spot.

There are many commentaries on this visit which are a part of the Sikh scriptures. Guru

Nanak himself records the barbarity of Babar’s invasions [in Guru Granth Sahib at p.418]. In

Akbar’s time, Abul Fazal wrote the Ain-i-Akbari in which he describes Ayodhya fame as the

place of “Ram Chandra’s residence which in Treta age combined spiritual supremacy and

Kingship” [Tranlated by Col. H.S. Jarrett and published in Kolkata in 1891].

In Chapter X of the Report of the Archeological Survey of India, NW and Oudh

(1889), it is mentioned (p.67) that Babri Mosque “was built in AD 1528 by Mir Khan on the

very spot where the old temple of Janmasthan of Ram Chandra was standing.”

Hindus throughout foreign occupation of India have deeply held as sacred that exact

spot where the Babri Masjid once stood, as the fact is recorded in many official and judicial

proceedings. In 1885, for example, Mahant Raghubar Das in a Suit No 61/280 of 1885 filed

in the Court of the Faizabad Sub-Judge against the Secretary of State for India (who was

based in London), prayed for permission to build a temple on the chabutra outside the

mosque. His suit was dismissed on March 18, 1886.

However, in his Order the Sub-Judge, an Englishman, stated thus: “It is most

unfortunate that a Masjid should have been built on land specially held sacred by the Hindus.

1 See, Chapter X, Vaishnav Khand, ibid.

12

But as the event occurred 358 years ago, it is too late now to remedy the grievance.” Since

the English as policy never sought to disturb the social status quo in India as evidenced, for

example, on the ‘Sati’ question, the Judge took the easy way out and dismissed the Suit.

It is now well established by GPRS-directed excavations done under the Allahabad

High Court monitoring and verification in 2002-2003, that a large temple did exist below

where that Babri Masjid structure once stood. Inscriptions found during excavations describe

it as a temple of Vishnu Hari who had killed the demon king Dasanan [Ravana].

The Sunni Wakf Board does not accept these findings as of any meaning or of any

consequences. It does not however matter if all this was indeed so or not, since under Section

295 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) it is prescribed that “Whoever destroys, damages or

defiles any place of worship, or any object held sacred by any class of persons, with the

intention of thereby insulting the religion of any class of persons or with the knowledge that

any class of persons is likely to consider such destruction, damage or defilement as an insult

to their religion, shall be punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term

which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.”

That is, an offence under criminal law is committed (by the defilement, etc of a thing)

if a body of persons hold something as sacred. It does not matter if the majority does or does

not hold so. Nor can a court decide what is sacred and what is not. Only a body of persons

can identify what is sacred. The offence under Section 295 IPC is cognizable and non-

bailable, as well as non-compoundable.

The fundamental question before us is thus this: Can a temple and a masjid be

considered on par as far as sacredness is concerned? Relying on two important court

judgments that hold the field today, the answer is: NO. A masjid is not an essential part of

Islam, according to a majority judgment of a Constitution Bench of India’s Supreme Court.

In the famous Ismail Farooqui vs Union of India1, the Supreme Court observed: “It has

been contended that a mosque enjoys a particular position in Muslim law and once a mosque

is established and prayers are offered in such a mosque, the same remains for all time to 1 (1994) 6 SCC 376.

13

come a property of Allah…and any person professing Islamic faith can offer prayer in such a

mosque, and even if the structure is demolished, the place remains the same where namaz

can be offered”1.

The Constitution Bench rebutted this contention stating: “The correct position may be

summarized thus: Under Mohammed law applicable in India, the title to a mosque can be lost

by adverse possession…A mosque is not an essential part of the practice of the religion of

Islam and namaz (prayer) can be offered anywhere, even in the open. Accordingly, its

acquisition is not prohibited by the provisions in the Constitution of India.”2

Thus, any Government depriving the Muslims of the Babri Masjid by an order of

acquisition is within law, if the government decides to do so in the interest of public order,

public health and morality (Article 25 of the Constitution). The position in Islamic law is

even clearer: in Saudi Arabia the authorities demolish mosque to lay roads and build

apartment building. Even the mosque where Islam’s Prophet Mohammed used to pray was

demolished!

But then what of a temple? Is it in the same category as the mosque in our

jurisprudence? When I was Union Law and Justice Minister in 1990-91, this question of the

status of a temple-even if in ruins or without worship-had come up before me in a case of a

smuggled-out bronze Nataraja statue which was up for auction in London.

Earlier the Government of India, when Rajiv Gandhi was PM, had decided to file a

case in the London trial court in 1986 for recovery. The Nataraja statue had by then been

traced to a temple in ruins in Pathur, in Thanjavur district. A farmer named Ramamoorthi had

in 1976 accidently unearthed it while digging mud with a spade near his hut.

When the news spread, touts of an antique dealer by name Ahmed Hussein reached him

and paid a small sum and smuggled it out to London, where in 1982 they sold it to Bumper

Development Corporation Private Limited. In turn, the said Corporation sent it to the British

1 See, para 80, ibid. 2 See, para 82.

14

Museum for appraisal and possible purchase. By then the Government of India was onto it

and asked the UK government to take action.

The Nataraja idol was seized by London Metropolitan Police, and thus the Bumper

Development Corporation sued the Police in court for recovery but lost the case. An appeal

was filed in the Queens Bench (i.e., our High Court level) which was dismissed on April, 17

1989. So, the Bumper Corporation went to the House of Lords (our Supreme Court level at

that time). On February 13, 1991 when I was Law Minister, the judgment came, which is

truly landmark, dismissing Bumper’s final appeal.1

The House of Lords upheld the Indian government’s position that because of the prana

prathista puja, a temple is owned by the deity, in this case Lord Shiva, and any Hindu can

litigate on behalf of the deity as a de facto trustee. The Bench consisting of Justices Purchas,

Nourse and Leggatt concluded: “We therefore hold that the temple is acceptable as party to

these proceedings and that it is as such entitled to sue for the recovery of the Nataraja.”2

Thus, even if a temple is in ruins (as the ASI had found the Thanjavur temple) or

destroyed (as was Ram Temple in the Babri Masjid area), any Hindu can sue on behalf of

Lord Rama in court for recovery! No such ruling exists for a mosque for the simple reason

that a mosque is just a facilitation centre for reading namaz, and has no essentiality for Islam

as a religion. It can be demolished and/or shifted as any building can be; as is being done

today in Arab countries and Pakistan.

That is, the Ram Temple on Ramjanmabhoomi has an overriding claim to the site than

any mosque. This is the fundamental truth in the Ayodhya dispute. This truth will apply, for

example, to Kashi Vishvanath and Sri Krishna Janmbhoomi temple sites as well.

III

ROAD MAP FOR BUILDING THE RAM TEMPLE

1 See, (1991) 4 All ER 638. 2 See, p 648, para g, ibid.

15

Therefore, what should be the road map or blueprint for our government to deliver on

the BJP’s 2014 Manifesto promise? The following steps may be taken by 2016 to re-build the

Ram Temple in Ayodhya and fulfill the commitment to the electorate:

(i) Appoint a former Chief Justice of India, such as, for example,

CJI S.H. Kapadia as the Executor. The office of the Executor may liaise with

a designated Minister such as, again for example, General V.K. Singh.

(ii) The designated Minister may issue Notice to the Babri Masjid

Muthwali who is a hereditary supervisor, and is living in India, asking him to

formally agree to withdraw his claim to the Ramjanmabhoomi, and offer him

an alternative site for a masjid to be built at public expense, across the Saryu

River.

(iii) Call a meeting of Islamic clerics, Indian and foreign, and seek

their endorsement. The Supreme Court may then be approached for disposing

off all pending SLPs and Writ Petitions related to the Ramjanmabhoomi.

(iv) If such an endorsement is not forthcoming then the

Government should move an enabling Bill in Parliament and have it passed.

(v) Create a Ram Temple Re-Building Committee on the Somnath

temple model, with Shri Ashok Singhal of VHP as Chairperson1.

(vi) Begin construction of the Ram Temple on an auspicious date in

2016.

But in the meantime there is no need to torture and humiliate the bhaktas and devotees

who come to worship at the present makeshift Ramlala Mandir. They get no basic facilities

of drinking water, shoe/chappal racks, toilets and parking spaces. Yet a whopping entry fee is

collected from the devotees.

The question is whether these restrictions are violative of the fundamental rights of

worship under Article 25 of the Constitution, subject of course to reasonable restrictions of

1 The draft seems to have been prepared before the passing away of Shri Ashok Singhal. The idea of a national seminar on Shri Ramjanmabhoomi had been mooted by Singhalji; but, unfortunately, his end came before the fruition of the said idea-Editor.

16

public order, health and morality, and also of fundamental right to hygiene [ AIR 1952 SC

196 & AIR 1999 SC 92]

This Hon’ble Court (in the Farooqui case: (1994) 6 SCC 361) had permitted worship in

the makeshift temple of Ramlala, subject to maintaining the status quo on the disputed site.

But what the scope of this direction to maintain status quo is, has also been made clear

by this Hon’ble Court1, i.e., the mandate given to the Receiver in Section 7(2) of the

Acquisition of Certain Areas at Ayodhya Act, 1993 to ensure that status quo as of January 3,

1993 in the disputed area is maintained. The area of dispute has been defined with clarity in

the aforesaid judgment2.

But in the name of maintaining the status quo, the Receiver and the UP administration

have imposed the most unreasonable and arbitrary restrictions on the worship itself,

tantamount to sacrilege, and causes gross inconvenience to the lakhs of devotees coming

from all over India for darshan.

That whether the present restrictions are beyond this Hon’ble Court’s mandate was

gone into by a Special Bench of three Hon’ble judges of the Allahabad High Court on the

Writ Petition No. 3067 of 1994 filed by D.N. Agarwal, praying for modification of

unreasonable and arbitrary restrictions on devotees placed by the Receiver on the access to,

and worship of the Ramlala idol at the temple in the disputed area.

The Hon’ble High Court while allowing the Writ Petition, passed an order (vide Order

dated February 23, 1996) detailing the various necessary modifications in the restrictions.

This was stayed by this Hon’ble Court on a petition filed not by the Receiver, but by an

interlocutor Syed Hashmi in1996. I have challenged this by way an Interlocutory Application

[IA].

The issue in this IA thus arises from this stay or injunction granted by this Hon’ble

Court in 1996, and which injunction is continuing till date.

1 (1994) 6 SCC 361 at 394. 2 See, para 24 at p 395, ibid.

17

In my affidavit I have therefore prayed that the injunction on the directions of the

Allahabad High Court Special Bench be vacated because the present restrictions imposed by

the Receiver are arbitrary, unreasonable, oppressive and violative of Article 25 of the

Constitution. In fact even the Hon’ble High Court observed that the Receiver implicitly

admitted the same.

In a nutshell, it is an admitted fact that there is a makeshift Ramlala Mandir, on the site

of the Ram Chabutra which site was for centuries inside the perimeter of the now demolished

Babri mosque.

This Hon’ble Court had [vide (1994) 6 SCC 361] appointed a Receiver for the disputed

area but permitted the continued worship at this temple, subject to maintaining status quo as

of January 3, 1993.

In the name of the status quo, the appointed receiver has imposed restrictions on the

access to the temple and the mode of worship.

The Hon’ble three-judge Bench of the Allahabad High Court, after hearing a Writ

Petition, passed a detailed Order in February 1996 holding these restrictions as arbitrary and

unreasonable, and directed the Receiver to implement restrictions which the Hon’ble Bench

stated to be reasonable.

While the Receiver did not appeal against that Order; but as stated above an intervenor

in 1996 filed an SLP and got an ad interim injunction which continues today. No proceedings

followed thereafter till I revived the issue by way of an IA in 2009.

The question is whether the restrictions on worship and access imposed by the Receiver

bear any nexus to the scope of status quo in the area of dispute, and whether these restrictions

are violative of the fundamental rights of worship under Article 25 of the Constitution,

subject of course to reasonable restrictions of public order, health and morality, and also of

fundamental right to hygiene1.

1AIR 1952 SC 196 & AIR 1999 SC 92.

18

What the scope of this direction to maintain status quo is, has also been made clear by

this Hon’ble Court1 i.e., the mandate given to the Receiver in Section 7(2) of the Acquisition

of Certain Areas at Ayodhya Act, 1993 to ensure that status quo as of January 3, 1993 in the

disputed area is maintained. The area of dispute has been defined with clarity in the aforesaid

judgment in para 24 on page 395.

IV

At the outset, it may usefully also be recognized that puja to Ramlala at the disputed

site has already been permitted in a restricted form by this Hon’ble Court2.

It was held in the said judgment that:

“However, confining the exercise of the right of worship of the Hindu community to its

reduced form within the disputed area as on 7-1-1993, lesser than that exercised till the

demolition on 6-12-1992, by the freeze enacted in Section 7(2) {of Act No.33 of 1933}

appears to be reasonable and just in view of the fact that miscreants who demolished the

mosque are suspected to be persons professing to practice Hindu religion. The Hindu

community must, therefore, bear the cross on its chest for the misdeed of miscreants

reasonably suspected to belong to their religious fold”.3

I do not challenge the vires of directing a restricted form of worship, but only the

unreasonable restrictions in the name of security and status quo imposed on devotees to

perform the restricted worship. At some stage, I however reserve the right, on some other

appropriate occasion, to challenge the judicially delivered dictum that the Hindu community”

must bear the cross” for the Babri Masjid demolition. Thereby, it is obvious that Hindus are

not treated evenhandedly: it is pertinent to note that there is a reasonable prima facie

presumption that the Babri Masjid itself (and indeed a large number of mosques all over

India) was constructed after the original temple was demolished by Muslims.

1 See, [(1994) 6 SCC 361 at 394]. 2See, (1994) 6 SCC 361: para 47at p 406 and para 53 at 409. 3See, para 53 at ‘C’, ibid.

19

Specifically, re: the Babri Masjid, this is a finding of a Commission of archeological

experts that was set up on the directions of the Hon’ble High Court , and this forms part of

the record of the proceedings in the main title suit in progress before the Lucknow Bench of

the Hon’ble High Court. But it would be very wrong from that to extrapolate that the Muslim

community must therefore “bear the cross on its chest for the misdeed of miscreants

reasonably suspected to belong to their religious fold”.

Most recently I had visited the Ram Janma Bhoomi shrine; and was appalled at

the unnecessary hardships and indignities to which devout Hindu pilgrims are being

subjected by crude police procedures, whereby devotees are denied even the performance of

archakas at the temple. Full details of the harassment and denial of amenities, are in and have

been commented on in the Allahabad High Court judgment.

Clearly by all objective assessments, these measures are unreasonable restrictions on

the right to the permitted worship. On making enquiries, I was told that these were inevitable

under the status quo orders of this Hon’ble Court and that these must last while the suits

thereon were heard in the Hon’ble High Court.

In the matter of Dr M Ismail Farooqui etc.versus Union of India and others1 this

Hon’ble Court has held that a mosque is not an essential or integral part of Islam. Hence, a

mosque can be demolished in certain circumstances under secular law, and some other site

can be used for reading namaz2.

That is not the position vis–a-vis a temple in which the idol has been consecrated by

prana prathista puja and built according to agama shastras. The Rama idol on the chabutra

(the chabutra was built within the complex during Akbar’s regime) is one such consecrated

idol.

Also notable historians have held that the temple earlier to that, of which remains are

still there in the archeological records, must have been built in the days of Raja Vikramaditya

of Ujjain, hence of heritage value besides being an essential part of Hindu religion.

1(1994) 6 SCC 394. 2 See, para 70, 78,& 80, ibid.

20

Re-building a Sri Rama Temple legally and by consensus building amongst the vast

majority of the people, will have a profound implication for Indian society.

Therefore under law the Union Government can acquire the Babri Masjid site by a

public notification, and urge the Muslim community to agree to shift the building of a new

masjid to some other site well beyond and across the Saryu River.

It is important to note here that as of now there are eight mosques in Ayodhya area

which the ASI has taken over since these had no one coming to read namaz. Hence what use

will another mosque be of?

Hence the national response to the judgment of Lucknow Bench of the Allahabad High

Court allotting one-third of the Ramjanmabhoomi to the Sunni Wakf Board to build a

mosque in the area near the Ramlala temple should be a resounding “No”. A temple cannot

be equated to a mosque in either its immutability or its divinity. The masjid in Islamic law is

just a building to facilitate reading of namaz, which anyway can be read anywhere.

Nor can we Hindus by the back door allow aggression and atrocity of demolishing

temples to be rewarded in any manner. Therefore, as with the Shah Bano case precedent,

Government should bring an amendment to the Acquisition of Certain Areas of Ayodhya Act

of 1993 to bar constructing any structure other than those connected with a temple for Sri

Rama.

That will be a befitting atonement of the so-called secular people of our nation who

have tacitly been tolerating for so long the demolition of Ram Temple on the orders of Babar

of Afghanistan.

Thus, if the Sri Rama Temple issue is settled legally and by such an overwhelming

consensus, then it would trigger a renaissance in the Indian cultural ethos, and lead the

Nation to gradually but inexorably define a Virat Hindustan Identity for all Indians.

The Nation would then become united as never before.

21

Ram Mandir: When?

-Kamleshwar Nath1

Eldorado India:

1. Bharat (i.e. India) drew attention Worldwide for its GOLDEN BIRD (Soney-

ki-Chiria) image born of Trade relations and propagation of Spirituality and Philosophy of

Love & Non-violence. The majestic Himalayas guarding the North with lands acknowledged

as Paradise on Earth (Kashmir), the fertile lands of Indo-Gangetic plains overflowing with

the Nectar of river Ganga, Yamuna and host of others, the great Oceans around presented a

panorama which attracted explorers like Greek Megesthenes and Chinese Hieun Tsang,

Vasco-de-Gama, Missionaries like St Francis Xa’vier and Austrian Jesuit Father Joseph

Tieffenthaler, Parsees and so on. They also provided attraction for Invasions, initially for

expansion of territory like Alexander the Great, but later for sheer loot & plunder, like

Mahmud Ghaznavi who destroyed thousands of Hindu Temples, including the Great

SOMNATH JYOTIRLING TEMPLE (1025 AD) in several raids, killing over 50,000 people

and carrying away tons of Indian wealth. The new found energy of Islam in 7th Century AD

with its concept of Kafir & Jihad prompted many a valiant Muslim warriors to spread out to

the World, and India had its share! After Mahmud, Timur set upon India in 1398. He was

prompted by a Verse in Quran searched out by him commanding: “O Prophet, make war

upon infidels and unbelievers and treat them with severity”; Timur proved true to the

invocation (Para 4011 of Hon’ble Justice Agarwal’s judgment). In December he destroyed

Delhi, seized tons of treasures and took them to Samarakand. His great-grand-son Babar

invaded India 5 times, and left the legacy known as Babri Masjid for the future generations to

reckon with – the controversy rages on! ‘Was Babri Masjid erected over a Hindu Temple at

the Birthplace of Lord Ram in Ayodhya after demolishing the Temple?’ Babar’s own

narratives in his Memoirs, called Babarnama, are both interesting and instructive. Its

1 The author is a former Judge of Allahabad High Court, Vice-Chairman Central Administrative Tribunal & Up-Lokayukta (Ombudsman) of State of Karnataka (India).

22

accredited translation in English by A.S. Beveridge is the source for the purposes of this

paper; references of pages relate to that translation.

Babar’s Ayodhya Expedition:

2. "Ayodhya is to Hindus what Mecca is to Muslims and Jerusalem to Jews" (vide, P. Carnegy's

'A Historical Sketch of Tehsil Fyzabad, Zila Fyzabad' of 1870). From the date Babar conquered

Kabul, Babar's desire for India (Hindustan) had been 'constant' (p. 478). In 925 AH

(4.1.1519), he led the army out to Bajur (N.W.F.P). '…….. As Bajauris were rebels and at

enmity with the people of Islam, ……………. they were put to a general massacre and their

wives and children made captive. According to a guess, more than 3000 men met their death'

(p. 370). 'Some heads of Sultans and of others were sent to Kabul with the news of success'

(p.371).

3. In 929 AH (Nov. 1522 to Nov. 1523), Babar made his 3rd expedition into India on an

appeal made by Daulat Khan Lodi and Alauddin-Alam Khan Lodi for help against Ibrahim

Lodi who ruled at Dilli (Delhi, the Capital). There has never been a dearth of Traitors in

India1. Ibrahim Lodi had called Daulat Khan; but …………… Daulat Khan preferred

allegiance to Babar, hence asked for Babar's help against Ibrahim Lodi' (p.439-440).

4. In 930 AH (10th Nov. 1523 to 29th October 1524), Lahore was occupied by Bihar

Khan Lodi who had led Ibrahim Khan's army in pursuit of Daulat Khan. A battle ensued

between Babar and Bihar Khan Lodi; the latter was defeated with great slaughter. Babar's

men followed his fugitive men into Lahore, plundered the town and burned some of the

bazaars. Four days later, Babar moved to Dibalpur (Southwards) which was stormed,

plundered and put to sword (p. 441).

5. In 932 AH (17th Nov. 1525) Babar started on his 5th expedition into India (p.445). On

Dec. 26 and 27, 1525, Babar dismounted on the bank of river Chinab (p.453), and proceeded

to visit Bahlolpur, which was KHALSA with a plan to bring Sialkot to it (p. 454). Babar was

on his march towards Dilli (Delhi) of Ibrahim Lodi who, then, had a standing army of 1 Lakh

1 Recently, Sri Mani Shankar Iyer, a senior Congress leader, urged Pakistani establishment to “remove Modi (PM of India) and to install ‘them’ (the Congress) to power in Delhi”. Only a few days ago, a procession was taken out in Rajasthan which raised pro-ISIS and anti-RSS slogans: ISIS is an Organisation calling itself ‘Islamic State of Iraq & Syria’ conducting itself as a terrorist militant outfit carrying out Jihad against Kafirs; RSS is Rashtriya Swayam-sewak Sangh, a Hindu Nationalist organisation of India-Author.

23

and 1000 elephants. Babar bestowed Dibalpur on Baqi Shaghawal and sent him to help

Balkh (p.463). [This Baqi Shaghawal is Mir Baqi of Ayodhya episode.] On 25th Feb. 1526,

Babar appointed Humayun to act against Hamid Khan. On 5th March 1526, Humayun arrived

to wait on Babar bringing with him as many as 100 prisoners and 7 or 8 elephants. Ustad Ali

Quli and the matchlock man were ordered to shoot all the prisoners by way of example ……

It was an excellent Omen (p.464).

6. Pages 469 onwards record the battle of Panipat and defeat of Ibrahim Lodi. At page

472, A.S Beveridge has recorded Foot-note No. 1 mentioning, inter alia, that "Babar built a

(perhaps a commemorative) Mosque one mile to the N.E. of the Town". Page 478 mentions

Babar enter into Agra on 10th May 1526. At page 687, mention is made of Humayun's

retainer, Hindu Beg taking possession of Sambhal in 933 AH (1526-27 AD). Hindu Beg

transformed a Hindu Temple into a Mosque by Babar's order which was commemorated by

an inscription still existing on the Mosque.

7. Page 483 mentions “Rana Sanga who in these later days had grown great by his own

valour and sword…….. He became possessed of many of their dependencies such as

……….. Chandiri. Chandiri I stormed in 934 AH (1528 AD) and by God's pleasure took it

in a few hours ............ We made general massacre of the Pagans in it and, as will be

narrated, converted what for many years had been a mansion of hostility into a mansion of

Islam"

8. Accounts of battle with Rana Sanga are contained in pages 561 onwards. Page 572

records: “The absurd Hindus, knowing their position perilous, dispersed like carded wool

before the wind, and like moths scattered abroad. Mounds were made of their bodies of the

slain, pillars of their heads.” Page 574-75 records: ‘After this success, Ghazi (Victor in Holy

War) was written amongst the royal titles. Below the Titles entered on the Fatehnama, I

wrote the following quatrain:

"For Islam's sake, I wandered in the Wilds

Prepared for war with Pagans and Hindus

Resolved myself to meet the Martyr's death

Thanks be to God! A Ghazi I became."

24

An Order was given to set up a pillar of pagan heads on the infant hill between which

and our Camp, the battle had been fought – P. 576.’1 On 26.12.1527, Babar sent troops

against Bayazid Farmuli (p.589) who had been given charge of Aud (Oudh/Ayodhya) by

Humayun (p.544). P.595 mentions: “On 27.2.1528, we passed Kannauj and dismounted on

the Western bank of Ganga (p.599). On 21.3.1528, I visited Laknau (Lucknow), crossed the

Gui water (Gomti river, p.601). On 28.3.1528, we dismounted 2 or 3 Kurohs from Aud

above the junction of Gagar (Gogra river) and Sird(a) (p.602). …….. We stayed a few days

on that ground (near Aud) in order to settle the affairs of Aud. …………. On 2.4.1528, I rode

out intending to hunt."

9. A.S.Beveridge writes Foot-note 2 at page 602 that no account of the hunting

expedition survives. The Babri Masjid was erected during that unaccounted period. It is

further stated at p. 603 that in all known texts of Babarnama, there is a break of the narrative

between April 2 and September 18, 1528, mentioned to fall from Jumada 12, 934 AH to

Moharram 3, 935 AH. Babar's occupations during those 5 1/2 months missing period are not

available in his chronicle of 935 AH (i.e. 15.9.1528 to 5.9.1529 – p.605) and although it

makes several references to occurrences of 'last year' and of Babar's acts, yet there is no

mention of his having planned, directed or erected Babri Masjid.

10. The available accounts, as indicated above, unmistakably show Babar to be a fanatic

Muslim out to destroy the ‘Kafir Hindus’, strike terror among the vanquished by putting up

mounds of ‘bodies slain’ and pillars of ‘heads severed from bodies’, destroy their places of

worship and replace them with Mosques – specific mention is made of transforming a Hindu

Temple in Sambhal (U.P.) into a Mosque in 1527 under the orders of Babar. On

recommencing his diary (the Babarnama) in September 1528, the same story stands repeated.

Page 606 mentions Babar ordering cutting out of a solid red building-stone hill in Dulpur

(Dhulpur) on 21st-23rd Sept. 1528. "I ordered a seat and a four-pillared platform to be cut

out in the solid rock on the same side and a Mosque built on the Western side". On 28th Sept

1528, he saw Urwah Valley, and wrote that he found '3 sides of Urwah are solid rock, and on

1 The spree of ‘beheading’ the captured victims continues even now: ISIS beheaded two foreign Journalists & put up video of the act on social media, a couple of years ago; Pakistani Jihadi militants beheaded two Soldiers of Indian Defence Forces guarding the LOC in Kashmir a few months ago, and carried away their heads!-Author.

25

these sides people have cut out Idol-statues, large and small, one large statue on the South

side being perhaps 20 gari (yards) high. These idols are shown quite naked without covering

for the privities ……. Urwah is not a bad place …. the idols are its defect. I, for my part,

ordered them destroyed' (p.612). [Those were Jain Temples.] With evidence of destruction of

Temples/Idols and replacing them with Mosques both before and after the Ayodhya

expedition, it is quite probable that during Babar’s Ayodhya expedition, a Hindu Temple at

Lord Ram’s Birthplace was destroyed and Babri Masjid erected over it as the Majority of

Judges have already held in the Ram Janmabhumi-Babri Masjid case.

The High Court:

11. This case has been decided by a Bench of 3 Judges. Every decision is the decision of

‘Allahabad High Court’ – a Court of Record. Their unanimous decision is Full Bench

decision which carries a very high status and is unquestionably binding on all smaller

Benches. If there is a dissent among Judges, the common view of the larger number of

Judges is Majority decision, and the view of the rest is Minority decision; the Majority view

supersedes the Minority decision. Single Judge’s view, where other Judges choose not to

express a view would, nevertheless, be the decision of the ‘Allahabad High Court’.

The Court’s Decision:

12. The 3-Judge Bench of Allahabad High Court’s Lucknow Bench, consisting of

Hon’ble Justices S.U.Khan, Sudhir Agarwal and D.V.Sharma delivered separate Judgments

on 30.9.2010 in this Nationally-important case popularly known as Ram Janma-bhumi-Babri

Masjid case. The Judgments have been published by Malhotra Law House, Allababad, in 3

Volumes in continuous pages. References to pages in this paper are from that publication.

Between Justices Khan and Agarwal, an exhaustive judgment was recorded by Agarwal J.

and Justice Khan mentioned at page 109 that except in respect of issues on which he had

recorded findings, he “fully agreed with the findings of Justice Agarwal, subject to anything

contrary stated/found in this judgment of mine”. It is impossible to place the full picture of

the case in a short paper like this; and, hence, an effort is made to set out the essence.

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13. The disputed premises in the case consist of an area which was surrounded by

boundary walls and included the Masjid within, described as disputed structure. Counsel for

Muslim Parties stated on 22.4.2009 before the Bench that Muslim Parties did not dispute that

Lord Ram was born at Ayodhya, but they seriously disputed the assertion that Lord Ram was

born at premises in dispute (p.101). Earlier, in para 19 of Written Statement dated

26/29.8.1989, in reply to Plaint of Ramlala’s Suit (No. 5 of 1989), the Muslim Parties (Sunni

Central Board of Wakf) had pleaded that it was ‘very doubtful’ that the personality of Shri

Ram Chandra ji is a historical personality and, further, even the location of present Ayodhya

did not tally with the location of Ayodhya as given in Balmiki Ramayan which also creates ‘a

doubt’ of there being any place of birth of Shri Ram Chandra ji in the present Ayodhya. It

took 10 years for Muslim Parties to admit that Shri Ram Chandra ji is a genuine historical

personality born in Ayodhya as it stands and that too as stated in Balmiki Ramayan. It is

interesting that this ultimate admission – which came after the entire evidence, including

report of Archaeological Survey of India had been concluded – is mentioned to be ‘for the

purposes of this case!’ As if, in any other context, they would not abide by the admission.

That is the standard of credibility of Muslim Parties. In this context one is reminded of the

proposition of ‘celebrated Muslim historian and scholar Maulana Syed Sababuddin Abdur

Rehman in the preface to his treatise “Babri Masjid” that ‘On behalf of Muslims I also have a

right to say that if it is proved that Babri Masjid has been built after demolishing Ram Janam

Bhumi Mandir on its place, then such a mosque if built on such an usurped land deserves to

be destroyed. No theologian or Aalim can give Fatwa to hold Namaz in it’ (p.2005 of

Hon’ble Justice Agarwal’s Judgment). Perhaps Government of India’s White Paper on

negotiations between representatives of Hindus and Muslims too mentions likewise so that if

it is held by Court of Law that there did exist a Hindu Temple over which the Babri Masjid

was erected after demolishing the Temple, Muslims would voluntarily give up their claim to

disputed property. Not so now after Court Judgment. The Bench has given its decision in

favour of Hindus on both points; but there is no credibility in promises. Wrong doers rarely

have credibility.

14. Khan J held that ‘a very large area’ was considered to be the birthplace of Lord Ram

by general Hindus in the sense that somewhere in that large area Lord Ram was born; but

after construction of Masjid, Hindus started treating/believing the site of the Masjid as the

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exact place of Ram’s birthplace (p.103). Even so, he adopted the view of Agarwal J. that the

Central Dome of the Masjid was the birthplace of Lord Ram. He held that a Hindu Idol is

Deity, but it was not necessary to decide whether the land itself (the birthplace) can be Deity

under Hindu Law (p.108). It was further held that the Masjid was ‘constructed by or under

orders of Babar’ but the premises on which it was constructed did not belong to Babar or to

the person who constructed it; that no temple was demolished for constructing the Masjid but

it was constructed over the ruins of a Temple lying since a very long time, utilising some of

the material of that Temple for the construction of the Masjid. Appreciating that, under

Muslim Law, no one could construct a mosque on another’s property without the other’s

permission, he held that since it was not proved that the land belonged to anyone else, hence

due to its long user as a Masjid it would be presumed to be a valid Mosque by User. It is

further held that much before 1855, Ram Chabutra and Sita Rasoi had come into existence

within the premises of the Masjid and Hindus worshipped thereat, while Muslims too used to

offer Namaz inside the Masjid which was a ‘very very unique and absolutely unprecedented

situation’. For this reason, Khan J held that both Hindus and Muslims were in joint

possession of the entire premises in dispute, although using and occupying different portions

of the premises without any sort of Partition. It was also held that since both Parties have

failed to prove commencement of their title hence, by virtue of Section 110 of Indian

Evidence Act, both Parties are joint title-holders of the disputed premises. However, his

Lordship further held that some decades before 1949, Hindus started believing/treating the

site of the Central Dome of the Masjid was the birthplace to be the exact place where Lord

Ram was born, and finally the Idol of Lord Ram was placed under that Dome in the early

hours of 23.11.1949. [The Mosque was demolished on 6.12.1992, and a Make-shift Ram

Temple under a Canvass Canopy was constructed which exists even now and worship of the

Deity has been going on.] In the ultimate result, the Hon’ble Judge declared both Parties to

be joint owners of the disputed promises and ordered it to be partitioned in the ratio of 1/3rd

each to Hindus, Muslims and Nirmohi Akhara, ensuring that the Central Dome site of the

Mosque shall be allotted to Hindus (p.115-116).

15. Hon’ble Agarwal J has held that Parties have failed to prove that the Disputed

Structure was erected either by Babar or by Mir Baqi or in 1528, hence it was not necessary

to decide whether it was a Mosque or not, but by way of ‘informed guess’ it would have been

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constructed between 1659 and 1707 during the regime of Aurangzeb (p.1100-01). This

conflicts with the view of Khan J. that the Masjid was ‘constructed by or under orders of

Babar’ but the premises on which it was constructed did not belong to Babar or to the person

who constructed it. Agarwal J further held that a Hindu Temple was demolished and the

Mosque was raised over it; this conflicts with the view of Khan J. that that no temple was

demolished for constructing the Masjid but it was constructed over the ruins of a Temple

lying since a very long time, utilising some of the material of that Temple for the

construction of the Masjid. Agarwal J. added that the builder of the structure knew the

strength, capacity and size of the walls of the Temple, hence used its walls, stones, pillars,

bricks etc. in erecting the Mosque and the artefacts recovered during excavation were mostly

such as pertain to Hindu religious places (p. 2507). His Lordship also held that despite

construction of the disputed structure in the shape of Mosque, it was used and continued to be

visited by Hindus for offering worship, Puja and Darshan as they treated it to be the

birthplace of Lord Ram of which there is no alternative and that place is permanent, not

liable to be disturbed in any manner (p.2508). It was further held that the birth place of Lord

Ram was Swyambhu Deity whose worship had continued for past several centuries, that

Hindus in general had been entering the premises within the inner courtyard as a matter of

right for the past several centuries, i.e., since time immemorial, and cannot be denied that

right after such a long time (p.2521). However, this indefeasible right of Hindus was

confined to the site of the Central Dome of the Mosque on the basis that only that area is

specifically proved by Hindus to be the exact place of birth of Lord Ram, hence belongs

exclusively to Deity known as Ram Janmasthan (p.2828); in respect of the rest of the land

within the inner courtyard (i.e., the site of the Mosque-structure and the abutting Chabutra

within the erstwhile railing) it was held that both Hindus and Muslims used to offer

worship/prayers for ‘decades and centuries’ (p.2868), hence it belonged jointly to both

Communities. The Hon’ble Judge, therefore, directed the entire area to be partitioned in such

a way that Hindus, Muslims and Nirmohi Akhara each got 1/3rd share with the provision that

Ram Janmasthan shall fall within the share of Bhagwan Shri Ramlala, while Ram Chabutra,

Sita Rasoi and Bhandar shall fall to the share of Nirmohi Akhara (p.2871).

16. On the question of validity of Babri Masjid, Agarwal J. held that the disputed

structure was a mosque known as Babri Masjid (p.1932), but the question whether it was

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dedicated to Almighty was ‘wholly irrelevant’ hence not answered. In the matter of

dedication of the Mosque by long user, mentioned by Khan J., Agarwal J. held (P.1910) that

the question of Wakf by long User would not be relevant where a particular person (Babar or

Mir Baqi) is said to have made the dedication. However, both Hindus and Muslims were held

to have been offering worship/prayers inside the Masjid for more than 80 years before OOS 1

was filed in 1950.

17. Hon’ble Sharma J. held that the Mosque was erected on the site of a massive Hindu

religious structure after demolishing it (p.2970), that in view of commands contained in

Quran, followed by traditions, Babar, who had not acquired title to the Temple, was not in a

position to erect the Mosque against the tenets of Islam, hence there was no valid dedication

(Wakf) of the Mosque to Almighty (p.2975). It was held that both Ram Janmasthan (also

known as Ram Janmabhumi) and Bhagwan Shree Ramlala are Deities and Juristic Persons

(p. 3522 and 3526). His Lordship held the whole of the disputed area to be ‘the site of

Janmabhumi of Ram Chandra ji’, that ‘Hindus have been worshipping the place in dispute as

Janmasthan i.e., birthplace and visiting it as a sacred place of pilgrimage as of right since

times immemorial’ (p. 3454). He dismissed the suit of Muslims (p. 3474) and wholly decreed

the suit of Hindus and permanently restrained Muslims from interfering with Hindus’

constructing a Temple at Ram Janmabhumi Ayodhya (p. 3586).

The Call for Justice:

18. ‘Justice delayed is justice denied’; and the Supreme Court has repeatedly held that

speedy justice is a Fundamental Right of every citizen. The earliest legal battle for Lord

Ram’s Birthplace brought out the Hindu assertion that Babar had committed great injustice to

Hindus, was a bigot and tyrant and Babri Masjid came into being on account of that conduct.

Hon’ble Mr Justice S.U.Khan, who led the 3-Judge High Court Bench, has mentioned at

pages 34/35 of his judgment that the object of Mahant Raghubar Das’ Regular Suit of 1885,

as recorded by the District Judge in Appeal, was that “the British Government, as no

respecter of persons, was asked through the Courts to remedy an injustice committed by a

Mohammedan Emperor”, and that the Judicial Commissioner of Oudh, Mr Justice W. Young,

in the Second Appeal Judgment mentioned that “the supposed Holy Spot in Ayodhya, said to

be the birthplace of Shri Ram Chandra is situated within the precincts of the grounds

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surrounded by a Mosque erected some 350 years ago owing to the bigotry and tyranny of

Emperor Babar who purposely chose this Holy Spot, according to Hindu legend, as the site

of his mosque”.

19. There was no question of justice to Hindus in the matter of Ram Temple during

Muslim rule; with great difficulty and sacrifices Ram Chabutra was installed within the

South-eastern corner and Sita Rasoi etc in the Northern portion of disputed premises and

Worship of the Idols, Sita Rasoi etc., was continued. The 1885 suit of Mahant Raghubar Das

did not bring justice to Hindus during British rule; the Hindus could not erect Ram Temple

on Ram Chabutra. After India’s Independence (in 1947), devotees of Ram could rise to some

prominence. In December 1949 the Idols of Bhagwan Shree Ram were shifted from Ram

Chabutra to Central Dome of the Masjid, and worship continued. The first suit was filed on

15.1.1950 (by Gopal Singh Visharad) to prevent the Government and Muslims from

interfering with worship of the Idols within the Masjid. A temporary injunction by the Civil

Court prevented the Government and Muslims accordingly. Mahant Paramhans Ram

Chandra Das of Digambar Akhara (a revered Order of Sadhus) of Ayodhya and a staunch

devotee of Lord Ram filed the second suit on same lines shortly after the first. About 9 years

later Nirmohi Akhara (another revered Order of Sadhus) filed the third suit on 17.12.1959.

Twelve years after December 1949 episode, Sunni Central Board of Wakf, in capacity

representative of Muslims, filed suit on 18.12.1961 against all Parties of earlier 3 suits, also

in capacity representative of the Hindus. The four suits continued their course in different

grades of Courts; but justice was nowhere in sight.

20. Then came the Muslim onslaught tirade against Kashmiri Pandits in 1989-90. Public

posters were put up throughout Kashmir by Muslim militants decrying Hindus as Kafirs and

warning Hindus to quit Kashmir or else face annihilation in terms of person and property.

Many Pandits were shot dead in cold blood. About 300000 Hindu Pandits were displaced

from their own homelands and properties in Kashmir to settle as refugees in safer places in

the rest of India. Post-1947 Independence, in Islamic Republic of Pakistan, ever keen to grab

Kashmir, the population of Hindus and their Temples dwindled to single digit figure by 2014.

The Hindu Deities inside the Babri Masjid, namely the Idol of Bhagwan Shree Ramlala and

Shree Ram Janmmasthan (also known as Ram Janmabhumi) with Bhagwan Shree Ramlala

Presiding (Virajman) filed the 5th Suit in 1989. All the 5 suits went on and the matters

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shuttled between Faizabad District Judiciary and High Court; but final outcome was not in

sight.

21. Some Hindu zealots felt: ‘Enough is enough’, and in a flash of action destroyed Babri

Masjid within few hours on 6.12.1992; a Make-shift Ram Temple with a Canvass Canopy

over the Idol of Bhagwan Shree Ramlala was installed. The Government of India acted as

swiftly and acquired the entire property (with lots of surrounding properties) by an Ordinance

on 7th January 1993 followed by ‘Acquisition of Certain Areas of Ayodhya Act 1993’ and

took possession of the whole area, and placed it under management of an ‘Authorised

Person’, to wit, the Commissioner of Faizabad Division as Statutory Receiver. The

Acquisition was challenged in Supreme Court which delivered the judgment on 24.10.1994,

reported as Dr. Ismail Faruqui & others Vs Union of India in (1994) 6 SCC 360; the Act was

upheld except in respect of the Disputed Area while all the suits were directed to proceed for

final disposal. Exasperated by delays, Paramhans Ram Chandra Das withdrew his suit (the

2nd Suit of 1950); the remaining 4 suits continued.

22. Almost 10 years later, the Hon’ble High Court considered if archaeological

excavation could help to determine the main issue, viz., “Whether there was Hindu Temple,

or any Hindu religious structure existed, or the alleged Babri Masjid was constructed after

demolishing temple at the site in dispute.” (p. 219 of Agarwal J. judgment). After hearing the

submissions of Parties, the Court Ordered on 23.10.2002 to have a non-intrusive

investigation and report through Ground Penetrating Radar procedure (p.220), and by Order

of 26.11.2002, appointed M/s Tojo Vikas International (Pvt) Ltd to make the survey and

report. The survey report was submitted to Hon’ble Court on 17.2.2003. The survey revealed

‘…….a variety of anomalies ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 meters in depth that could be associated

with ancient and contemporaneous structures such as pillars, foundations, walls, slab-

floorings extending over a large portion of the site’. However, Tojo-Vikas opined that ‘the

exact nature of those anomalies has to be confirmed by systematic ground-truthing, such as

provided by the archaeological trenching’. After hearing Parties, the Court by Order dated

5.3.2003 decided to have the site excavated by Archaeological Survey of India and issued

detailed directions for the purpose (p.225). ASI submitted its report in two Volumes to the

Court on 25.8.2003.

32

Site Excavation by ASI:

23. During the course of excavation, the Muslim Parties continued to file

objections after objections, and the Court decided them from time to time, giving appropriate

directions to ASI as found necessary. Ultimately the Hon’ble Court held (p.244) that only the

final report (not the intermediate reports) shall be taken as evidence on record and the report

shall be ‘subject to objections and evidence which may be led by Parties’.

24. The last para of Summary of Results submitted by the ASI, inter alia, mentions

discovery of a “massive structure just below the Disputed Structure with continuity of

structural phases from 10th Century up to construction of disputed structure along with the

yield of stone and decorated bricks as well as mutilated sculpture of Divine Couple, and

carved architectural members including foliage patterns, amalak, kapotpali doorjamb with

semi-circular pilaster, broken octagonal shaft of black schist pillar, lotus motif, Circular

Shrine having pranala (waterchute) in the north, fifty pillar bases in association with the

huge structure are indicative of remains which are distinctive features found associated with

the temples of North India”.

25. Muslim Parties filed a number of objections. Hon’ble Khan J., relying upon the views

recorded by Hon’ble Agarwal J, preferred ‘not to delve deep into the ASI Report’ (p.114).

Hon’ble Agarwal J. made a very thorough and detailed analysis of excavated material. At

page 2177, he recorded:

“Since some general but serious allegations have been levelled against

ASI, though not substantiated, we shall examine all these aspects

minutely…………so that there may not remain a grievance that one or the

other aspect, howsoever minor it is, has escaped consideration the Court”.

Indeed detailed analysis is made from p.2177 (para 3774) to p. 2445 (para 3989) of the

judgment. The salient features of the findings are as follows:

(i) ASI is a Department of Government of India, and in law can be presumed to

be an expert body of the Government on the subject of archaeology (p. 2181).

(ii) There is no force in objections with respect to stratification/periodisation

made by ASI (P.2352).

33

(iii) ASI found 50 Pillar Bases (PB) of which 12 were completely exposed, 35

partially and 3 were traced in section. 20 of these PB confirm GPR survey. There were 17

rows of PB from North to South, each row having 5 PB. These 17 rows were constructed

along with North-South brick-wall No. 16 (para 3902; No. 16 is the western wall of Temple

and has been used as foundation wall for Mosque). Only in respect of 3 PBs Muslims

complained of their having been ‘planted’; and even those had been detected by GPR Survey

(paras 2377 to 3900). Moreover, it is impossible to ‘plant’ PB within section-baulk of 2

walls. All the 50 PBs were attached to Floor No. 2 datable to 1200 AD and most of them

were resting over Floor No. 4 which was the earliest floor of the Temple. Carbon dating

confirmed the above period (para 3904). Finally, all objections to PBs were rejected

(p.2390).

(iv) Pages 2401 onwards deal with Walls of Mosque as well as Temple. 28 walls

were traced; Walls 1 to 15 belonged to Masjid, Wall 16 to 28 belonged to the Temple and

were underneath the Mosque structure. Wall 5 of Mosque was directly resting over 50

Metres long Temple Wall 16 running North-South, which further projected towards North

and South beyond the excavated area, and was attached to Floor No. 2 as well as to 50 PBs

to its East; they all belonged to 12th Century. P. 2403 mentions that below Wall No. 16,

stood Wall No. 17 of the Temple of the same length and served as foundation for Wall No.

16.

(v) In respect of ‘Circular Shrine’ found on excavation (p.2404), Muslim Parties

contended that it could be a ‘Buddhist shrine’ or ‘tomb of erstwhile Islamic religious

structure’ (para 3931). The Court rejected the contention (p.2410) and held it to be Lord

Shiva Shrine (paras 3937 to 3929).

(vi) In respect of Animal Bones found during excavation, Muslim Parties strongly

urged that they could not be found in a Hindu Temple or religious place. Hon’ble Agarwal J.

dealt with them in detail at p. 2421 to 2430. In para 3968, he mentioned that the collection of

animal bones was recovered from the ‘fills of different periods’. He held that these fills were

brought from neighbouring areas to level the ground from time to time, hence their

examination would only throw light about the area of their origin and have no bearing on the

nature of layers of the excavated site. He referred to some witnesses of Muslim Parties that in

some Hindu Temples, animals are sacrificed and bones may be found at temple sites too, and

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are not associated with any particular community. He also observed that bones in such

abundance could not be found even in Mosques or Islamic religious places, hence they are of

no consequence (paras 3969/3970).

26. After dealing with several other items of recovery on excavation, Hon’ble

Agarwal J. upheld ASI Report and rejected all objections (p. 2445 (para 3989). Indeed one

would wonder whether Muslim Parties could lawfully lay claim of having some Muslim

religious structure like ‘tomb’ or ‘kanati Masjid’ underneath the Babri Masjid despite

admissions to the contrary made by their lawyer Sri Mohd Ayub in representative capacity

of all Muslims on 20.1.1964 in Suit No. 4 (p.3672) that Babar had constructed Babri Masjid

in 1528 from ‘scratch’ (az sare-nao) and, at that site, earlier there never existed any Hindu

Temple or religious place (Devasthan) of any sort, or any construction. To the question as to

how Mohd. Ayub could know the contents underneath the surface, the answer is in counter-

question: How did the Hindus know that there was a Temple!

27. During demolition of Babri Masjid on 6.12.1992, a large Stone-slab (115Cm x

55Cm - p.2117) containing 20-line engraved Inscription was recovered from the Western

Wall of the Masjid. It is set out at p. 2119 to 2122 of Hon’ble Agarwal’s judgment and

p.3238 to 3241 of Hon’ble Sharma’s Judgment. It exhaustively sets out the history behind its

contents. The engraved inscription has been examined by epigraphists and Verse 19 read

with Verse 21 mention that ‘this beautiful Temple of god Vishnu-Hari’ was constructed by

Meghasuta, who had earned the lordship of Saket-Mandal (Ayodhya is also known as Saket)

through Govindchand of Gahadwal dynasty which had Ayodhya within its territory (p.2128);

the epigraphist proved it to concern 12th Century AD (p.2121 and p. 3177). Hon’ble Agarwal

J. held that the genuineness and authenticity of the stone inscription cannot be doubted (p.

2125). ASI report strengthens the periodicity of that Temple. Since admittedly a lot of

material of the Temple was used in constructing Babri Masjid, this large stone slab must have

been drawn from that Temple and used in the Masjid.

28. The decision of the Hon’ble High Court on the basic questions, thus, may be stated as

follows:

(a) Both Ram Janmasthan (also called Ram Janmabhumi) and Bhagwan Shree Ramlala

presiding over it (Virajman), are Hindu Deities/Juristic Persons worshipped by Hindus since

time immemorial. [Hon’ble Khan J. left this issue unanswered (p.108)].

35

(b) A Hindu Temple existed at Ram Janmasthan which was demolished and Babri

Masjid was erected at the site of the Temple. [Hon’ble Khan J. held the site to have been in

ruins (p. 103-104)].

(c) The exact ‘place of birth’ of Lord Ram was the site of Central Dome of the erstwhile

Masjid, and would alone be known as Ram Janmasthan or Ram Janmabhumi [This view is

open to question as shall appear later.]

(d) The Masjid was illegal, erected contrary to Islamic tenets; it could not even be a

Mosque by User [See below for further comments].

(e) Hindus and Muslims had been in joint possession of Disputes Area, hence the whole

site was liable to be partitioned in such a way that Hindus (Bhagwan Shree Ramlala/Ram

Janmabhumi), Muslims (Sunni Central Board of Wakf) and Nirmohi Akhara would get 1/3rd

share each with the condition that, in the Final Decree for Partition, the Central Dome area of

the erstwhile Masjid shall be included in the share allotted to Bhagwan Shri Ramlala, Ram

Chabutra, Sita Rasoi & Bhandar shall be allotted to the share of Nirmohi Akhara, and the

share of Sunni Central Board of Wakf shall be carved out of the remaining part of Disputed

Area with appropriate adjustment from the other land acquired by the Central Government

under the Act of 1993. [This direction, too, is open to question as shall appear later].

29. Re Ruins: Hon’ble Khan J held that the disputed area was in ruins when the Masjid

was erected. There is no documentary evidence to sustain this view. The earliest relevant

document was the travel account by William Finch of 1608-1611 and earliest Gazetteer was

by Walter Hamilton of 1828 mentioned at p. 93. Obviously these records were prepared,

respectively, 80 and 300 years after the Masjid was erected; hence they could not indicate the

situation as of 1528. Since Babar’s own accounts reveal a spree of demolitions of Temples &

erection of Masjids by his hordes during invading expeditions, the probability is that all

Hindu religious structures at and around the disputed site would have been demolished

hence, later, travellers found ruins around. The Vishnu-Hari Temple by Meghasut of the 12th

Century could well have been there as shown above and demolished to erect Babri Masjid.

30. Re Central Dome of Masjid as Birthplace of Lord Ram: The approach of Hon’ble

Agarwal J. to this issue, indicated in para 4372 at p.2784-2785, deserves careful attention. He

observed that although religious texts mention that Lord Ram was born in Ayodhya and that

Ayodhya “is his ‘place of birth’, yet they do not identify any particular place in Ayodhya

36

which can be said to be his ‘place of birth’…………….It is true that a search of a ‘place of

birth’ after long time even today may not be very easy if one tried to find out in this regard

just 3 or 4 generations back. Therefore, to make such kind of inquiry in a matter of such an

antiquity is almost impossible. But when a dispute in such a manner is raised then we go by

the well-accepted principle in law of evidence particularly as application (?-‘applicable’) in

civil cases i.e., preponderance of evidence”.

31. Three concepts arise in this observation: (i) His Lordship was looking for ‘place of

birth’ instead of ‘birthplace’. The ‘place of birth’ of a person may be in a Hospital, but his

‘birthplace’ would be the house of his ordinary residence at the time of birth – that is what a

common man would understand in ordinary parlance, and laws are made for common men.

(ii) Accordingly Court started looking for a smaller place where Ram could have been born

actually though the exercise was described by the Court itself to be impossible. Perhaps

sensing the mood of the Court [apparent from Court-queries to Hindu Parties Advocates as

stated at p.101 by Hon’ble Khan J.] the witnesses, in cross-examination, started mentioning,

the Central Dome of the Masjid as ‘place of birth’ which Lord Shree Ramlala was already

presiding over. They started calling it as Garbha-griha. That was a situation of ‘Devil &

Deep Sea!’ Nevertheless all those witnesses (perhaps – at least most of them definitely)

asserted that they held the entire disputed area to be the Birthplace of Lord Ram. (iii) The

rule of Probabilities, enacted in Definition of expression ‘Proved’ in Section 3 of Indian

Evidence Act, established by, what the Court called, ‘Preponderance of Evidence’ made out

the entire Disputed Area as the Birthplace because the mass of evidence was in favour of it.

Temple, in Hindu Law, is the Home of the Deity. Supported by Devotees/Pilgrims making

Parikrama during darshan-puja of the Deity around the whole of the Disputed Structure

since time immemorial as recorded by Father Joseph Tieffenthaler in his travel accounts of

1766-71, the preponderance/probability in favour of the entire disputed area was reasonably

established. The circumbulation path (Parikrama) was found existing at the spot in 1885-suit

by Court Amin, and in 1950-suit (of Gopal Singh Visharad) by the Advocate-Commissioner

appointed by the Court. The Muslim Parties have admitted the existence of the ‘path’, but

state it to be the ‘apron’ of the Mosque.

32. Re Mosque by User: Only Hon’ble Khan J held Babri Masjid to be valid by User.

Admittedly the Mosque stood at a place which did not belong to its builder, be he Babar or

37

Mir Baqi. Hon’ble Khan J took the view that the ownership of the site was not proved to vest

in anyone, hence long user promoted an illegal structure to the status of valid Mosque. Since

the Disputed Area is proved to be the site of Hindu Temple, and the site itself (Ram

Janmabhumi/Janmasthan) was a Hindu Deity capable of owning property, at the time of

erection of the Masjid, its ownership vested in the Deity – it was not res nullius. Secondly,

since both Hon’ble J Khan and Agarwal have held the site of Central Dome to be the Deity,

at least that portion could never be transformed into a Mosque, and with that the whole of the

Mosque must go; there cannot be a partial mosque within a whole Temple. Thirdly, the

doctrine of ‘non-est’ shall apply to such a Mosque; it is ‘still-born’, it cannot be infused with

life in any manner.

33. Re Joint Ownership of Mosque/Temple: The Court has held that none of the Parties

acquired title by Adverse Possession. That is the only legal method of acquiring rights in

another’s property; mere user cannot materialise into title. The finding is of Hindus and

Muslims ‘offering of prayers’. Obviously there could not be ‘joint prayers’; there could only

be ‘exclusive prayers offered separately’. That sort of worship/namaz could only be

‘permissive’; no title could accrue thereby. The concept of partition, therefore, needs

rethinking.

Ram Temple when?

34. The legal battle for Ram Temple began in 1885 with Mahant Raghubar Das

Suit; Hindus failed. Extra-constitutional battles, of course, had been going on since the very

erection of Babri Masjid, and both Hindu and Muslim lives were lost over centuries.

However, Hindus could make a foothold inside a portion of Masjid’s premises. The current

legal battle commenced in 1950 and it took 60 years for our Courts to decide the cases in

September 2010. [Taken from 1885 litigation, the duration of judicial process would be 125

years!] Five years have passed since the matter is pending in Supreme Court. In the

meantime, the Deities stay under a canvass canopy, liable to suffer ravages of changing

seasons, and devotees/pilgrims Hindus bear the torture of long tortuous queues in single file

for hours together to have Darshan of Lord Ram and Janmabhumi; they themselves cannot

perform Puja which has only to be done by one Pujari only. Small conveniences or

improvements are opposed by Muslim Parties in the name of Status quo. [Even self-grown or

38

planted Basil (Tulsi) cannot be permitted to grow]. Hindus have already won substantially,

and although Muslims should have given up their claim in the circumstances pointed out in

this paper, the final judicial word has yet to come.

35. It is said that the main hurdle in speedy disposal of Appeals (a Constitutional

Fundamental Right) in Hon’ble Supreme Court is incomplete translation of non-English

record into English language as required by Constitution of India. It is felt that as soon as

translation of non-Hindi/Urdu records is over (whose volume is not much), the Hon’ble

Supreme Court can mould the Rules of Procedure in such a way that original records in

Hindi/Urdu (which is huge) may be directly accessed by all concerned during hearing

because we have a number of Hon’ble Judges who are at ease with both of those languages.

In that case, it may be possible to commence the hearing in first-half and deliver judgment in

second-half of the year 2016. Thus, construction of Ram Temple may be achieved by the

year 2018. Amen.

***************

39

Ram Janmbhoomi: Title Dispute and the Way Forward

-Vikramjit Banerjee 1and Shubhendu Anand2

The Ram Janmbhoomi dispute, dealing with the birthplace of Lord Ram whom

Mohammad Iqbal referred to as ‘Imam-e-Hind’ and who is the civilizational symbol of India

stretching from Vietnam to the Caribbean, is one of the most important legal disputes in the

history of India. It is a legacy of our past and without the resolution of the Ram Janmbhoomi

there can be no effective resolution of historical wrongs.

The present paper highlights the background of the litigation arising out of the Ram

Janmbhoomi dispute and suggests the way forward as to how to solve the same.

Sequence of Events

In pursuance to two suits filed by Hindus in 1950, the Faizabad Trial Court passed

interim orders whereby the idols remained at the place where they were installed in

December 1949 and their Puja by the Hindus continued. This interim order was confirmed by

the High Court in April 1955. Thereafter, in 1959, a suit was filed by the Nirmohi Akhara

claiming title to the disputed structure. In 1961, another suit was filed claiming title to the

disputed structure by the Sunni Central Wakf Board. In 1989, Deoki Nandan Agarwal, as the

next friend of the Deity filed a title suit in respect of the disputed structure in the Faizabad

District Court making both Sri Ramlala Virajman and the site of Janm-Bhoomi as petitioners

in their capacity as “Deities” and praying for the relief to declare the entire premises as

Ramlala’s property. In 1989, the suits were transferred to the Allahabad High Court and were

ordered to be heard together. On 14-8-1989, the High Court ordered the maintenance of

status quo in respect of the disputed structure. Para 1.2 of the aforementioned White Paper

states that: "....interim orders in these civil suits restrained the parties from removing the

1 Advocate, Supreme Court of India. 2Law student, University of Delhi.

40

idols or interfering with their worship. In effect, therefore, from December 1949 till

December 6, 1992 the structure had not been used as a mosque."1

Issues during Negotiations

In an order to find an amicable solution to the dispute, negotiations between the

Vishwa Hindu Parishad and the All India Babri Masjid Action Committee were held. In the

negotiations, one issue which came to the fore was whether a Hindu temple had existed on

the site occupied by the disputed structure and whether it was demolished on Babar's orders

for the construction of the Masjid. It was stated on behalf of the Muslim organisations that

there was no evidence in favour of either of these two assertions. It was also stated by certain

Muslim leaders that if these assertions were proved, the Muslims would voluntarily handover

the disputed shrine to the Hindus.2 This formed the backbone of negotiations between the

VHP and AIBMAC.

Affidavit of the Central Government

The Special Presidential Reference was made to the Supreme Court of India on the

question whether there was a Hindu temple existing on the site where the disputed structure

stood. The Government agreed to abide by the opinion of the Hon’ble Supreme Court with

respect to the disputed property and determine the rights of the parties in the light of the

Court’s opinion.

On 14th September, 1994, the then Solicitor General of India, Shri Dipankar P. Gupta

made the following statement in a written affidavit on being asked by the Honourable Court

to further clarify the stand of the Central Government about the purpose of the Special

Reference:

“If efforts at a negotiated settlement as aforesaid do not succeed, Government is committed

to enforce a solution in the light of the Supreme Court's opinion and consistent with it,

Government's action in this regard will be even-handed in respect of both the communities. If

1 (1994) 6 SCC 360; para 9 2 (1994) 6 SCC 360; para 11

41

the question referred is answered in the affirmative, namely, that a Hindu temple/structure

did exist prior to the construction of the demolished structure, Government action will be in

support of the wishes of the Hindu community. If, on the other hand, the question is answered

in the negative, namely, that no such Hindu temple/structure existed at the relevant time, then

Government action will be in support of the wishes of the Muslim community.”1

Distinction between Disputed Property and Adjacent Property

In Dr Ismail Faruqui vs Union of India 2, while upholding the validity of acquisition

of lands by the Central government, the Supreme Court made the following observation:

“….the interest claimed by the Muslims is only over the disputed site where the mosque

stood before its demolition. The objection of the Hindus to this claim has to be adjudicated.

The remaining entire property acquired under the Act is such over which no title is claimed

by the Muslims. A large part thereof comprises of properties of Hindus of which the title is

not even in dispute.”

The Supreme Court made a clear distinction between two categories of lands thus:

(a) As described in the white paper, the small area of land over which Ram

Janmbhomi-Babri Masjid stood, including the inner courtyard and outer courtyard of the

structure before it was demolished on December 6, 1992 is the disputed property,

(b) Undisputed property consists of large extent of about 67 acres of land in the

locality, belonging to various persons, including 43 acres belonging to Rama Janmabhoomi

Nyas.

As regards the disputed land, the Supreme Court held that the disputed land shall be

with the Central government as a receiver and it shall be handed over to the party succeeding

in the suits pending before the Allahabad High Court.

1 (1994) 6 SCC 360; para 15 2 (1994) 6 SCC 360; para 49

42

The Present Status

On 30th September 2010, the Lucknow Bench of the Allahabad High Court ruled that

the disputed site, with an area of 2,400 square feet (220 m2), should be divided into three

parts. The ruling stated that the third of the site on which the idol of Rama was placed would

be granted to the deity Ram Lalla Virajmaan. Another third of the site would be granted to

the Sunni Wakf Board, and the remaining third to Nirmohi Akhada.

Pursuant to this SLP and cross SLP were filed by both the partied aggrieved by the

judgment of the High Court.

In its order dated, 9th May, 2011, the Supreme Court bench comprising of Justice Aftab

Alam and Justice R.M. Lodha, in Civil Appeal No.- 10866-10867 of 2010, stated that during

the pendency of the appeals the operation of the judgment and decree passed by the

Allahabad High Court shall remain stayed. The court passed the following orders: During the

pendency of the appeals, the parties shall maintain status quo in regard to suit land, as

directed by an earlier judgment and order passed by this Court in 'Dr. M. Ismail Faruqui &

Ors. v. Union of India & Ors.' (1994) 6 SCC 360 vide paras 86, 87.

On 25th February, 2013, the Supreme Court bench comprising of Justice Aftab Alam

and Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai, on applications filed by the Authorized

Person/Commissioner, Faizabad Division, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, stating that the

tarpaulin, polythene sheet and the ropes, fastening the cover over the makeshift structure

have become old and weak and need to be replaced at the earliest, directed that the old and

worn out tarpaulin, polythene sheet and ropes over the makeshift structure shall be replaced

by new ones of the same size and quality and exactly in the same manner as they were

previously placed so that the status quo doesn’t change. It was also ordered that the process

of replacement of the old cover by the new one will be undertaken and completed under the

supervision of the two observers who have been visiting the site.

Applications were filed by the Registrar General, Allahabad High Court, who sought to

impleadment in the pending appeals in order to seek clarification as to whether the observers

appointed by the High Court during the pendency of the trial would still be required to

43

visit the disputed site and the disputed land every fortnight on Sunday and would

continue to submit the reports as before. To this, the Court stated, “As regards the two

observers who have been visiting the disputed site since their appointment by the orders of

the High Court, dated March 26, 2003, and April 26, 2010, we direct that the two observers,

namely, Mr. S.K. Singh and Mr. T.M. Khan, shall continue to visit the site and perform the

duties assigned to them by the High Court. They would additionally see that the direction of

this Court as contained in the order dated May 9, 2011 to maintain status quo at the site is

duly observed by everyone. They would continue to keep a vigil over the articles brought

out in course of excavation of the site and shall also continue to submit their fortnightly

reports to this Court.”

Recently, in August, 2015, Dr. Subramanian Swamy filed a petition before the

Supreme Court of India to issue a directive to the Uttar Pradesh State government to provide

basic minimum facilities like drinking water or toilets to visitors and to have a better darshan

and perform puja. Dr. Swamy pleaded that the status quo order passed by the SC in 1996 was

limited to prohibit building of any structure at the disputed site, but there was no bar in

constructions to facilitate amenities for pilgrims visiting the place.

The way forward

A. In accordance with the affidavit filed by the Solicitor General of India in

Ismail Faruqui case, the Government may hand over the property to the party who won in

the trial court since it has been established in the courts that there existed a temple on the site

where Babri Masjid was erected.

B. Government may handover the property to the party who succeeds in the

above mentioned Civil Appeals (10866-10867 of 20110) filed in the Supreme Court. But,

since the Supreme Court has asked, by its order dated August 10, 2015, for translation of the

entire documents, there could be a legitimate apprehension that it is not inclined to hear the

matter at an urgent date.

C. A Presidential Reference, under Article 143 of the Indian Constitution, may

be made to the Supreme Court of India in order to seek a solution to the title dispute. But

44

there are greater chances that the Supreme Court may return it unanswered stating that it is a

political matter and the solution lies outside the Court.

D. A law by consensus may be enacted dealing with the division of property

which would be acceptable to all the parties. However, the details of the solution need to be

worked out in advance by the parties involved and such a solution should be made a part of

the statute itself.

The biggest challenge of this process of enacting a law is that it is susceptible to

challenge in the courts.

E. The Government may acquire the entire land and distribute the property in a

way it deems fit by working out a political solution which would involve consultation with

the parties involved.

Again there may be some parties who would be aggrieved by this solution and may

object to such acquisition proceeding and the challenge to the acquisition of land may take

some time to be disposed off. It is also a question as to whether Government can acquire land

and distribute it for a religious purpose.

Conclusion

It is suggested that the solution to arrive at a consensus through a political process is

the best possible solution. The process would require that through consent of all parties a law

be framed settling the matter once and for all, the details for which need to be worked out in

advance.

As a first step it is suggested that the government return the undisputed land to the

owners and restrict the dispute between the parties to the disputed land only. The solution can

only be forthcoming if the dispute is limited.

The solution to the dispute may take some more time but it is essential that concrete

steps may be taken towards its settlement. The present nationalist government, enjoying wide

confidence across all spectrum of public, is the best suited to take such brave steps.

45

Summary of Report of the Excavation Conducted by

Archaeological Survey of India

Dr.A.K.Sharma1

Excavation at the disputed site of Rama Janmabhumi Babri Masjid was carried out by

the Archaeological Survey of India from 12th March, 2003 to 7th August, 2003. During this

period, as per the directions of the Hon’ble High Court, Lucknow, 82 trenches were

excavated to verify the anomalies mentioned in the report of the Ground Penetrating Radar

Survey which was conducted at the site prior to taking up the excavations. A total number of

82 trenches along with some of their baulks were checked for anomalies and anomaly

alignments. The anomalies were confirmed in the trenches in the form of pillar bases,

structures, floors and foundation though no such remains were noticed in some of them at the

stipulated depths and spots. Besides the 82 trenches, a few more making a total of 90 finally

were also excavated keeping in view the objective fixed by the Hon’ble High Court to

confirm the structures.

The results of the excavation are summarized as hereunder:

The Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) using people were the first to occupy the

disputed site at Ayodhya during the first millennium B.C. although no structural activities

were encountered in limited area probed, the material culture is represented by terracotta

figurines of female deities showing archaic features, beads of terracotta and glass, wheels and

fragments of votive tanks etc. The ceramic industry has the collection of NBPW, the main

diagnostic trait of the period besides the grey, black slipped and red wares. A round signet

with legend in Asokan Brahmi is another important find of this level. On the basis of material

equipment and 14 C dates, this period may be assigned to circa 1000 B.C. to 300 B.C.

The Sunga horizon (second-first century B.C.) comes next in the order of the cultural

occupation at the site. The typical terracotta mother goddess, human and animal figurines,

beads, hairpin, engraver etc. represent the cultural matrix of this level. The pottery collection

includes black slipped, red and grey wares etc. the stone and brick structure found from this

level mark the beginning of the structural activity at the site.

1 Ex.Deputy Director, Archeological Survey of India.

46

The Kushan period (first to third century A.D.) followed the Sunga occupation.

Terracotta human and animal figurines, fragments of votive tanks, beads, antimony rod, hair

pin, bangle fragments and ceramic industry comprising red ware represent the typical Kushan

occupation at the site. Another important feature of this period is the creation of large sized

structures as witnessed by the massive structure running into twenty-two courses.

The advent of Guptas (fourth to sixth century A.D.) did not bring any qualitative

change in building activity although the period is known for its Classical artistic elements.

However, this aspect is represented by the typical terracotta figurines and a copper coin with

the legend Sri Chandra (Gupta) and illustrative potsherds.

During the Post-Gupta-Rajput period (seventh to tenth century A.D.), too the site has

witnessed structural activity mainly constructed of burnt bricks. However, among the

exposed structures, there stands a circular brick shrine which speaks of its functional utility

for the first time. To recapitulate quickly, exteriorly on plan, it is circular whereas internally

squarish with an entrance from the cast. Though the structure is damaged, the northern wall

still retains a provision for pranala, i.e., water chute which is a distinct feature of

contemporary temples already known from the Ganga-Yamuna plain.

Subsequently, during the early medieval period (eleventh-twelfth century A.D.) a

huge structure, nearly 50 m in north-south orientation was constructed which seems to have

been short-lived, as only four of the fifty pillar bases exposed during the excavation belong to

this level with a brick crush floor. On the remains of the above structure was constructed a

massive structure with at least three structural phases and three successive floors attached

with it. The architectural members of the earlier short-lived massive structure with stencil cut

foliage pattern and other decorative motifs were reused in the construction of the

monumental structure having a huge pillared hall (or two halls) which is different from

residential structures, providing sufficient evidence of a construction of public usage which

remained under of a construction of public usage which remained under existence for a long

time during the period VII (Medieval-Sultanate level – twelfth to sixteenth century A.D.) It

was over the top of this construction during the early sixteenth century, the disputed structure

was constructed directly resting over it. There is sufficient proof of existence of a massive

and monumental structure having a minimum dimension of 50 % 30 m in north-south and

east-west directions respectively just below the disputed structure. In course of present

47

excavations nearly 50 pillar bases with brick bat foundation, below calcrete blocks topped by

sandstone blocks were found. The pillar bases exposed during the present excavation in

northern and southern areas also give an idea of the length of the massive wall of the earlier

construction with which they are associated and which might have been originally around 60

m (of which the 50 m length is available at present). The centre of the central chamber of the

disputed structure falls just over the central point of the length of the massive wall of the

preceding period which could not be excavated due to presence of Ram Lala at the spot in the

make shift structure. This area is roughly 15 % 15 m on the raised platform. Towards east of

this central point a circular depression with projection on the west, cut into the large sized

brick pavement, signity the place where some important object was placed. Terracotta lamps

from the various trenches and found in a group in the levels of Periods VII in trench G2 are

associated with the structural phase.

In the last phase of the period VII glazed ware sherds make their appearance and

continue in the succeeding levels of the next period where they are accompanied by glazed

tiles which were probably used in the original construction of the disputed structure. Similar

is the case of celadon and porcelain sherds recovered in a very less quantity they come from

the secondary context. Animal bones have been recovered from various levels of different

periods, but skeletal remains noticed in the trenches in northern and southern areas belong to

the Period IX as the grave pits have been found cut into the deposition coeval with the late

disputed structures and are scaled by the top deposit.

It is worthwhile to observe that the various structures exposed right from the Sunga to

Gupta period do not speak either about their nature or functional utility as no evidence has

come to approbate them. Another noteworthy feature is that is was only during and after

Period IV (Gupta level) onwards up the Period IX (late and post-Mughal level) that the

regular habitational deposits disappear in the concerned levels and the structural phases are

associated with either structural debris or filling material taken out from the adjoining area to

level the ground for construction purpose. As a result of which much of the earlier material in

the form of pottery, terracottas and other objects of preceding periods, particularly of Period I

(NBPW level) and Period III (Kushan level) are found in the deposits of later periods mixed

along time till the Period VIII (Mughal level) when the disputed structure was built which

was confined to a limited area and population settled around it as evidenced by the increase

48

in contemporary archaeological material including pottery. The same is further attested by

the increase in contemporary archaeological material including pottery. The same is further

attested by the conspicuous absence of habitational structures such as house-complexes,

soakage pits, soakage jars, ring wells, drains, wells, hearths, kilns or furnaces etc. from

Period IV (Gupta level) onwards and in particular from Period VI (Early Medieval-Rajput

level) and Period VII (Medieval-Sultancate level).

The site has also proved to be significant for taking back its antiquarian remains for

the first time to the middle of the thirteenth century B.C. (1250-130 B.C.) on the analogy of

the C14 dates. The lowest deposit above the natural soil represents the NBPW period and

therefore the earliest remains may belong to the thirteenth century B.C. which is confirmed

by two more consistent C14 dates from the NBPW level (Period I), viz. 910-100 B.C. and

880-100 B.C.) These dates are from trench G7. Four more dates from the upper deposit

though showing presence of NBPW and associated Pottery are determined by Radio-Carbon

dating as 780-80 B.C., 710-90 B.C., 530-70 B.C. and 320-80 B.C. In the light of the above

dates in association with the Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) which is generally

accepted to be between circa 600 B.C. to 300 B.C. it can be pushed back to circa 1000 B.C.

and even if a solitary date, three centuries earlier is not associated with NBPW, the human

activity at the site dates back to circa thirteenth century B.C. on the basis of the scientific

dating method providing the only archaeological evidence of such an early date of the

occupation of the site.

The Hon’ble High Court, in order to get sufficient archaeological evidence on the

issue involved “whether there was any temple/structure which was demolished and mosque

was constructed on the disputed site” as stated on page I and further on p. 5 of their order

dated 5th March 2003, had given directions to the Archaeological Survey of India to excavate

at the disputed site where the GPR Survey has suggested evidence of anomalies which could

be structure, pillars, foundation walls, slab flooring etc. which could be confirmed by

excavation. Now, viewing in totality and taking into account the archaeological evidence of a

massive structure just below the disputed structure and evidence of continuity in structural

phases from the tenth century onwards up to the construction of the disputed structure along

with the yield of stone ande decorated bricks as well as mutilated sculpture of divine couple

and carved architectural members including foliage patterns, amalaka, kapotapali doorjamb

49

with semicircular pilaster, broken octagonal shaft of black schist pillar, lotus motif, crrcular

shrine having parnala (water chute) in the north, fifty pillar bases in association of the huge

structure, are indicative of remains which are distincture, are indicative of remains which are

distinctive features found associated with the temples of north India.

50

Shri Ram Temple: Whether Reconciliation is Possible?

Ashok Mehta1

In the present paper the emphasis is on “Whether under present legal scenario

reconciliation is possible on Sri Ram Temple Construction?” The paper is relying upon the

judgement of High Court (30.09.2010) as well as apex court (24.10.1996)

IN RE AYODHYA MATTER

Whether a Hindu temple or any Hindu religious structure existed prior to the

construction of the structure (including the premises of the inner and outer courtyards of such

structure), commonly known as the Ram Janma Bhumi-Babri Masjid, in the area in which the

structure stood in village Kot Ramachandra in Ayodhya, in Pargana Haveli Avadh, in Tehsil

Faizabad Sadar, in the district of Faizabad of the State of Uttar Pradesh, which is located in

Revenue Plot Nos. 159 and 160 in the said village Kot Ramachandra2.

The Central Government under the said Ordinance proposes to settle the said dispute

after obtaining the opinion of the Supreme Court of India and in terms of the said opinion3.

Therefore, on 7th Jan, 1993 in exercise of the powers conferred upon by Clause (1) of

article 143 of the Constitution of India, the President referred the following question to the

Supreme Court of India for consideration and opinion thereon, namely,

Whether a Hindu temple or any Hindu religious structure existed prior to the

construction of the Ram Janma Bhumi-Babri Masjid (including the premises of the inner and

1 Senior Advocate, Additional Solicitor General of India, 2 (Para-104, Page-426-1994 VI SCC) 3 (Para-104, Page-427-1994 VI SCC)

51

outer courtyards of such structure) in the area on which the structure stood1? On 14.09.1994

the learned Solicitor General made the following statement in response:-

Government stands by the policy of secularism and of even-handed treatment of all

religious communities. The Acquisition of Certain Areas at Ayodhya Act, 1993 as well as

the Presidential Reference, have the objective of maintaining public order and promoting

communal harmony and the spirit of common brother-hood amongst the people of India.

Government is committed to the construction of a Ram temple and a mosque, but their

actual location will be determined only after the Supreme Court renders its opinion in the

Presidential Reference.

Government will treat the finding of the Supreme Court on the question of fact referred

under Article 143 of the Constitution as a verdict which is final and binding.

In the light of the Supreme Court's opinion and consistent with it, Government will

make efforts to resolve the controversy by a process of negotiations. Government is

confident that the opinion of the Supreme Court will have a salutary effect on the attitudes of

the communities and they will no longer take conflicting positions on the factual issue settled

by the Supreme Court.

If efforts at a negotiated settlement as aforesaid do not succeed, Government is

committed to enforce a solution in the light of the Supreme Court's opinion and consistent

with it, Government's action in this regard will be even-handed in respect of both the

communities. If the question referred is answered in the affirmative, namely, that a Hindu

temple/structure did exist prior to the construction of the demolished structure, Government

action will be in support of the wishes of the Hindu community. If, on the other hand, the

question is answered in the negative, namely, that no such Hindu temple/structure existed at

the relevant time, then Government action will be in support of the wishes of the Muslim

community2. There after the learned Solicitor General was asked to clarify whether the

1Para-104, Page-427-1994 VI SCC. 2 Para-105, Page-427-28 1994 VI SCC.

52

Central Government proposed to act in support of either community's wishes as presently

known or as ascertained after the answer to the reference was given and negotiations had

failed. The learned Solicitor General was unable to get instructions in this behalf from the

Central Government. It is fair to say that he had not much time to do so as the arguments

were closed on the day after the clarification was sought.

"During the negotiations aimed at finding an amicable solution to the dispute one issue

which came to the fore was whether a Hindu temple had existed on the site occupied by the

disputed structure and whether it was demolished on Babar's order for the construction of the

masjid.... It was stated by certain Muslim leaders that if these assertions were proved,

the Muslims would voluntarily hand over the disputed shrine to the Hindus".1 The

Supreme Court observed at a later stage when the exact area acquired which is needed, for

achieving the professed purpose of acquisition, can be determined, it would not merely be

permissible but also desirable that the superfluous excess area is released from acquisition

and reverted to its earlier owner. The challenge to acquisition of any part of the adjacent area

on the ground that it is unnecessary for achieving the objective of settling the dispute relating

to the disputed area cannot be examined at this stage but, in case the superfluous area is not

returned to its owner even after the exact area needed for the purpose is finally determined, it

would be open to the owner of any such property to then challenge the superfluous

acquisition being unrelated to the purpose of acquisition. Rejection of the challenge on this

ground to acquisition at this stage, by the undisputed owners of any such property situate in

the vicinity of the disputed area, is with the reservation of this liberty to them. There is no

contest to their claim of quashing the acquisition of the adjacent properties by anyone except

the Central Government which seeks to justify the acquisition on the basis of necessity. On

the construction of the statute made by us, this appears to be the logical, appropriate and just

view to take in respect of such adjacent properties in which none other than the undisputed

owner claims title and interest2.

1Paras 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 of the White Paper; Para-107, Page-428 1994 VI SCC. 2 (Para-50, Page-408 1994 VI SCC)

53

So it is with specific caveat of the Central Government's duty to restore it to its owner,

as indicated earlier, if it is found later to be unnecessary; and reservation of liberty to the

owner to challenge the needless acquisition when the total need has been determined1.

The apex court further observed:-

Ostensibly, the alternate dispute resolution mechanism adopted is that of a

simultaneous Reference made the same day under Article-143 (1) of the Constitution to

this Court for decision of the question referred. It is clear from the issues framed in those

suits that the core question for determination in the suits is not covered by the Reference

made, and it also does not include therein the defences raised by the Muslim community. It

is also clear that the answer to the question referred, whatever it may be, will not lead to

the answer of the core question for determination in the pending suits and it will not, by

itself, resolve the long-standing dispute relating to the disputed area. Reference made

under Article-143 (1) cannot, therefore, be treated as an effective alternate dispute

resolution mechanism in substitution of the pending suits which are abated by Section-4

(3) of the Act. For this reason, it was urged, that the abatement of pending suits amounts to

denial of the judicial remedy available to the Muslim community for resolution of the

dispute and grant of the relief on that basis in accordance with the scheme of redress under

the rule of law envisaged by the Constitution. The validity of Sub-section (3) of

Section 4 is assailed on this ground.

To appreciate the stand of the Central Government on this point, we permitted the

learned Solicitor General to make a categorical statement for the Union of India in this

behalf. The final statement made by the learned Solicitor General of India in writing dated

14.9.1994 forming a part of the record, almost at the conclusion of the hearing, also does not

indicate that the answer to the question referred would itself be decisive of the core question

in controversy between the parties to the suits relating to the claim over the disputed site.

According to the statement, the Central Government proposes to resort to a process of

negotiation between the rival claimants after getting the answer to the question referred, and

1 (Para-57, Page-411 1994 VI SCC)

54

if the negotiations fail, then to adopt such course as it may find appropriate in the

circumstances.1

The Supreme Court have taken on the question of validity of the statute (Act No. 33 of

1993) and as a result of upholding the validity of the entire statute, except Section-

4(3) thereof, resulting in revival of the pending suits and legal proceedings wherein the

dispute between the parties has to be adjudicated, the Reference made under Article -143

(1) becomes superfluous and unnecessary. For this reason, it is unnecessary for us to

examine the merits of the submissions made on the maintainability of this Reference.

Accordingly, very respectfully decline to answer the Reference and return the same.2

It may be said that the revive of the suits not debar the Central Government from

negotiating to bring an amicable solution to the dispute at Ayodhya and such negotiations

depend upon the answer given to the question posed by the Reference.3

It is not our suggestion that a court of law is not competent to decide such a question. It

can be done if expert evidence of archaeologists and historians is led, and is tested in cross

examination.

The principal protagonists of the two stands appearing in the cases will lead evidence

cross examine. Learned Solicitor General stated that the Central Government would place

before the court the material that it had collected from the two sides during the course of

earlier negotiations the Court being well equipped to examine and evaluate such material,

would have to appoint experts in the field to do so, and their evaluation would go

unchallenged. Apart from the inherent in-advisability of rendering a judicial opinion on such

evaluation, the opinion would be liable to the criticism of one or both sides that it was

rendered without hearing them or their evidence. This would ordinarily be of no significance

for they had chosen to stay away, but this opinion is intended to create a public climate for

negotiations and the criticism would find the public ear, to say nothing of the fact that it

would impair this Court's credibility. 1 (Para-61-62, Page-412 1994 VI SCC). 2 (Para-83, Page-418 1994 VI SCC). 3 (Para-145, Page-439 1994 VI SCC).

55

Ayodhya is a storm that will pass. The dignity and honour of the Supreme Court

cannot be compromised because of it.1 According to apex court the result is that all the

pending suits and legal proceedings stand revived, and they shall be proceeded with, and

decided, in accordance with law. It follows further as a result of the remaining enactment

being upheld as valid that the disputed area has vested in the Central Government as a

statutory receiver with a duty to manage and administer it in the manner provided in the Act

maintaining status quo therein by virtue of the freeze enacted in Section 7(2); and the Central

Government would exercise its power of vesting that property further in another authority or

body or trust in accordance with Section 6(1) of the Act in terms of the final adjudication in

the pending suits. The power of the courts in the pending legal proceedings to give directions

to the Central Government as a statutory receiver would be circumscribed and limited to the

extent of the area left open by the provisions of the Act. The Central Government would be

bound to take all necessary steps to implement the decision in the suits and other legal

proceedings and to hand over the disputed area to the party found entitled to the same on the

final adjudication made in the (sic). The parties to the suits would be entitled to amend their

pleadings suitably in the light of our decision.2

The Supreme Court at last observed the hearing left us wondering why the dispute

cannot be resolved in the same manner and in the same spirit in which the matter was argued,

particularly when some of the participants are common and are in a position to negotiate and

resolve the dispute. We do hope this hearing has been the commencement of that process

which will ensure an amicable resolution of the dispute and it will not end with the hearing

of this matter. This is a matter suited essentially to resolution by negotiations which does not

end in a winner and a loser while adjudication leads to that end. It is in the national interest

that there is no loser at the end of the process adopted for resolution of the dispute so that the

final outcome does not leave behind any rancour in anyone. This can be achieved by a

negotiated solution on the basis of which a decree can be obtained in terms of such solution

1 (Para-151-152, Page-441 1994 VI SCC). 2 (Para-84, Page-418 1994 VI SCC).

56

in these suits. Unless a solution is found which leaves everyone happy, that cannot be the

beginning for continued harmony between "we the people of India"1.

The suits before Special Full Bench revived. At this juncture, it may also be noted that

Sri Zafaryab Jilani, learned counsel for Waqf Board and other Muslim parties had given his

statement under Order X Rule 2, C.P.C. on 22.4.2009 and categorically stated that his

parties did not dispute that Lord Ram was born at Ayodhya (previously this was also

an area of dispute between the parties). Sri Jilani during arguments repeatedly

contended that it was not disputed that Lord Ram was born at Ayodhya. However, he

very seriously disputed the assertion that Lord Ram was born at the premises in dispute.

Similar statement under order X Rule 2 C.P.C. was given on the same date by Messrs M.A.

Siddiqui and Syed Irfan Ahmad learned counsel for other Muslim parties. The statement is

quoted below:-

“For the purposes of this case there is no dispute about the faith of Hindu

devotees of Lord Rama regarding the birth of Lord Rama at Ayodhya as described in

Balmiki Ramayana or as existing today. It is, however, disputed and denied that the site

of Babri Masjid was the place of birth of Lord Rama. It is also denied that there was

any Ram Janam Bhoomi Temple at the site of Babri Masjid at any time whatsoever2.

It shall be better before proceeding further to discuss Archeological Survey of India

report.

A.S.I. Report: - Through orders dated 01.08.2002 & 23.10.2002, Geo Radiological

Survey of the ground beneath the premises in dispute was suo-motu ordered to be held. The

said order was passed, in spite of opposition of almost all the parties, under Order XVI Rule

14, Order XVIII Rule 18, Order XXVI Rule 10-A and Section 151, C.P.C. G.P.R. Survey

was conducted by Tojo-Vikas International Pvt. Ltd. It submitted the report on 17.02.2003.

According to the report some anomalies were observed. Accordingly, the court through order

dated 05.03.2003 directed excavation by A.S.I. The A.S.I. after excavation submitted the

report on 25.08.2003. The last para of Summary of Results of the report is quoted below:

1 (Para-89, Page-420 1994 VI SCC). 2(Page-101 of Ayodhya SPFB Judge Matter All. H.C.)

57

“The Hon'ble High Court, in order to get sufficient archaeological evidence on the issue

involved “whether there was any temple/structure which was demolished and mosque was

constructed on the disputed site” as stated on page 1 and further on p. 5 of their order dated 5

march 2003, had given directions to the Archaeological Survey of India to excavate at the

disputed site where the GPR Survey has suggested evidence of anomalies which could be

structure, pillars, foundation walls, slab flooring etc. which could be confirmed by

excavation . Now, viewing in totality and taking into account the archaeological evidence of

a massive structure just below the structure and evidence of continuity in structural phases

from the tenth century onwards upto the construction of the disputed structure alongwith the

yield of stone and decorated bricks as well as mutilated sculpture of divine couple and carved

architectural' members including foliage patterns, amalaka, kapotapali doorjamb with semi-

circular pilaster, broken octagonal shaft of black schist 130 pillar, lotus motif, circular shrine

having pranala (waterchute) in the north, fifty pillar bases in association of the huge

structure, are indicative of remains which are distinctive features found associated with the

temples of north India.”1

Special Full Bench judgement dated 30.09.2010 has given following findings. As per

justice SU Khan, J.:- Mosque was constructed over the ruins of temples which were lying in

utter ruins since a very long time before the construction of mosque and some material

thereof was used in construction of the mosque.

As per Justice Sudhir Agarwal, J.:-

The area covered under the central dome of the disputed structure is the birthplace of

Lord Rama as per faith and belief of Hindus. The building in dispute was constructed after

demolition of NonIslamic religious structure, i.e., a Hindu temple. As per Justice D.V.

Sharma, J.:-

The disputed site is the birth place of Lord Ram. Place of birth is a juristic person and

is a deity. It is personified as the spirit of divine worshipped as birth place of Lord Rama as a

child. Spirit of divine ever remains present everywhere at all times for anyone to invoke at

1 Page-68 of SPFB Judge Matter All. H.C.

58

any shape or form in accordance with his own aspirations and it can be shapeless and

formless also.

The disputed structure was constructed on the site of old structure after demolition of

the same. The Archeological Survey of India has proved that the structure was a massive

Hindu religious structure.

It is established that the property in suit is the site of Janm Bhumi of Ram Chandra Ji

and Hindus in general had the right to worship Charan, Sita Rasoi, other idols and other

object of worship existed upon the property in suit. It is also established that Hindu have

been worshipping the place in dispute as Janm Sthan i.e. a birth place as deity and visiting it

as a sacred place, place of pilgrimage as of right since time immemorial. After the

construction of the disputed structure it is proved the deities were installed inside the

disputed structure on 22/23.12.1949. It is also proved that the outer courtyard was in

exclusive possession of Hindus and they were worshipping throughout and in the inner

courtyard (in the disputed structure) they were also worshipping. It is established that the

disputed structure cannot be treated as a mosque as it came into existence against the tenets

of Islam.

Before reserving Judgement the Special Full Bench passed following order dated

26.07.2010:-

“Arguments in all the four suits concluded. Arguments in Suits No.1, 3 & 4 had

already concluded. Today, the arguments in Suit No.5 have been concluded. This newly

constituted bench heard the arguments for 90 working days starting 131 from 11.01.2010.

Sri P.N. Mishra, Sri Ravi Shankar Prasad, Sri P.R. Ganpathi Aiyer and Sri K.N. Bhat,

Senior Advocates; Sri Zafaryab Jilani, Sri M.A. Siddiqui, Sri Syed Irfan Ahmad, Sri R.L.

Verma, Sri Tarunjeet Verma, Sushri Ranjana Agnihotri, Sri M.M. Pandey, Sri Rakesh

Pandey, Sri Hari Shankar Jain, Sri R.K. Srivastava, Sri Ajay Kumar Pandey, Sri D.P. Gupta

and Sri Ved Prakash, Advocates; and Sri S.P. Srivastava, Addl. Chief Standing Counsel

advanced their submissions on behalf of respective parties quite ably and we put on record

59

our appreciation for the assistance they have rendered to this Court and the cordial

atmosphere they have maintained in the Court.

We greatly appreciate not only the arguments of learned counsel for all the parties but

also the manner in which the arguments were advanced. No learned counsel interrupted the

arguments of any other learned counsel. Learned counsels were quite careful while

advancing their arguments and none of them said any such thing which could injure the

feeling of the other side.

That on 13th Sep. 2010 on Ramesh Chandra Tripathi, defendant no. 17 in O.O.S no. 4

of 1989 preferred application purporting to be under Section 89 C.P.C. He requested for

deferment of the pronouncement of judgment and also to direct the parties to resolve the

dispute through mediation/ conciliation /arbitration and/or in such manner as this Court may

deem fit.

The court observed all the parties through their counsel have not only seriously

opposed this application but they have termed it as a "serious mischief" on the part of the

applicant and, therefore, have requested this Court to reject it with exemplary costs.

The court further observed at the outset Court would like to place it on record that a

dispute like the present one, is settled amicably between the parties, it would be the most

welcome solution and we have no reason to discourage it. There cannot be a quarrel with the

proposition that the best way of dealing with a matter like the present one is to resolve it with

the consent of the parties.

Efforts at different levels were made rigorously, persistently and with due seriousness

but in vain. Such efforts were made not only by the parties concerned but at the level of

different authorities so much so, that even three Prime Ministers at different times took

serious initiative to find out whether the dispute can be resolved amicably and peacefully and

took all possible steps in this direction.

It is in furtherance thereof; even legislation has twice come into being to enable the

parties to reach at an amicable solution. Several times the matter was taken to the Apex

60

Court also where, as we are informed, the Hon'ble Court did observe for amicable settlement

in the matter. A White Paper was published by the Government of India and even a

Presidential Reference was made to the Apex Court.

At the instance of the then Prime Minister a very high power committee was

constituted, representatives of both the parties and several other persons were allowed to

participate in the meeting in presence of high officials including the Minister of State in the

Central Government but with no result.

The court observed that in its Judgment in Dr. Ismail Farooqui (Supra) the Apex

Court observed that ‘here is a kind of dispute which ought to be decided amicably’ and

expressed its hope that the parties should take steps in this direction. One and half decade

since then has passed but with no result.

We may also notice that while returning the Reference, the Apex Court observed that

the same cannot be answered since this was a matter in issue in suits pending before this

Court and the same have to be decided in the light of the evidence adduced by the parties.

In a period of about eleven months the Court held actual hearing for 75 days and

throughout the said period this Court made such efforts though also continued with the

hearing since it did not intend to give an impression to the parties that the Court is not

capable of hearing and deciding the matter or that the Court is reluctant or that the Court

otherwise does not want to decide the matter even if there is no otherwise hindrance or

obstruction in such a course.

The Court further observed we tried to continue with the hearing on day to day basis

and in a period of about seven and half months the matter was actually heard on 90 days.

During this period also, unrelently, we made efforts by requesting learned counsel for the

parties to find out the possibility of compromise, if any. Some of the parties very bluntly told

us that in the nature of the rights asserted by them, scope of compromise was absolutely nil.

None was ready to part away even a single inch of land and said that it is for the Court to

decide but they cannot make any surrender whatsoever.

61

When we reserved the judgment on 26th July 2010, we made another effort and passed

order informing the parties that on 27th July 2010 we shall sit in Chamber to find out any

possibility of resolving the dispute amicably taking recourse of Section 89 CPC. For a few

ours on 27th July 2010 we made our efforts but the learned counsels for parties very frankly

and succinctly expressed their view that there is no question of any settlement on their part in

the matter and due to the nature of the claim they assert it cannot be surrendered to any

extent.

Faced with the situation but undeterred, still having some hope we passed order on 27th

July 2010, leaving it open to the parties that before delivery of judgement if they find out any

possibility of compromise, they may approach the OSD requesting for formation of Bench.

This shows endeavour on the part of the Judiciary at the highest level in the country as well

as the Province, in the last few decades. This also shows our anxiety for finding out ways and

means, if any, for amicable solution of the dispute during the course of final hearing.

But then the moot question is how long it should/can continue. Is it ad infinitum? The

applicant kept silence over the matter throughout. In his application neither he has averred

that there is any possibility of settlement of dispute outside the Court or otherwise nor it is

mentioned that during this entire period he took any step whatsoever persuading the parties in

suits to arrive at a settlement and/or probing the possibility of the settlement of dispute

amicably.

The court reacted that these matters are pending for the last six decades inasmuch as

the first suit was filed on 16th January 1950. After transfer of the suits to this Court three

Judges are continuously engaged for the last more than 21 years. In the meantime, on several

occasions the matter has also travelled and consumed time of the Apex Court as well. Is it

what we have to deliver to our future generation that the courts of law in India are not

capable to decide cases for generations and on a mere drop of a hat, an excuse is found to

defer the matter or adjourn the case? Are we here to find out ways and means of deferring

adjudication or to make adjudication? No case, no dispute and no apprehension can be above

the honest discharge of constitutional function by an independent judiciary.

62

The people of India are already having serious complaints in abundance in recent past

against the judicial system of this country that it keeps the matter lingering on for generations

and attempt to decide cases is minimal. With the increased awareness, the people are getting

conscious of their right and do not hesitate in asserting it. If the enforcement of rights get

deferred not because of any slackness on their part, but due to extremely slow pace or

inaction on the part of judiciary, their complaint cannot be levelled frivolous. In a system of

good governance, effective, independent judicial system is not only the requirement but the

real crux lies whether it can deliver justice within reasonable time; whether it can decide the

issue expeditiously and before the patience of the people exhausts? These are some of the

aspects which need be seriously taken up by the Bench and Bar both. This is the high time

when not only the Presiding Officers of the Court but also the members of the Bar who are

also officers of the Court should ponder over seriously and find out the way in which cases

may be decided expeditiously instead of inventing the way for their deferment and

adjournments. The courts are meant for adjudication and not for adjournments or deferment.

All the parties have seriously opposed this application and have termed this as a

mischievous attempt on the part of the applicant in not allowing these cases decided even

after six decades, particularly when in the judicial proceedings i.e., during the course of

hearing learned counsel for the applicant did not show any interest whatsoever except of

ensuring his technical presence. From the tenor of the application and also in the absence of

any ground, let alone good ground, the request for deferment of pronouncement of verdict

and that too just about ten days before the date of its pronouncement, we are constrained to

observe that it lacks bona fide.

Application lacks bona fide and is a clear attempt to divert, deviate and also to create

obstruction in final disposal of this matter after more than six decades without there being

any reason whatsoever. Considering the facts and circumstances and also the fact that the

applicant without any lawful excuse or reason has filed this application, The court held the

attempt mischievous, and, therefore, imposed exemplary cost of Rs. 50,000 and rejected the

application.

MEDIA

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The courts reaction was specific that since the media reports have been referred we

find it appropriate to say a few words in this regard also. Of late we have found that the

reports in media- whether electronic or print- are not wholly correct. Instead of giving correct

information to enlighten the masses, incomplete and sometimes incorrect information is

given, more as sensation than communication of correct information. The latter is the prime

duty and obligation of a responsible media. It appears that in some cases, the people try to

highlight a few words in a manner so as to create a sensation. The casualty in such approach

is correctness of the information. The media people needs to exercise more care and caution

and be more precise. We ourselves have experienced that the information regarding

proceedings of this Court have also been conveyed to masses, at some places, incorrectly. At

times when the published information relates to a serious situation or sensitive matter which

may likely to have serious repercussions, the responsibility of media to accuracy and

precision of information is much more. Needless to give a recent illustration where we found

such a miss when there was a terrorist attack in Bombay. We do not intend to check or

restrain the independence of media world. It is they who form the information limb of any

country providing awareness and entitlement to masses but then such information must be

ensured to be correct.

A Court passes an order sitting in the Court Room which is normally known to the

parties in the case and, therefore, used to confine to few individuals. The masses acquire

information about the happenings in court through media. It is therefore, their utmost and

sacrosanct duty towards masses to whom they actually serve to provide correct information

so that it may avoid any possible backlash or unwanted reaction particularly in a case like the

one we are faced with. Any inaccuracy in information is likely to cause much more serious

harm. We add no more on this. We hope and trust that our observations shall be taken in

correct perspective and would give a message to powerful wing, which is commonly known

as the Fourth State. They shall exhibit their responsibility in a more vigilant, alert, self

conscious and self restraint manner so as to sub serve the people of this Country in a best

possible and responsible manner.

A lot of news for the last few days are coming about the alleged apprehension towards

security of the members of this Bench and the measures taken by the Government in this

64

regard. We intend to place on record and also want to tell everybody that neither we have any

apprehension nor do we feel any kind of insecurity in discharge of our solemn duty and

obligation under the constitution of India. We have full faith and confidence in people of this

country who are our real protectors and at whose strength of confidence we work. It is not

that we lack any confidence in the Executive in maintaining law and order but the Judiciary

of this Country really derive its power from the confidence, the people of India have in it,

and not from the State's police power. It is confidence of the people which provides us

courage and boldness in discharge of our duties independently, objectively and without fear

or favour. We have read in the newspapers that the Prime Minister of the country has assured

the people that The Government is capable of meeting any contingency. We cannot

comment, but repose confidence in the Government since they are the best Judge of whatever

is required in maintaining law and order and/or security of any individual or group of any

individuals as the case may be shall be taken care. The arrangement of security is the

responsibility of State and they are the authority to assess the requisite measures and not any

individual's own perception.

R.C. Tripathi approach apex court and on 23.09.2010 and on 28.09.2010 the petition

was dismissed. Accordingly the Special Full Bench, Allahabad High Court delivered the final

Judgement on 30 October 2010 against which appeal is pending before the Hon’ble Supreme

Court.

Reconciliation is possible

Prima-facie, the narration of the Present case, makes it very clear that there exist

elements of a settlement which may be acceptable to the parties; but the history of previous

all attempts for negotiation shows that the parties are reluctant to negotiate, though the apex

court has observed that participants are common and are in a position to negotiation.

Yes, the Judgement of the Special Full Bench, Allahabad is already there and matter

being before the Hon’ble Supreme Court the same can be the commencement of to alternate

facilitation process by all concern – the parties to suit, the Governments as well as the Apex

court.

65

The Supreme Court itself observed it is a matter suited essentially to resolution by

negotiations and it is in the national interest that there is no loser at the end of the

process adopted for resolution.

The parties may intransigent and at one stage everyone wants the negotiation off his

back. In a principled Negotiation parties first separate the people from the problem and focus

on interest of the society only. All concern will have to generate variety of possibilities. But

everyone will have to insist on objective standards and fair criteria.

The first step is to control the behaviour rather than reacting focus on achieving what is

wanted to be settled. Remove scepticism, bridge the gap and need to help to save face and

make the outcome appear as victory for both the sides.Please make it easy for everyone to

say “Yes”. FFii rrsstt IInnii ttiiaattee SSaammwwaadd ((NNeeggoottiiaattee ffoorr nneeggoottiiaattiioonn))..

66

Existence of Lord Rama at Ayodhya: Evaluation of Literary

Evidence

-Kulwant Singh Pathania1 -Dharmender Kumar2

History of the Ram Temple

Hindus have always known that the site on which Babur built his infamous structure

which has been erroneously regarded as a mosque was the site where Shree Rama, Vishnu

Incarnate, took birth in human form. It is a fact that this building did not have minarets or a

water-pool for mandatory ritual pre-prayer ablutions, which is evidence that this building was

not a mosque. It was built as a monument to celebrate the subjugation of the people of

Hindusthan by the incoming invaders. This structure, just like the Qutab Minar in Delhi, was

established as a monument to pronounce publicly ‘Quvat-ul- Islam’ – the might of Islam.

Hindus fought and sacrificed their lives to prevent the demolition of the holy temple at

Ayodhya by Babur, and on many occasions since then have attempted to regain that site back

to rebuild the temple that once had been there. During the 20th Century, particularly around

the time of Partition and thereafter, the demand for this site to be restored to Hindus was

thwarted by politicians, impelled by their need to ‘not upset’ the Muslim community. The

myth was created and perpetuated that Hindus were bent upon ‘subjugating Muslims’ and

wanting to ‘destroy their mosques’. The reality is far from it, Hindus have always supported

the concept of freedom of religious belief and expression. There are well over a million

mosques in India, with many more regularly being added to that number with the passage of

time. Hindus have not sought to damage or destroy these mosques, despite the fact that over

the centuries numerous Hindu temples and holy shrines were destroyed by the Muslim rulers.

Of these, they hold three sites as amongst the holiest – Ayodhya, the birthplace of Shree

Rama, Mathura, the birthplace of Shree Krishna, and Kashi Vishwanath in Varanasi. They

have made it clear that these three sites must be restored to the Hindus devotees. The judicial

1 Professor, Department of Commerce, Himachal Pradesh University Summerhill Shimla-171005. 2 Research Scholar, Department of Commerce,Himachal Pradesh University Summerhill Shimla-171005

67

process for the restoration of the Ayodhya site has been dragging on in the courts for

decades, the court’s judgement being delayed for one reason or another, year in and year out.

Need to Know about Ayodhya

There is found a lot of literary and archaeological evidence relating to the existence of

temple (Lord Rama) at the disputed site. The Allahabad Bench of the Uttar Pradesh High

Court had directed the Archaeological Survey of India to excavate in the disputed site at

Ayodhya to determine whether the Babri Masjid was built after demolishing the temple of

Lord Rama which already existed there since the time of our ancestor’s ancestors. It is

important to note, that, there have been found lot of evidence from the earlier investigations,

both literary and archaeological, that pretty much establish the pre-existence and destruction

of temples at the site where the Babri Masjid was built by Mir Baki on Babar's orders. It is

also clarified by the Allahabad Bench that Ayodhya was a Ramjanabhumi and still have to be

maintained in that form. Further it is also found from the judgment that, this land belongs to

Lord Rama and it is also revealed from the facts that the temple of Lord Rama was existing

there during the reign of Gupta dynasty.

Literary Evidence

There are basically two kinds of literary sources: written records and inscriptions.

Both written records and inscriptions are available about Ram Janmabhumi at Ayodhya. One

major inscription is that of Mir Baki himself, apparently placed on the Masjid wall when it

was built in the 16th century. Besides, there are found numerous literary records by Hindu,

Muslim and British authors. From the survey of even a small part of this vast literature, it is

found that the temple of Lord Rama was present in Ayodhya from the beginning i.e. Gupta

Dynasty.

This old temple must have been a fine one, for many of its columns have been utilized

by the Musalmans in the construction of Babar's Masjid." H.R. Neville in the Barabanki

District Gazetteer, Lucknow, 1905, pp 168-169, writes that the Janmasthan temple "was

destroyed by Babar and replaced by a mosque." Neville, in his Fyzabad District Gazetteer,

Lucknow, 1905, pp 172-177 further tells us; "The Janmasthan was in Ramkot and marked the

68

birthplace of Rama. In 1528 A.D. Babar came to Ayodhya and halted here for a week. He

destroyed the ancient temple and on its site built a mosque, still known as Babar's mosque.

The materials of the old structure i.e., the temple were largely employed, and many of the

columns were in good preservation."

It was found from the historical evidence that Guru Nanak was a contemporary of

Babar, and an eyewitness to his vandalism. Nanak condemned him in the strongest terms.

The historian Harsh Narain in his book The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on

Muslim Sources, writes: "Guru Nanak, according to Bhai Man Singh's Pothi Janam Sakhi,

said to have been composed in 1787 Anno Vikrami/1730 A.D., visited Ayodhya and said to

his Muslim disciple Mardana: 'Mardania! eh Ajudhia nagari Sri Ramachandraji ki hai. So,

chal, iska darsan kari'e. Translation: 'Mardana! This Ayodhya city belongs to Sri

Ramachandra Ji. So let us have its darsana.'"

This indicates that Nanak visited Ayodhya shortly before the destruction of the Rama

temple by Babar. Another work by Baba Sukhbasi Ram gives a similar description, again

suggesting that Nanak visited Ayodyha before the temple was destroyed by his

contemporary, the Mughal invader Babar. Muslim sources also give a similar description in

1855; Amir Ali Amethawi led a Jihad for the recapture of Hanuman Garhi, situated a few

hundred yards from the Babri Masjid, which at that time was in the control of Hindus. This

Jihad took place during the reign of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Oudh. A Muslim writer, one

Mirza Jan, was a participant in that Jihad. His book Hadiqah-i-Shuhada was published in

1856, i.e. the year following the failed Jihad. Miza Jan tells us: “wherever they found

magnificent temples of the Hindus ever since the establishment of Sayyid Salar Mas'ud

Ghazi's rule, the Muslim rulers in India built mosques, monasteries, and inns, appointed

mu'azzins, teachers and store-stewards, spread Islam vigorously, and vanquished the Kafirs.

Likewise they cleared up Faizabad and Avadh, too from the filth of reprobation (infidelity),

because it was a great centre of worship and capital of Rama's father. Where there stood a

great temple (of Ramajanmasthan), there they built a big mosque, ... Hence what a lofty

mosque was built there by king Babar in 1528 A.D., under the patronage of Musa

Ashiqqan!”. Other Muslim authors than Mirza Jan also cite the work, which appears to have

been widely available in the 18th and 19th centuries. Then there is found the evidence of the

69

three inscriptions at the site of the mosque itself, at least two of which mention its

construction by Mir Baqi (or Mir Khan) on the orders of Babar. Babar's Memoir mentions

Mir Baqi as his governor of Ayodhya. Some parts of the inscription were damaged during a

riot in 1934, but later pieced together with minor loss. In any event, it was well known long

before that, recorded for instance in Beveridge's translation of Babur-Nama published in

1926.

The Temple City of Ayodhya

Dr. S.P. Gupta (former director of the Allahabad Museum), has to say about recent

excavations at Ayodhya: “At Ayodhya, Professor Lal (B.B. Lal. Former Director General of

ASI) took as many as 14 ditches at different places to ascertain the distant past of the site. It

was then found that the history of the township was at least three thousand years old, if not

more... When seen in the light of 20 black stone pillars, 16 of which were found re-used and

standing in position as corner stones of landing place for the disputed domed structure of the

'mosque', Prof. Lal felt that the pillar bases may have belonged to a Hindu temple built on

archaeological levels formed prior to 13th century AD.” On further archaeological and other

evidence, Lal concluded that the pillar bases must have belonged to a Hindu temple that

stood between 12th and the 16th centuries. What this means is that Lal had found evidence for

possibly two temples, one that existed before the 13th century, and another between the 13th

and the 16th centuries. This corresponds very well indeed with history and tradition. We

know that this area was ravaged by Muslim invaders following Muhammad Ghori's defeat

of Prithviraj Chauhan in the second battle of Tarain in 1192 AD. This was apparently

rebuilt and remained in use until destroyed again in the 16th century by Babar.

Summary of the ASI Report on Ayodhya excavations (August 31, 2003)

Excavation at the disputed site of Rama Janmabhumi and Babri Masjid was carried out

by the Archaeological Survey of India from 12 March 2003 to 7 August 2003. During this

period, as per the directions of the Hon'ble High Court, Lucknow, 82 trenches were

excavated to verify the anomalies mentioned in the report of the Ground Penetrating Radar

Survey which was conducted at the site prior to taking up the excavations. A total number of

70

82 trenches along with some of their baulks were checked for anomalies and anomaly

alignments. The anomalies were confirmed in the trenches in the form of pillar bases,

structures, floors and foundation though no such remains were noticed in some of them at the

stipulated depths and spots. Besides the 82 trenches a few more making a total of 90 finally

were also excavated keeping in view the objective fixed by the Hon'ble High Court to

confirm the structure.

The Hon'ble High Court in order to get sufficient archaeological evidence on the issue

involved whether, there was any temple/structure which was demolished and mosque was

constructed on the disputed site as stated on page 1 and further on p. 5 of their order dated 5th

march 2003 and given directions to the Archaeological Survey of India to excavate at the

disputed site where GPR Survey has suggested evidence of anomalies which could be

structure, pillars, foundation walls, slab flooring etc. which could be confirmed by

excavation. Now viewing in totality and taking into account the archaeological evidence of a

massive structure just below the disputed structure and evidence of continuity in structural

phases from the tenth century onwards up to the construction of the disputed structure along

with the yield of stone and decorated bricks as well as mutilated sculpture of divine coupe

and carved architectural members including foliage patterns, amalaka, kapolapali doorjamb

with semi-circular pilaster, broken octagonal shaft of black schist pillar, lotus motif, circular

shrine having pranala (waterchute) in the north, fifty pillar bases association of the huge

structure, are indicative of remains which are distinctive features found associated with the

temples of north India.

Evidence from the Gupta Dynasty

It is revealed from the literary evidences that, in Gupta Dynasty there was found an

ancient temple of Lord Rama during the Maharaja Vikrmaditya’s time, which is a fact of

History and hence undisputable, although there is some controversy as to which of the

Vikrmaditya resurrected the place and built a magnificent temple. It was with 84 pillars of

Kasturi, a few of which still stand in the mosque like structure at Ram Janmbhumi and tell

their own tale. That temple was desecrated and destroyed by Mir Baqi, a commander of

Babar’s hordes after Babar visited to Ayodhya, and a mosque was sought to be raised there,

71

in order to please Faqir Fazal Abbas Qalander. (Nandan, in Panikkar, 1990, p. 22). That the

babri Masjid replaced a pre-existent centre of worship, is also indicated by the fact that

Hindus kept returning to the place, where more indulgent Muslim rulers allowed them to

worship on a platform just outside the mosque. (Konraad Elst, Ayodhya and After,1993.3).

Whether Ram was born at the spot where Masjid was located?

This is very vexed question where myths and facts have got mixed up in an apparently

inseparable manner. One of the reasons for this is the very period of history/ mythology

being referred to. Due to the extremely ancient nature of the period being referred to the

sources have to be examined very carefully in order to come to a particular conclusion. To

begin with while many a Historians will regard Ram as a Mythological figure, many others

are endowing the status of a historical figure to him. Noted scholar Suniti Kumar Chatterjee

maintains “the Ramayana is basically a creation by some single poet named Valmiki. There

is evidently some historical core below the surface. Some scholar of Indian history now

thinks that Rama, the hero of Ramayana was a historical person who can be relegated to a

particular period of time”(Chatterjee, 976-77, 14), Even if we grant that he was a historical

figure then the question arises whether he was born in Ayodhya? And if he was born in

Ayodhya was he born on the precise spot where the Babri Masjid is located.

According to Aihole inscription, Epigraphia Indica, (Vol. VI, 1990- 1901) Rama was

born in Treta yug, in the year around 3100 BC. The description of Ayodhya in this epic

archeological survey continuously tries to find evidences regarding that fact. One of the

archeologists B. B. Lal had concluded that, it would seem reasonable to ascribe the first

occupation of the Janmabhumi area to circa seventh century BC.”(Lal, 1976-77, 52) The

development of this area as a settlement came much later, certainly not earlier than the end of

sixth century or the first half of fifth century, when several other towns emerged in Gagentic

plains.

Supreme Court Judgment in Ayodhya case (Except puja, no religious activity)

The Bench, taking note of the 2002 order, directed that on the 67.703 acres located in

various plots detailed in the Schedule to the Acquisition of Certain Area at Ayodhya Act,

72

1993, “which is vested in the Central government, no religious activity of any kind by

anyone be permitted or allowed to take place.” The Bench, while directing the status quo to

continue, made it clear that the existing ‘pujas’ in the make-shift Ram Lala temple at the

disputed site would go on as usual. It argued that the claims of Muslims, Hindus and the

Nirmohi Akhara over the disputed site were mutually exclusive and could not be shared.

The All-India Hindu Mahasabha sought endorsement of the September 30, 2010

minority verdict by Justice Dharam Veer Sharma, who favoured handing over of the entire

land to Hindus. It also said “The judgment by Justice S. U. Khan and Justice Sudhir Agarwal

should be set aside to the extent that one-third of the property in dispute has been declared in

favour of Muslims and to allot the share to them.”

References:

� Venkatesan, J. (2011) “Supreme Court stays Allahabad High Court verdict on Ayodhya” Online available at: http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-stays-allahabad-high-court-verdict-on-ayodhya/article2003448.ece.

� Facts from Libharam Report, Publisher, Bharatiya Janata Party, 11, Ashok Road, New Delhi - 110 001.

� Sheth, D L (2009) “ Political Communalisation of Religions and the Crisis of Secularism”, Economic & Political Weekly, September 26, 2009 Volume, XLIV, no 39. Pp.71-79.

� Rai, Champat, Verdict of Lucknow bench of Allahabad high court on Sri Rama Janma Bhumi based on facts, The writer of this piece is a Joint General Secretary of Vishva Hindu Parishad with HQs at Sankat Mochan Ashram, Ramakrishna Puram-VI, New Delhi – 110 022.

� Puniyani, Ram (2010), “Abode of Ram or House of Allah-Babri Masjid-Ram Janambhumi dispute”, E-Digest: Ayodhya: Masjid-Mandir Dispute, pp. 4-22.

� Asghar Ali Engineer (2010), “A Brief Survey of Communal Situation in the Post Babri Demolition period”, E-Digest: Ayodhya: Masjid-Mandir Dispute, pp. 23-26.

� Asghar Ali Engineer (2010), “Vajpayee’s Statements and Medieval History”, E-Digest: Ayodhya: Masjid-Mandir Dispute, pp. 27-30.

� Asghar Ali Engineer (2010), “Ayodhya’s Voice, E-Digest: Ayodhya: Masjid-Mandir Dispute”, pp. 31-34.

� Vaidyanathan (2012) “Babri demolition: How HC verdict discredited ‘eminent’ historians”, Online Available at: http://rvaidya2000.com/2015/10/12/re-visiting-ram-janam-bhoomi-disgraced-eminent-historians-should-be-made-accountable/.

� S.P. Udayakumar is Research Associate and Co-Director of Programmes, Institute of Race and Poverty, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.

� Gyanendra Pandey(1989), “Ayodhya and the State”, Seminar 364 (December 1989). p. 40. � Akbar, M. J. (1988), “Riot after Riot: Reports on Caste and Communal Violence in India”, New

Delhi: Penguin Books, 1988. p. 133. � "The Babri Masjid Dispute," Spotlight on Regional Affairs 10/7-8 (July-August 1991). p. 8. � Sher Singh (1990), “What History Says About Ayodhya”, in Asghar Ali Engineer, Babri-Masjid

Ramjanmabhoomi Controversy. Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1990. pp. 79-80. � Jay Dubashi (1992), “The Road to Ayodhya. New Delhi: Voice of India”, 1992. p. 57. � B. B. Lal (1992), “Report on Archaeology of Ramayana Sites Project”, in Asghar Ali Engineer,

Politics of Confrontation: The Babri-Masjid Ramjanmabhoomi Controversy Runs Riot. Delhi: Ajanta, 1992. pp. 268-9.

73

� Sridhara, P. S. and Rama, Murthy (1988), “Ramayana and Babar”, Bangalore: Dalit Sahitya Akademy, 1988. p. 30.

� Rajeev Saxena (1993), “Tulsidas' Silence on Ram Mandir at Ayodhya”, Mainstream, January 9, 1993. pp. 33-4.

� Sushil Srivastava (1991), “The Disputed Mosque: A Historical Inquiry”, New Delhi: Vistaar Publications, 1991. pp. 43-4.

� Harbans Mukhia (1992), “Ayodhya Dispute: Historical Evidence and BJP's Aim”, in Engineer, 1992, p. 19.

� Aggarwal, J. C. and Chowdhry, N. K. Ram (1991) “Janmabhoomi Through the Ages: Babri Masjid Controversy”, New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd., 1991. pp. 81-2.

� "Vishwa Hindu Parishad's Liberation Agitation, “ in Asghar Ali Engineer, ed., Babri-Masjid Ramjanmabhoomi Controversy”, Delhi: Ajanta, 1990. pp. 228-30.

� Christophe Jaffrelot (1996) “ The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India”, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. pp. 544-46.

74

Jhjke tUeHkwfe efUnj dk lp vkSj Hkfo’;

izks- lrh”k feÙky1

fu%lUnsg lkroha “krkCnh ls tks LFkku bLyke esa eDdk dk gSa] tks LFkku igyh “krkCnh ls

blkbZ txr esa ;:lye dk gS ogh LFkku gtkjksa o’kksaZ iwoZ ls Hkkjr esa jke dh tUeHkwfe v;ks/;k dk

gSA jke dk thou Hkkjrh; dh izk.k ok;q gS] tu&tu dh “okl gSA fgUnw lekt dk vkn”kZ gSA

lkaL—fr thou dh fojklr gSA Hkkjr ds O;fDrxr rFkk lkewfgd thou dk izfrfcEc gSA jke dk

thou Hkkjrh;ksa dh lathou cwVh gSA jke ds fcuk Hkkjrh; thou vdFkuh;] vdYiuh; rFkk v/kwjk

gSA jke fgUnw thou iz.kkyh dh vfHkO;fä gSaA jke Hkkjr ds izfrfuf/k iq:’k gSa] Hkkjrh; thou /kkjk]

fparu euu rFkk jk’Vªh; n`f’V ds mn~cks/kd gSaA jkejkT; Hkkjrh; thou dk vkn”kZ gSA ;g

fgUnw&eqlyeku lEcU/k rFkk jk’Vªh;rk dk vk/kkj gSA egkRek xka/kh us fy[kk *^ftl pht us esjs fny

ij xgjk vlj Mkyk] og jkek;.k dk ijk;.k gSA2 Lora= Hkkjr ds xoZuj&tujy jktxksikykpkjh

us fy[kk ^jke ds fcuk fgUnw /keZ dks le>k ugha tk ldrkA3 Mk- jke euksgj yksfg;k us ,d vDVwcj

1960 bZ- dks dgk Fkk] ^^jke tSlk e;kZfnr thou dgha ugha] u bfrgkl esa u dYiuk esa gSA**4 jk’Vª

iq:’k jke dsoy v;ks/;k vFkok Hkkjr ds gh ugha] cfYd fo”o ds djksM+ksa ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa ds izrhd

gSaA fo”o esa jke dk thou mudh fo”oO;kih yksdfiz;rk dk Lof.kZe v/;k; gSA fo”o ds vusd ns”kksa

esa jke dk thou izsj.kk dk dsUnz cuk gqvk gSA “kk;n blh fy, lektoknh usrk Mk- jke euksgj

yksfg;k us fp=dwV essa izFke vUrj jk’Vªh; jkek;.k esys dh uhao j[kh Fkh A lgh ckr rks ;g gS fd

jke ds fcuk Hkkjr ds fy, fo”o dks nsus ds fy, dksbZ vkn”kZ rFkk lUns”k ugha gSA

Jhjke tUeHkwfe dk lp

egkRek xka/kh us fy[kk eafnjksa dks rksM+dj cukbZ xbZ efLtnsa xqykeh dh fpUg gSaSA5 ;g dVq

lR; gS fd le;&le; ij eqfLye rFkk eqxy vkØe.kdkfj;ksa us u dsoy Hkkjr dh vikj lEifÙk

dks ywVk cfYd tcjnLrh /kekZUrj.k rFkk gtkjksa eafnjksa ,oa vkLFkk ds dsUnzksa dks /oal fd;kA xka/kh

th us iqu% fy[kk] ^^fdlh Hkh /kkfeZd mikluk xg ds Åij cyiwoZd vf/kdkj djuk cM+k t?kU; iki

gSA eqxy dky esa /kkfeZd /kekZU/krk ds dkj.k eqxy “kkldksa us fgUnqvksa ds cgqr ls /kkfeZd LFkkuksa ij

dCtk dj fy;k Fkk] tks fgUnqvksa ds ifo= vkjk/kuk LFky FksA buesa ls cgqr ls ywVikV dj

1 izfl) bfrgkldkj] ls-fu-izks- dq:{ks= fo”ofo|ky;] v/;{k vf[ky Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ladyu lfefr 2 egkRek xak/kh] lR; dk iz;ksx ;k vkRe dFkk] v/;k; nl 3 jktxksikykpkjh] jkek;.k ¼nwljk vaxzsth laLdj.k 1957] ^Hkwfedk*½ 4 ] vo/kwr yksfg;k] i`- 338 5 egkRek xak/kh dk Jh jkexksiky ^”kjn* dks fy[kk i=] uothou] 27 tqykbZ] 1937

75

u’V&Hkz’V dj fn;s x, vkSj cgqrksa dks efLtn dk :i ns fn;kA1 oLrqr% bl ifo=re LFkyksa dh

Js.kh esa v;ks/;k dk jketUe Hkwfe LFkku rFkk ogka cuk efUnj Hkh vkrk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa lSdM+ksa

ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh] ,sfrgkfld] iqjkrkfRod] lkaL—frd rFkk fof/kd izek.k fl) gks pqds gSaA

ftUgsas bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; us Lohdkj dj fu.kZ; Hkh ns fn;k gSA izLrqr vkys[k ds ys[kd dks

mPp U;k;ky;] bykgkckn ds y[kuÅ ihB esa vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds fo”ks’kK ds :i esa

yxHkx N% ekl ¼25 uoEcj] 2002& 1 tqykbZ 2003½ rd xokg ds :i esa mifLFkr jgus dk volj

feykA mlh vk/kkj ij eSa vkids le{k dqN ,sfrgkfld nLrkostksa rFkk xzUFkksa dh tkudkjh ns jgk

gw¡A tkudkjh ls iwoZ Øwj vkØkark ckcj ds ckjs esa crkuk pkgw¡xk] ftlds dky esa eafnj dk /oal gqvk

vkSj ftl ij mPp U;k;ky; us vusd iz”u iwNsA

Øwj] /kekZU/k] yqVsjk ckcj

ckcj u dksbZ eqfLye iSxEcj] u dksbZ [kyhQk] u dksbZ etgoh ihj ;k lUr Fkk] cfYd e/;

,f”k;k dh ,d NksVh lh tkxhj Qjxuk ¼orZeku [kksdUn½ dk ,d tkxhjnkj FkkA mldk tUe 1483

bZ- esa gqvk FkkA fojklr esa mls firk ls “kjkc dk O;lu rFkk ,s ;k”k iw.kZ thou feyk FkkA 1504 bZ-

esa mlus dkcqy ij tcjnLrh dCtk dj fy;k FkkA 1919 bZ- ls mlus Hkkjr Hkwfe ij ik¡p vkØe.k

fd;s ftlesa Hkkjh ywVekj rFkk uj lagkj fd;kA mlds ;s lHkh vkØe.k etgch dV~Vjrk] erka/krk]

Øwjrk rFkk bLykeh ftgknh Hkkouk ls vksrizksr FksA xq: ukud nso us ckcj us ckn ds rhu vkØe.kksa

rFkk ohHkRl vR;kpkjksa dks Loa; ns[kk rFkk bUgsa ^iki dh ckjkr*2 vkSj ^ckcj dks ;ejkt3 dgk A *tuelk[kh* esa HkkbZ ckyk us bldk o.kZu fd;k gSA ckcj ds Hkkjr esa pkj la?k’kZ gq,A igyk Vdjko

fnYyh ds “kkld bczkghe yksnh ls ikuhir esa gqvkA ,d dE;qfuLV ysf[kdk bfrgkldkj us fy[kk]

^ckcj us bczkghe dks ekjdj fnYyh lYrur ds lqYrkuksa ds LoIu dks Hkkjr esa vius lkezT; dh

LFkkiuk dj o eqxyksa dk jkT; LFkkfir dj iwjk fd;kA ^ckcj dk lcls cM+k Vdjko fprkSM+ ds

jktk lkaxk ls 1527 esa [kUokg ds ds ;q) esa gqvkA ckcj us bl ;q) dks ^etgc ds “k=q nq’V

dkfQjksa ls la?k’kZ* cryk;kA mlus vius fot; i= esa vius dks ^ewfrZ;ksa dh uhao dk [k.Mu djus

okyk* crk;kA xkth dh mikf/k /kkj.k dhA4 blh Hkk¡fr 1528 esa mlus pansjh ds nqxZ ij dCtk dj

1 egkRek xak/kh dk Jh jkexksiky ^”kjn* dks fy[kk i=] uothou] 27 tqykbZ] 1937 2 ns[ks] fogaxk egyk] i`- 722&23 3 ns[ks] ogh % vk”kk egyk 4 ckcj }kjk fyf[kr ^ckcjukek* ;k rqtqd &,s&ckcjh ¼fgUnh vuq-lS;n vgen vrj vCcklh fjtoh] ns[ks] eqxydkyhu Hkkjr] ckcj vyhx<+] 1960 i- 249½ ckcj vius laLej.k ;k vkRedFkk ^ckcjukek* vFkok ^rqtqd&,s&*ckcjh* ds uke ls rqdhZ Hkk’kk esa fy[kk gSA buds nks Qkjlh vuqokn iS;Unk [kka rFkk vCnqjZjghe [kku[kkuk us fd;sA bu Qkjlh vuqoknksa ls yhMsu rFkk ,LZdkbu us vaxzsth esa vuqokn fd;kA ewy rqdhZ ls Jhefr ,-,l-

76

dkfQjksa ds uj eqaMks dk ,d LrEHk cuk;kA1 mlus pkSFkk vkØe.k 1529 bZ- esa ?kk?kjk ds fudV fd;k

FkkA ;g mldk vafre ;q) FkkA

dqN bfrgkldkj rFkk usrk 1973 bZ- esa Jhefr bafnjk xak/kh ds iz/kkuea=hRo dky esa

b.Mks&lksfo;r Msyhxs”u vkus ij] ckcj ds rexs yxkdj jkt/kkuh dh lM+dksa ij ?kweus yxs] ;k

Hkkjr ds iwoZ iz/kkuea=h Mk- eueksgu flag us dkcqy esa ckx&,s&ckcj dkEiySDl esa tkdj ckcj dh

dcz rFkk efLtn ij HkkoHkhuh J)katfy nhA dksbZ Hkh lkekU; O;fDr ljyrk ls vuqHko dj ldrk

gS fd ckcj dk Hkkjr ij vkØe.k izR;sd n`f’V ls egewn xtuoh rFkk eksgEen xksjh ds leku FkkA

og dksbZ jk’VªHkDr] egkuk;d u gksdj ns”k dk “k=q rFkk [kyuk;d FkkA

eafnj u’V djus ds izeq[k nLrkost

Jh jke tUeHkwfe ij ckcj }kjk cukbZ efLtn ds lUnHkZ esa miyC/k ,sfrgkfld xzUFkksa

nLrkostksa] ;k=k o.kZuksa rFkk vU; xzUFkksa dks rhu Js.kh esa ckaV ldrs gS tks ckcj ds dky ls eafnj ds

u’V fd;k tkusls ysdj orZeku rd dh tkudkjh nsrs gSaSA ¼1½ eqfLye ys[kdksa ds xzUFk ¼2½ ;wjksih;u

;kf=;ksa] bfrgkldkjksa rFkk fczfV”k dkyhu ljdkjh nLrkost ¼3½ Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ds xzUFkA

eqfLye ys[kdksa ds izeq[k xzUFk

eqfLye xzUFkksa esa bl laUnHkZ esa lcls igys Loa; ckcj dk ^ckcjukek* vkrk gSA bl xzUFk dks

fy[kus ds fy, ckcj us lhdjh esa ,d Hkou Hkh cuok;k FkkA ckcj ds 48 o’kksaZ 10 eghus ds thou

dky ¼1883&1530½ ds blesa dqy 18 o’kksaZ dk o.kZu gSA og Hkh chp&chp esa fjDr LFkku gSA

lEcaf/kr fookn dk dky vizSy 1528 bZ- ls 18 flrEcj 1528 bZ- dk o.kZu ugha gSA blh dky esa

;gka eafnj dks /oal dj ckcjh efLtn dk fuekZ.k gqvk FkkA fuekZ.k ds le; efLtn ij dbZ

vfHkys[k Fks tks ckn esa la?k’kZ esa gVk fn;s x;sA nks f”kykys[k Qkjlh Hkk’kk esa gS ftlls bldk

fuekZ.k 1528 bZ- ekuk tkrk gSA Jherh cSofjax us viuh ikn fVIi.kh esa jke tUeHkwfe eafnj ds /oal

dk o.kZu fd;k gSA2 blds vuqlkj 12 ekpZ 1528 esa ckcj “ks[k c;kf=n tks fonzksgh Fkk] mldk ihNk

djrs&djrs Loa; v;ks/;k ds fudV igqapk FkkA mlus fudV gh f”kdkjxkg dh Hkh [kkst djkbZA og

yxHkx lkr&vkB fnu ogka jgk FkkA rHkh mlus ehj ckdh dks eafnj rksM+dj efLtn cukus dk

cSofjt us vaxzsth esa vuqokn fd;k tks fo”oHkj esa T;knk izekf.kd ekuk tkrk gSA Qkjlh ls fgUnh vuqokn lS;n vgen vrj vCckl fjtoh us ^eqxy dkyhu Hkkjr&ckcj* ds uke ls 1960 bZ- esa vyhx<+ fo”ofo|ky; vyhx<+ ls fd;k gSA 1 ckcj] ckcjukek ¼vuq- fjtoh½ i`-&167 2 ns[ks ckcjukek] Jhefr cSofjt dk vuqokn] Hkkx nks] ¼dksydkrk] 1965½ i`-&656] vuq- fjtoh] iwoksZä ifjf”k’V

77

vkns”k fn;k FkkA blds fy, ,d njos”k ewlk vkf”kdku us Hkh vkxzg fd;k FkkA ftldh dcz vkt

Hkh mlh ds fudV cuh gSA yxHkx blh izdkj dk o.kZu yhMsu rFkk ,LZdkbu us Hkh fd;k gSA

blh Hkkafr lezkV vdcj ds fe= rFkk fo”oluh; vcqy Qty us vius izfl) xzUFk ^vkbus

vdcjh*1 esa v;ks/;k dk o.kZu fd;k gSA v;ks/;k dk {ks= 148 dksl yECkk rFkk 30 dksl pkSM+k crk;k

gSA v;ks/;k dk ,d fo”kky uxj] ^izkphudky ls ifo=re LFky* rFkk ^jke dk fuokl* cryk;k gSA

mlus fy[kk fd jke dk tUefnol&jkeuoeh mRlo cM+s mRlkg rFkk /kwe/kke ls euk;k tkrk gSA

blh lanHkZ esa ,d vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ xzUFk vkSjaxtsc dh iksrh vFkok cgknqj”kkg dh iq=h dk

gS] tks 17 oha “krkCnh ds vUr esa ;k 18 oha “krkCnh ds izkjEHk esa fy[kk x;kA bl xzUFk dk uke gS]

^ln~nhQk&,&pgy ulkbg cgknqj”kkgh*A blesa pkyhl ulhgrsa nh gSaA blesa efLtn ds fuekZ.k ds

fy, jke tUeHkwfe ij eafnj dks u’V fd, tkus dk izkphure fooj.k gSA fetkZ tku] us Qkjlh esa

gnhdk,a “kgnk ¼y[kuÅ] 1856½ esa izkjEHk ds i- 4&7 rd ckn”kkg ds Qjekuksa ds vk/kkj ij efLtnsa

rFkk ogka ij ykxw fd;s fu;eksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA 1855 bZ- esa y[kuÅ ds okftn vyh “kkg ds

jkT; esa guqeku x<+h dks fgUnqvksa ls NqM+kus ds fy, vehj vyh vesBoh ds usr`Ro esa ftgkn gqvk FkkA

blesa fetkZ tku2 us Loa; Hkkx fy;k FkkA ckn esa 1856 bZ- esa ,d iqLrd ds :i esa izdkf”kr fd;k

FkkA mlus ckcjh efLtn ds fuekZ.k ds ckjs esa fy[kk] ^^fiNys lqYrkuksa us bLyke ds izpkj vkSj

efgekxku dks izksRlkfgr fd;k rFkk dqÝ ¼uhp izFkk½ ls NqVdkjk fnyk;kA ;g ¼vo/k½ ,d cM+k iwtk

dsUnz Fkk vkSj jke ds firk ds jkT; dh jkt/kkuh FkkA ftl LFkku ij cM+k eafnj Fkk ogka ,d cM+h

efLtn cukbZ xbZ vkSj tgka ,d NksVk e.Mi Fkk ogka ,d NksVh dukrh efLtn cukbZ xbZA tUe

LFkku dk eafnj jke dk ewy tUe LFkku gSa ¼eLdr½ Fkk] ftlls yxh gqbZ lhrk dh jlksbZ gSA lhrk]

jke dh iRuh dk uke gSA vr% ml LFkku ij ckcj ckn”kkg us ewlk vkf”kdku ds ekxZn”kZu esa ,d

Å¡ph ¼ljcyan½ efLtn cuokbZ] ogka ;s efLtn vkt rd yksxksa esa lhrk dh jlksbZ ds uke ls tkuh

tkrh gSA**

ckcjh efLtn ds fuekZ.k ds ckjs esa MkW- “ks[k eqgEen vter vyh dkdksjoh ¼1811&1893½ us

1869 bZ- esa ^rkjh[ks vo/k* vFkok ^eqjDdk&,&[kqqljoh* fy[kh Fkh3A bl ,d izfr y[kuÅ dh Vsxksj

yk;czsjh esa gSA dkdksjoh us bls izdkf”kr djokuk pkgkA blds fy, vuqnku Hkh ekaxkA blds tokc

esa dgk x;k fd v;ks/;k tsgkn dk fooj.k Nkiuk bl le; 1996 ds ekgkSy esa mfpr esa u gksxkA

1yhMsu o ,LZdkbu] esek;Z vkWQ ckcj ¼vkDl QksMZ] 1921½ i`-& 333 2vcqy Qty vkykeh] vkbus vdcjh ¼vaxzsth vuq- ,p-,l- tSjsV dksydkrk] 1891] ewy xzUFk 1598 bZ- esa fy[kk x;k½ i`-& 171 3 fetkZ tku] gnhdk, “kgnk ¼y[kuÅ] 1856½ ns[ksa] uok v/;k;] ^okftn vyh “kkg vkSj mudk vgn*

78

lEcfU/kr v/;k; dks vyx ls Nkik x;k] vehj vyh “kghn vkSj ek^jdg&,&guqekux<+hA blesa

dgk x;k %

“pqukps ftl rjg eFkqjk o`Unkou oxSjk dh [kl vkSj [kk”kkds fcnvr ¼xSj bLykeh rRoksa ds

dwM+k djdV½ ls lkQ fd;k] mlh rjg QStkckn vo/k esa tks cM+k ijfLr”k dk edku Fkk r[rxkgs

finjs y{e.k o jke Fkk] cqr[kkus tUe LFkku esa 923 fgtjh esa ckorh rS;kj gqbZ] iqjuwj jghA ogk¡

fgUnqvksa esa lhrk dh jlksbZ e”kgwj FkhA”

mijksä xzUFkksa ds vykok jke tUe Hkwfe eafnj ij ckcjh efLtn fuekZ.k dk o.kZu vusd

xzUFkksa esa fd;k x;k gS,ftlesa dqN mYys[kuh; eqgEen vlxj dh fczfV”k ljdkj ds le{k ;kfpdk

¼30 uoEcj 1858½ % mnwZ miU;kldkj fetkZ jtc vyh csx l:j dk ^Qlkauk, bcjr* gkth eqgEen

glu dh fy[kh ^ftek, v[rj* ¼y[kuÅ 1878½ i`- 38&39 ekSyoh vCnqy djhe —r ^xqekLrk ,

gkykrs v;ks/;k vo/k* ¼v;ks/;k dh Hkwyh fcljh ?kVuk;sa vFkkZr ^rkjh[ks ifuZ;k enhuk vYokfy;k*

¼Qkjlh esa y[kuÅ 1885½ dekyqíhu gSnj gqluh vy e”kkgknh dh iqLrd ^rokjh[ks vo/k* ¼y[kuÅ

1896½ Hkkx nks] i- 100&112; vYykek eqgEen uteqyxuh [kku jkeiqjh dh ^rokjh[ks vo/k* ¼1909½

ekSykuk gkfde lbZn vCnqy dh ^fgUnksLrku bLykeh vgn esa* ¼ewyr% vjch esa gSnjkckn] 1972½ mnwZ

vuqokn muds iq= ekSykuk vCnqy glu unoh mik[; vyh fe;k ds izkDdFku lfgr ¼y[kuÅ 1979½

vaxzsth esa vuqokn 1977 esa miyC/k gSA

;wjksih; ;k=h] bfrgkldkj rFkk ljdkjh nLrkost

jke tUeHkwfe ds fou’V fd;s tkus rFkk ckcjh efLtn fuekZ.k ds ckjs esa vusd ;wjksih;

lk{;] nLrkost ;k=k o.kZu fo”odks’k xtsfV;j vkfn izkIr gSaA ;wjksih; lk/kuksa esa loZizFke dqN

izfl) ;wjksih;u ;kf=;ksa ,oa bfrgkldkjksa dk o.kZu nsuk rdZ laxr gksxkA blesa fczfV”k fofy;e

fQap] vkfLV;k ds tkslsQ VkbQsUFksyj] Mp ds gkal csdj rFkk csfyft;e ds dks,u~ jkM ,YLV ds

fooj.k izeq[k gSA fofy;e fQap1 fczfV”k O;kikjh Fkk tks blh mn~ns”; ls v;ks/;k Hkh x;k FkkA og

tgkaxhj ds dky esa 1608&1611 rd Hkkjr esa jgk FkkA mlus v;ks/;k dks jke fuokl cryk;k gSA

mlus fy[kk fd v;ks/;k ls nks ehy dh nwjh ij ,d xqQk gS tgka jke dh vfLFk;ksa dks cgk;k x;k

1 “ks[k vtey vyh dksdjoh] rkjh[ks vo/k ;k eq[kdk,a [kqljoh ¼Qkjlh esa fyf[kr 1869] izdkf”kr y[kuÅ] 1986½

79

FkkA mlus jkedksV vFkkZr~ ml x<+h ds [k.Mgjksa ds gksus dh ckr dgh tgk¡ gtkjksa o’kZ igys ;gka

jke us vorkj fy;k FkkA

vkfLV;k ds tslqbV iknjh tkslsQ VkbQsUFksyj1 us 1766&1771 bZ- ds nkSjku vo/k dh ;k=k

dh rFkk viuk o.kZu ^fgLVªh ,.M ftvksxzkQh vkWQ bafM;k* ySfVu Hkk’kk esa fy[kh] bldk Qzsap vuqokn

cuksZyh us 1785 esa fd;kA mlus Li’V fy[kk fd ckcj us jketUe LFkku eafnj dks /oal dj] eafnj

ds 14 [kEcksa dk iz;ksx djds ,d efLtn dk fuekZ.k djk;kA2 ;s 14 LrEHk dkys iRFkj dlkSVh ds Fks

tks efLtn ds vUnj rFkk nks ckgj dh vksj yxs FksA3 bl ys[k ds ys[kd us Loa; os [kEHks flrEcj

1992 bZ- esa ns[ks FksA4 og jke pcwrjk] lhrk dh jlksbZ dk Hkh o.kZu djrk gSA bl pcwrjs dks fgUnw

rhu ckj ifjØek djds lk’Vkax iz.kke djrs FksA mlus ;g Hkh fy[kk fd pS= ekl ds 24osa fnu

jketUe fnol ij lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ls ogk¡ yksx vkrs FksA5 mYys[kuh; gS vU; fo}kuksa us Hkh bl dFku

dh iqf’V dh gSA ^dqN yksxksa dk dguk gS fd bls ¼efLtn dks½ ckcj us cuok;k FkkA vkt Hkh ikap

Lisu Å¡ps dkys iRFkj ds pkSng LrEHk bl fdys ds LFky ij [kM+s ns[ks tk ldrs gS--------- fo”okl

fd;k tkrk gS fd bu LrEHkksa ds [kaMksa dks okujjkt guqeku yadk ;k flagy }hi ls yk;s Fks ftls

;wjksih; yksx flykSu dgrs gSaA* Mp fo}ku us ^v;ks/;k* uked ,d fo”kky xzUFk nks Hkkxksa esa 1984 esa

izdkf”kr fd;kA vusd rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij mlus eksgEen xksjh ls ysdj ckcj] fgek;w]¡ vdcj]

vkSajxtsc ds dky ls ysdj 1858 bZ- rd foLrr o.kZu fd;k gSA ckcj ds vkØe.k dk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ

o.kZu gSA6 og orZeku jketUe Hkwfe eafnj dk fuekZ.k 10&12 bZ- “krkCnh esa xgMokyksa }kjk ekurk

gSA7 ckcj dqN le; Loa; v;ks/;k esa jgk] 1528 bZ- esa eafnj fofu’V fd;k] vkSj blds eycsa ls ehj

ckdh us efLtn dk fuekZ.k fd;kA blesa 14 [kEHksa tks eafnj ds Fks blesa yxk;s x;sA nks [kEHks ewlk

vkf”kdku dh dcz ds ikl tehu esa xkM+sa ftlus ckcj dks eafnj /oal dj efLtn cuokus dks

mdlk;k FkkA8 og Li’V fy[krk gS fd ckcjh efLtn fdlh [kkyh LFkku ij ugha cukbZ xbZA9

csfYt;e ds fo}ku dks,u~jkM ,YLV us vius xzUFk dk foospu izHkkfod rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij

fd;k gSA10 bl fo}ku us Jhefr lqjsUnz dkSj] dh iqLrd ^n lsD;qyj ,Eijj ckcj*] eqfLye bafM;k

1 fofy;e QksjsLVj ¼l-½ vyhZ VªsoYl bu bafM;k ¼1583&1619½ yUnu] 1921] fnYyh laLdj.k] i-& 176 2 ds tkslsQ VkbQsUFksyj] fgLVªh ,.M T;ksxzsQh vkWQ bafM;k] ¼ewy ySfVu ls ls Ýsap esa vuqokn cuksZyh] 1785 esa½ 3 ogh] i`-& 253&54 4 ogh] 5 10 vDVwcj ls 13 vDVwcj 1992 ds nkSjku ;k=k 6 ogh] i`- & 254 7 gkal csdj] v;ks/;k] nks Hkkxksa esa ¼1984½ ckcj ds fy, ns[ks] Hkkx ,d] i`- & 125] 134] 137 8 ogh Hkkx ,d] i`- & 44&45 9 ogh Hkkx ,d] i`- &134 10 ogh Hkkx ,d] i`- & 43&46] 119&123]125]134]137 % ogh Hkkx nks] i`-& 118&19] 143&49]] 173&175

80

rFkk bafM;u ,DlizSl esa Nis lS;n “kgkcqn~nhu ds ys[kksa rFk tokgj yky usg# fo”ofo|ky; ds

bfrgkl foHkkx }kjk fn;s n iksfyfVdy ,C;wt vkWQ fgLVªh ds fopkjksa dk xgu ijh{k.k dj iw.kZr%

udkjk gSA mUgksaus vius xzUFk esa Jhefr lqjsUnz dkSj ds xzUFk1 dks ftlesa ysf[kdk us ckcj dks

^lsD;qyj* fl) djus esa iw.kZ ÅtkZ yxk nh rFkk tks rRdkyhu mM+hlk ds xoZuj Jh ch-,u- ik.Ms;

ds ysf[kdk ds leFkZu esa] ,d egÙoiw.kZ lfVZfQdsV ls izkjEHk gksrh gS iw.kZr% vLohdkj fd;kA mlus

ekDlZoknh bfrgkldkjkssa2 tks jketUe&Hkwfe eafnj ckcjh efLtn fookn dks ,sfrgkfld rF; u

ekudj] vU/kfo”okl rFkk Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk fo”kn lkEiznkf;dj.k dgdj Hkzfer djrs jgs gSa

mudks xyr fl) fd;k gSA ekDlZoknh ys[kd jkek;k.k dks dsoy ,d dkO; dgrs jgsA ckYehfd

rFkk rqylhnkl ds xzUFkksa dks >qBykrs jgs rFkk v;ks/;k rks Fkh gh ugha] vkSj ;fn Fkh rks xaxk ds

fdukjs crykrs jgsA bruk gh ugha os izk;% vdcj dkyhu lk/kuksa ds i”pkr~ 19oha “krkCnh ij vk

tkrs gS vkSj bUgsa Hkh ¼;wjksih; lk{;ksa dks½ vizekf.kd ekurs gSaA dks,ujksM ,YLV us bUgsa Hkzked dgrs

gSaA mUgksaus fy[kk]3 eSa ,sfrgkfld fo’k; ij fuEu fu’d’kZ lq>kko ds :i esa j[krk gw¡A vusd ladsrksa

ds vk/kkj ij ge fo”okliwoZd dg ldrs gS fd ehj ckdh us ,d iwoZ fLFkr fgUnw iwtk x`g ij

ckcjh efLtn dks cuok;kA de ls de ;g ekuk gh tkuk pkfg, fd ftl LFkku ij ckcjh efLtn

[kM+h gSA “krkfCn;ksa ls fgUnqvksa dh fo”kky la[;k] bls ,d izeq[k ifo= LFky ekurs jghA dksbZ Hkh

¼fookn½ tks bl rF; dks >qBykrk gS] ,d gy ugha ekuk tk ldrkA**

fo”o dks’k vFkok blkbZDyksihfM;k fo”o laL—fr rFkk bfrgkl dk ,d izekf.kd L=ksr ekuk

tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g fdlh ,d O;fDr dh jpuk u gksdj vusd “kks/kdÙkkZvksa ds ifjJe dk izfrQy

gksrk gSA jketUe&Hkwfe eafnj ds ckjs esa rhu egÙoiw.kZ L=ksr mYys[kuh; gSaA blesa izFke fo”o

fo[;kr blkbZDyksihfM;k fczVsfudk gSA ftldk ewyr% izdk”ku 1768 bZ- ls izkjEHk gqvkA blds 1978

ds lLdaj.k esa v;ks/;k dks fgUnqvksa ds lkr ifo= LFkkuksa esa ,d ekuk x;k gSA4 blesa 11oha&12oha

“krkCnh ls dUukSat jkT; ds mn; ls ysdj bldk lEcU/k fnYyh lYrur ds Hkkx] LorU=rk ds fy,

la?k’kZ] 1764 bZ- esa bZLV bafM;k dEiuh ds v/khu] 1856 bZ- esa fczfV”k jkT; ds Hkkx ds :i esa bldk

1 dks,u~jkM ,YLV] jketUeHkwfe olsZt ckcjh efLtn] , dsl LVMh bu fgUnw&eqfLye dEihfyV ¼ubZ fnYyh] 1990½ 2 Jhefr lqjsUnz dkSj o riu lku;ky] VwoMZl dE;quy gkjeuh] n lsdqyj ,Eijj ckoj ¼ljfgUn] 1987½ ns[ks] igyk i`’B 3 foLrkj ds fy, ns[ks ^bfrgkl dk C;ku* vlyh Hkkjr] vDVwcj&uoEcj 1989] i`-& 40&42] 46 4 dks,u~jkM ,YLV] iwoksZä]i`-& 91 mldh Hkk’kk esa mlus fy[kk ^^I propose the following conclusions to the historian’s debate. From many indications, we may confidently infer that Mir Baqi built the Babari masjia on an existing Hindu Place warship….. At least this much be admitted; the spot on which the Babari masjia now stands, has been a promiment sacred place to a large number of Hindus for centuries. A solution that disregards this fact, can not be consideres a solution.** p. 91

81

foLrr o.kZu fd;k gSA1 blesa jketUe LFkku ij 1528 bZ- esa ckcj }kjk efLtn fuekZ.k dk Li’V

mYys[k gSA ;g efLtn mlh LFkku ij cukbZ x;h tgka igys eafnj FkkA2

nwljk izfl) fo”odks’k ltZu tujy ,MoMZ ckYQksj3 dk gSA ;g jk’Vªh; vfHkys[kkdkj] ubZ

fnYyh esa miyC/k gSA bldh jpuk 1858 bZ- esa dhA blesa rRdkyhu v;ks/;k dh vkcknh 1518

crykbZ gSA bls jkepUnz ds firk lw;Zoa”kh jktk n”kjFk dk LFkku ekuk gSA cq) dky ds i”pkr~

lezkV foØekfnR; }kjk ¼57 o’kZ bZ- iwoZ esa½ blds th.kh)kj fy[kk gSA blesa v;ks/;k esa rhu efLtnksa

dks crk;k x;k gS tks igys rhu fgUnw eafnjksa ij cuh gqbZ gSA ;s rhu LFky Fks& tUe LFkku] LoZx}kj

eafnj rFkk =srk dk Bkdqj ¼vusd½ ;Kksa ds LFky FksA rhljs] blh dksfV esa cSusft;u ckcj4 ds xzUFk

^fgUnw oYMZ&,su bulkbZDyksfifMd losZ vkWQ fgUnqbZTe* dks j[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g 1968 bZ- esa

izdkf”kr gqbZA blesa orZeku guweku x<+h ds fudV jke dk tUe crk;k] tgk¡ dHkh ,d eafnj Fkk

ftls fou’V dj ckcj us efLtn cukbZA mlus v;ks/;k dks euq }kjk LFkkfir b{okdq dh jkt/kkuh

crk;k rFkk lw;Zoa”kh dh foLr`r tkudkjh nh gSA

;wjksih; lk/kuksa esa rhljh Js.kh esa vusd losZ fjiksVZl] lSfVyesUV fjiksVZl] rFkk xtsfV;lZ gSa tks izeq[k ljdkjh nLrkost rFkk bfrgkl ds L=ksr gSaA blesa 1938 bZ- esa bZLV bafM;k dEiuh ds

losZ;j tujy ekUVxksejh ekfVZu dh losZ fjiksVZ gSA blesa fy[kk gS] ^^/kekZU/k vkSjaxtsc us ftlds

}kjk eafnj u’V gq,] bu egÙoiw.kZ eafnjksa ds LFkku ij efLtnksa dk fuekZ.k djk;k] ijUrq v;ks/;k dh

efLtn vkSjaxtsc ls ikap ih<+h iwoZ ckcj }kjk cukbZ xbZ FkhA5 mldk ekuuk gS fd ckcj }kjk

efLtn esa yxk;s [kEHksa eafnj ds gSaA mlus “kkunkj [kEHkksa ds fp= Hkh fn;s gSaA6 blh fookn ds lUnHkZ

esa QStkckn dh izFke lSfVyeSUV fjiksVZ7 tks 1880 bZ- dh gS] bles foØekfnR; }kjk 360 eafnjksa dk

fuekZ.k crk;k x;k gSA tUeLFkku o vU; nks eafnjksa dk /oal Øe”k% ckcj rFkk vkSjaxtsc }kjk

crkdj efLtnksa dk fuekZ.k dgk x;k gSA8

xtsfV;j dh Js.kh esa 19oha “krkCnh ds mÙkjk)Z esa v;ks/;k ds lUnHkZ esa vk/ks ntZu ls Hkh

vf/kd xzUFk izkIr gSa tks jketUe&Hkwfe dk lp izdV djrs gSaA blesa izFke xtsfV;j 1854 bZ- dk

1 bUlkbZDyksihfM;k fczVsfudk ¼izFke okj 1768] Hkkx 15oka] [k.M ,d U;w;kdZ] 1968 laLdj.k½ i`-& 693 2ogh] i`-& 694 3 ogh] i`-& 694 4 ,MoMZ cSYQksj] bUlkbZDyksihfM;k vkWQ bafM;k ,.M vkWQ bZLVuZ lanuZ ,f”k;k ¼1858½ 5 oSukfteu ckdj] fgUnw oYMZ % ,su bUlkbZDyksihfM;k losZ vkWQ fgUnqbTe] nks Hkkxksa esa ¼ubZ fnYyh] 1968½ i`-& 103&04 ¼Hkkx ,d½ 6 eksUV xqejh ekfVZu] n fgLVªh ,suVhD;wVhbt] VksiksxzsQh ,.M LVsfVdy LVsVll~ vkWQ bZLVuZ bafM;k ¼yUnu] 1838½ i`-& 335 7 ogh] i`-& 336 8 ,s-,Q-ehVsy] fjiksZV vkWu n lSfVyesUV vkWQ n ySaMfjoU;w QStkckn fMfLVªDV] ¼bykgkckn] 1880½ ns[ks] dkye 618&19

82

,MoMZ FkkuZVu dk gSA blesa v;ks/;k ;k jkex<+ ds vusd [k.Mgjksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

foØekfnR; }kjk cuk;s eafnj dk Hkh ftØ fd;k x;k gSA blesa ckcj }kjk eafnj ds fou’V djus

rFkk blh ds 14 dykiw.kZ —fr;ksa ls iw.kZ1 [kEHkksa ls ;qä efLtn dk o.kZu fd;k gSA blesa vkbus

vdcjh esa v;ks/;k dk Hkh o.kZu Hkh fn;k gSA2 jke pcwrjs dk o.kZu djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd fgUnw

bls ^jke dk ikyuk* dgrs gSaA3 ih- dkusZxh vius xtsfV;j esa foØekfnR; }kjk4 nksckjk v;ks/;k

clkus] v;ks/;k esa izfl) rhu eafnjksa5 rFkk Li’V :i ls jketUe LFkku ij ckcj }kjk efLtn fuekZ.k

dk o.kZu djrk gSA6 og Li’V o.kZu djrk gS fd 1528 bZ- esa ckcj lj;w o ?kk?kjk ds laxe ij

v;ks/;k ds fudV nks rhu dksl ij Bgjk rFkk lkr&vkB fnu jgkA og efLtn esa [kEHkksa ij yxk;s

dkys iRFkjksa dk o.kZu djrk gS tks cukjl o vU; LFkkuksa ds eafnjksa esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA bEihfj;y

xtsfV;j dh izakrh; lhjht7 esa Hkh v;ks/;k ds izfl) rhuksa eafnjksa] ckcj }kjk eafnj rksM+dj efLtn

dk fuekZ.k] jke pcwrjk] lhrk dh jlksbZ vkfn dh iqf’V dh x;h gSA fofHkUu xtsfV;lZ8 esa ckcj }kjk

jketUe&Hkwfe eafnj rksM+us rFkk efLtn fuekZ.k dk rF;kRed o.kZu gSA izk;% lHkh xtsfV;lZ esa tks

1870 ls 1960 bZ- rd ds gSa] fuEu rF;ksa esa dksbZ fookn ugha gS& ¼1½ ckcj ds vkØe.k ls iwoZ

jkedksV esa jketUe LFkku eafnj FkkA ¼2½ ckcj Loa; v;ks/;k vk;k rFkk 1528 bZ- esa dqN le; Bgjk

Fkk ¼3½ ckcj us jke tUeHkwfe eafnj fou’V fd;k ¼4½ eafnj fou’V dj ckcjh efLtn dk fuekZ.k gqvk

¼5½ ckcjh efLtn ij tks nks vfHkys[k ik;s x;s os 925 fgtjh vFkkZr~ 1528 ds gSaSA

;wjksih;u lk/kuksa esa] Hkkjr esa lh/ks fczfV”k “kklu dh LFkkiuk ds i”pkr~ vkfdZ;ksyksftdy

losZ vkWQ bafM;k fjiksVZl mijksä fookn ij dkQh izdk”k Mkyrh gSA blesa igyh izeq[k fjiksVZ

vYdtS.Mj dfua?ke dh gS] tks v;ks/;k ds ,sfrgkfld bfrgkl ij izdk”k Mkyrh gSA9 blesa vcqy

Qty dh ^vkbus vdcjh* dk Hkh o.kZu gSA nwljs ,- ¶;wgjj10 us viuh Hkkjrh; iqjkÙkRo losZ fjiksVZ

esa ckcjh efLtn esa jke tUeHkwfe LFkku ij yxs [kEHkksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA og ehj ckdh }kjk ckcjh

1 ogh] dkye 666&68 2 jkMoMZ FkkuZVu] xtsfV;lZ vkWQ n VSjhVSjht vaMj n xouZesUV vkWQ n bZLV bafM;k dEiuh ¼1854] fnYyh laLdj.k 1893½ i`-&739 3 ogh] i`-& 740 4 ogh] i`-& 739 5 ,l-ih- dkusZxh] fgLVksfjdy Ldspst vkWQ QStkckn fon n vksYM dSfiVYl v;ks/;k ,.M QStkckn ¼v;ks/;k] 1870½ i`-& 6 6 ogh] i`-& 21 7 n fEihfj;y xtsfV;lZ vkWQ bafM;k] izkfo”kay lhjht] ;wukbVsM izkfoUl vkWQ vkxjk ,.M vo/k] Hkkx nks ¼yUnu] 1881½ i`-& 38&39 8xtsfV;j vkWQ n izkfoal vkWQ vkSa/k] Hkkx ,d ¼1877½ i`-& 6&7 ( ,p-vkj-usfoy] ckjkcadh fMfLVªDV xtsfV;j ¼1902½( ,p-vj- usfoy] QStkckn fMfLVªDV xtsfV;j ¼bykgkckn 1905½ i`-& 174(,p-vj- usfoy] ¼lEiknd jkT; xtsfV;j½ QStkckn % ,s xtsfV;j ¼bykgkckn 1928½ i`-&178&79( LorU=rk ds i”pkr 1960 esa QStkckn ftys dk xtsfV;j iqu% izdkf”kr gqvk FkkA ns[ksa] Jhefr bZ-oh- tks”kh ¼lEiknd½ ^fjokbUM QStkckn fMfLVªDV xtsfV;j ¼y[kuÅ 1960½ i`-& 17] 351&52( bEihfj;y xtsfV;j vkWQ QStkckn] 1881-* 9 vySDts.Mj dfu?kae] vkdksZ;ksykWftdy loZ vkWQ bafM;k fjiksVZ] pkSFkh fjiksVZ] 1862&65] i`-& 320&27 10 , ¶;wgjj] n eksuqesaVy ,UVhD;wVht ,.M bUlfØIlUl bu n ukFkZ oSLVuZ izkfoUlsl ,.M vo/k] ¼bykgkckn] 1891½ i`-& 295&98.

83

efLtn ds fuekZ.k dk Hkh o.kZu djrk gSA rhljh] losZ fjiksVZ 1934 bZ- dh gSA1 ftlesa v;ks/;k esa

lHkh /kkfeZd rFkk ,sfrgkfld LFkkuksa ij Øekad rFkk lkbu iksLV yxkus dk o.kZu gSA blesa ckcjh

efLtn dks jketUe&Hkwfe dgdj ogka lkbV ua- ^,d* fy[kk rFkk ,d lkbu iksLV Hkh yxkbZA pkSFkh]

izfl) losZ fjiksVZ MkW- ,- nslkbZ dh 1966 bZ- dh gSA blesa v;ks/;k dk ,sfrgkfld losZ nsrs gq,

crk;k x;k gS fd ikapoh&NBh “krkCnh esa xqIr “kkldksa us bldks ^lkdsr* uke fn;k] 7oha “krkCnh ls

v;ks/;k dk oSHko lekIr gks x;k FkkA ckcj Loa; v;ks/;k esa Bgjk FkkA2 ys[kd ckcjh efLtn ij

dbZ vfHkys[kksa dk o.kZu djrk gS ftuesa ls vusd 1931 bZ- ds la?k’kZ esa u’V gks x;sA3 og v;ks/;k ds

izfl) rhu eafnjksa dk Hkh o.kZu djrk gS] ftlesa ls jke tUeHkwfe eafnj ckcj us rFkk “ks’k nks

vkSjaxtsc us u’V fd;sA blds vykok 18oha “krkCnh ls iwoZ ds ,sfrgkfld LFkkuksa dks fpf=r djus

okyk ,d vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ nLrkost4 miyC/k gS] ftlesa jketUe&Hkwfe eafnj rFkk LoxZ}kj eafnj

fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA

vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ds izeq[k xzUFk

jketUe&Hkwfe eafnj ds lUnHkZ esa vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa }kjk vusd xzUFk iSEiysV rFkk

lSdM+ksa ys[k] i=d miyC/k gSa tks ckcj }kjk bl eafnj dk /oal dj] ckcjh efLtn ds fuekZ.k dk

o.kZu djrs gSaSA ;gka dqN xzUFkksa dk o.kZu gh mi;qä gksxkA 1917 bZ- esa Jh ukxsUnzukFk olq ds

ekxZn”kZu esa fgUnh fo”odks’k dh jpuk gqbZ ftlesa jkedksV dk foLrr o.kZu djrs gq,] 1528 bZ- esa

ckcj }kjk eafnj rksM+dj efLtn fuekZ.k dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA5 y{eh ukjk;.k lnj dkuwuxks us

,d iqLrd eqU”kh ekSyoh&gk”keh dh lgk;rk ls fy[kh ftlesa tUeLFkku dks u’V dj ckcjh efLtn

ds fuekZ.k dk o.kZu fd;k gSA6 e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds fo”ks’kKksa&bfrgkldkjksa us jke eafnj

ds /oal o ml ij efLtn fuekZ.k dk rF; iw.kZ foospu fd;k gSA izks-,l-vkj-“kekZ us ckcj dh

/kekZU/k uhfr dk o.kZu djrs gq,] mlds }kjk dbZ eafnjksa dks /oal djus rFkk 935 fgtjh esa ehj ckdh

}kjk efLtn cukus dk o.kZu fd;k gSA7 izks- vk”khokZnh yky JhokLro us Hkh fy[kk gS fd ckcj us

ml LFkku ij efLtn dk fuekZ.k fd;k tks yk[kksa fgUnqvksa }kjk jke dk tUe LFkku ekuk tkrk gSA8

1 ns[ks] vkdksZ;ksykWftdy loZ vkWQ bafM;k fjiksVZ 1934 2 Mk- tSM+ , nslkbZ ¼lEikfnr½ ,ih xzkfQ;k bafM;k] vkdksZ;ksykWftdy loZ vkWQ bafM;k] 1966] i`-& 58 3 ogh] i`-& 58&62 4 xksiky ukjk;.k cgqjk ,oa pUnzef.k flag] dsVksyksd vkWQ fgLVksfjdy MkD;qesUVl] Hkkx nks] ¼t;iqj] 1990½ i`-& 36 5 Jh uxsUnzukFk olq ¼lEikfnr½ fgUnh fo”odks’k ¼n bUlkbZDyksihfM;k vkWQ bafM;k½ ¼izFke laLdj.k 1917] iquZeqfnzr fnYyh 1986½ i`-& 134&35 6 y{eh ukjk;.k lnj dkuwuxks] vljkjs gdhdr ¼y[kuÅ] 1923½ 7 ,l- vkj- “kekZ] jhyhtl ikWfylh vkWQ n eqxy ,Eik;j ¼eqEcbZ] 1962½ i`-& 9 8,- ,y- JhokLro] eqxy ,Eik;j ¼1526&1803 ,s-Mh-½ ¼fnYyh] 1952½ i`-& 34

84

izks- ds-,l-yky us vius ckj&ckj oäO;ksa esa blh rF; dks mtkxj fd;k gSA MkW- cSuthZ us vius ,d

izfl) ys[k1 esa fy[kk fd orZeku tkek efLtn tks ckcj ds dky esa cuh] og jke tUeLFkku ds

ifo= LFky ij gSA os ehj ckdh ds nks vfHkys[kksa dk Hkh o.kZu djrs gSaA2 MkW- lhrkjke us3 izkphu

v;ks/;k ds bfrgkl ls ckcj ds }kjk eafnj ds /oal rFkk ckcjh efLtn fuekZ.k dk o.kZu fd;k gSA

og blds ihNs lS;n ewlk vkf”kdku dh izsj.kk ekurs gSaA

orZeku xzUFkksa esa jketUe&Hkwfe eafnj rFkk ckcjh efLtn fuekZ.k ij nks vR;Ur izekf.kd

xzUFk4 izks- Bkdqj izlkn oekZ ,oa LojkT; izdk”k xqIrk ds vk;s gSaA ;g nksuksa xzUFk ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa ds

lkFk leL;k dk fo”ys’k.k djrs gSaA blls iwoZ 1992 bZ- esa LojkT; izdk”k xqIrk rFkk vU;5 dbZ

fo}kuksa us bl lUnHkZ esa [kkst iwoZ jpuk dhA Jh jke tUe Hkwfe U;kl us fookn dks lqy>kus ds

vusd rF; izLrqr fd;s tks Loa; esa cksyrs gSa rFkk lR; dk vukoj.k djrs gSaSA6 blds vykok bl

jk’VªO;kih iz”u dks ysdj vU; iqLrdsa ntZuksa iSEiySV~l rFkk jk’Vª rFkk fo”o esa lSdM+ksa vkys[k fy[ks

x;s gSaSA

eafnj fuekZ.k dk Hkfo’;

Hkkjr rFkk fo”o ds iqjkrÙofonksa vkSj bfrgkldkjksa] dkuwu ds Kkrkvksa rFkk vU; fopkjdksa]

fpardksa ds Bksl izekf.kd lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij] bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; us yEch dkuwuh izfØ;k ds

i”pkr vius flrEcj 2010 ds ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ; esa ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd jke tUe&Hkwfe LFkku dks]

rksM+dj ckcjh efLtn dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA ckcjh efLtn ds fuekZ.k ls iwoZ ogka eafnj FkkA

LokHkkfod :i ls yEcs le; ls pys vk jgs ekDlZoknh bfrgkldkjksa ds >wBs C;ku] vk/kkjghu oäO;]

>wBs vkjksi cslqjs gks x;sA ;g muds FkksFks] rdZghu rFkk rF;jfgr fopkjksa ij ,d xgjh pir FkhA

ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh pkVqdkjksa rFkk Nùos”kh lsdqyjokfn;ksa] tks ckcj dks ,d egku lkaL—frd

fojklr iznku djusokyk lsdqyj ,Eijj] ekurs Fks] muds fopkjksa dks dwM+snku esa Qsad fn;k x;kA

dqN dV~nj iUFkh eqlyekuksa dks tks ckcj dks viuk ghjks le>rs Fks] mUgsa vc Hkkjr esa fgUnw

1 Mk- ,l-ds- cSuthZ] ^ckcj ,.M n fgUnw’* tujy ;w-ih- fgLVksfjdy lkslk;Vh] 1936 i`-& 76 2 ogh] i`-& 76&81 3 yk- lhrkjke] v;ks/;k dk bfrgkl ¼iz;kx] 1932½ i`-& 151&52 4 Bkdqj izlkn oekZ ,oa LojkT; izdk”k xqIrk] v;ks/;k dk bfrgkl ,oa iqjkrÙo ¼_Xosn ls vc rd½ ¼ubZ fnYyh] 2001½ % Bkdqj izlkn oekZ] LojkT; izdk”k xqIrk] Jh jke tUe Hkwfe ,sfrgkfld ,oa iqjkrkfÙod lk{; ¼ubZ fnYyh] 2001½ 5 LojkT; izdk”k xqIr o vU;] jketUeHkwfe % v;ks/;k U;k vkdksZ;ksykWftdy fMLdojht ¼ubZ fnYyh½ 6 Jh jketUeHkwfe U;kl] QSDVl~ QkSDlM] vosjusl ,.M dEiyhV VªqFk ¼ubZ fnYyh] 2002½

85

eqlyeku lg;ksx ln~Hkko dks [krjk yxkA ijUrq lewps ns”k esa vkRe-LokfHkeku vkRe-xkSjo rFkk

izlUurk dh ygj QSy xbZA

bykgkckn gkbZ dksVZ ds fu.kZ; esa eqdn~esa ls lEcfU/kr 2-77 ,dM+ fooknkLin Hkwfe dk rhu

Hkkxksa esa& fgUnw] fueksZgh v[kkM+s rFkk eqfLye esa ckaVk x;kA 30 flrEcj 2010 dks rhuksa ttksa dh ihB

us ftlesa ,l-;w-[kku] lq/khj vxzoky rFkk /keZohj “kekZ Fks fu.kZ; fn;k fd <k¡ps ds dsUnzh; xqEcn dk

Hkkx] jke eafnj ds fy, ns fn;k tk;sA

bl lUnHkZ esa Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;ky; esa dbZ ;kfpdk;sa1 nh xbZA blds ckjs esa U;k;ewfrZ

vkQrkc vkye rFkk vkj-,l- yks/kk us xr 30 flrEcj 2010 dks vnkyr dh dk;Zokgh ij] 9 ebZ

2011 dks jksd yxk nh2 rFkk ;FkkfLFkfr cuk;s j[kus dk vkns”k fn;kA bldk eq[; vk/kkj ;g jgk

fd bl iwoZ Hkwfe dks rhu Hkkxksa esa dSls ckaVk tk;s ;g izkFkZuk rks igys fdlh u ugha dh FkhA QSlys

dks dqN fofp= cryk;k rFkk cus jgus yk;d ugha dgkA loksZPp U;k;ky; us vius vkns”k esa Øe”k%

1993 bZ dh mifLFkfr dk;e j[kus dk vkns”k fn;k3A blesa xeZxg esa igys dh rjg jkeyyk dh

iwtk pyrh jgsxh rFkk fookfnr <k¡ps ls lVh 67-3 ,dM+ tehu ij fdlh rjg dh /kkfeZd xfrfof/k

u gksxhA

fu%lansg vxLr 2010 dk fu.kZ; ,sfrgkfld FkkA lsokfuo`r U;k;k/kh”k /kehohj “kekZ ds

vuqlkj4] ;g tks iqjkrRo dh fjiksVZ] 6 fnlEcj] 1992 dks ckcjh efLtn ds rqM+us ij izkIr izkphu

eafnj ds 173 vo”ks’k] okYehfd jkek;.k o Jhen~ Hkkxor ds lk{; rFkk fl[k lkfgR; esa miyC/k

lk{; fd xq: ukud us jketUeHkwfe ds n”kZu fd, vkfn vusd vk/kkjksa ij FkkA mUgksaus bls fizoh

dkmafly rFkk loksZPp U;k;ky; ds QSlyksa ij vk/kkfjr cryk;kA ijUrq 9 ebZ] 2011 ds loksZPp

U;k;ky; ds QSlys ls vHkh ;FkkfLFkfr cuh gqbZ gSA

blh nkSjku leL;k ds fujkdj.k ds fy, le;&le; ij dqN lq>ko Hkh vkrs jgsA

mnkgj.kr% gkbZdksVZ ds iwoZ U;k;k/kh”k iyksd olq us vf/k—r ifjlj esa gh eafnj efLtn dks ,d

lkFk fuekZ.k dk izLrko j[kkA LoHkkfod :i ls bl v;ks/;k QkewZys dk loZ= rhoz fojks/k gqvkA5

1 n VkbEl vkWQ bafM;k] 9 ebZ 2011 ¼69½ ¼70½ ¼71½ ¼72½ ¼73½ ¼74½ ¼75½ ¼76½ 2 ogh 10 ebZ 2011 3 ogh 10 ebZ 2011 4 ikaptU;] 29 vizSy 2012 5 nSfud tkxj.k] 15 vDVwcj 2012

86

xr~ 6 fnlEcj dks ns”k ds dqN jktuhfrd /kqjU/kjksa us bl jk’Vªh; eqn~ns dks viuh ikfVZ;ksa ds

fgr esa Hkqukus dh dksf”k”k dhA ch-,l-ih- dh ek;korh us1 tgka lkEiznkf;d “kfDr;ksa }kjk ckcjh efLtn ds /oal dh ckr dh ogha fcgkj ds eq[;ea=h uhrh”k dqekj 2 us bls fl;klh eqn~nk crykrs

gq, migkl dh eqnzk esa O;aX; esa ;g Hkh dgk fd] ^eafnj ogh cuk;saxs ij rkjh[k ugh crk;saxs*A mÙkj

izns”k dh lektoknh ljdkj ds ea=h vkte [kka3 us vius HkM+dkÅ lk{kkRdkj esa ekDlZoknh

bfrgkldkj bjQku gchc dh udy dj vkj-,l-,l- dks]] ^vkradoknh laxBu* crk;kA lkFk gh

ckcjh efLtn cukus dh Hkh ekax dj nhA4

;g lR; gS fd ns”k ds lHkh jk’Vªh; laxBu lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij jketUe Hkwfe eafnj fuekZ.k

dk fu.kZ; pkgrs gSA vk”kk gS Hkkjr dk loksZPp U;k;ky; xr ikap o’kksaZ ls ^;FkkfLFkfr* dks “kh?kz

lekIr djsxkA Hkkjrh; tu lekt blds fy, iz;Ru djsxkA vko”;drk gS fd ns”k esa c<+rh

fo?kVudkjh “kfDr;ksa dks ns[krs gq, ns”k ds lHkh jk’Vªh; rFkk lkaL—frd laxBu viuh izp.M ladYi

“kfDr dk ldkjkRed ifjp; nsa rFkk Hkkjr dks ,d lcy lqn`<+ rFkk Js’B jk’Vª cuk;saA lkFk gh

Hkkjr ds eqlyekuksa dks pkfg, fd ml leLr LFkku ns”k dks jk’Vªh; iq:’k Hkxoku jke ds eafnj dks

cuokus ds fy, fgUnqvksa dks lkSai nsa rFkk viuk iwjk lg;ksx nsaA

1 n VkbEl vkWQ bafM;k] 7 fnlEcj 2015 2 ogh 3 nSfud tkxj.k 7 fnlEcj 2015 4 ogh

87

flD[k bfrgkl esa Jhjke&tUeHkwfe efUnj

&jktsUnz flag1

flD[k bfrgkl ds ekSfyd L=ksrksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd Jhx# ukudnso us viuh igyh

rhFkZ;k=k ds dky ¼pS= 1564&QkYxqu 1566 foØeh½ esa v;ks/;k ds ikou rhFkZLFky

Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnj ds n”kZu fd;s FksA

dkykUrj esa eqfLye vkØkUrk ckcj us bLykeh “kjhvr ls vuqizsfjr gksdj bl ikou

tUeHkwfe&efUnj dks Hkwfelkr~ djok dj ogka ,d ,slk <kapk cuok Mkyk Fkk] ftls nks Hkkxksa esa dfFkr

:i ls miyC/k Qkjlh f”kykys[k esa egfoys dqnfl;ka vFkkZr~ fdlh usd vkneh ;k Qfj”rs ds mrjus

dh txg crk;k x;k gS] efLtn dnkfi ughaA vr% ml <kaps dks efLtn ;k ckcjh efLtn crk;k

tkuk loZFkk fujk/kkj gSA

xq:ukud }kjk 68 rhFkksaZ ds n”kZu djuk&

xq# ukudnso ryo.Mh jk; Hkks, HkV~Vh uked uxjh ¼rRdkyhu ogÙkj iatkc½ ds fuoklh

egrk Jh dkyw csnh vkSj ekrk r`Irk th ds ?kj esa dkfrZd iwf.kZek 1526 foØeh rnuqlkj “kqØokj 20

vDVwcj 1469 bZloha ds “kqHk fnu vorfjr gq, FksA

tuelk[kh HkkbZ okyk ¼1715 foØeh½ ds vuqlkj lqYrkuiqj esa uokc nkSyr [k+ka yksnh ds

eksnh[k+kus esa eksnh :i esa dk;Zjr Jh ukudnso dks dkyh osbZa unh esa rhu fnolh; tylekf/k ds

nkSjku lk<s+ 32 o’kZ dh voLFkk esa ijes”oj ds n”kZu gq, FksA2

xq# vtqZunso ds Hkrhts vkSj f”k’; lks<+h euksgjnkl esgjcku dh jpuk lp [k.M iksFkh %

tuelk[kh Jhxq: ukudnsoth ¼1669 fo-½ esa crk;k x;k gS fd vius ân; esa ijes”oj ds n”kZu ik

ysus ds ckn Jh ukudnso us nks o’kZ rd mxz ri fd;k] xq: ds :i esa izfr’Bk izkIr dh vkSj fQj

rhFkZ;k=k ij tkus dk “kqHk ladYi fd;kA3

1 flD[k bfrgkldkj] 293] lsDVj&16] Qjhnkckn&121002 2 tuelk[kh HkkbZ okyk ¼1715 foØeh½] Mk- xqjcpu dkSj }kjk lEikfnr] Hkk’kk foHkkx] iatkc] ifV;kyk] 1987 bZloha] i`’B&212A 3 lp [k.M iksFkh % tuelk[kh Jh xq: ukudnso th] ¼1669 foØeh½] izks- —iky flag }kjk lEikfnr] [kkylk dkWyst] verlj] 1962 bZloha] i`’B 104&111A

88

HkkbZ “kEHkwukFk okyh vkfn lk[khvka % tuei=h ckcs th dh ¼1758 foØeh½ ds vuqlkj xq:

ukudnso %

^^xaxk] xksnkojh x,A iz;kx] okjk.klh, xkserh] v;ks/;k] }kjdk] txUukFk] mM+hlk

bR;kfn 68 rhFkksaZ ds n”kZu fd, vkSj lc dk Qy izkIr fd;k] ogka Luku fd;k vkSj lc

/kjrh ns[khA**1

Bhd ;gh ckr iqjkru tuelk[kh Jhxq: ukudnso th dh ¼1791 foØeh½ esa Hkh crkbZ xbZ gS

%

^^fQj ckck vxys rhFkksaZ dk pykA xaxk] xksnkojh x;kA iz;kx xkserh] v;ks/;k] }kjdk]

txUukFk] mM+hlk bR;kfn 68 rhFkksaZ ds n”kZu fd,] lc dk Qy izkIr fd;k] ogka Luku

fd;k vkSj lc /kjrh ns[khA**2

;g mYys[kuh; gS fd fdlh Hkh rhFkZ ds n”kZu dk rc rd dksbZ lkFkZd Qy izkIr ugha gksrk

tc rd fof/k ds vuq:i ml rhFkZ fo”ks’k esa lqizfrf’Br iz/kku nsoh vFkok nsork dh ewfrZ ds n”kZu u

dj fy, tk,aA pwafd mijksDr nksuksa tue&lkf[k;ksa esa Li’V crk;k x;k gS fd xq: ukudnso us

vius rhFkZ;k=kdky esa lHkh 68 rhFkksaZ dk Qy izkIr fd;k Fkk] blfy, ;g ckr Lor% fl) gks tkrh

gS fd ogka ij ,sls efUnj vo”; fo|eku Fks ftuds xHkZx`g esa rRlEcU/kh iz/kku nsoh vFkok nsork dh

lqizfrf’Br ewfrZ ds Jhxq: th us n”kZu fd, FksA

lqYrkuiqj ls v;ks/;k dh vksj&

lqYrkuiqj esa nks o’kZ rd mxz ri djus] xq: ds :i izfrf’Br gksus vkSj fQj 68 rhFkksaZ dh

rhFkZ;k=k ij tkus dk “kqHk ladYi djds xq: ukudnso lek.kk] dkSjk] figksok] dq:{ks=] ikuhir vkSj

fnYyh ls gksrs gq, oS”kk[kh ioZ 1564 foØeh ds “kqHkkolj ij gfj}kj tk igqapsA lks<+h euksgjnkl

esgjcku ¼1667&1697 foØeh½ —r lp [k.M iksFkh % tuelk[kh Jhxq: ukudnso th ¼1669 foØeh½

ds vuqlkj bl ioZ ds “kqHkkolj ij Jhxq: th us dqN fnu ;gka ij fcrk, FksA3

1 vkfn lk[khvka % tuei=h ckcs th dh ¼1758 foØeh½] Mk- I;kj flag }kjk lEikfnr] ykgkSj cqd “kkWi] yqf/k;kuk] rhljk laLdj.k % 1983 bZloha] i`’B 165]168A 2 iqjkru tuelk[kh Jhxq: ukudnso th dh ¼1791 foØeh½] “ke”ksj flag v”kksd }kjk lEikfnr] f”kjksef.k xq:}kjk izcU/kd desVh] verlj] 1969 bZloha] i`’B 64A 3 lp [k.M iksFkh % tuelk[kh Jh xq: ukudnso th ¼1669 foØeh½] izks- —iky flag }kjk lEikfnr] [kkylk dkWyst] verlj] 1962 bZloha] i`’B 123]128A

89

gfj}kj ls ikSM+h] dsnkjukFk] cnjhukFk] tks”kheB] fyiwys[k njkZ] nqxkZ ihiy ¼jhBk lkfgc½]

xksj[kerk ¼ukuderk½] VkaMk vkSj ihyhHkhr ls gksdj xq: ukudnso vius lg;k=h ejnkuk ds lkFk

xksyk igqap x,A bfrgkldkj Mk- QkStk flag&—iky flag viuh jpuk ,Vyl VSªoYl vkWQ xq:

ukud % ,Vyl xq: ukudnso th ns lQ+j ¼tuojh 1976 bZloha¾2032 foØeh½ esa fy[krs gSa %

^^xksyk ls FkksM+h nwj ?kk?kjk nfj;k cgrh gSA ?kk?kjk nfj;k v;ks/;k tkus&vkus okyksa ds

fy, vkokxeu dk ,d cM+k lk/ku FkhA blfy, xq: ukud lkfgc ;gka ls pydj

“kk;n uko }kjk v;ks/;k igqapsA**1

fdUrq xq# ukudnso ds dfu’B iq= ckck y{ehpUn ¼1553 foØeh esa tUes½ ds vkBosa oa”kt

ckck lq[kcklh jke csnh —r ,d iwoZorhZ jpuk xq: ukud oa”k izdk”k ¼1886 foØeh½ esa xq: th dk

uSfe’kkj.; gksrs gq, v;ks/;k tkuk fy[kk gSA vr% blesa dksbZ lUnsg ugha fd xq: ukudnso xksyk ls

uSfe’kkj.; ds ekxZ ls v;ks/;k igqaps FksA

v;ks/;k esa Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnj ds n”kZu djuk&

xq# xksfoUn flag ds nhoku HkkbZ euh flag ¼1701&1791 foØeh½ viuh jpuk iksFkh

tuelk[kh % fxvku jrukoyh % tuelk[kh Jhxq: ukudnso th ¼1787 foØeh½ esa crkrs gSa %

^^rc ckck th v;ks/;k dks tk igqaps vkSj dgk % ejnkuk! ;g uxjh Jh jkepUnz th

dh gSA lks py bldk n”kZu djsaA rc ckck th unh ij tk mrjsA**2

Jh jkepUnz th dh uxjh v;ks/;k ds n”kZu ls xq# ukudnso dk D;k vk”k; Fkk] bldk Hksn

HkkbZ ckys okyh tuelk[kh [kksyrh gSA bl loZizpfyr vkSj yksdfiz; tuelk[kh esa lk[kh rhFkZ;k=k

nh “kh’kZd ds vUrxZr fy[kk gS %

^^xq: th v;ks/;k dks x,A Jhxq: ukudnso th us dgk % HkkbZ ckyk! ;g gh uxjh Jh

jkepUnz th dh gSA ;gka Jh jkepUnz th us vorkj /kkj.k djds yhyk&pfj= fd, gSaSA

lks ns[k ds gh pysaA rc Jhxq: th lj;w unh ds fdukjs ik tk cSBsaA**3

1 ,Vyl VSªoYl vkWQ xq: ukud] iatkch ;wuhoflZVh] ifV;kyk] 1976 bZloha] i`’B 50A 2 !- iksFkh tuelk[kh % fxvku jrukoyh ¼1787 foØeh½] fpjkxqn~nhu&fljktqn~nhu }kjk lEikfnr& izdkf”kr] eqLrQ+kbZ Nkik[kkuk] ykgkSj] 1947 foØeh] i`’B 213A !!- fxvku jrukoyh % tuelk[kh Jhxq: ukudnso th ¼1787 fo-½] Mk- tlohj flag lkcj }kjk lEikfnr] xq:ukudnso ;wuhoflZVh] verlj]1993 bZloh] i`’B 385A 3 HkkbZ ckys okyh tuelk[kh ¼1940 foØeh½] Kkuh efgUnj flag }kjk lEikfnr] HkkbZ prqjflag& thouflag] verlj] i`’B 261A

90

mDr nksuksa tuelkf[k;ksa ds lfEefyr ikB ls Li’V gks tkrk gS fd v;ks/;k n”kZu ls xq#

ukudnso dk Li’V vk”k; Jhjke ds lHkh yhykLFkyksa ds n”kZu djuk FkkA v;ks/;k esa Jhjke ds

yhykLFkyksa esa lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ yhyk&LFky Fkk % Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnjA blh egÙoiw.kZ

yhykLFky ij vorkj /kkj.k djds Jhjke us vius yhyk&pfj= fd, Fks vkSj blh dks ns[k ds gh

pyus dh ckr Jhxq: ukudnso us cM+h n`<+rk ls dgh gSA

;g mYys[kuh; gS fd ;qok voLFkk izkIr gksus ds ckn Jhjke us igys eqfuoj fo”okfe= ds

lkfUu/; esa vkSj fQj fookg ds mijkUr n.Mdkj.; ds 14 o’khZ; ouokldky esa ftrus Hkh “kkS;Z

iz/kku dk;Z fd, gSa os lHkh v;ks/;k uxjh ds ckgj gh fd, gSaA v;ks/;k esa rks Jhjke us cky&fd”kksj

lqyHk yhyk,a gh dh gSaA vr% ;gka ds izeq[k yhykLFky Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnj esa mudh fnO;ewfrZ

NksVh voLFkk ds :i esa izfrf’Br gSA

,sls yhykLFky dks ns[k ds gh pyus ds n`<+ fu”p;h xq: ukudnso ds vius oa”kt ckck

lq[kcklh jke csnh viuh jpuk xq: ukud oa”k izdk”k ¼1886 foØeh½ ds NUn 1000&1001 esa Li’V

crkrs gSa %

pys rgka ls lfrxq: ejnkuk ys lafxA

vk, vo/k iqjh fo[ks ljtw ufn ftg lafxAA

ljtw ty eatu dhvk njlu jke fugkjA

vkre :i vuar izHk pys exu fgrq /kkjAA

[ogka ¼uSfe’kkj.;½ ls pys lRxq: ukudnso ejnkuk ds lax v;ks/;k iqjh esa vk igqaps] ftl

iqjh ds lax lj;w unh cgrh gSA Jhxq: th us lj;w ds ty esa Luku fd;k vkSj Jhjke ds fugkj

dj n”kZu fd,]A1

mrjksDr NUn 1001 esa njlu jke fugkj “kCn ;g Hkyh&Hkkafr Li’V dj nsrs gSa fd v;ks/;k

esa Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnj uked yhykLFky esa lqizfrf’Br jkeyyk dh ewfrZ ds xq# ukudnso us

fugkj dj vFkkZr~ ,dkxzfpÙk gksdj n”kZu fd, FksA blls ;g fl) gksrk gS fd ;g egÙoiw.kZ

,sfrgkfld yhykLFky Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnj ds :i esa xq# ukudnso dh bl igyh rhFkZ;k=k ds

dky esa fo|eku FkkA bl ckr dh iqf’V ,d vU; izdkj ls Hkh gksrh gSA 1 ckck lq[kcklh jke csnh —r xq: ukud oa”k izdk”k ¼1886 foØeh½] Mk- xqjeq[k flag }kjk lEikfnr] iatkch ;wuhoflZVh] ifV;kyk] 1986 bZ-A

91

xq# ukudnso ds dk”kh igqapus dk o.kZu djrs gq, mUgha ds oa”kt ckck lq[kcklh jke csnh

viuh mijksDr jpuk NUn 1006&1008 esa fy[krs gSa %

rhu fnol rg ckl dj floiqj pys vuarA

dka”kh efg izkifr Hk, uke Hktfr ftfg larAA

xaxk teu bluku dfj vk, gj[k c<+kbA

foLosLoj njlu dhvks viqus lgt lqHkkbAA

i= iqli Qy uhj yS iwtk djh cukbA

tkfuvks viqus vki dfj fdikZ fla/k lq[knkbAA

¿rhu fnol ogka ¼iz;kx esa½ okl djds vuUr efgek okys xq: ukudnso f”ko th dh iqjh dk”kh esa

vk igaqps ftlesa lUrtu izHkq dk uke tirs gSaA xaxk] ty esa Luku djds vk;s xq:th us g’kZ c<+krs

gq, vius lgt LoHkko ls fo”os”oj ds n”kZu fd,A ogka mUgksaus i=] iq’i] Qy vkSj ty ysdj

fof/kiwoZd iwtk dhA bl izdkj lcdks lq[k nsus okys —iklkxj us vius Hkhrj gh f”ko dks ik;kÀA

mijksDr nksuksa rhFkZLFkyksa ds o.kZu esa vk, njlu jke fugkj vkSj foLosLoj njlu dhvkS

bR;kfn “kCnksa dh lejlrk /;ku nsus ;ksX; gSA blh izdkj Jhxq# th ds txUukFk iqjh igqapus dk

o.kZu djrs gq, ckck lq[kcklh jke csnh blh jpuk ds NUn 1019&1020 esa Li’V fy[krs gSa %

igqrs iqjlksre iqjh txr ukFk ftg ukeA

eatu dhuks fla/k xqj njl ijl fugdkeAA

eanj Hkhrj lfrxq: ejnkuk ys laxA

fuj[ks gfj vkuan /kfu iwju czºe vHkaxAA

¿xq: ukudnso iq:’kksÙke iqjh] ftls txUukFk iqjh Hkh dgrs gSa] tk igqapsA ogka ij Jhxq# th us

fu’dke Hkko ls flU/kq dk n”kZu vkSj Li”kZ djrs gq, mlesa Luku fd;kA fQj lRxq: th ejnkuk dks

lax ysdj txUukFk efUnj ds Hkhrj pys x, vkSj mUgksaus iw.kZ czã] vHkax vkSj vkuUn ?ku gfj ds

n”kZu fd,ÀA

;g fo”ks’k :i ls mYys[kuh; gS fd bl rhljs rhFkZLFky ds o.kZu esa ckck lq[kcklh jke csnh

us NUn 1020 esa ^^fuj[ks gfj vkuan ?kfu iwju czºe vHkaxA** bR;kfn “kCnksa ds lkFk gh eanj “kCn dk

lkFkZd vkSj lkfHkizk; iz;ksx fd;k gSA ,sls iz;ksx dk lqLi’V vfHkizk; ;gh gS fd tSls txUukFk iqjh

esa xq: ukudnso us vkuUn?ku gfj ds n”kZu efUnj ds Hkhrj xHkZx`g esa lqfizfrf’Br nsoewfrZ ds :i esa

fd, Fks] Bhd oSls gh mUgksaus v;ks/;k ds Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnj ds xHkZxg esa lqizfrf’Br

92

JhjkeyykewfrZ ds :i esa Jhjke ds n”kZu fd, FksA Bhd ;gh ckr dk”kh ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh dgh tk

ldrh gSA

ckck lq[kcklh jke csnh dh jpuk xq: ukud cal izdk”k ¼1886 foØeh½ esa of.kZr mijksDr

lkjs izlax dk /;kuiwoZd voyksdu djus ls ;g iw.kZr% Li’V gks tkrk gS fd xq: ukudnso dh

igyh rhFkZ;k=k ds dky esa v;ks/;k esa Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnj fuf”pr :i ls fo|eku FkkA

v;ks/;k esa xq: ukud dk riHkjk fuokldky&

tuelkf[k;ksa ds v/;;u ls ;g Hkh Kkr gS fd v;ks/;k esa dqN ekl rd fuokl djrs gq,

xq: ukudnso uss Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnj ds lehi gh riL;k dh FkhA bl lUnHkZ esa lks<+h

euksgjnkl esgjcku viuh jpuk lp [k.M iksFkh % tuelk[kh Jhxq: ukudnso th ¼1669 foØeh½

esa crkrs gSa %

^^rc xq: ckck ukud-------- iwjc dh /kjrh uxjh v;ks/;k esa tk clsA ---- rc v;ks/;k esa

xq: ckck ukud cSBs HkfDr djrs FksA-- rc ckck ukud tqgnh ¼riL;k djus okyk

riLoh½ v;ks/;k esa cSBs] ijyh nf{k.k dh rjQ ,d iaprhFkhZ Fkh] mlds Åij ,d eB

Fkk] ml esa gh cSBs] uke Lej.k djrs FksA**1

LdUniqjk.k] oS’.ko[k.M] v;ks/;kekgkRE; ds igys nks v/;k;ksa esa of.kZr iaprhFkksZa ds uke gSa %

pØ] czãdq.M] _f’kekspu] ikiekspu vkSj lglzlkjA lglzlkj ls nf{k.k fn”kk esa pØrhFkZ dh vksj

tkrs gq, pkSFks LFkku ij czãdq.M rhFkZ iM+rk gSA blh czãdq.M ds ikl og eB Fkk tgka ij cSB

dj xq: ukudnso us ri fd;k FkkA

dkykUrj esa dk”ehj ds jgus okys egUr ckck xqykc flag th gksf”k;kj iqj ls gksrs gq, ;gka

ij 1842 foØeh ¾ 1785 bZloha esa i/kkjs FksA rc mUgksaus bl ,sfrgkfld riLFkyh ij Jh fu”kku

lkfgc dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA bl ikou riLFkyh ds Bhd lkeus lM+d ds nf{k.k esa xq#}kjk czãdq.M

lkfgc cuk gqvk gSA ;g ckr /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd xq# ukudnso dh ;g ,sfrgkfld riLFkyh

Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnj ls ek= 350 xt dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA

lks<+h euksgjnkl esgjcku ds vuqlkj xq# ukudnso us iwohZ Hkkjr dh /kjrh ij rhu o’kZ

fcrk, FksA ;gka ;g fopkj.kh; gS fd ;s rhu o’kZ dc fcrk, FksA bl vksj ladsr djrs gq, ;g

fy[krs gSa %

1 lp [k.M iksFkh % tuelk[kh Jhxq: ukudnso th ¼1669 foØeh½] —iky flag & “ke”ksjflag v”kksd }kjk lEikfnr] [kkylk dkWyst] verlj] 1962 bZloha] i`’B 186&187&190A

93

^^rc xq: ckcs ukud th us rhu cjl iwjc dh lc /kjrh ns[kh] fQj iwc dh /kjrh ls

nf{k.k dh /kjrh dks pysA------- ikap cjl nf{k.k dh /kjrh [ksys ¼nf{k.k dh /kjrh dk

n”kZu djrs jgs½A ---- rc nf{k.k dh /kjrh ls xq: ckck ukud th mÙkj dh /kjrh dks

pysA---------- ,d cjl mÙkj esa jgsA-------- rc mÙkj dh /kjrh ls if”pe dh /kjrh dks

pysA---------- rc rhu cjl if”pe ij [ksyk ¼jVu djrs jgs½A fQj ¼eDdk&enhuk½]

:e&”kke ¼cxnkn½&dkcqy dks ns[k dj ckck ukud xksj[k gVM+h ¼is”kkoj½ ls lSniqj

lyksbZ esa vk fudysA**1

bl izdkj xq# ukudnso }kjk pkjksa fn”kkvksa dh vksj dh xbZ ;k=kvksa dk dqy dky

3$5$1$3¾12 o’kZ curk gSA blh ckr dh iqf’V nks mÙkjorhZ tUelkf[k;ksa ls Hkh gksrh gSA

bl lanHkZ esa vkfn lk[khvka % tuei=h ckcs ukud th dh ¼1758 foØeh½ esa crk;k x;k gS %

^^rc eDdk enhuk lc eqYd ns[kdj] lc ns”k ns[kdj ckjgosa cjl ckck th fQj

ryo.Mh vk;kA tc ls ckck th lqYrkuiqj ls Msjk yqVk dj fudyk Fkk] ckjgosa cjl

fQj ryo.Mh vk;kA nks cjl lqYrkuiqj esa pkdjh dh ¼uokc½ nkSyr [k+ka dhA ckjg

cjl mnklh ¾ rhFkZ;k=k dh] fQj ¼vius½ ?kj esa vk;kA**2

blh izdkj tuelk[kh Jhxq# ukudnso th % ch&40 tuelk[kh ¼1790 foØeh½ esa Hkh crk;k

x;k gS %

^^ejnkuk ckcs ¼ukud½ ds lkFk yxk fQjusA tc ¼ckck½ lqYrkuiqj ls mnkl gqvk

¼mnklhu gqvk¾ns”kkVu dks pyk½ rc ckjgosa cjl fQj iatkc dh /kjrh ij ¼okil½

vk;kA**3

bu nksuksa tUelkf[k;ksa ds mijksDr m)j.kksa /kj.kksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd xq: ukudnso }kjk

igys Lons”k esa vkSj fQj eDdk] enhuk] cxnkn vkSj dkcqy bR;kfn if”peh ns”kksa esa dh xbZ ;k=kvksa

dk dqy le; 12 o’kZ FkkA

lp [k.M iksFkh ¼1669 foØeh½] iqjkru tuelk[kh ¼1691 foØeh½] vkfn lk[khvka ¼1758

foØeh½ vkSj ch&40 tulk[kh¼1790 foØeh½ esa izkIr izlax ds vuqlkj tc xq: ukudnso if”peh

ns”kksa dh ;k=k lekIr djds HkkbZ ejnkuk jckch ¼jckc oknd½ ds lkFk lU/;k ds le; vius

1 ogh] i`’B 203]360]419]462A 2 vkfn lk[khvka % tuei=h ckcs ukud th dh ¼1758 foØeh½] Mk- I;kj flag }kjk lEikfnr] ykgkSj cqd “kkWi] yqf/k;kuk] 1983 bZloh] i`’B 186A 3 tuelk[kh Jhxq: ukudnso th ¼1790 foØeh½ ¾ ch-&40 tuelk[kh] Mk- I;kj flag }kjk lEikfnr] xq: ukud ;wuhoflZVh] verlj] 1974 bZ]i`’B 49A

94

HkDr&fe= HkkbZ ykyksa ls feyus iBku&cgqy {ks= ijxuk lSniqj esa igqaps rks mUgsa Kkr gqvk fd ogka

?kj&?kj fookg gks jgs FksA ;Fkk %

^^lSniqj esa ?kj&?kj fookg Fks] “kk;n gh dksbZ ?kj [kkyh gks rks gks] ugha rks ?kj&?kj

fookg Fks] fdlh ds csVs dk rks fdlh dh csVh dk** ¼vkfn [k.M iksFkh] i’B 462½A

^^iBkuksa ds ?kjksa esa fookg gSa] iBku ukp jgs gSa] lkjafx;ka ct jgh gSaA [kjs vkSj cgqr

[kq”kh ds ?kj gSa------- ?kj&?kj fookg tks Fks** ¼vkfn lk[khvka] i`’B 194½A

blls fofnr gksrk gS fd ml fnu fookgksa dk cgqr cM+k lkgk FkkA mijksDr xzUFkksa ls ;g Hkh

irk pyrk gS fd lSniqj esa gks jgs bl fookgksRlo ds dqN gh ?k.Vksa ckn lqcg dks vkØkUrk ckcj

us ogka vkØe.k djds lc dqN rckg dj Mkyk FkkA1

bl lUnHkZ esa eqgEen dkfle Qfj”rk us viuh jpuk rkjh[ks Qfj”rk ¼1668 foØeh ¾ 1611

bZloha½ esa ckcj ds fgUnqLrku ij geys “kh’kZd ds vUrxZr crk;k gS fd vius rhljs geys ds le;

lu~ 926 fgtjh esa vkØkUrk ckcj us lSniqj dks iwjh rjg rckg vkSj cjckn dj Mkyk FkkA2

foØeh lEor~ ds vuqlkj lu~ 926 fgtjh dk o’kZ ikS’k “kqDy 3] 1576 ls ikS’k “kqDy 1] 1577

foØeh rd iM+rk gSA bZloh lu~ ds vuqlkj ;g o’kZ 24fnlacj 1519 ls 11fnlacj 1520 bZloha rd

curk gSA

;g mYys[kuh; gS fd ikS’k “kqDy 1] 1577 foØeh dks lu~ 926 fgtjh dh lekfIr ls igys

dkfÙkZd “kqDy ,dkn”kh iM+rh gS] ftls nsoksRFkkuh ;k nsoizcksf/kuh ,dkn”kh dgrs gSaA ;g “kqHk fnu

vuiqPN eqgwrksaZ esa fxuk tkrk gS vkSj blesa rqylh fookg Hkh cM+h /kwe/kke ls euk;k tkrk gSA

blh dkfÙkZd “kqDy ,dkn”kh] 1577 foØeh dks iM+us okys cM+s oSokfgd lkgs ds fnu xq#

ukudnso vkSj HkkbZ ejnkuk jckch ijxuk lSniqj vk igqaps FksA bldh vxyh lqcg eaxyokj dkfÙkZd

“kqDy 12] 1577 foØeh ¼23&10&1520 bZloha½ dks eqfLye vkØkUrk ckcj us ijxuk lSniqj ij /kkok

cksyk FkkA

iBku&cgqy {ks= ijxuk lSniqj ij vkØkUrk ckcj }kjk fd, x, /kkos ds dkj.k gqbZ rckgh

dks xq: ukudnso us Lo;a viuh vka[kksa ls ns[kk] ij[kk vkSj ml ij xgjk nq%[k izdV fd;k FkkA bl

lUnHkZ esa mUgksaus Lojfpr pkj “kCnksa¾ inksa esa ckcj dh tks rh[kh vkykspuk dh gS ml ij ;FkkLFkku

fopkj fd;k tk,xkA Jh vkfn xzUFk esa ;s pkj in i`’B 360] 417&18 vkSj 722&23 ij feyrs gSaA

;gka rks bruk dguk gS fd pS= 1564 foØeh ls dkfÙkZd 1577 foØeh rd yxHkx 13 o’kZ 7

ekl curs gSaA buesa ls rhFkZ;k=k dh rS;kjh vkSj nks fn”kkvksa ds e/; vk, foJkedky dk dqy le; 1 1- lp [k.M iksFkh] i`’B 465 2- iqjkru tuelk[kh] i`’B 59 3- vkfn lk[khvka] i`’B 195 4- ch&40 tuelk[kh] i`’B 69A 2 rkjh[ks+ Q+fj”rk ¼1668 foØeh ¾ 1611 bZloha½] ftYn 1] edrck feyyr] nsocUn] 1983 bZloha] i`’B 587A

95

1 o’kZ 7 ekl ekudj de dj fn;k tk, rks Bhd 12 o’kZ “ks’k jg tkrs gSaA bu 12 o’kksZa esa pS= 1564

ls QkYxqu 1566 foØeh rd igys rhu o’kZ xq# ukudnso us iwohZ Hkkjr dh rhFkZ;k=k esa fcrk, FksA

v;ks/;k esa xq: ukud ds Bgjus dk dky&

^^,Vyl VSªoYl vkWQ xq: ukud % ,Vyl xq# ukudnso th ns lQ+j** uked iqLrd esa xq#

ukudnso dh rhFkZ;k=kvksa ls lEcfU/kr uD+”ks iSekus lfgr izkIr gksrs gSaA bu uD+”kksa ds voyksdu ls

Kkr gksrk gS fd lqYrkuiqj ls v;ks/;k rd dh ;k=k yxHkx 1600&1650 fdyks ehVj iM+rh gSA

v;ks/;k ls VkaMk] iz;kx] okjk.klh ¼dk”kh½] x;k] iVuk] gkthiqj] eqaxsj] Hkkxyiqj] djkxksyk] daruxj]

ekynk gksrs gq, /kqcjh rd dh ;k=k yxHkx 1200 fdyks ehVj] /kqcjh ls xksyk?kkV] eqgkjh] flykax]

flygj] vxjryk] fpVxkao] pkaniqj gksrs gq, <kdk rd yxHkx 1460 fdyks ehVj rFkk <kdk ls

dksydkrk] dVd gksrs gq, txUukFk iqjh rd yxHkx 720 fdyks ehVj yEch ;k=k iM+rh gSA bl

izdkj xq# ukudnso us iwohZ Hkkjr dh yxHkx 5030 fdyks ehVj yEch igyh rhFkZ;k=k pS= 1564

foØeh ls QkYxqu 1566 foØeh rd dqy rhu o’kZ esa iwjh dh FkhA

bl iwjs ;k=kekxZ dk rhljk Hkkx 1676 fd-eh- yEck curk gS] tks lqYrkuiqj ls v;ks/;k rd

dh nwjh yxHkx 1650 fd-eh- ls FkksM+k vf/kd gh gSA vr% ;g le>uk&ekuuk Bhd gksxk fd pS=

“kqDy i{k 1565 foØeh esa iM+us okyh uoeh ¾ jkeuoeh ls nks&nks ekl vkxs&ihNs rd vFkkZr~

yxHkx pkj ekl rd xq# ukudnso v;ks/;k esa Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnj ds if”pe esa ek= 350 xt

dh nwjh ij fLFkr riLFky esa Bgjs jgs FksA

v;ks/;k esa xq: ukud }kjk ok.kh jpuk&

lks<+h euksgjnkl esgjcku viuh jpuk lp [k.M iksFkh % tuelk[kh Jhxq# ukudnso th

¼1669 foØeh½ esa crkrs gSa fd v;ks/;k esa tk clus ¼mijksDr pkj ekl rd Bgjus½ ds nkSjku xq:

ukudnso us riL;k djrs jgus ds lkFk gh ok.kh dh jpuk Hkh dh FkhA mUgksaus jkx HkSjo esa ,d] jkx

Jh esa rhu vkSj jkx vklk esa ,d] bl izdkj dqy ikap “kcnksa ¾ inksa dh laxhrc) jpuk djds

HkDrtuksa esa mudk d.kZfiz; xk;u vkSj HkkokFkZiw.kZ O;k[;ku Hkh fd;k FkkA1 Jh vkfnxzUFk esaq muds ;s

ikap in bl :i esa izkIr gksrs gSa %

1- txu gkse iaqu ri iwtk--------- gfj jlq ukud dksfy ihvk] HkSjm egyk 1] i’B 1127

2- vkogq HkS.ks xfy feyg--------- vkis y, feyk,A fljhjkxq egyk 1] i`’B 17&18

3- Hkyh ljh ft mcjh---------------- lpq lmnk ftlq ikflA fljhjkxq egyk 1] i’B 18

4- /kkrq feyS Qqfu /kkrq dm------- ln cfygkjS oklqA fljhjkxq egyk 1] i`’B 18 1 lp [k.M iksFkh % tuelk[kh Jhxq: ukudnso th ¼1669 foØeh½] izks- —ikyflag] “ke”ksj flag v”kksd }kjk lEikfnr] [kkylk dkWyst] verlj] 1962 bZloh] i`’B 187]199A

96

5- lksn: rsjk dsgk-------------------- ukud jg.kq jtkbZA jkxq vklk egyk 1] i`’B 347&48

ukudok.kh esa Jhjke&tUeHkwfe dk o.kZu&

xq: ukudnso }kjk jfpr mijksDr ok.kh esa pkSFkk “kcn ¾ in fo”ks’k :i ls /;ku nsus ;ksX;

gS D;ksafd blesa Jhjke&tUeHkwfe dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bl in ds nwljs Hkkx esa Jhxq: th dgrs

gSa %

Åpm Fkkuq lqgko.kk Åifj egyq eqjkfjA

lpq dj.kh ns ikbZ,s n# /k# egyq fivkfjA

xq:eqf[k euq le>kbZ,s vkrejkeq chpkfjAA2AA

bldk ijekFkZ le>krs gq, lks<+h euksgjnkl esgjcku fy[krs gSa %

^^rc xq# ckck ukud th us dgk gS fd HkkbZ jke ds yksxksa ! tgka ijes”oj clrk gS

og Åapk ¼vkSj lqgkuk½ LFkku gSA ml LFkku ds Åij Jhjke th dk egy gSA mlesa gh

Jhjke th clrk gSA------------------------

lks ik,a dgka ls \ dgrs gSa % tc vUr%dj.k esa jke&fopkjsaxs rks ml BkSj ik,axsA tc rd

vUrjkRek esa jke u fopkjsaxs] rc rd mls u ik,axsA vUrjkRek esa jke dSls fopkjsa \ vUr%dj.k esa

jke dk ;gh fopkj gS fd lp dh djuh&djrwr djsaA lp dh djuh pys rks ijes”oj dk

nj&?kj&egy ikosaA lp dh djuh D;ksadj pysa \ tc iwjk xq# ¼vkRerÙo dks igqapk xq#½ feys]

mlds mins”k lqu&lqu dj lp dh djuh dekos rks iwjk xq# ml djuh dks pykosA**1

mijksDr Lojfpr in dh O;k[;k djrs gq, Lo;a xq# ukudnso us Jhjke ds ije/kke ds lkFk

gh ykSfdd vorj.k/kke¾tUeHkwfe dk Hkh o.kZu dj fn;k gSA ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd Jhjke&tUeHkwfe

LFky ls mÙkj esa lglzlkj rhFkZ dh vksj rFkk iwoZ esa guqekux<+h dh vksj iM+us okys LFkyksa dk Lrj

¾ LEVEL vis{kk—r cgqr uhps gSA vr% xq: ukudnso dk dFku fcydqy Bhd gS fd tgka

ijes”oj ¾ iq#’kksÙke clrk gS og lqgkuk LFkku Å¡pk gSA ml Å¡ps vkSj lqgkus ¾ je.khd ¾

euHkkou LFkku ij Jhjke th dk egy ¾ egky; ¾ nsoky; cuk gqvk gSA mlesa gh ¾ mlds

xHkZxg esa gh Jhjke th viuh fnO; jkeyykewfrZ ds :i esa fojkteku gSaA

tSlk fd iwoZ iafDr;ksa esa izek.k lfgr crk;k tk pqdk gS] xq: ukudnso us blh fnO;

jkeyykewfrZ ds fugkj dj n”kZu fd, FksA

1 lp [k.M iksFkh % tuelk[kh Jhxq: ukudnso th ¼1969 foØeh½] i`’B 196A

97

iwoZorhZ lUrtuksa ls Jhxq: th dk vk/;kfRed feyu&

xq: vtqZunso ds lxs Hkrhts vkSj f”k’; lks<+h egksgjnkl esgjcku viuh jpuk lp [k.M

iksFkh % tuelk[kh Jhxq: ukudnso th ¼1969 foØeh½ esa crkrs gSa fd ijes”oj dh izsj.kk ls v;ks/;k

ds bl fuokldky esa riL;kjr~ xq# ukudnso dks t;nso] cs.kh] f=ykspu] ukenso] l/kuk vkSj lSu

uked iwoZorhZ lUrksa ds rFkk /kUuk] jfonkl vkSj dchj ukeh ledkyhu lUrtuksa ds vk/;kfRed

n”kZu izkIr gq, FksA

lks<+h euksgjnkl esgjcku vkxs crkrs gSa fd vk/;kfRed fopkjxks’Bh ds ckn lHkh bZ”ojHkDr

lUrtuksa us feydj %

^^xq# ckck ukud dks vk”khokZn fn;k fd % vth] rsjh HkfDr v[k.M gksosxhA vkSj tgk¡ fdlh HkDr dk iUFk ugha pyk dfydky esa] fdUrq rsjk iUFk pysxkA f=yksdh esa ukud

gh ukud gks tk,xkA rsjk iUFk cM+k gksxkA gekjk ;gh vk”khokZn gSA**1

mDr vk”khokZn nsdj lHkh bZ”oHkDr lUrtu izHkq ds /kke ykSV x,A

v;ks/;k esa ijes”oj ds iqunZ”kZu gq,&

lks<+h euksgjnkl esgjcku ;g Hkh crkrs gSa fd lUrtuksa ds ije/kke ykSV tkus ds ckn xq#

ckck ukud us lksn: esa ¼lksn: rsjk dsgk bR;kfn “kCnksa ls izkjEHk gksus okyh ok.kh esa½ ijes”oj dh

Lrqfr dhA--- rc Jh ijczã th xq# ckcs ukud ij cgqr n;kyq gq, vkSj cksys % tkvks ukud! rq>

ij esjh —ik gS] dfydky esa esjk uke Lej.k djuk&djokuk] eSa rsjs lnk&loZnk vax&lax gw¡A2

;g igys crk;k tk pqdk gS fd v;ks/;k esa riL;kjr xq: ukudnso }kjk ikaposa in ds :i

esa jph vkSj xk;h xbZ mijksDr ok.kh Jh vkfnxzUFk esa jkxq vklk egyk 1 ds vUrxZr i’B 347&348

ij izkIr gksrh gSA

lqYrkuiqj esa dkyh osbZa unh esa Luku vkSj tylekf/k ds le; igys gh ijes”oj ds n”kZu

izkIr dj pqds xq# ukudnso dks mijksDr Lrqfr ds ckn v;ks/;k esa Hkh mlds iqun”kZu izkIr gq,A

Jhjke vkSj xq# ukud dk cgq&vk;keh lEcU/k&

Jh vkfnxzUFk esa lEekfur HkV~V dfo ds loS;ksa esa Li’V fy[kk gS fd ,d gh fo’.kq

¼loZO;kid ijes”oj½ us —r] =srk] }kij vkSj dfy ;qx esa Øe”k% okeu] jke] —‘.k vkSj ukud ds

:i esa vorkj /kkj.k fd;k FkkA ;Fkk% 1 lp [k.M iksFkh % tuelk[kh Jhxq: ukudnso th ¼1969 foØeh½] i`’B 197A 2 ogh] i`’B 198&199A

98

lfrtqfx rS ekf.kvks Nfyvks cfy ckou HkkbvksA

=srS rS ekf.kvks jkeq j?kqoalq dgkbvksA

nqvkiqfj fØlu eqjkfj dalq fdjrkjFkq dhvksA

mxzlS.k dm jktq vHkS Hkxrg tu nhvksA

dfytqfx izek.kq ukud xq: vaxnq ve: dgkbvksA

lzh xq: jktq vfopyq vVyq vkfn iqjf[k QqjekbvksAA

&Jh vkfnxzUFk] lobZ,s efgys igys ds 1] i’B 1390

bl izdkj HkV~V dfo dy us mijksDr lHkh vorkjksa esa ,d gh pSrU; ijerÙo ds

vk/;kfRed n”kZu fd, FksA ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd Jhjke ls xq: ukudnso dk dsoy vk/;kfRed

lEcU/k gh ugha Fkk vfirq okaf”kd lEcU/k Hkh FkkA

Jhjke vkSj xq: ukud dk okaf”kd lEcU/k&

flD[k bfrgkl ds ewy L=ksrksa esa eDds enhus nh xks”kfV dk cM+k egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA xq# xksfoUn flag ds nhoku HkkbZ euh flag us viuh jpuk iksFkh tuelk[kh % fxvku jrukoyh ¼1787

foØeh½ esa bldks lEekuiwoZd mn~/k`r fd;k gSA1 bfrgkldkj Kkuh Kku flag ¼1879&1978 foØeh½

ds vuqlkj bl jpuk dks ewy :i ls lS;n eqgEen x+kSl lkfyl Q+dh+j us Qkjlh Hkk’kk esa fy[kk

FkkA blds ckn lEor~ 1667 foØeh esa HkkbZ n;ky elUn us bldks xq#eq[kh esa vuwfnr fd;kA Kkuh

th ds vuqlkj mUgksaus bl izkphu iksFkh dks ckck “;ke izdk”k gtkjsokys ds ikl ns[kk Fkk vkSj viuh

izfl) jpuk Rokjh[k+ xq: [kkylk esa bldks m~/kr fd;k gSA2

,slh izkphu vkSj egÙoiw.kZ jpuk eDds enhus nh xks”kfV ¼1785 foØeh½ ls Kkr gksrk gS fd

if”peh ns”kksa dh ;k=k djrs gq, xq: ukudnso eDdk esa ,d o’kZ jgus vkSj ogka ij gq, “kkL=kFkZ esa

fot;h gksus ds ckn tc enhuk igqaps rks ogka ij ihj cgkoqn~nhu dks viuh okaf”kd ifjp; nsrs gq,

mUgksaus dgk %

^^lwjt dqy rs j?kq Hkbvk] j?koal gksvk jkeA

jkepan ds nksb iqr] yoh dqlw frgh ukeA

,g gekjs cM++s gSa] tqxg tqxg vorkjA

1 iksFkh tuelk[kh % fxvku jrukoyh ¼1787 foØeh½] fpjkxqn~nhu&fljktqn~nhu }kjk lEikfnr&izdkf”kr] eqLrQ+kbZ Nkik[kkuk] ykgkSj] 1947 foØeh] i`’B 437A 2 rokjh[k+ xq: [k+kylk] Hkkx1] erck Jhxq: xksfoUn flag izsl] csj ckck ukud fl;kydksV] iRFkjNkik laLdj.k] 1948 foØeh] lu~ 1891 bZloh] i`’B 144&145A

99

bugh ds ?kj Åits] ukud dy vorkjA

vkn var ge gh Hk,] nwtk vki [kqnkbA gks# u dksbZ nwljk] ukud lpq vykbAA**1

¿lw;Zdqy esa jktk j?kq gq,A j?kq ds oa”k esa jke gq,A jkepUnz ds nks iq= FksA dq”k vkSj yo

muds uke FksA os jke gekjs dqy ds ,sls iwoZt gSa tks ;qx&;qx esa vorkj /kkj.k djrs jgs gSaA bUgha

ds ?kj ¾ oa”k esa eSa ukud dfy dky esa vorfjr gqvk gw¡A vkfn ls vUr rd ,d rks ge gh gq, gSa

vkSj nwljk Lo;a ijes”ojA gels vU; dksbZ nwljk ugha gS] ukud lp dgrk gSÀA

;g ckr /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd xq# xksfoUn flag ¼1718&1765 foØeh½ us viuh yksdizfl)

jpuk cfp= ukVd 2@23&25] 2@28&33] 3@51&52] 4@1&5] 4@8 vkSj 5@1&4 esa xq:

ukudnso dks Jhjke&Hkxorh lhrk ds T;s’B iq= dq”k dk oa”kt rFkk Lo;a dks muds dfu’B iq= yo

dk oa”kt crk;k gSA oLrqr% xq# ukudnso e;kZnk iq:’kksÙke Jhjke ds cM+s iq= dq”k ds ,sls oa”kt Fks

ftUgksaus vius iwoZorhZ tUe esa dk”kh esa tkdj osnksa dk v/;;u fd;k FkkA blh dkj.k os dq”koa”kh

{kf=; osnh dgykus yxs FksA

;s dq”koa”kh osnh enzns”k ¼cgÙkj iatkc dk izkphu uke½ esa nh?kZdky rd jkt djrs jgsA

dky ds foi;Z; ls mudk jkT; {kh.k gksrk pyk x;kA xq# xksfoUn flag bl izlax ds vUr esa crkrs

gSa fd dky vkSj deZ dh xfr ,slh gqbZ fd enzns”k dh og foLrr Hkwfe dq”koa”kh osfn;ksa ds gkFk ls

fudy xbZA vkSj fQj dky dh xfr ls %

chl xko fru ds jfg x,A ftu eks djr fØlkuh Hk,A

cgqr dky bg Hkkafr fcrk;ksA tue leS ukud dks vk;ksAA

fru csnhvu dh dqy fc[kSA izxVs ukud jkbA

lHk flD[ku dks lq[k n,A tgrg Hk, lgkbAA

&ofpr ukVd 5@3&4

¼mu dq”koa”kh osfn;ksa ds gkFk esa dsoy 20 xkao jg x, ftuesa os —f’k dk;Z djrs jgsA bl

izdkj cgqr dky chr x;k fd Jh ukud ds tUe dk le; vk igqapkA mu dq”koa”kh osnikfB;ksa ds

dqy esa Jh ukudjk; ¼jktk ukud½ izdV gq, ftUgksaus lc f”k’;ksa dks lq[k fn;k vkSj tgka&rgka

muds lgk;h gq,½A

1 eDds enhus nh xks”kkfV ¼1785 foØeh½] Mk- dqyoUr flag }kjk lEikfnr] iatkch ;wuhoflZVh] ifV;kyk] 1988 bZloh] i`’B 245A

100

xq# xksfoUn flag ds mijksDr vkIr opu ¼”kCn izek.k½ ls Hkh ;g lqLi’V gks tkrk gS fd xq#

ukudnso Jhjke ds T;s’B iq= dq”k ds oa”k esa tUes FksA

Jhjke dh ,sfrgkfld lÙkk&

tks yksx Jhjke dks ,d dkYifud O;fDr crykus dk jkx vkykius ds vH;klh gSa mUgsa ;g

Hkyh&Hkkafr le> ysuk pkfg, fd dkYifud O;fDr;ksa ds ,sfrgkfld oa”k ugha pyk djrsA ;gka ij

lR;fu’B xq# ukudnso vkSj xq# xksfoUn flag nksuksa gh vkIr iq:’kksa us Lo;a dks e;kZnk iq:’kksÙke

Jhjke dk oa”kt crkdj mudh fpjifjfpr ,sfrgkfld lÙkk dks fl) dj fn[kk;k gSA vr% Jhjke

dh ,sfrgkfld lÙkk dks dnkfi pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrhA

izLrqr izek.kksa dks lkj :i ls le>uk&

tks izek.k vc rd fofHkUu L=ksrksa ls izLrqr fd, x, gSa mUgsa lkj :i ls bl izdkj le>k

tk ldrk gSa %

1- tuelkf[k;ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd xq# ukudnso lHkh 68 rhFkksaZ ds n”kZu fd, Fks vkSj lcdk

vk/;kfRed Qy izkIr fd;k FkkA

2- v;ks/;k igqapus ij xq# ukudnso us Jhjke ds yhykLFkyksa dks ns[k ds gh pyus dk n`<+

ladYi fd;k FkkA bldk Li’V vfHkizk; ;gh Fkk fd muds n”kZu fd, fcuk [kkyh gkFk okil ugha

ykSVuk gSA oLrqr% os [kkyh gkFk ykSVs Hkh ughaA

3- lks<+h euksgjnkl esgjcku ds vuqlkj vius n`<+ ladYi dh iwfrZ gsrq xq# ukudnso v;ks/;k

esa tk cls Fks tks bl ckr dks fl) djrk gS fd os ogka ij i;kZIr le; rd jgs FksA muds }kjk

ogka ri djus ls Hkh bldh iqf’V gksrh gSA

4- v;ks/;k esa xq# ukudnso ek?k 1564 foØeh ls oS”kk[k 1565 foØeh rd yxHkx 4 ekl rd

jgs FksA blh nkSjku os ogka ri djus ds lkFk&lkFk viuh ok.kh Hkh jprs jgs vkSj mldh O;k[;k

djds mifLFkr tulekt dks jke&uke dh efgek Hkh le>krs jgsA mUgha ds }kjk jfpr

pkSFks in ls Li’V Kkr gksrk gS fd Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnj i;kZIr Å¡ps vkSj lqgkus ¾ je.khd LFkku

101

ij cuk gqvk FkkA muds riLFkku ls og ek= 350 xt dh nwjh ij iwoZ dh vksj fLFkr Fkk] ftlds

mUgksaus dbZ ckj n”kZu fd, gksaxsA

5- Jhjke vkSj xq# ukudnso vk/;kfRed vkSj okaf”kd lEcU/k dh n`f’V ls vfHkUu jgs gSaA

xq# ukudnso ds ân; esa Jhjke ds tUeyhykLFky dks ns[k ds gh pyus dh lqn`<+ Hkkouk

gksus] Jhjke vkSj muds chp vk/;kfRed vkSj fo”ks’kdj okaf”kd lEcU/k gksus rFkk iwoksZDr riLFkyh ls

Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnj ds fcYdqy fudV gksus ls ;gh ifj.kke fudyrk gS fd mUgksaus v;ks/;k esa

vius nh?kZokldky esa Jhjkeyyk ds vusdksa ckj n”kZu fd, FksA

vr% bl ckr esa dksbZ lUnsg ugha fd v;ks/;k esa pS= 1565 foØeh ds vkl&ikl tc xq#

ukudnso rhFkZ;k=k djrs gq, i/kkjs Fks ml le; ogka ij Jhjke&tUeHkwfe&efUnj viuh HkO;rk ds

lkFk fo|eku FkkA

102

JJhhjjkkeettUUeeHHkk ww ffee ffooookknn

mmPPpp UU;;kk;;kkyy;; ddhh iiww..kk ZZiihhBB ddss ffuu..kk ZZ;; ,,ooaa llaaxxrr llkk{{;;kk ss aa ddkk llww{{ee ffoo''yyss""kk..kk

enu eksgu ik.Ms;1

v;ks/;k fgUnqvksa dk izeq[k rhFkZ gS rFkk ikSjkf.kd nf"V ls lIrrhFkksZa esa ,d gS] tgk¡ e;kZnk

iq:"kksRre Jhjke us ekuo ds :i esa tUe fy;kA v;ks/;k esa jkedksV uked eqgYys esa Hkxoku Jhjke

dh tUeHkwfe vukfndky ls fLFkr gS ftls fgUnw lukru /kehZ vius vkjk/; e;kZnk iq:"kksRre

JhjkepUnz th egkjkt dh tUeLFkyh ds :i esa nsoLFky ekudj vukfndky iwtk vpZuk djrs pys

vk jgs gSaA ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa ds vuqlkj ckcj ftls ,d vkØe.kdkjh eqxy 'kkld ds :i esa ekuk

tkrk gS] us bLyke /keZ dh Js"Brk dk;e djus dh nwf"kr Hkkouk ls vius lsukifr ehjckdh ds

ek/;e ls v;ks/;k fLFkr Jhjke tUeHkwfe LFky ij fLFkr eafnj dks /oLr djkdj ml ij rhu

xqEcnksa okyh efLtn uqek bekjr dk fuekZ.k djk;k] fdUrq fgUnqvksa ds izcy fojks/k ds dkj.k mlh

ifjlj esa lhrk jlksbZ] pj.k iknqdk] pj.k fpUg vkfn ;Fkkor~ cus jgs] ftudh fgUnw lekt }kjk

iwoZor~ fujUrj iwtk vpZuk dh tkrh jghA eqxyksa ds 'kklu dky ds ckn fczfV'k 'kklu dky esa

Jhjke tUeHkwfe LFky ftls fgUnw turk fujarj nsoLFkyh ds :i esa ekurh jgh] ds lEcU/k esa fgUnqvksa

us ckcj }kjk fufeZr <kaps ij dCtk djds iqjkuh fLFkfr dks iquZLFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k vkSj

blh Øe esa fgUnqvksa us fookfnr <kaps ij gou] iwtu vkfn djuk izkjEHk fd;kA fczfV'k 'kkldksa us

viuh fMokbZM ,.M :y ikfylh ds vUrxZr fookn dks thfor j[kus ds fy, Jhjke tUeHkwfe dks

18oha 'knh esa nks va'kksa esa ,d yksgs dh tathj ls i`Fkd djrs gq, jke pcwrjk] lhrk jlksbZ] pj.k

iknqdk vkfn okys LFkku dks rhu xqEcnksa okys <kaps ls vyx djrs gq, fgUnqvksa ds iwtkLFky dks

i`Fkd dj fn;k] tks mlh :i esa o"kZ 1949 rd ;Fkkor~ jgkA

ijegal jkepUnz nkl o vU; mifLFkr lar leqnk; ds vuqlkj fnuakd 22@23 fnlEcj]

1949 dh jkr czã eqgwrZ ds le; fookfnr <kapk dk e/; Hkkx ,d vykSfdd izdk'k ls izdkf'kr gks

mBk] ftls fgUnw leqnk; ds lar&egkRekvksa us Hkxoku dh tUe LFkyh ekurs gq, iwtk&ikB izkjEHk

dj fn;k rFkk lEiw.kZ ifjlj fgUnw turk] larks] /kekZpk;ksZ ds dCts esa gks x;k rFkk okrkoj.k jkee;

gks x;k ;|fi <kaps ds ckgj igys ls gh lar] egkRekvksa }kjk Hktu&dhrZu fd;k tk jgk FkkA mDr

?kVuk ds lEcU/k esa fnuakd 23 fnlEcj] 1949 dks izkr% ogk¡ ij rSukr iqfyldehZ dkaLVsfcy jkenso

1 ,MoksdsV ccyyjjkkeeiiqqjj ggkkmmll]] ffjjddkkccxxaatt]] QQSSttkkcckknn

103

nwcs us iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dks lwfpr fd;k rFkk izFke lwpuk vafdr djkbZ] ftl ij laKku ysrs gq,

iz'kklu }kjk ,d i{kh; :i ls /kkjk 145 n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ds izko/kkuksa ds vUrxZr dk;Zokgh

izkjEHk dh xbZA rRdkyhu uxj eftLVªsV }kjk bl dk;Zokgh esa v;ks/;k ds fgUnw leqnk; vkSj

eqlyeku leqnk; dks i{kdkj cukrs gq, uksfVl tkjh dh xbZ ;|fi fdlh dks O;fDrxr :i ls

i{kdkj ugha cuk;k x;k rFkk ifjlj tks dsoy fookfnr <kaps rd lhfer Fkk] dks fnukad 29

fnlEcj] 1949 dks dqdZ dj fy;k x;kA fnuakd 5 tuojh] 1950 dks rRdkyhu v/;{k uxjikfydk

dks fookfnr ifjlj dk fjfloj fu;qDr djrs gq, LFky dh iwtk O;oLFkk] izcU/k vkfn dk nkf;Ro

lkSai fn;k x;k rFkk fjfloj }kjk cukbZ xbZ ;kstuk dks U;k;ky; }kjk vuqeksfnr vuqeksfnr LFky

ij fu;fer jktHkksx iwtk vkfn dh O;oLFkk fu;fer dh xbZA iz'kklu ds vuko';d gLr{ksi ds

dkj.k fgUnw tu&ekul esa iwtk jktHkksx esa O;o/kku dh vk'kadk gqbZ rFkk fgUnw turk dks ijs'kkuh

vuqHko gqbZ vkSj fookn U;k;ky; igq¡pkA

loZizFke Jh xksiky flag fo'kkjn tks v;ks/;k ds fuoklh ,d fgUnw /kekZuq;k;h O;fDr Fks rFkk

odkyr djrs Fks] us ewy okn la0 2@1950 dks fnuakd 16 tuojh] 1950 dks bl vfHkdFku ds lkFk

izLrqr fd;k fd LFkkuh; iz'kklu o dfri; eqfLye lEiznk; ds O;fDr;ksa }kjk Jhjke tUeHkwfe LFky

ds iwtk] jktHkksx] n'kZu vkfn esa vuko';d gLr{ksi djus dh /kedh nh tk jgh gSA U;k;ky; }kjk

varfje fu"ks/kkKk vkns'k bl vk'k; dh tkjh djus dh ;kpuk dh fd okn ds izfroknhx.k tks

LFkkuh; iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh o pkj&ik¡p eqfLye lEiznk; ds yksx Fks] dks fu"ksf/kr dj fn;k tk;s

fd os oknh ds iwtk n'kZu vkfn esa fdlh izdkj dk vojks/k u djsa] ftldk laKku ysrs gq, U;k;ky;

foi{khx.k dks fu"ks/kkKk vkns'k ds ek/;e ls fu"ksf/kr dj fn;k fd os fdlh izdkj ls Jhjke tUeHkwfe

ds n'kZu o iwtk esa gLr{ksi u djsa vkSj u ogk¡ fLFkr ewfrZ;ksa dks gVkosa ftlds fo:) eqfLye

i{kdkjksa }kjk vkifRr dh xbZ] ftls U;k;ky; }kjk fujLr djds fu"ks/kkKk dh iqf"V dj nh xbZA mDr vkns'k ekuuh; mPp U;k;ky; rd ;Fkkor~ cjdjkj jgk rFkk ekuuh; mPp U;k;ky; ds

vkns'k fnukad 26 vizSy] 1955 }kjk v/khuLFk U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fu"ks/kkKk vkns'k dh iqf"V djrs

gq, eqfLye lEiznk; }kjk izLrqr vihy fujLr dj fn;k x;kA

blh lEcU/k esa nwljk okn ijegal jkepUnz nkl us ewy okn la0 25 lu~ 1950 }kjk izLrqr

fd;k ftlesa Hkh blh vk'k; ds mi'ke dh ;kpuk dh x;h ;|fi ;g okn ijegal th }kjk fnuakd

23 vxLr] 1990 dks fu.kZ; esa foyEc gksus ds dkj.k okil ys fd;k x;kA mijksDr nksuksa okn

fu"ks/kkKk mi'ke gsrq izLrqr fd;s x;sA

104

rrh; okn iapjkekuUnh fueksZgh vk[kkM+k o muds iapksa }kjk Jhjke tUeHkwfe LFky dh leLr

lEifRr dks vius LokfeRo ,oa v/;klu dh lEifRr vfHkdfFkr djrs gq, fnuakd 17 fnlEcj] 1959

dks ?kks"k.kkRed o izca/ku o pktZ ikus gsrq izLrqr fd;k x;kA

prqFkZ okn lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ o ukS eqlyekuksa }kjk ?kks"k.kkRed mi'ke gsrq fnuakd 18

fnlEcj 1961 dks bl vfHkdFku ds lkFk izLrqr fd;k x;k fd iz'uxr Hkwfe ftls fgUnw jketUeHkwfe

ds :i esa dgrs gSa] og ckcj }kjk efLtn fuekZ.k djds oDQ fd;k tk pqdk gS rFkk mij fLFkr

<kapk lkoZtfud efLtn ds :i esa gS] ftlls fgUnw leqnk; dk dksbZ eryc ugha gSA fgUnw leqnk;

ds yksxksa us 22@23 fnlEcj] 1949 dks voS/kkfud <x ls chp okys xqEcn ds uhps ewfrZ;k¡ j[k fn;k

gS ;|fi og LFky dHkh Hkh Hkxoku jke dk tUeLFky ugha jgkA ewyr% nkos esa <kaps ds ckgj fLFkr

Hkwfe dks dfczLrku dgrs gq, 'kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk tks ckn esa vf/kxzg.k ds dk;Zokgh ds i'pkr~

fookfnr <kaps dh lhek rd gh lhfer jgkA lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ vkfn oknhx.k us 145 dh

dk;Zokgh Lohdkj djrs g,q ;s Hkh Li"V vfHkdFku fd;k fd lEiw.kZ ifjlj ij fgUnwvksa dk 22@23

fnlEcj] 1949 ls voS/kkfud dCtk gSA muds }kjk ?kks"k.kkRed mi'ke dh ;kpuk djrs gq, U;k;ky;

ls fookfnr ifjlj dks lkoZtfud efLtn ?kksf"kr djus dh ek¡x dh xbZ rFkk ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd

;fn vnkyr mfpr le>s rks dCts dk Hkh mi'ke ns fn;k tk;sA

ewyr% lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ }kjk fookfnr <kaps dks ckcj }kjk fufeZr djus dk vfHkdFku

fd;k x;k Fkk] fdUrq iqu% fdUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa muds rRdkyhu vf/koDrk Jh eks0 v;wc }kjk vkns'k

10 fu;e 2 tk0nh0 ds izkfo/kkuksa ds vUrxZr c;ku nsrs gq, ;g vfrfjDr vfHkdFku fd;k x;k fd

ÞoSdfYid :i ls ;fn eqfLye i{k viuk LokfeRo u r; dj ldsa rks ml fLFkfr esa izfrdwy dCts

ds vk/kkj ij oknhx.k fookfnr lEifRr ds Lokeh gks pqds gSaAß Jh eks0 v;wc }kjk fn;s x;s c;ku

fuEu gS%&

"Sri Mohd. Ayub states that the mosque lies in A B C D as shown in the plaint map (sketch map) and the land around A B C D is graveyard of the Muslims as shown in it". Sri Mohd. Ayub states that the plaintiff pleads in the alternative that even if the defendants have any right in the property in suit the same have been extinguished by lapse of time. He clarifies that the same amounts to adverse possession and the rights of the defendants have extinguished by it and the plaintiff has acquired title by adverse possession."

105

mDr c;ku tks fo/kkur% vfHkdFku ds :i esa gh xzkg~; fd;k tkrk gS] ds ek/;e ls eqfLye

i{k us izfrdwy v/;klu ds vk/kkj ij LokfeRo dk vfHkdFku fd;k] tcfd oS/kkfud fLFkfr ;g gS

fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr tks vius dks fdlh lEifRr dk Lokeh dgrk gS] og mlh lEifRr ds lEcU/k esa

izfrdwy v/;klu ds vk/kkj ij LokfeRo dk vfHkdFku djus dk vf/kdkjh ugha gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh

mYys[kuh; gS fd lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ dh vksj ls v;ks/;k ds vfLrRo dks pqukSrh nsrs gq, ewyr%

bls Hkxoku jke dh tUeHkwfe okyh v;ks/;k Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;k rFkk ml lEcU/k esa muds }kjk

izLrqr reke fo'ks"kK bfrgkldkjksa us blh vk'k; dk l'kiFk c;ku U;k;ky; ds le{k djk;k] fdUrq

lk{; vkfn dh dk;Zokgh iwjh gksus ds i'pkr cgl ds Lrj ij lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ ds vf/koDrk

o vU; eqfLye i{kksa ds vf/koDrk }kjk iwoZ esa fn;s x;s lk{;ksa ds izfrdwy vfUre cgl ds le; iqu%

ek0 mPp U;k;ky; dh iw.kZihB ds le{k bl vk'k; dk c;ku fn;k x;k fd tgk¡ fookfnr Hkwfe

fLFkr gS] ;g ogh v;ks/;k gS tgk¡ Hkxoku jke dk tUe gqvk Fkk ;|fi mUgksusa fookfnr LFky dks

tUe LFkku ekuus ls bUdkj fd;kA fnuakd 22&04&2009 dks iw.kZihB ds le{k lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ

cksMZ ds vf/koDrk Jh tQj;kc ftykuh us fuEu c;ku fn;k%&

"For the purposes of this case there is no dispute about the faith of Hindu devotees of Lord Rama regarding the birth of Lord Rama at Ayodhya as described in Balmiki Ramayana or as existing today. It is, however, disputed and denied that the site of Babri Masjid was the place of birth of Lord Rama. It is also denied that there was any Ram Janam Bhoomi Temple at the site of Babri Masjid at any time whatsoever. The existence of Nirmohi Akhara from the second half of Nineteenth Century onwards is also not disputed. It is, however, denied and disputed that Nirmohi Akhara was in existence and specially in Ayodhya in 16th Century A.D. or in 1528 A.D. and it is also denied that any idols were there in the building of the Babri Masjid up to 22nd December 1949." mijksDr ls Li"V gS fd v;ks/;k ds vfLrRo lEcU/kh lk{; tks fgUnw i{k }kjk U;k;ky; ds le{k

izLrqr fd;k x;k Fkk mls iw.kZ:is.k Lohdkj fd;k x;kA

mYys[kuh; gS fd ewyokn la0 4@89 esa tgk¡ oknhx.k us fookfnr Hkwfe ds LokfeRo ds

lEcU/k esa mi'ke pkgk Fkk rFkk ckcj }kjk fuekZ.k o oDQ dh ckr dgh x;h Fkh] ogh ewyokn la0

5@89 esa izfrokn i= izLrqr djrs gq, lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ }kjk ;g Li"V vfHkdFku fd;k x;k

gS fd fookfnr efLtn ckcj ds v/khuLFk vf/kdkfj;ksa ds uekt djus gsrq cuk;h x;h Fkh tks Lor%

esa vUrfoZjks/kh gSA oLrqr% lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ }kjk fookfnr Hkwfe ls mÙkj yxHkx 50 ehVj dh

nwjh ij fLFkr tUeLFkku lhrk jlksbZ eafnj dks Hkxoku Jhjke dh tUeHkwfe Lohdkj djrs gq, lk{;

izLrqr fd;k x;k rFkk blh vk'k; dk izfrokn i= o 'kiFk i= /kkjk 145 tk0QkS0 dh dk;Zokgh esa

106

lEcfU/kr eqfLye i{k }kjk fd;k x;k tks lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ }kjk izLrqr eqdnesa esa Hkh lgoknh

¼Co-plaintiff½ ds :i esa i{kdkj FksA

mijksDr pkjksa okn tks ewyr% rRdkfyd eqaflQ lnj QStkckn o flfoy tt QStkckn ds

U;k;ky; esa izLrqr fd;s x;s FksA U;k;ky; ds vkns'kkuqlkj la;qä fd;s x;s rFkk pkjks okn ,d

lkFk lquokbZ fd;s tkus yxsA mYys[kuh; gS fd bu pkjksa eqdneksa esa Hkxoku jkeyyk fojkteku

vFkok Jhjke tUeHkwfe LFky dks i{kdkj ugha cuk;k x;k FkkA

ik¡pok eqdnek Hkxoku jkeyyk fojkteku JhjketUeHkwfe v;ks/;k o LFkku JhjketUeHkwfe

dh vksj ls vodk'k izkIr U;k;ewfrZ Jh nsodhuUnu vxzoky Hkxoku ds oknfe= ds :i esa fnuakd 1

tqykbZ] 1989 dks ?kks"k.kkRed o fu"ks/kkKk mi'ke gsrq flfoy tt QStkckn ds le{k mijksDr okn

ds lHkh i{kdkjksa dks izfroknh ds :i esa i{kdkj cukrs gq, rFkk oknksa dh fo"k;oLrq dk mYys[k djrs

gq, izLrqr fd;k] ftlesa eq[;:i ls Hkxoku jkeyyk o LFkku jketUeHkwfe dks i{kdkj cuk;s tkus

rFkk jketUeHkwfe LFky ij iwoZ esa fLFkr eafnj dk mYys[k djrs gq, ml LFky ij fojkV eafnj cuk;s

tkus ,oa rRlEcU/kh xfBr jketUeHkwfe U;kl vkfn dk foLr`r mYys[k djrs gq, eq[; :i ls ;g

vfHkdFku fd;k fd fookfnr LFky ij foØekfnR; ds le; ls gh Hkxoku Jhjke dh tUeHkwfe gksus

ds dkj.k ,d fo'kky eafnj fLFkr FkkA ftldk le;&le; ij lEcfU/kr fgUnw 'kkldks ,oa

/kekZuq;k;h }kjk iquZ)kj gksrk jgk gS] ftls fxjkdj ckcj tks ,d vkrrk;h o vkØe.kdkjh Fkk] ds

vkns'k ij ehjckdh }kjk iz'uxr <kapk cuk;k x;k gS] ftls /oLr djds fo'kky eafnj dk fuekZ.k

izLrkfor gS rFkk lHkh 'kh"kZ /kekZpk;ksaZ }kjk JhjketUeHkwfe U;kl dk blh gsrq fof/kr;k xBu djkdj

iathdj.k djk;k x;k gSA oknh }kjk izfroknhx.k ds fo:) bl vk'k; ds ?kks"k.kkRed mi'ke dh

;kpuk dh xbZ fd lEiw.kZ fookfnr LFky Hkxoku Jhjke dh tUeHkwfe gS] ftl ij fo'kky eafnj dk

fuekZ.k izLrkfor gS rFkk izfroknhx.k dks fu"ksf/kr dj fn;k tk;s fd eafnj ds fuekZ.k] izcU/k] O;oLFkk

rFkk /kekZuq;kf;;ksa }kjk iwtk&ikB] jktHkksx esa fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ gLr{ksi u djsaA

mijksDr okn Hkh iwoZ izLrqr eqdneksa ds lkFk U;k;ky; esa fopkjk/khu jgkA blh e/; jkT;

ljdkj us ekuuh; mPp U;k;ky; ds le{k bl vk'k; dh fd ;kpuk dh mijksDr lHkh eqdnesa

egRoiw.kZ gSa] ftudk fu.kZ; mPp U;k;ky; }kjk djk;k tk;s rFkk lHkh eqdnesa QStkckn tuin ls

mPp U;k;ky; esa fopkjk.kkFkZ vUrfjr dj fy;s tk;saA ftldk laKku ysrs gq, mPp U;k;ky; dh

y[kuÅ ihB }kjk fnuakd 10 tqykbZ] 1989 dks mijksDr lHkh pkjksa okn mPp U;k;ky; esa

fopkjk.kkFkZ eaxk fy;s x;s rFkk vkns'k fnuakd 05 Qjojh] 1992 ds }kjk ik¡pok eqdnek Hkh mPp

107

U;k;ky; esa lHkh eqdneksa dks ,d lkFk fuLrkj.k gsrq eaxk fy;k x;k rFkk ekuuh; mPp U;k;ky;

}kjk fuEuØekuqlkj mijksDr lHkh eqdneksa dk mPp U;k;ky; esa iqu% ,d okn ds :i esa iathd`r

fd;k x;k tks fuEu gSa%&

01- ewyokn la0 1 lu~ 1950 xksiky flag fo'kkjn cuke tgwj vgen vkfn --------------¼vks-vks-,l- ua0&1@1989½ 02- ewyokn la0 26 lu~ 1950 ijegal jkepUnz nkl cuke tgwj vgen vkfn --------------¼vks-vks-,l- ua0&2@1989½ 03- ewyokn la0 26 lu~ 1959 fueksZgh vk[kkM+k cuke fiz;knRr jke vkfn --------------¼vks-vks-,l- ua0&3@1989½ 04- ewyokn la0 12 lu~ 1961 lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ cuke xksiky flag fo'kkjn --------------¼vks-vks-,l- ua0&4@1989½ 05- ewyokn la0 236 lu~ 1989 jkeyyk fojkteku vkfn cuke jktsUnz flag vkfn --------------¼vks-vks-,l- ua0&5@1989½ ek0 mPp U;k;ky; dh iw.kZ ihB ds le{k lEcfU/kr i{kksa }kjk reke vfHkys[kh; vkSj ekSf[kd

lk{; izLrqr fd;s x;sA fgUnw i{k }kjk vius dFkuksa ds leFkZu esa eq[; :i ls oSfnd] ikSjkf.kd

xzUFkksa] iqjk.kksa] Lefr;ksa o fooknkLin Hkwfe ds lEcU/k esa vfHkys[kh; lk{;ksa] xtsVh;lZ] ih- dkusZxh dh

fjiksVZ] flD[k lkfgR; esa jketUeHkwfe dk fooj.k o vU; reke vfHkys[kh; lk{;ksa dks izLrqr fd;kA

lkFk gh /kkjk 145 dh dk;Zokgh esa LFkkuh; eqfLye leqnk; ds O;fDr;ksa }kjk izLrqr 'kiFki=ksa ftlesa

LFkkuh; yksxksa }kjk fookfnr LFky dks JhjketUeHkwfe gksuk dgk x;k gS] izLrqr fd;kA mYys[kuh; gS

fd ifjlj esa fLFkr ckgjh vkaxu ds lEcU/k esa Nr fuekZ.k gsrq vuqefr ds lEcU/k esa egUFk

j?kqojnkl fueksZgh v[kkM+k }kjk izLrqr fu.kZ; o v;ks/;k ds egRoiw.kZ LFkku ds lEcU/k esa rRdkyhu

vkfQfl;sfVax dfe'uj@lsVsyesaV vkfQlj Jh ih- dkusZxh }kjk izLrqr fjiksVZ jktLo vfHkys[k ftlesa

fookfnr LFky ekStk dksV jkepUnz esa gksus dk mYys[k gS vkfn egRoiw.kZ gSaA fgUnw i{k dh vksj ls

izLrqr vFkZoosn esa v;ks/;k dks nsoh nsorkvksa dh iqjh ds :i esa lEcksf/kr fd;k x;k gSAÞ tks vkB

pØksa ls ;qDr ukS }kjksa okyh nsokfnnso Hkxoku jke dh v;ks/;k iqjh gS ml v;ks/;kiqjh esa og

Lo.kZe; 'ks"kkxkj tgk¡ T;ksfr ls lEiUu Hkxoku Jhjke izFke ckj ckyd cudj i/kkjs FksA bl ea= esa

fgj.;% dks'k% LoxZ% bu rhu 'kCnksa ls Hkxoku Jhjke yyk dh tUeHkwfe dk Li"V ladsr gSA1ß blds

iwoZ ds eU=ksa esa Hkh v;ks/;k dk o.kZu gSA2

1 v"VpØk uo}kjk nsokuka iqjh;ks/;k rL;ka fgj.;e;% dks'k% LoxksZ T;ksfr"kko`r% A vFkZoZosn 10&2&31 2 vFkoZosn 10&2&28@29@30

108

fgUnqvksa ds izfl) xzUFk LdUn iqjk.k ds oS".ko [k.M esa v;ks/;k egkRE; dk o.kZu gS ftlesa

fookfnr Hkwfe dks Hkxoku Jhjke dh tUeHkwfe ds :i esa Li"Vr% of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA1

Jh jketUe Hkwfe ds lEcU/k esa fuEufyf[kr xtsVh;lZ tks le;&le; ij rRdkyhu l{ke

vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk izdkf'kr fd;s x;s Fks] egRowi.kZ gSa%&

1. A Gazetteer of the Territories under the Government of East India Company by Edward Thornton published in 1858 and republished in 1993. 2. Historical Sketch of Faizabad with the Old Capital of Ajudhia and Faizbaad by P. Carnegy, Officiating Commissioner and Settlement Officer, published in 1870. 3. Gazetteer of the Province of Awadh, 1877. 4. Imperial Gazette of India-United Province of Agra and Awadh-Faizabad Division. 5. District Gazetteer, Barabanki, 1902 Edition, Vol. 48 6. Faizabad Gazetteer, 1902 Edition, Vol. 43 7. District Gazetteer of united Province of Agra and Awadh, 1905 fookfnr <kaps ds /oLrhdj.k ds i'pkr iqjkrkfRod vo'ks"k] xgM+oky oa'kt }kjk 11&12oha

'krh esa eafnj fuekZ.k lEcU/kh bULØIlu] mR[kuu esa izkIr eafnj ds vo'ks"k] nsoh nsorkvksa dh ewfrZ;k¡

o jktLo vfHkys[kksa ds vk/kkj ij fookfnr LFky ij Hkxoku jke dk tUe gksuk HkyhHkkafr izekf.kr

gSA fgUnw i{k dh vksj ls le; le; ij vk;s fons'kh i;ZVdksa ds ,dkm.V~l fo'ks"kr% Qknj tkslQ

VkbQsUFksyj tks Hkkjro"kZ esa 17oha 'knh esa vk;s rFkk v;ks/;k dk Hkze.k fd;k] us Hkh fookfnr Hkwfe ds

lEcU/k esa fgUnqvksa }kjk jke tUeHkwfe ds :i esa iwtk vpZuk dk mYys[k fd;k gSA mudh iqLrd

ewyr% ÝsUp Hkk"kk esa Fkh ftls ckn esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA tUeHkwfe ds ckjs esa

fooj.k djrs gq, mUgksusa viuh iqLrd esa fuEufyf[kr o.kZu fd;k gS%&

"The most remarkable place is that which is called Sorgodoari, that is to say, the heavenly temple; because they say, that Ram carried away from thence to heaven all the inhabitants of the city. The deserted town was repeopled and restored to its former condition by Bikaramajit, the famous king of Oojein. There was a temple here on the hight bank of the river, but Aurangzebe, ever attentive to the propagation of faith of Mohammed, and holding the heathen in abhorrence, caused it to be demolished, and replaced it with a mosque with minarets, in order to abolish the very memory of Hindoo superstition. Another mosque has been built by the Moors, to the East of this near the Sorgodoari in an edifice erected by Nabalroy, a former Hindoo governor. But a place more particularly famous is that which is called Sitha Rassoee, a table of Sitha (Seeta), wife of Ram; situated on an eminence to the south of the city. The emperor Aurangzeba demolished the fortress called Ramcote, and erected on the site of Mohammedan temple with a triple dome. According to others, it was

1 “yksd la[;k &10]11]12]13]14]15]16]17]18]19]20]21]22]23]24]25 LdUn iqjk.k] oS’.ko [k.M] v;ks/;k egkRE;] izdk”kd& Jh —‘.knkl [ksejkt “kkL=h&1910

109

erected by Baber. There are to be seen fourteen columns of black stone, five spans in height, occupied the site of the fortress. Twelve of these columns now support the interior arcades of the mosque; the two other form part of the tomb of a certain Moor. They tell us that these columns are rather these remains of skillfully wrought columns, were brought from the isle of Lanca or Selendip (Ceylon) by Hanuman, King of the Monkeys. On the left is seen a square chest, raised five inches from the ground covered with time about 5 ells in length by not more than four in breadth. The Hindoos call it Bedi. The cradle; and the reason is, that there formety stood here the house in which Beshan (Vishnoo) was born in the form of Ram, and were also, they say, is three brothers were born. Afterwards, Aurangzebe or, according to others, Baber caused place to be destroyed, in order to deprive the heathen of the opportunity of practicing there their superstitions. Nevertheless, they still pay superstitious reverence to both these places, namely, to that on which the Natal dwelling Ram stood, by going three times around it, prostrate on the earth. The two places are surrounded with a low wall adorned with battlements. Not far from this is a place where they dig up grains of black rice changed into little stones, which are affirmed to have been hidden under ground ever since the time of Rama. On the 24th of the month of Tshet (Choitru), a large concourse of people celebrate here the birth day of Ram, so famous throughout India.".......(Ibid. 313-34) egUFk j?kqojnkl }kjk izLrqr vihy esa LFky fujh{k.k djus ds i'pkr rRdkyhu ftyk tt

Jh ,Q-bZ-,- psfe;j us vius fu.kZ; esa fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS%&

"I visited the land of dispute yesterday, in the presence of all parties. I found that the Masjid built by the Emperor Babar stands on the border on the town Ajudhia- that is to say the west and south it is clean of inhabitations. It is most unfortunate that a Masjid should have been built on the land spically held sacred by the Hindus, but as the event occurred 356 years ago it is too late now to remedy the grievance. All that can be done is to maintain the parties in status quo. In such a case as the present one any (Sic) would cause more harm and damage (Sic) of order than benefit. The entrance to the enclosure is under a gateway which bears the superscription "Allah" immediately on the left as the platform or Chabootra of masonry occupied by the Hindus. On this is a small superstructure of wood in the form of a tent. This 'Chabootra' is said to indicate the birthplace of Ram Chandra. Infront of the gateway in the entry to masonry Platform of the Musjid, a wall pierced (illegible) and therewith railing divides the platform of the Musjid from the enclosure in which stands the 'Chabootra'." iqjkrRo foHkkx }kjk U;k;ky; ds le{k viuk Li"V vfHker O;Dr djrs gq, mR[kuu ls

izkIr oLrqvksa] vkfVZQsDV~l ds vk/kkj ij fookfnr LFky dks fdlh izkphu fgUnw eafnj ls lEcfU/kr

LFky gksuk viuh vk[;k esa Li"V fd;k gSA iqjkrkfRod tkap ds vk/kkj ij vfUre :i ls muds

}kjk fuEu laxr vfHker O;Dr fd;k x;k%&

The Hon'ble High Court, in order to get sufficient archeologist evidence on the issue involved "whether there was any temple/structure which was demolished and mosque was constructed on the dispute site" as stated on page 1 and further on p. 5 of their order dated 05 March 2003, had given directions to the Archaeological Survey of India to excavation at the disputed site where the GPR survey has suggested evidence of anomalies which could be

110

structure, pillars, foundation walls, slab flooring etc. which could be confirmed by excavation. Now, viewing to totality and taking into account the archaeological evidence of a massive structure just below the disputed structure and evidence of continuity in structural phases from the tenth century onwards upto the construction of the disputed structure alongwith the yield of stone and decorated bricks as well as mutilated sculpture of divine couple and carved architectural members including foliage patterns, amalaka, kapotapali doorjamb with semi-circular pilaster, broken octagonal shaft of black schist pillar, lotus motif, circular shrine having pranala (water chute) in the north, fifty pillar bases in association of the huge structure, are indicative of remains which are distinctive features found associated with the temples of north India. yxHkx 3 o"kZ rd i{kksa dh cgl lquus ds ckn fnuakd 30 flrEcj] 2010 dks okn dks vafre

:i ls fuLrkfjr fd;k x;k rFkk fo'ks"k ihB ds U;k;ewfrZx.k ekuuh; ,l-;w- [kku] ekuuh; U;k;ewfrZ

lq/khj vxzoky] ekuuh; U;k;ewfrZ /kjeohj 'kekZ }kjk i`Fkd&i`Fkd fu.kZ; fn;k x;k rFkk lHkh

U;k;ewfrZx.k }kjk fookfnr LFky dks nsoLFky dh ekU;rk nsrs gq, Jhjke dh tUeLFkyh ekuk x;kA

ekuuh; U;k;ewfrZ ,l-;w- [kku }kjk ikfjr fu.kZ; dk lkjka'k&

ekuuh; U;k;ewfrZ [kku }kjk U;k;ewfrZ lq/khj vxzoky }kjk fn;s x;s fu.kZ; dks oLrqr%

vaxhdkj djrs gq, vius 385 i`"B ds fu.kZ; esa eq[; :i ls fuEu fcUnq fu.khZr fd;s x;sA

01- fookfnr <kapk efLtn ds :i esa ckcj vFkok muds vkns'k ij fufeZr fd;k x;kA fdUrq

fdlh Hkh Li"V lk{; ls ;s fl) ugha gS fd fookfnr <kapk ckcj ds LokfeRo dk gS vkSj u gh bl

ckr dk gh Li"V lk{; gS fd iz'uxr <kapk ¼efLtn½ fdlds vkns'k ls fufeZr dh xbZA

02- iz'uxr efLtn ds fuekZ.k ds fy, dksbZ eafnj ugha /oLr fd;k x;k] fdUrq lk{; ls ;g

fl) gS fd iz'uxr <kaps ds uhps eafnj ds iqjko'ks"k izkphu dky ls fLFkr gS] tks iz'uxr <kaps ds

fuekZ.k ds cgqr iwoZ ds gSa rFkk iz'uxr <kaps ds fuekZ.k esa eafnj ds vo'ks"kksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k

gSA

03 efLtn ds fuekZ.k ds cgqr iwoZ ls gh fgUnqvksa }kjk ;g fo'okl fd;k tkrk jgk gS rFkk

mudh ekU;rk gS fd fookfnr LFky ds fdlh va'k ij Hkxoku jke dk tUe gqvk gS ;|fi mudh

;g ekU;rk fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku ij lhfer ugha FkhA

04- efLtn fuekZ.k ds dqN fnu ckn fgUnqvksa }kjk fookfnr LFky dks Hkxoku jke ds tUeHkwfe ds

:i esa ekU;rk nh tkus yxhA

111

05- 1855 ds cgqr iwoZ ls gh fookfnr ifjlj esa jke pcqrjk o lhrk jlksbZ dk vfLrRo Fkk]

ftldh fgUnqvksa }kjk fu;fer :i ls iwtk dh tkrh jghA ;s ,d egRoiw.kZ o vizR;kf'kr fLFkfr Fkh

fd mlh ifjlj esa efLtn o fgUnqvksa dh iwtk LFkyh fo|eku Fkh ftlesa eqlyeku uekt i<+rk Fkk

vkSj fgUnw iwtk djrk FkkA

mijksDr ls Li"V gS fd nksuksa i{kdkjksa vFkkZr fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dk lEiw.kZ fookfnr

ifjlj ij la;qDr :i ls dCtk FkkA ;|fi lqfo/kk dh nf"V ls nksuksa lEiznk; ds yksx fofHké va'kksa

dk mi;ksx djrs Fks fdUrq vkil esa dksbZ vkSipkfjd caVokjk ugha Fkk rFkk nksuksa lEiznk; ds yksxksa

dk la;qDr:is.k dCtk FkkA

06- nksuksa i{kdkj vFkkZr~ fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku ;s fl) djus esa vlQy jgs fd fookfnr LFky ij

mudk LokfeRo gS] bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 110 ds izko/kkuksa ds vUrxZr

mHk;i{k vFkkZr~ fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku fookfnr lEifÙk ds la;qDr Lokeh la;qDr dCts ds vk/kkj ij

gSA

07- 1949 ds dqN n'kd iwoZ gh fgUnqvksa }kjk fookfnr <kaps ds e/; lsUVªy Mkse ds uhps e;kZnk

iq:"kksRre Jhjke dk tUe gqvk gS rFkk fnuakd 23 fnlEcj 1949 dks igys igj esa gh ml LFky ij

ewfrZ;k¡ LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA

08- mijksDr foopsuk ds vk/kkj ij mHk;i{k fookfnr lEifÙk ds la;qDr Lokeh o v/;klh ?kksf"kr

fd;s tkrs gSa ,oa rnuqlkj izkjfEHkd fMxzh ikfjr dh tk;sA tks bl vk'k; dh gksxh fd okLrfod

caVokjs ls lsUVªy Mkse uhps dk va'k tgk¡ orZeku esa Hkxoku jkeyyk fojkteku gSa fgUnqvksa dks fn;k

tk;sxkA ifj.kker% rhuksa i{kdkj vFkkZr~ eqfLye] fgUnw ,oa fueksZgh v[kkM+k Jh Jhf'ko'kadj yky

,MoksdsV dfe'uj }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s uD'ks esa ,] ch] lh] Mh] bZ] ,Q ls iznf'kZr uD'ks ls leku

:i ls 1@3 & 1@3 va'k ds Lokeh gksxsa rFkk Hkxoku jkeyyk tgk¡ fojkteku gSaA og LFky fgUnw

leqnk; dks fn;k tk;sxk rFkk jke pcqrjk vkSj lhrk jlksbZ dk va'k fueksZgh v[kkM+k rFkk 'ks"k 1@3

va'k eqfLye lEiznk; dks fn;k tk;s vkSj blh vk'k; dh izkjfEHkd fMxzh rS;kj djus dk funsZ'k

fn;kA

ekuuh; U;k;ewfrZ [kku }kjk fopkjk/khu eqdneksa dk vyx&vyx fu.kZ; u djds la;qDr

:i ls fu.kZ; fn;k x;kA ftlesa eq[; :i ls ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd fgUnw] eqfLye vkSj fueksZgh

v[kkM+k rhuksa fookfnr lEifRr ds Lokeh gSa rFkk ;g ?kksf"kr fd;k fd lsUVªy Mkse tgk¡ eafnj gS] os

112

va'k Qkbuy fMxzh cukrs le; fgUnqvksa dks nh tk;sxh rFkk jke pcqrjk vkSj lhrk jlksbZ okyk va'k

fueksZgh v[kkM+k dks fn;k tk;sxkA U;k;ky; }kjk rhuksa mijksDr i{kdkjksa dks la;qDr Lokeh ?kksf"kr

djrs gq, 1@3&1@3 va'k dk Lokeh ekuk x;k gSA vr% i{kksa ls vis{kk dh x;h fd os okLrfod

caVokjs ds fy, viuh jk; U;k;ky; ds le{k rhu ekg ds varxZr izLrqr djsa ,oa LFky ij rhu ekg

rd vFkok vkns'k la'kksf/kr gksus rd i{kdkj ;FkkfLFkfr cuk;s j[ksaA

ekuuh; U;k;ewfrZ lq/khj vxzoky }kjk ikfjr fu.kZ; dk lkjka'k&

01- ;g ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS fd fookfnr rhu xqEcn okys <kaps ds e/; <kaps vFkkZr~ lsUVªy Mkse

tgk¡ orZeku esa Hkxoku jkeyyk fojkteku gS] Hkxoku jke dh tUeHkwfe gSA

02- fookfnr LFky ds vUnj gh tks fu.kZ; ds lkFk layXu visafMDl&7 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS

mijksDr Hkxoku ds tUeLFky dks NksM+dj nksuksa leqnk;ksa vFkkZr~ fgUnw lEiznk; ¼okn la[;k&5 ds

oknhx.k½ rFkk eqfLye lEiznk; ds la;qDr dCts esa lfn;ksa ls gSA fdUrq ;g Li"V fd;k tkrk gS fd

i{kksa ds va'k ds caVokjs ds lEcU/k esa lEiw.kZ Hkwfe 'kkfey dh tk;sxh rFkk ckgjh pkjnhokjh dh Hkwfe

fueksZgh v[kkM+k dh Hkwfe ?kksf"kr dh tkrh gS ftls fueksZgh v[kkM+k ;fn fdlh vU; i{k dh mlls

csVj VkbZfVy ugha gksxh rks dCtk fn;k tk;sxk] lkFk gh ckgjh tks [kqyh Hkwfe gS og fueksZgh v[kkM+k

o okn la[;k ik¡p ds oknhx.k ikus ds vf/kdkjh gksxsa D;ksafd ;s nksuksa LFky fgUnw turk }kjk iwftr

fd;s tkrs gSaA

03- ;s Hkh Li"V fd;k tkrk gS fd eqfLye i{kdkjksa dks dqy fookfnr lEifÙk dk 1@3 va'k

feysxk vkSj ;fn caVokjs esa 1@3 va'k de iM+ jgh gks rks dsUnz ljdkj }kjk vf/kx`ghr Hkwfe esa ls

dqN Hkwfe ysdj lek;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

04- dsUnz ljdkj }kjk Hkwfe tks 1993 esa vf/kxghr dh x;h gS mlesa MkW0 LekbZy Qk:[kh ds

eqdnesa ds vuqlkj thrs gq, i{k dks vius Hkwfe ds lq[kn mi;ksx ds fy, ftruh Hkwfe vko';d gks

iznku dh tk;sxh] ftlls lHkh i{kksa ds vkokxeu esa fdlh i{k dks dksbZ vlqfo/kk u gksAbl lEcU/k

esa U;k;ky; }kjk ;s Hkh vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd lEcfU/kr i{kdkj vius vko';drkuqlkj Hkwfe ikus

ds fy, dsUnz ljdkj ds le{k vkosnu djsa rFkk dsUnz ljdkj blesa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk

MkW0 LekbZy Qk:[kh }kjk fn;s x;s funsZ'k ds vuqlkj dk;Zokgh djsxkA

05- mijksDr vk'k; dh vkaf'kd :i ls izkjfEHkd o vkaf'kd :i ls vafre fMxzh ikfjr dh tkrh

gS rFkk okn la[;k ik¡p dks mijksDr lhek rd fMxzh fd;k tkrk gS vkSj i{kksa dks ;g vf/kdkj fn;k

113

tkrk gS fd bl lEcU/k esa viuh jk; vks-,l-Mh- v;ks/;k csap y[kuÅ jftLVªkj y[kuÅ csap

y[kuÅ ds le{k izLrqr dj ldrs gSa rFkk rhu ekg rd i{kdkj LFky ij ;FkkfLFkfr cuk;s j[ksxsaA

06- U;k;ky; }kjk okn fcUnqvksa ij fu.kZ; ysrs gq, ;g vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd fgUnqvksa dh

vkLFkk vkSj fo'okl dh e/; xqEcn gh Hkxoku jkeyyk dk tUeLFky fl) gSA

07- eqfLye lEiznk; }kjk fookfnr <kaps dks ,d efLtn ds :i esa ekuk x;k gS] fdUrq fdlh Hkh

lk{; ls ;g fl) ugha gS fd fookfnr <kapk 1528 esa ckcj ds dk;Zdky esa cuk FkkA

08- i{kksa ds vfHkopuksa ds vk/kkj ij o i=koyh ij miyC/k lk{; ls ;g vo/kkfjr fd;k tkuk

dfBu gS fd fookfnr <kapk dc vkSj dSls cuk] fdUrq miyC/k lk{; ls ;g Li"V gS fd o"kZ 1766 ls

1771 ds e/; vFkkZr~ tksflQ VkbQsUFksyj ds v;ks/;k fujh{k.k ds iwoZ fookfnr <kapk cuk FkkA

09- i=koyh ij miyC/k lk{; ls ;g Hkh fl) gS fd fookfnr <kapk fgUnw eafnj dks rksM+dj

cuk;k x;k Fkk rFkk Hkxoku jkeyyk dh ewfrZ;k¡ lsUVªy Mkse esa 22@23 fnlEcj 1949 dks j[kh x;h

FkhA

10- i=koyh ij miyC/k lk{; ds vk/kkj ij ;s vo/kkfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd fookfnr <kapk

eqfLye lEiznk; ds ,dykSrs dCts esa dHkh ugha jgk rFkk 1856&57 ls ckgjh vkaxu fgUnqvksa ds iw.kZ

dCts esa Fkk vkSj vUnj dk vkaxu fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa lEiznk;ksa }kjk le;&le; ij iwtk

ikB ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g Hkh fl) gS fd 1856&57 esa tc Hkhrjh vkaxu vkSj ckgjh

vkaxu ds e/; tathjnkj ikVhZ'ku cu x;k mlds i'pkr ckgjh vkaxu dk eqlyekuksa }kjk dHkh

fdlh :i esa iz;ksx ugha fd;k x;k u mudk dCtk Fkk] ysfdu tgk¡ rd Hkhrjh vkaxu dk iz'u gS

;s va'k nksuksa lEiznk; ds yksxksa }kjk iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk FkkA

11- i=koyh ij ,slk dksbZ lk{; ugha gS ftlls ;g lkfcr gks fd egar j?kqojnkl us tUeLFkku

vFkok tUeLFkku ls fgror O;fDr;ksa dh vksj ls nkok nk;j fd;kA rFkk ;s Hkh fl) gS fd egar

j?kqojnkl us fookfnr lEifRr ds lEcU/k esa vFkok mlds fdlh va'k ds lEcU/k esa eqlyekuksa ds

LokfeRo dks Lohdkj fd;k gksA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mDr okn esa ikfjr vkns'k dk dksbZ izHkko ugha

iM+rkA

114

12- fookfnr LFky ij eqfLye lEiznk; ds yksxksa dk fujUrj ,d ek= o izfrdwy v/;klu fl)

ugha gS bl dkj.k izfrdwy v/;klu ds vk/kkj ij eqfLye lEiznk; dks fookfnr LFky dk dksbZ

vf/kdkj ugha izkIr gksrkA

13- ;w-ih- ,DV ua0&13@1936 ¼;w-ih- oDQ+ ,DV½ ds izko/kkuksa ds vUrxZr dksbZ fof/kd

uksfVfQds'ku ugha tkjh gqvk gS rFkk fookfnr lEifRr fdlh Hkh rjg ls oDQ+ lEifÙk ugha gSA

14- i=koyh ij miyC/k lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g ikfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd tks lEifRr Hkxoku

jke dh tUeLFkyh ds :i esa ekU;rk izkIr gS og okn la[;k&5 ds oknhx.k esa fufgr gks pqdh gS

rFkk ;g Hkh vo/kkfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd fookfnr <kapk pkjksa vksj ls fgUnw iwtk LFkyksa ls f?kjks gqvk

rFkk fcuk fgUnw iwtkLFkyksa esa izos'k fd;s fookfnr <kaps ij igq¡p ikuk vlEHko gSA

15- ;s Hkh vo/kkfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd fookfnr <kapk ds fuekZ.k ds iwoZ ls gh fgUnw fookfnr

LFky ij iwtk&vpZuk djrs jgs gSa rFkk ckn esa fdlh Hkh 'kkld ds funsZ'k ij fookfnr <kapk cuus

ls fookfnr LFky ds izd`fr ij dksbZ izHkko ugha MkyrkA

16- fookfnr lEifRr ds dqdhZ ds le; Jh txokon gqlSu eqroYyh ds :i esa dk;Zjr FksA bu

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fcuk eqroYyh ds lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ o vU; oknhx.k tks viusdks bcknrxkj

dgrs gSa] dCts ds mi'ke dh ;kpuk djus ds vf/kdkjh ugha gSaA

17- U;k;ky; }kjk oknfcUnq la[;k&28 ¼okn la[;k&4½ dk fu.kZ; djrs gq, ;g Li"V :i ls

vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ o vU; eqfLye oknhx.k fookfnr lEifÙk vFkkZr~

fookfnr <kapk Hkhrjh o ckgjh vkaxu ij dCtk fl) djus esa vlQy jgsA

18- U;k;ky; }kjk okn la[;k&189 ds fofHké okn fcUnqvksa ij mijksDr rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij

fu.kZ; djrs gq, ;s ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k fd oknh dks fookfnr LFky tks U;k;ky; }kjk Hkxoku jke dk

tUeLFky ekuk x;k gS ij iwtk djus dk vf/kdkj gSA

19- U;k;ky; }kjk okn la[;k&3 esa fufeZr okn fcUnqvksa dk fu.kZ; djrs gq, ;g vo/kkfjr fd;k

x;k fd oknh fueksZgh v[kkM+k jkekuUnh cSjkxh lEiznk; dk ,d iapk;rh eB gS tks v;ks/;k esa 1734

bZ- ls fLFkr gS blds iwoZ v;ks/;k esa blds LFkkfir gksus dk dksbZ izek.k ugha gSA

115

20- fueksZgh v[kkM+k }kjk izLrqr okn fo/kkur% pyus ;ksX; ugha gS rFkk fueksZgh v[kkM+k }kjk

izLrqr okn le; lhek ds ckgj izLrqr fd;k x;k gS tks vof/k ckf/kr gS ,oa rn~uqlkj fujLr fd;k

tkrk gSA

21- U;k;ky; }kjk okn la[;k&5 ds fofHkUu okn fcUnqvksa dk fu.kZ; djrs gq, oknh la[;k&1

Hkxoku jke fojkteku tUeHkwfe o oknh la[;k&2 LFkku JhjketUeHkwfe dks U;kf;d O;fDr ekurs gq,

muds }kjk izLrqr okn fo/kkur% la/kk;Z ekuk JhjketUeHkwfe U;kl ,d fof/kxr iathdr U;kl gS

ftldh oS/krk dks pqukSrh nsus dk vf/kdkj izfroknhx.k dks ugha gSA

22- oknhx.k }kjk izLrqr okn vof/k ckf/kr ugha gS rFkk oknhx.k us dHkh Hkh fookfnr LFky ds

lEcU/k esa vius LokfeRo dks lekIr ugha fd;kA fookfnr <kaps ds lsUVªy Mkse esa ewfrZ;k¡ 22@23

fnlEcj 1949 dh jkr esa j[kh x;h tks ;Fkkor gS ftudh iwtk&vpZuk fgUnw lEiznk; }kjk dh tk

jgh gSA

23- U;k;ky; }kjk ;g vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd fgUnw lEiznk; }kjk Hkxoku ds jke tUeHkwfe ds

:i esa mDr LFky dh iwtk&vpZuk dh tkrh jgh gSA

24- okn la[;k&3@89 o okn la[;k&4@89 le; lhek ds ckgj izLrqr fd;k x;k gS] tks

vof/k ckf/kr gSA

25- iqjkrRo losZ{k.k foHkkx }kjk izLrqr fjiksVZ ds fo#) eqfLye i{k }kjk dh xbZ vkifÙk fujk/kkj

gS rFkk eqfLye i{k }kjk vkifÙk ds leFkZu esa dksbZ Bksl o fo'oluh; lk{; izLrqr ugha fd;k tk

ldk bl dkj.k fjiksVZ ds fo#) izLrqr vkifÙk;k¡ fujLr dh tkrh gSa rFkk Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k

foHkkx }kjk izLrqr fjiksVZ Lohdkj dh tkrh gSA tks lk{; ds :i esa xzkg~; gSA

26- U;k;ky; }kjk lHkh okn fcUnqvksa ij vyx&vyx vkns'k ikfjr djrs gq, okn la[;k&1@89

¼xksiky flag fo'kkjn cuke tgwj vgen vkfn½ vkaf'kd :i ls fMxzh fd;k x;kA okn la[;k&3@89

¼iapukek uUnh fueksZgh v[kkM+k cuke fiz;nRr jke½ fujLr fd;k x;kA okn la[;k&4@89 ¼lqUuh

lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ cuke jktsUnz flag fo'kkjn½ fujLr fd;k x;k rFkk okn la[;k&5@89 ¼Hkxoku

jkeyyk fojkteku cuke tgwj vgen vkfn½ vkaf'kd :i ls fMxzh fd;k x;kA

ekuuh; U;k;ewfrZ /kjeohj 'kekZ }kjk ikfjr fu.kZ; dk lkjka'k&

116

01- okn la[;k&1@89] 3@89] 4@89 ,oa 5@89 esa fojfpr okn fcUnqvksa ij fn;s x;s fu.kZ; ds

vuqlkj lEiw.kZ fookfnr LFky Hkxoku jke dh tUeHkwfe gS] tks ,d U;kf;d O;fDr gS ,oa nsork ds

:i esa gSA tUeHkwfe LFky nsoRo 'kfDr izkIr LFky gS tks cky :i Hkxoku jke ds tUeLFkyh ds :i

esa iwtk dh tkrh gS rFkk ml LFky ij lnSo nsoRo 'kfDr fufgr jgrh gS] tks fcuk fdlh fo'ks"k

vkdkj ds LFky esa fo|eku gSA

02- i=koyh ij miyC/k lk{;ksa ls ;s izrhr gksrk gS fd fookfnr <kaps dks ckcj }kjk cuok;k

x;k] fdUrq os <kapk bLyke /keZ ds izfrdwy cuk;k x;k rFkk fookfnr <kaps dks fdlh Hkh n'kk esa

efLtn ugha ekuk tk ldrkA

03- i=koyh ij miyC/k lk{;ksa ls ;s Hkh izekf.kr gS fd fookfnr <kapk LFky ij fLFkr izkphu

fgUnw eafnj dks rksM+dj cuk;k x;k rFkk Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k foHkkx dh vk[;k ls ;s Hkh Li"V gS

fd fookfnr <kapk fo'kky fgUnw /kkfeZd LFky dks rksM+dj cuk;k x;k rFkk fookfnr LFky ij

22@23 fnlEcj 1949 dks ewfrZ LFkkfir dh x;hA

04- U;k;ky; }kjk okn la[;k 4@89 esa fufeZr fofHké okn fcUnqvksa dk fu.kZ; djrs gq, ;g

Li"V :i ls vo/kkfjr fd;k fd Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k foHkkx }kjk izLrqr fjiksVZ ,d oSKkfud o

rduhfd fjiksVZ gS tks mHk; i{kksa rFkk U;k;ky; }kjk fu;qDr nks U;k;k/kh'kksa dh mifLFkfr esa fd;s

x;s LFkyh; mR[kuu ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj dh x;h gS rFkk fof/k vuqdwy gS] ftlds fo:) eqfLye

i{k }kjk izLrqr vkifÙk cukoVh vkSj fujk/kkj gS tks fujLr dh tkrh gSaA

05- fookfnr LFky utwy xkVk la[;k 583 ij fLFkr gS] tks jkT; ljdkj dh lEifÙk gSA

06- fookfnr <kapk LFky ij fLFkr fo'kky fgUnw eafnj dks rksM+dj voS/kkfud <ax ls cuk;k x;k

gSA

07- fookfnr <kapk u rks bLyke /keZ ds vuqlkj efLtn ds :i esa gS u dHkh oDQ+ dh x;h vkSj

u gh vYykg dks lefiZr dh x;hA

08- eqfLye lEiznk; vFkok fueksZgh v[kkM+k fookfnr lEifÙk ij u rks dkfct jgk u mldk

Lokeh gS vkSj u gh izfrdwy v/;klu ds vk/kkj ij eqfLye lEiznk; vFkok fueksZgh v[kkM+k fookfnr

lEifÙk dk Lokeh gqvkA

117

09- fookfnr lEifRr ds lEcU/k esa tkjh uksfVfQds'ku rRdkyhu flfoy tt QStkckn ds tkjh

vkns'k fnuakd 21 vizSy] 1966 }kjk voS/k ,oa fu"izHkkoh ?kksf"kr fd;k tk pqdk gS] tks oS/kkfud :i

ls ikfjr fd;k x;k rFkk i{kksa ij izHkkoh gSA

10- egar j?kqojnkl }kjk okn la[;k&61@280 lu~ 1885 O;fDrxr :i ls izLrqr fd;k x;k Fkk

ftlls fgUnw lEiznk; vFkok tUeLFkku ekuus okys yksxksa dk fgr izHkkfor ugha gksrk rFkk fdlh Hkh

n'kk esa bl dsl esa ikfjr fu.kZ; orZeku okn eqfLye lEiznk; dks dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha iznku djrkA

11- i=koyh ij miyC/k lk{; ls Li"V :i ls izekf.kr gS fd fgUnw lEiznk; ds yksx fookfnr

Hkwfe dks Hkxoku Jhjke tUeHkwfe ds :i esa iwtk djrs jgs gSa rFkk lEiw.kZ fookfnr lEifÙk Hkxoku

jkeyyk fojkteku Jhjke tUeHkwfe og LFkku Jhjke tUeHkwfe esa fufgr gks pqdh gS rFkk 22@23

fnlEcj] 1949 ls fujUrj fojkteku Hkxoku jkeyyk dh iwtk&vpZuk gks jgh gSA

12- fookfnr LFky ds pkjks vkSj fgUnw nsoh&nsorkvksa ds LFky gSa] tks mlh :i esa vukfndky ls

iwftr gksrs jgs gSaA

13- U;k;ky; }kjk i=koyh ij miyC/k lk{; ds vk/kkj ij ;s vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd fookfnr

<kapk efLtn ds :i esa ugha ekuk tk ldrk vkSj u gh i=koyh ij ,slk dksbZ lk{; gS mls

oS/kkfud :i ls efLtn dk ntkZ fn;k tk;sSA oLrqr% fookfnr <kapk LFky ij fLFkr fgUnw eafnj dks

/oLr djds cuk;k x;k Fkk rFkk LFky ij eafnj gksuk iqjkrkfRod losZ{k.k o mR[kuu lEcU/kh fjiksVZ

ls iw.kZr% fl) gSA

14- U;k;ky; }kjk ;g Hkh vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd fookfnr <kapk eqfLye lEiznk; }kjk uekt

vnk djus ds fy, ;Fkk vfHkdfFkr iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk jgkA

15- i=koyh ij miyC/k lk{;ksa ij ;s drbZ fl) ugha gksrk fd fookfnr LFky ij 1528 bZ-ls eqlyekuksa dk fujUrj dCtk jgkA fdlh Hkh n'kk esa eqfLye lEiznk; ds yksx viuk dCtk o

ekfydkuk gd lkfcr djus esa lQy ugha gq,A

16- fookfnr LFky Hkxoku jke dh tUeHkwfe ds :i esa lnSo ls iwftr gksrk jgk gS rFkk fgUnw lEiznk; ds yksx ogk¡ fu;fer iwtk&vpZuk djrs jgs gSaA

17- bLyke /keZ ds vuqlkj fgUnqvksa ds iwtkLFky ij efLtn dk fuekZ.k lEHko gha ugha gSA

118

18- fookfnr LFky ds lEcU/k esa oDQ+ ,DV ds izko/kkuksa ds vUrxZr dksbZ oS/k uksfVfQds'ku ugha

tkjh gqvk rFkk fookfnr lEifÙk dHkh Hkh oDQ+ lEifÙk ugha jghA

19- fookfnr LFky ij igq¡pus ds fy, fgUnqvksa ds iwtkLFky esa izos'k djds gh tk;k tk ldrk gS

vkSj fookfnr <kaps ds pkjks rjQ fgUnw lEiznk; ds yksxksa ds iwtk LFky gSaA

20- fookfnr <kaps esa u rks ehukjsa Fkh u fcuk fgUnqvksa ds izos'k LFky ds mlesa ogk¡ rd igq¡pk

tk ldrk Fkk rFkk rhu rjQ ls dfczLrku Fks rFkk vanj yxs gq, [kEHkksa ij fgUnw nsoh&nsorkvksa ds

fp= mdsjs gq, Fks bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fdlh Hkh n'kk esa fookfnr <kaps dks efLtn ugha ekuk tk

ldrkA

21- i=koyh ij miyC/k lk{; ls ;g Hkh fl) gS fd dfFkr oDQ+ o dfFkr efLtn dk

eqroYyh Fkk ftlus u rks okn izLrqr fd;k vkSj u gh okn esa i{kdkj cuk;k x;k bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa

esa oknhx.k dCts ds lEcU/k esa okn izLrqr djus ds vf/kdkjh ugha gSaA

22- lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ o vU; eqfLye oknhx.k us Hkxoku jkeyyk o LFkku tUeHkwfe dks

i{kdkj ugha cuk;k gS bl dkj.k muds }kjk izLrqr nkok nks"kiw.kZ gSA

23- U;k;ky; }kjk okn la[;k&4@89 eas fojfpr lHkh okn fcUnqvksa dk foLr`r vkns'k djrs gq,

oknhx.k dk okn fujLr fd;kA

24- okn la[;k&1@89 esa Åij lEcfU/kr vo/kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij fojfpr okn fcUnqvksa ij fu.kZ;

nsrs gq, U;k;ky; }kjk okn fujLr fd;k x;kA

25- okn la[;k&3@89 ¼fueksZgh v[kkM+½ esa fojfpr fofHké okn fcUnqvksa dk fu.kZ; djrs gq,

U;k;ky; }kjk ;s vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd oknh fookfnr LFky dh izcU/k o pktZ ikus dk vf/kdkjh

ugha gS rFkk fueksZgh v[kkM+k }kjk izLrqr fo/kkur% pyus ;ksX; ugha gSA lkFk gh vof/k ckf/kr gS]

ifj.kke Lo:i U;k;ky; }kjk okn la[;k &3@89 fujLr fd;k x;kA

26- okn la[;k&5@89 esa fofHké okn fcUnqvksa dk fu.kZ; djrs gq, U;k;ky; }kjk ;g vfHker

O;Dr fd;k x;k fd fookfnr LFky Hkxoku Jhjke dh tUeHkwfe gS rFkk ,d U;kf;d O;fDr gSA

U;k;ky; }kjk vfXu] ok;q] dsnkjukFk eafnj vkfn dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, ;g vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd

fookfnr LFky tks Hkxokujke dh tUeLFkyh gS ij lnSo nsoRo 'kfDr fo|eku jgrh gS ftlds fy,

rFkk nsorkvksa ds fy, fdlh :i esa vko';drk ugha gS og fcuk :i ds Hkh gks ldrk gSA ekuuh;

119

U;k;ky; us bl lEcU/k esa jke&tkudh fMVh cuke LVsV vkWQ fcgkj 1999¼5½ lqizhe dksVZ dslst

ist&50] xksdqy ukFk th egkjkt cuke ukFk th Hkksxhyky ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1953 bykgkckn 552]

fo'oukFk cuke Bkdqj jk/kkcYyHk th ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1967 lqizhe dksVZ ist&1044 vkfn reke fof/kr

fu.kZ;ksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, ;g vo/kkfjr fd;k fd fookfnr LFky ,d fgUnw nsork ds :i esa iwT;

gS rFkk mldh fLFkffr ,d ifjfipqvy ekbuj dh gS ftldh lEifÙk dk fdlh ds }kjk dCtk fd;k

tkuk lEHko ugha gS rFkk nsork dh vksj ls okn fe= ds ek/;e ls okn izLrqr djus dk oknhx.k dks

vf/kdkj gSA

27- lEiw.kZ fookfnr LFky ,d bZdkbZ gS] ftlds fdlh va'k dk fdlh vU; i{k dk LoRo ,oa

dCtk u gS u gksuk lEHko gSA lEiw.kZ fookfnr ifjlj Hkxoku Jhjke ds tUeHkwfe ds :i esa ekU;rk

izkIr gS tks mlh :i esa vukfndky ls iwftr gksrh pyh vk jgh gSA

28- fueksZgh v[kkM+k u rks fookfnr LFky dk ekfyd gS vkSj u gh Hkxoku jkeyyk fojkteku dk

f'kcbr gSA

29- Jhjke tUeHkwfe U;kl ,d fof/k }kjk xfBr ,oa iathdr U;kl gS] ftldh oS/krk dks pqukSrh

nsus vFkok ml lEcU/k esa dksbZ vfHkdFku djus dk fueksZgh v[kkM+k izfroknh la[;k&3 vFkok fdlh

vU; dks dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gSA

30- fookfnr LFky ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ uksfVfQds'ku oS/kkfud <ax ls ugha gqvk gS ftl dkj.k ;w-

ih- eqfLye ,DV izko/kkuksa ds vUrxZr okn izLrqr djus ds iwoZ fdlh uksfVl dh vko';drk ugha gSA

31- fookfnr LFky ij 23 fnlEcj] 1949 dks Hkxoku jkeyyk dh ewfrZ LFkkfir dh xbZ tks

;Fkkor gS rFkk fnuakd 6 fnlEcj 1992 dks o mlds i'pkr Hkh ogh ewfrZ;k¡ ;Fkkor pyh vk jgh

gSA

32- U;k;ky; }kjk fofHkUu oknksa esa fojfpr okn fcUnqvksa dk fu.kZ; djrs gq, okn la[;k&1@89]

3@89 o 4@89 fujLr fd;k x;k rFkk okn la[;k&5@89 oknhx.k ds i{k esa fMxzh djrs gq, ;s

?kksf"kr fd;k x;k fd oknh la[;k&1 Hkxoku jkeyyk fojkteku o oknh la[;k&2 LFkku tUeHkwfe

fookfnr lEifRr ds iw.kZ Lokeh gS rFkk mUgsa fookfnr lEifRr ij ;Fkkor dkfct o nkf[ky jgus dk

iw.kZ vf/kdkj gSA

120

33- U;k;ky; }kjk izfroknhx.k lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ eqfLye lEiznk; ds yksxksa rFkk vU;

izfrdwy i{kdkjksa dks vLFkk;h :i ls fu"ksf/kr fd;k x;k fd os oknhx.k }kjk fookfnr LFky ij

HkO; fuekZ.k djus o viuh ;kstukuqlkj LFky dk fodkl djus o fdlh izdkj ls dksbZ gLr{ksi u

djsaA

mijksDr ls Li"V gS fd ekuuh; mPp U;k;ky; dh fo'ks"k iw.kZ ihB ds lHkh U;k;ewfrZ x.kksa

}kjk fookfnr LFky ij Hkxoku Jhjke dk tUe gksuk rFkk fookfnr LFky dks Hkxoku Jhjke dh

tUeHkwfe gksuk Lohdkj fd;k x;kA ,d U;k;ewfrZ }kjk lEiw.kZ ifjlj dks bZdkbZ ekurs gq, Hkxoku

Jhjke dh tUeHkwfe dks ekU;rk nh x;h tcfd nks vU; U;k;ewfrZ }kjk va'k Hkkx dks tUeLFkyh ds

:i esa ekU;rk iznku dh x;hA mijksDr fu.kZ; ds ifjizs{k esa ;fn eq[; fopkj.kh; fcUnqvksa dks ns[kk

tk;s rks fuEufyf[kr vo/kkj.kk Li"V gSA

U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fu.kZ; ds ifjis{k esa mifjof.kZr eq[; fopkj.kh; fcUnqvksa dks ns[kk tk;s rks

Øekuqlkj fuEufyf[kr U;kf;d fu.kZ; Li"V gksrk gS%&

fcUnq la[;k&01 ¼D;k fookfnr LFky Hkxoku Jhjke th dh tUeHkwfe gS½

bl fcUnq ij rhuksa U;k;k/kh'kksa dk Li"V er gS fd fookfnr LFky tgk¡ ij Hkxoku

Jhjkeyyk fojkteku gS og Hkxoku Jhjke dh tUeHkwfe gSA U;k;ewfrZ 'kekZ }kjk iwjs fookfnr LFky

dks ,d bZdkbZ ekurs gq, lEiw.kZ ifjlj dks Hkxoku Jhjke dh tUeHkwfe ekurs gq, rRlEcU/kh

oknfcUnqvksa dk fu.kZ; fd;k x;k rFkk U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky }kjk Hkh fookfnr LFky dks Hkxoku Jhjke

dh tUeHkwfe vo/kkfjr djrs gq, fu.kZ; fd;k x;k ;|fi Li"V lk{; ds vHkko esa muds }kjk orZeku

le; esa tgk¡ Hkxoku jkeyyk fojkteku gSa ml LFky dks Hkxoku Jhjke dh tUeHkwfe Lohdkj fd;k

x;kA tcfd U;k;ewfrZ [kku }kjk lEiw.kZ fookfnr ifjlj ij lHkh i{kksa dk la;qDr v/;klu ekurs

gq, lgLokeh ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k rFkk Hkxoku jkeyyk tgk¡ fojkteku gSa ml LFky dks Hkxoku

Jhjke dh tUeHkwfe Lohdkj fd;k x;kA U;k;ewfrZ [kku vkSj U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky }kjk blh Øe esa

fookfnr ifjlj dks rhu fgLlksa esa foHkkftr djds fgUnqvksa dks mifjof.kZr tUeHkwfr LFky rFkk

fueksZgh v[kkM+k dks jke pcwrjk vkSj lhrk dh jlksbZ okyk LFky rFkk nf{k.k dh vksj eqfLye

lEiznk; ds yksxksa dks Hkwfe nsus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA ;|fi U;k;ewfrZ 'kekZ }kjk lEiw.kZ ifjlj

Hkxoku jkeyyk fojkteku o LFkku tUeHkwfe dks nsork ds :i esa ekurs gq, muds LoRo o v/;klu

dks Lohdkj fd;k x;kA

121

fcUnq la[;k&02 ¼D;k fookfnr LFky fgUnw /keZ o fof/kd ekU;rkvksa ds vuqlkj nsoRo 'kfDr izkIr gS

rFkk LFkku tUeHkwfe dks nsoLo:i ekU;rk gSA½

bl fcUnq ij ekuuh; U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky o ekuuh; U;k;ewfrZ 'kekZ }kjk lEcfU/kr okn

fcUnqvksa dks fu.kZ; djrs gq, ;g Li"V :i ls vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd mDr LFky nsoLo:i gS rFkk

nsork ds :i esa LFky dh iwtk fgUnw lEiznk; ds yksxksa }kjk vukfndky ls dh tk jgh gSA U;k;ewfrZ

[kku }kjk bl lEcU/k esa dksbZ Li"V fu.kZ; u nsdj oLrqr% U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky ds fu.kZ; dh iqf"V dh

x;h gSA

fcUnq la[;k&03 ¼D;k Hkxoku fojkteku o LFkku JhjketUeHkwfe ,d U;kf;d O;fDr gSaA½

bl fcUnq ij rhuksa U;k;ewfrZx.kksa }kjk ,d er gksrs gq, ;g vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k gS fd

Hkxoku jkeyyk fojkteku o LFkku Jhjke tUeHkwfe oS/kkfud :i ls U;kf;d O;fä gSA

fcUnq la[;k&4 ,oa 5 ¼D;k fookfnr LFky lkoZtfud efLtn gS rFkk fookfnr LFky ij fufeZr <kapk

ckcj }kjk fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA½

ek0 U;k;ewfrZ ,l0;w0 [kku }kjk fookfnr <kaps dks voS/k :i ls fufeZr gksus ds dkj.k voS/k

efLtn djkj fn;k gSA muds }kjk Li"V :i ls ;g vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks

fdlh nwljs O;fDr ds LokfeRo dh Hkwfe ij fcuk mldh lgefr ds efLtn fuekZ.k djus dk

vf/kdkj ugha gS rFkk bl izdkj dh efLtn esa uekt vnk djuk uktk;t gSA blh vk'k; dh

vo/kkj.kk ek0 U;k;ewfrZ Jh lq/khj vxzoky o ek0 U;k;ewfrZ Jh /keZohj 'kekZ }kjk Hkh O;Dr fd;k

x;k gSA bl izdkj iw.kZihB }kjk ;g Li"V :i ls vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd fookfnr <kapk oS/k

efLtn ugha FkhA U;k;ky; }kjk ;g Hkh vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd fookfnr <kapk lkoZtfud efLtn

ugha Fkh vkSj u gh fookfnr <kaps dks ckcj }kjk fufeZr fd;s tkus dk dksbZ izek.k lEcfU/kr i{k }kjk

izLrqr fd;k x;kA

fcUnq la[;k&6 ,oa 7 ¼D;k fookfnr LFky oDQ+ ,DV ds izkfo/kkuksa ds varxZr ?kksf"kr ,d oDQ+ gS

rFkk fookfnr <kapk bLyke /keZ ds vuqlkj ,d oS/kkfud efLtn dgk tk ldrk gSA½

bl fcUnq ij U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky o U;k;ewfrZ 'kekZ }kjk ;g Li"V :i ls vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k

gS fd fookfnr <kapk bLyke /keZ ds vuqlkj oS/kkfud efLtn ugha dgk tk ldrk rFkk rhuksa

122

U;k;ewfrZx.kksa }kjk iwoZ ikfjr vkns'k fnuakd 24 tuojh] 1966 ds vuqlkj fookfnr LFky dks oDQ+

laifÙk ekuus ls badkj fd;k gSA

fcUnq la[;k&8 ,oa 9 ¼D;k fookfnr LFky ij fookfnr <kapk cuus ds iwoZ fgUnw eafnj Fkk ftls /oLr

djds fookfnr <kapk fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA½

bl fcUnq ij U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky o U;k;ewfrZ 'kekZ }kjk Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k foHkkx }kjk

izLrqr vk[;k dks iw.kZr% Lohdkj djrs gq, rFkk miyC/k vU; lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij Li"V :i ls

vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k gS fd fookfnr <kapk fuekZ.k ds iwoZ LFkku ij fgUnw eafnj Fkk ftls rksM+dj

<kapk cuk;k x;kA U;k;ewfrZ [kku }kjk Hkh iqjkrkfRod vk[;k dks Lohdkj djrs gq, fookfnr <kaps ds

uhps eafnj ds iqjko'ks"k gksuk rFkk eafnj dh lkexzh fookfnr <kaps esa iz;qDr gksuk vo/kkfjr fd;k gSA

;|fi mUgksusa eafnj /oLrhdj.k ds rF; dks ugha ekukA

fcUnq la[;k&10 ,oa 11 ¼D;k fookfnr laifÙk fueksZgh vk[kkM+k dh laifÙk gS rFkk fueksZgh v[kkM+k dks LFkku dk izca/k o pktZ izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gSA½

bl fcUnq ij U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky o U;k;ewfrZ 'kekZ us fu.kZ; djrs gq, ;g Li"V :i ls

vo/kkfjr fd;k fd fueksZgh v[kkM+k u fookfnr lEifRr dk Lokeh gS vkSj u gh mldh izcU/k

O;oLFkk ikus dk vf/kdkj gS rFkk blh vo/kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij U;k;ewfrZx.k }kjk fueksZgh v[kkM+k

}kjk izLrqr okn 3@89 fujLr dj fn;k x;kA ;|fi U;k;ewfrZ [kku }kjk la;qDr dCts ds vk/kkj

ij lgLokeh ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k] ijUrq vof/k ckf/kr gksus ds vk/kkj ij okn fujLr fd;k x;kA

fcUnq la[;k&12 ,oa 13 ¼D;k lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ vkfn fookfnr lEifÙk ds Lokeh gSa rFkk muds

}kjk izLrqr okn vof/k ckf/kr gSA½

bl fcUnq ij U;k;ky; }kjk ;g Li"V :i ls vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd fookfnr Hkwfe ij

lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ o vU; eqfLye yksxksa dk LokfeRo fl) ugha gS rFkk muds }kjk izLrqr okn vof/k ckf/kr gS vkSj blh Øe esa U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky o U;k;ewfrZ 'kekZ }kjk eqfLye i{k o lqUuh

lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ dh vksj ls izLrqr okn la[;k&4@89 fujLr fd;k x;kA ;|fi U;k;ewfrZ [kku

}kjk la;qDr dCts ds vk/kkj ij lgLokeh ekurs gq, 1@3 va'k dk gdnkj ?kks"kr fd;k x;kA

123

fcUnq la[;k&14 ,oa 16 ¼D;k Hkxoku jkeyyk o fookfnr LFky ,d ifjihpqvy ekbuj gS rFkk fgUnw

lEiznk; ds yksx fookfnr lEifÙk ij tgk¡ dkfct gS ,oa 1934 ds ckn eqfLye lEiznk; }kjk mlesa

dHkh uekt ugha i<+h xbZ rFkk vo;Ld dh lEifRr ij izfrdwy v/;klu ugha gks ldrkA½

bl fcUnqvksa ij okn fcUnqvksa dk fu.kZ; djrs gq, U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky o U;k;ewfrZ 'kekZ }kjk

Hkxoku jkeyyk o LFky dks ifjfipqvy ekbuj vo/kkfjr fd;k x;kA lkFk gh ;g Hkh Li"V :i ls

vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd vo;Ld dh lEifRr ij izfrdwy v/;klu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA bUgha

vo/kkj.kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij U;k;ewfrZ 'kekZ }kjk okn la[;k&5 iw.kZ:is.k fMxzh fd;k x;k] tcfd

U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky o U;k;ewfrZ [kku }kjk okn vkaf'kd :ils fMxzh djrs gq, fookfnr LFky dks

Hkxoku jkeyyk dh lEifÙk Lohdkj dh xbZA

fcUnq la[;k&15 ,oa 18 ¼D;k eqfLye i{k o cksMZ izfrdwy v/;klu ds vk/kkj ij fookfnr lEifÙk

dk Lokeh gS rFkk fookfnr Hkwfe muds LokfeRo dh :i esa jktLo vfHkys[kksa esa vafdr gSA½

bl fcUnqvksa ij lHkh U;k;ewfrZx.k }kjk foLrr foospuk djrs gq, vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd

lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ o eqfLye i{kdkj fookfnr Hkwfe ds Lokeh ugha gS vkSj u gh jktLo

vfHkys[kksa ls mudk LokfeRo fl) gksrk gSA U;k;ky; }kjk ;g Hkh vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd izfrdwy

v/;klu ds vk/kkj ij os fookfnr lEifÙk ds Lokeh ugha gSA ;|fi U;k;ewfrZ [kku }kjk la;qDr dCts

dk vo/kkj.kk djrs gq, mUgsa 1@3 va'k dk lgLokeh ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA

fcUnq la[;k&17 ¼D;k JhjketUeHkwfe U;kl izfroknhx.k ds vfHkdFkuksa ds vk/kkj ij voS/k U;kl gSA½

bl fcUnq ij U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky o U;k;ewfrZ 'kekZ }kjk foLrr foospuk djrs gq, ;g

vo/kkfjr fd;k x;k fd JhejketUeHkwfe U;kl ,d fof/kr;k iathdr U;kl gS tks fdlh Hkh rjg ls

voS/k ugha gSA U;k;ewfrZ [kku }kjk Hkh bl fcUnq ij U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky ds vfHker dk leFkZu fd;k

x;kA bl izdkj Li"V gS fd rhuksa U;k;ewfrZx.kksa }kjk JhjketUeHkwfe dks ,d oS/k ,oa lgh VªLV

ekuk x;kA

mijksDr foospuk ds vk/kkj ij U;k;ky; }kjk fueksZgh v[kkM+k }kjk izLrqr okn

la[;k&3@89 rFkk lqUuh lsUVªy oDQ cksMZ o vU; izLrqr okn la[;k&4@89 fujLr fd;k x;k rFkk

Hkxoku jkeyyk o LFkku JhjketUeHkwfe dh vksj ls izLrqr okn la[;k&5@89 U;k;ewfrZ 'kekZ }kjk

iw.kZr% rFkk U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky o U;k;ewfrZ [kku }kjk vkaf'kd :i ls fMxzh djrs gq, izkjfEHkd fMxzh

ikfjr dh xbZA

124

mDr rF;ksa ls ;g Hkyh Hkkafr izekf.kr gS fd fookfnr LFky Hkxoku Jhjke dh tUeHkwfe gS

tks vukfndky ls fgUnw lekt }kjk mlh :i esa iwftr gSA

125

Jh jke eafnj % fof/kd eqn~ns

izks0 gjca'k nhf{kr1

Jh jketUe Hkwfe fo”oHkj ds fgUnw lekt dh vkLFkk dk dsUnz gSA lfn;ksa ls bls Hkxoku jke

dh tUeLFkyh ds :Ik esa ekU;rk izkIr gSA fgUnw ml LFkku dh iwtk djrs gSaA 16oha “krkCnh rd ogka

,d HkO; eafnj Fkk ftls ckcj us 1528 eas rksM+dj ,d efLtn cuok fn;kA ml efLtn esa] eafnj ds

egRoiw.kZ fgLlksa rFkk bZaV vkfn dk bLrseky gqvkA bls iqu% izkIr djus ds fy, cgqr yEch dkuwuh

yM+kbZ pyh tks vHkh Hkh tkjh gSA

bl fo’k; ij dHkh dksbZ fookn ugha jgk fd fgUnw jke tUeHkwfe ij cgqr yEcs le; ls iwtk

vpZuk djrs vk jgs gSA lu~ 1855 esa bls ysdj xEHkhj fookn gqvk fgUnw eqlyekuksa ds chp la?k’kZ

gqvk ftldk fucVkjk djus ds fy, iwjh tehu dks nks Hkkxks eas ckaV fn;k x;kA ckgj okys vk/ks

fgLls dks fgUnw lekt dks fn;k x;k ftl ij os iwtk djrs jgs rFkk vUnj dk fgLlk eqlyekuksa ds

mi;ksx ds fy, ns fn;k x;kA lu~ 1885 esa tehu ds ckgjh fgLls esa fLFkr pcwrjk ds iqtkjh us ml

ij ,d eafnj cuokus dh vnkyr ls vuqefr ekaxhA U;k;ky; esa bldk izfrokn fd;k x;k vkSj

ckcjh efLtn ds eqroYyh us dgk fd iwjh tehu eqlyekuksa dh gS vkSj fgUnqvksa dks dsoy iwtk

djus dh vuqefr nh x;h gS blfy, os ml ij eafnj dk fuekZ.k ugha dj ldrsA vnkyr us ml

ij fgUnw lekt ds dCtk dks ekU;rk nh] fdUrq ml ij efUnj cukus dh vuqefr ds ckjs esa dgk fd

,slk djus ls naxs HkM+d ldrs gSa vkSj jDrikr gks ldrk gS] blfy, yksdfgr esa bldh vuqefr

fn;k tkuk mfpr ugha gSA bl fu.kZ; ds f[kykQ dh x;h vihy esa Hkh vlQyrk gh feyh vkSj

efUnj cukus dh vuqefr ugha feyh fdUrq iwtk vpZuk pyrh jghA

lu~ 1934 esa ,d ckj fQj tUeLFkku dks yssdj Hkh’k.k fookn gqvk ftlesa efLtn ds <k¡ps ds

,d fgLls dks {kfr igq¡ph ftls ckn esa ejEer djds Bhd dj fn;k x;kA mlds ckn ls ml ij

uekt i<+s tkus ds dksbZ izek.k ugha feyrsA mlds ckn 1949 esa ,d ckj fQj nksuks oxksZa esa tUeLFky dks ysdj ruko c<+rk jgk vkSj 22@23 fnlEcj 1949 dh jkr esa jkeyyk dh ewfrZ dks

fookfnr <k¡ps ds vUnj izfrf’Br dj fn;k x;kA mlds ckn 29 fblEcj dks eftLVªsV }kjk n.M

izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 145 ds vUrxZr ml LFkku dh dqdhZ dj nh x;hA jkT; ljdkj dh vksj ls

mldk fjlhoj fu;qDr dj fn;k x;k fdUrq iwtk&vpZuk fuckZ/k :Ik ls pyrh jghA vUr esa 06

fnlEcj 1992 dks fookfnr <k¡ps dks fxjkdj ogka vLFkkbZ eafnj dk fuekZ.k dj fn;k x;kA

1izkpk;Z ,e0,p0¼ih0th0½] dkyst] eqjknkckn

126

1- mPp U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ;

mPp U;k;ky; ds lkeus dqy ikap eqdnesa Fks ¼ftlesa ls ,d dks okil ys fy;k x;k½ ftUgsa

,d lkFk tksM+ fn;k x;kA eqdnek la[;k 1 dks xksiky flag fg”kkjn }kjk 16-01-1950 dks nk;j

fd;k x;kA eqdnek la[;k 2 okil ys fy;k x;kA eqdnek la[;k 3 fueksZgh v[kkM+k ds egUr }kjk

17-12-1959 dks] eqdnek la[;j 4 lqUuh oDQ cksMZ rFkk 9 vU; yksxksa }kjk rFkk eqdnek la[;k 5

Hkxoku Jh jkeyyk fojkteku dh vksj ls nk;j fd;k x;k FkkA bu lHkh eqdneksa esa jke tUeHkwfe

LFky ij dCts vkSj LokfeRo dh ek¡x dh x;h FkhA bu lHkh eqndeksa esa rhu rjg ds i{kdkj ;kfu

fuekZsgh v[kkM+k] fgUnw i{kdkj rFkk lqUuh oDQ cksMZ FksA lqUuh oDQ cksMZ ds eqdnesa esa 9 vU;

eqfLye i{kdkj Hkh FksA

fuekZsgh v[kkM+s dk rdZ Fkk fd ogka ij lnSo gh ,d eafnj jgk Fkk ogka dHkh Hkh efLtn

ugha jghA mudh ;g nyhy Hkh Fkh fd eafnj ds j[k j[kko dh ftEesnkjh fueksZgh v[kkM+s dh Fkh]

D;ksafd fueksZgh lEiznk; gh lnSo ls iwtk vpZuk djrk jgk blfy, ml txg dk LokfeRr vkSj

dCtk mls feyuk pkfg,A vU; fgUnw i{kdkj ;k rks ml LFkku dks lnSo ls gh fgUnw eafnj jgus dk

nkok djrs jgs ;k dqN i{kdkjksa us dgk fd ckgjh fgLls esa lnSo gh iwtk gksrh jgh rFkk vUnj ds

fgLls esa Hkh 1934 ds ckn dHkh Hkh uekt ugha i<+h x;hA lqUuh oDQ cksMZ vkSj vU; eqfLye i{kdkjksa

}kjk nkok fd;k x;k fd ,d futZu txg ij ckcj us ,d efLtn cuok FkkA muds }kjk ;g

nyhy Hkh nh x;h fd ;fn ogka ij igys dqN jgk Hkh gksxk rks og HkXuko”ks’k Fks vkSj efLtn cukrs

le; mudk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k x;k jgk gksxkA bl vk/kkj ij mudk nkok Fkk fd ml ij oDQ cksMZ

vkSj eqlyekuksa dk dCtk jgk tks lu~ 1949 rd cjdjkj jgkA blds lkFk gh eqlyeku i{kdkjks

}kjk ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k x;k fd tehu ds ckgjh fgLls ij ,d pcwrjk Fkk ftl ij fgUnw iwtk

djrs FksA bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; ds rhu U;k;k/kh”kksa dh iw.kZ ihB us O;kid lquokbZ ds ckn 30-

09-2010 dks viuk QSlyk lquk;kA vnkyr }kjk eqdnes ds fofHkUu fcanqvksa ij fn, x, fu.kZ; dk

lkj la{ksi fuEuor gS

d- D;k fookfnr LFky Hkxoku jke dh tUe LFkyh gS\

bl iz”u dk fucVkjk djrs gq, U;k;ewfrZ /keZchj “kekZ us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd

fgUnw lnSo ls gh ;g ekurs vk jgs gSa fd fookfnr LFky Hkxoku jke dk tUeLFky gS vkSj

127

os ml dh iwtk djrs jgs gSaA blds vykok iqLrdksa] ljdkjh vfHkys[kksa rFkk fons”kh ;kf=;ksa

ds ;k=k orkUrksa esa Hkh ;g ntZ gS fd fookfnr LFky] Hkxoku Jh jke dh tUeLFkyh gh gSA

U;k;ewfrZ “kekZ us vius fu.kZ; esaa ;g Hkh Li’V fd;k fd Hkxoku jke fgUnqvksa ds vjk/; gSa]

blfy, os ml tUeLFkku dh iwtk djrs gSaA vr% muds fy, og LFkku Hkh ifo= vkSj iwtk

;ksX; gS tgka ij Hkxoku jke dk tUe gqvkA bl vk/kkj ij Jh jketUeLFkku rFkk Hkxoku

jkeyyk dh ewfrZ nksuksa dk dkuwuh :Ik ls Lora= vfLrRo gS vkSj Hkxoku jke ds tUeLFkku

ij dCts vkSj LokfeRo ds fy, mudh vksj ls eqdnek nk;j fd;k tk ldrk gSA

U;k;ewfrZ ,l0;w0 [kku us bl fo’k; ij fu.kZ; nsrs gq, dgk fd U;k;ky; ds lkeus is”k

fd, x, lk{;ksa ls ;g lkfcr ugha fd;k tk ldk gS fd Hkxoku jke dk tUe fdl txg

ij gqvkA fookfnr LFky dks jke tUeHkwfe gksus ds nkos ij lUnsg O;Dr djrs gq, mUgksaus

vkxs dgk fd ;fn og jke tUeHkwfe jgh gksrh rks rqylhnkl th us vius jkepfjrekul esa

bldk ftØ t:j fd;k gksrk] D;ksafd mldk jpukdky efLtn ds fuekZ.k ds 50 o’kksZa ds

Hkhrj dk gh gSA iqjkrRo losZ{k.k foHkkx ds lk{;ksa ds lEca/k esa U;k;ewfrZ [kku us dgk pw¡fd

reke oLrq,a tehu ds uhps nch gq;h ik;h x;h gSaA tks bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd efLtn ds

fuekZ.k ds igys ogka ij [kM+h gqbZ bekjr iwjh rjg u’V gks pqdh Fkh vkSj mlds ckn bruk

le; chr pqdk Fkk fd muds Åij feV~Vh dh dkQh eksVh ijr p<+ x;h FkhA U;k;ewfrZ

[kku us vius fu.kZ; esa ;g Hkh dgk fd iqjkrRo losZ{k.k foHkkx }kjk nh xbZ fjiksVZ ls ;g

fu’d’kZ Hkh fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd ogk¡ dqN vo”ks’k tehu ds uhps o’kksZa ls ncs iM+s jgs

gksaxs tks fdlh ckS) eafnj ds vo”ks’k Hkh gks ldrs gSaA U;k;ewfrZ [kku us vius fu.kZ; esa ;g

Hkh dgk fd miyC/k lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ,d cM+s {ks=Qy okys

bykds dks fgUnw lekt ds yksx jke tUeLFky ds :Ik es ekurs jgs gSa ftlesa dbZ eafnjksa ds

vo”ks’k jgs gksaxs vkSj mlesa ls fdlh ,d Hkkx ij ckcj us efLtn cuok;h FkhA

bl fo’k; ij fu.kZ; nsrs gq, lq/khj U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky us dgk fd jketUe Hkwfe ls tqM+k

fo’k; lk{; dk ugha vfirq vkLFkk dk gSA vukfndky ls fgUnqvksa dh ekU;rk jgh gS fd

fookfnr LFky jke tUeHkwfe gSA mUgksaus vius fu.kZ; esa vkxs ;g Hkh dgk fd fgUnqvksa ds

fy, jke tUeHkwfe ds fo”ks’k egRo dks ns[krs gq, eqdnek nk;j djus ds fy, dksbZ fe;kn

fu/kkZfjr ugha dh tk ldrh] D;ksafd ,slk djus ls lafo/kku ds vuqNsn 25 esa fgUnw lekt

dks izkIr ewy vf/kdkj dk mYya?kUk gksxkA

[k- D;k fookfnr LFkku ij dksbZ eafnj Fkk ftls /oLr djds efLtn cuk;h x;h Fkh

128

bl iz”u dk mRrj nsrs gq, U;k;ewfrZ “kekZ us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd fookfnr LFky

ij okLro esa ,d eafnj Fkk] ftls /oLr djds efLtn dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjrh;

iqjkrRo losZ{k.k }kjk is”k dh x;h fjiksVZ dk gokyk nsrs gq, mUgksaus dgk fd vnkyr ds

vkns”k ij dh x;h [kqnk;h esa izkIr [kaHkks] ewfrZ;ksa rFkk Roj.k }kjksa tSls fganw /keZ ls tqM+s

izrhdksa ls li’V gksrk gS fd ogk¡ ij ,d HkO; eafnj Fkk ftlls izkIr oLrqvksa dk bLrseky

fookfnr efLtn ds cukus eas fd;k x;k FkkA U;k;ewfrZ ,l0;w0 [kku us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk

fd ;g lkfcr ugha fd;k tk ldk gS fd fookfnr LFkku ij eafnj gh FkkA og ,d ckS)

eafnj Hkh gks ldrk FkkA U;k;ewfrZ [kku us vkxs vius fu.kZ; esa ;g Hkh dgk fd bl ckr dk

dksbZ lk{; ugha gS fd fookfnr LFky ij fdlh lajpuk dks rksM+dj efLtn dk fuekZ.k fd;k

x;k FkkA U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd fookfnr LFky ij ,d HkO; eafnj Fkk

ftls rksM+dj efLtn cuk;h x;h FkhA Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k foHkkx dh fjiksVZ dk gokyk

nsrs gq, os bl fu’d’kZ ij igq¡ps fd fookfnr <k¡ps dks catj] [kkyh ;k csdkj tehu ij ugha

vfirq ,d eafnj dks rksM+ dj ftl ij fganqvksa dk dCtk Fkk vkSj efLtn dks cukus esa eafnj

dh bZaVksa] [kEHkksa vkSj vU; oLrqvksa dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA fons”kh ;kf=;ksa ds ;k=k orkUrksa

dk gokyk nsrs gq, U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky us vius fu.kZ; eas dgk fd fookfnr LFkku ij ,d

eafnj gh Fkk ftls rksM+dj efLtn cuk;h x;h FkhA lu~ 1766 ls 1771 ds chp vo/k dh

;k=k djus okys blkbZ fe”kujh tkslsQ VsQsUFkyj ds 1786 esa izdkf”kr ;k=k o`rkUr dk

gokyk nssrs gq, mUgksaus dgk fd ml le; Hkh ;g yksdekU;rk Fkh fd fookfnr LFky ij

,d HkO; eafnj Fkk ftldh txg mls rksM+dj efLtn cuk;h x;h FkhA

x- D;k efLtn dk fuekZ.k ckcj }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk\

bl iz”u dk mRrj nsrs gq, U;k;ewfrZ “kekZ us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd fookfnr

LFkku ij efLtn dk fuekZ.k ckcj ds “kkludky esa mlds funsZ”k ij mlds dekaMj ehj

ckdh }kjk djok;k x;k FkkA tc fd U;k;ewfrZ [kku us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd bl ckr ds

iq[rk izek.k ugha gSa fd efLtn dk fuekZ.k ckcj }kjk gh fd;k x;k Fkk fdUrq reke

nLrkostksa ls ;g lkfcr gksrk gS fd vBkjgoha “krkCnh ds e/; esa ogka ij ,d efLtn FkhA

U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky us bl iz”u dk fucVkjk djrs gq, vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd bl rF; ds

lk{; ugha gS fd efLtn dk fuekZ.k ckcj }kjk ;k mlds funsZ”k ij lu~ 1528 esa fd;k x;k

FkkA mUgksaus vius fu.kZ; esa vkxs dgk fd bl ckr dh lEHkkouk gS fd efLtn dk fuekZ.k

129

vkSjaxtsc }kjk fd;k x;k gks fdUrq ;g Li’V gS fd 18oha “krkCnh ds e/; esa ogka ij ,d

efLtn FkhA

?k- D;k fookfnr <k¡ps dks efLtn ds :Ik esa ekU;rk nh tk ldrh gS\

bl iz”u dk mRrj nsrs gq, U;k;ewfeZ “kekZ us vius fu.kZ; esa dgka fd pw¡fd fookfnr

<k¡ps esa ehukjs vkSj otw djus ds fy, vyx LFkku dk u gksuk ;g lkfcr djrh gSa fd

fookfnr <kapk efLtn ugha FkhA blds vykok U;k;ewfrZ “kekZ us ;g Hkh dgk fd fookfnr

<kaps esa ewfrZ;kaa ,oa xSj bLykfed oLrq,a feyh gaS blfy, bLykfed dkuwu ds eqrkfcd mls

efLtn ds :Ik esa ekU;rk ugha nh tk ldrh gSA

U;k;ewfrZ [kku us U;k;ewfrZ “kekZ ls vlgefr O;Dr djrs gq, ;g dgk fd fookfnr

<k¡pk ,d efLtn Fkh D;ksafd ogka uekt i<+h tkrh FkhA U;k;ewfrZ [kku us vius fu.kZ; esa

;g Hkh dgk fd otw djus dh txg ;k ehukjksa ds u gksus ds vk/kkj Ikj fdlh efLtn ij

iz”u fpg~u ugha yxk;k tk ldrkA U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky us bl ij fu.kZ; nsrs gq, dgk fd

fookfnr LFkku dk efLtn gksuk ;k u gksuk “kjh;r ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj ugha vfirq yksd

ekU;rk ds vk/kkj ij r; gksuk pkfg,A

M- D;k fookfnr <k¡ps esa yxkrkj uekt i<+h tkrh jgh\

bl iz”u ij U;k;ewfrZ “kekZ us dgk fd bl ckr dk dksbZ iq[rk lk{; ugha gS fd

eqlyeku fookfnr LFkku ij yxkrkj uekt vnk djrs jgsA mUgksaus vkxs ;g Hkh dgk fd

,sls dbZ ekSds vk;s tc bl fo’k; dks ysdj fganqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa ds chp la?k’kZ gqvkA rFkk

fookfnr Tkxg ij uekt vnk djus esa dHkh Hkh fujarjrk ugha jghA bl iz”u dk fucVkjk

djrs gq, U;k;ewfrZ [kku us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd 22@23 fnlEcj 1949 ls dqN le;

igys rd fookfnr <k¡ps esa fu;fer uekt ugha gksrh Fkh] fdUrq bl rF; dks lkfcr djus

ds fy, Ik;kZIr lk{; gSa fd 16-12-1949 dks fookfnr LFkku ij vafre ckj uekt vnk dh

x;h FkhA U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd bl ckr ds dksbZ izek.k ugha gS fd

fookfnr LFkku ij yxkrkj uekt i<+h tkrh gks] fdUrq ogka ij fgUnw lekt yxkrkj iwtk

vo”; djrk jgkA U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky us vius fu.kZ; esa vkxs ;g Hkh dgk fd lu~ 1855 esa

gq, naxs ds le; fookfnr txg ds ckgjh fgLls esa jkeyyk dh ewfrZ Fkh ftls 22@23

fnlEcj 1949 dh jkf= esa fookfnr <k¡ps ds vUnj LFkkfir dj fn;k x;k A blds vykok

U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky us ;g Hkh dgk fd bl ckr ds izek.k gSa fd fgUnw fookfnr LFky ds vUnj

ds fgLls esa “kq: ls gh iwtk djrs vk jgs FksA

130

N- fookfnr LFky ij fdldk LokfeRo gS\

bl iz”u dk mRRj nsrs gq, U;k;ewfrZ “kekZ us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd v;ks/;k ,oa

jkedksV vkjEHk esa egkjktk n”kjFk dh tehu Fkh tks ckn esa eafnj rFkk ewfrZ esa U;Lr gks

x;h blfy, fgUnqvksa dk ml ij lnSOk ls gh ml ij dCtk vkSj LokfeRo gSA blh vk/kkj

ij orZeku esa Hkh ml LFkku ij Jh jke tUeHkwfe VªLV vkSj jkeyyk dk fof/kd dCtk vkSj

LokfeRo gSA U;k;ewfrZ [kku us bl iz”u ij vius fu.kZ; eas dgk fd dksbZ Hkh i{kdkj izkjEHk

ls viuk dCtk vkSj LokfeRo lkfcr djus esa lQy ugha jgk gSA fdUrq bl ckr ds I;kZIr

lk{; gSa fd 1855 ds ckn ls nksuks i{kdkjksa dk fookfnr LFky ij la;qDr dCtk gS vkSj

blfy, Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 110 ds vk/kkj ij nksuks i{kdkj mlds la;qDRk

Lokeh gSAa U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd bl ckr ds iq[rk izek.k gSa fd lu~

1855 ls fookfnr LFkku ds ckgjh fgLls ij fgUnqvksa dk dCtk jgk gS rFkk mlds vUnj dk

Hkkx fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa ds la;qDr dCts esa jgk gSA

mijksDr ds vk/kkj ij iw.kZ ihB ds U;k;ewfrZx.kksa us viuk fu.kZ; Hkh

vyx&vyx lquk;kA U;k;ewfrZ “kekZ us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd fookfnr LFky *jkeyyk*

rFkk jke tUeHkwfe U;kl dk gS tcfd U;k;ewfrZ ,l0;w0 [kku rFkk U;k;ewfrZ vxzoky us

vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd fookfnr LFky ij jkeyyk] fuekZsgh v[kkM+k rFkk lqUuh oDQ cksMZ

dk la;qDr LokfeRo gSA

p- fookfnr LFky ij iwtk vpZuk rFkk mldk LokfeRo

bl iz”u ds laCka/k esa lHkh U;k;k/kh”kx.k ,der Fks fd jkeyyk dh ewfrZ;k fookfnr

<k¡ps ds e/; esa 22@23 fnlEcj 1949 dks j[kh x;h] fdUrq iwtk vpZuk dh “kq:vkr ds

lEca/k esa erHksn FksA U;k;ewfrZ ,l0;w0 [kku us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd bl ckr ds Bksl

lcwr gSa fd lu~ 1766 ls 1771 ds nkSjku tc tkslsQ VsQsUFkyj us ml bykds dk Hkze.k

fd;k Fkk rks ogka jke pcwrjk FkkA U;k;y; ds fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj iwjs fookfnr {ks= dks rhu

leku Hkkxksa ckaVs tkus dk funsZ”k fn;k x;kA mlesa ckgj okys fgLls dks fueksZgh v[kkM+s dks

fn, tkus dk funsZ”k fn;k x;k tcfd vUnj ds fgLls dks jketUe Hkwfe vkSj eqlyeku

leqnk; dh vksj ls oDQ cksMZ dks fn, tkus dk vkns”k fn;k x;kA blesa ;g Li’V fd;k

x;k fd og LFkku tgka jkeyyk fojkteku gSa mls fgUnqvksa dks] jke pcwrjk rFkk mlds

ikl dk fgLlk fueksZgh v[kkM+s dks rFkk “ks’k ,d frgkbZ oDQ cksMZ dks fn;k tk;A vnkyr

us ;g Hkh Li’V fd;k fd eqfLye lekt dks de ls de ,d frgkbZ txg vo”ks’k nh tk;A

131

2- lek/kku esa U;k;ky; dh Hkwfedk

bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ds ckn eqdnek lqizhe dksVZ esa ig¡qpk ftl ij 19 ebZ

2011 dks LFkxu vkns”k nsdj lHkh i{kdkjksa ls ;FkkfLFkfr cuk, j[kus dk vkns”k fn;k x;kA mlds

ckn ds djhc ikap o’kksZa esa mlesa jRrh Hkj Hkh izxfr ugha gq;h gSA jke tUeHkwfe izdj.k ds bfrgkl

dks ns[kus ls lkQ gksrk gS fd lgh le; ij fu.kZ; ugha fy;s tkus ds dkj.k mlesa tfVyrk,sa c<+rh

x;haA ;fn lcls igys eqdnesa dk fu.kZ; xq.k nks’k ds vk/kkj ij dj fn;k gksrk rks ;g ekeyk

bruk xaHkhj u gqvk gksrkA igyk eqdnek 29 tuojh 1885 dks nk;j fd;k x;kA eqdnek la[;k

61@280 ds ek/;e ls egUr j?kqcj nkl us lsdzsVjh vkWQ LVsV QkWj bf.M;k ds f[kykQ eqdnek

nk;j djds jkepcwrjk ij efUnj fuekZ.k dh btktr ek¡xhA QStkckn ds lc tt us ,d lky ds

Hkhrj gh 24-12-1885 dks fu.kZ; ns fn;kA mlesa Li’V rkSj ij Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k fd jkepcwrjk

vkSj lhrk jlksbZ ij fgaUnqvksa dk dCtk gS ftl ij fu;fer :Ik ls iwtk vpZuk gksrh gS] fdUrq

fo}ku U;k;k/kh”k us ;g dgrs gq, eafnj fuekZ.k dh vuqefr nsus ls bUdkj dj fn;k fd blls naxk

HkM+d tk,xk vkSj gtkjksa yksxksa dh tkus tk ldrh gSaA bldh vihy ftyk tt ds ikl dh x;hA

ftyk tt us 18-ekpZ- 1886 ds vius fu.kZ; esa bl ckr dks nqHkZX;iw.kZ crk;k fd fgUnqvksa ds fy,

vR;ar ifo= LFky ekus tkus okyh txg ij efLtn cuk nh x;h] fdUrq mUgksaus Hkh fupyh vnkyr

}kjk fn, dkj.kksa ds vk/kkj ij efUnj cukus dh vuqefr nsus ls bUdkj dj fn;k vkSj tc bldh

vihy vo/k ds tqfMf”k;y dfe”uj ds lkeus dh x;h rks ,slk yxrk gS fd lEHkkfor [kwu&[kjkcs

dh vk”kadk ls mlesa gLr{ksi djus ls bUdkj dj fn;kA U;k;ewfrZ ,l0 ;w0 [kku us vius fu.kZ; esa

bl ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd 1885 ds igys eqdnesa dk fu.kZ; ;g Fkk fd mlesa dksbZ

fu.kZ; ugha fy;k x;kA

vktkn Hkkjr esa LokfeRo ls lEcfU/kr igyk eqdnek 16-tuojh-1950 dks nk;j gqvk] ftldk

fu.kZ; 60 o’kksZa esa vk;kA vius fu.kZ; dk vkjEHk djrs gq, mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;ewfrZ ,l0 ;w0

[kku us dgk Fkk fd ;g 1500 oxZ xt dh ,slh tehu ds ckjs esa ftl ij pydj jkLrk cukus esa

nsonwr Hkh Mjrs gSa] fdUrq fo}ku U;k;ewfrZ us vkxs dgk fd ;g bykdk vufxur ck:nh lqjaxks ls

Hkjk gqvk gS ftls gesa lkQ djuk gksxkA mUgksaus vkxs ;g Hkh dgk fd dbZ cqf)eku yksxksa us eq>s Hkh

tksf[ke ysus ls jksdk fdUrq dbZ ckj ,slk tksf[ke ysuk t:jh gksrk gSA ,slk Hkh gksrk gS tc nsonwr

euq’;ksa ds lkeus flj >qdkrs gSa vkSj tc ,slk gksrk gS rks ekuo dh ftEesnkjh gksrh gS fd bl

132

izfr’Bk ds eqrkfcd vkpj.k djsaA U;k;k/kh”kx.kksa ds blh tTcs us laHkor% mudks bl fu.kZ; dks

fy[kus dh izsj.kk nh gksxhA vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd ftl tksf[ke dks 1885 esa ugha fy;k tk ldk

vkSj ftls ysus esa 1950 ls 2010 rd dk YkEck le; yx x;k mls mUgksaus fy;k vkSj lq[kn vk”p;Z

;g jgk fd dksbZ [kwu&[kjkck ugha gqvkA vkt Hkh vke yksxksa dk vnkyr ds Åij Hkjkslk gS vkSj

le; dh ekax gS fd lqizhe dksVZ bl vius le{k yfEcr vihy dks ;Fkk”kh?kz fucVk nsA

133

Jhjke% vkn'kZ vkSj ledkyhu lkekftd&jktuhfrd dk;kdYi lq"kek 1

v#.k dqekj xkSre

izLrqr 'kks/k&i= dk fo"k; ^^Jhjke% vkn'kZ vkSj ledkyhu lkekftd&jktuhfrd dk;kdYi^^

gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa ^Jhjke* dk mYys[k okYehfd Ñr jkek;.k uked xzUFk esa fd;k x;k gSA

;|fi jkek;.k ls dsoy laLÑr lkfgR; gh ugha cfYd leLr Hkkjrh; lkfgR; Hkh izHkkfor gksrk jgk

gSA laLÑr lkfgR; esa jkek;.k dsoy dkO;&xzUFkksa dk gh ugha vfirq ukVkda ,oa pEiw xzUFkksa dk mithO;&xzUFk jgk gSA okYehfd us jkek;.k esa jke dks uk;d ds :i esa O;k[;kf;r fd;k gS] tks

izfrf"Br gksus ds dkj.k vU; ijorhZ xzUFkdkjksa ds fy, jpuk gsrq vk/kkj&Lo:i jgk gSA Hkkjrh;

ijEijk esa uk;d dk Lo:i gS bl fo"k; ij Mk- iadt 'kekZ] dh jpuk egkHkkjr ,oa bfy;M esa

nsork vkSj ekuo ds bl m)j.k dks izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS & uk;d ;k ghjks 'kCn dk iz;ksx

izk;% ml O;fDr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] tks lkekU; euq";ksa ds chp vius Js"B xq.kksa] fof'k"V 'kkS;Z

;k lgu 'kfDr ds dkj.k ,d fo'ks"k LFkku j[krk gSA

Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa uk;dksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS&

1- iwoZt uk;d

2- egkdkO; ds uk;d

iwoZt uk;dksa esa xks=ksa rFkk jktoa'kksa ds laLFkkid vkrs gSaA xks=ksa ds laLFkkid iwoZt uk;dksaa

dh la[;k vkB ekuh xbZ gS & tenfXu] xkSre] Hkkj}kt] fo'okfe=] of'k"V] d';i] vf= rFkk

vxLR; ,sls iwoZtksa ds uke gSaA bu iwoZtksa ls gh vkB xks= fudys tks dkykUrj esa 49 xks=ksa esa

foHkDr gq, vkSj iqu% 49 ls vU; vla[; xks= mRiUu gq,A1

iwoZt uk;dksa ds nwljs oxZ esa jktoa'kksa ds laLFkkid vkrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; uk;dksa ds nwljs oxZ esa egkdkO;ksa ds uk;d vkrs gSa] ftUgsa tulk/kkj.k ds lEeku

rFkk J)k us vfrekuoh; ;k v)Znsoh; Lrj ij igq¡pk fn;k gSA okLro esa egkdkO; ds uk;d tc

,d ckj mPp Lrj dh vksj mBus dh izfØ;k esa vk tkrs gSa] rc bldh ifj.kfr mUgsa nsoRo iznku 1 tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;, ubZ fnYyh&110067

134

djus esa gksrh gSA bl izdkj ds lokZf/kd mi;qDr mnkgj.k jkek;.k ds uk;d jke gSaA jkek;.k ds

izkjfEHkd va'kksa esa jke iw.kZ :i ls ekuoh; uk;d ds :i esa fn[kk, x, gSaA os iq#"kksa esa Js"B gSa rFkk

uSfrdrk] /keZfu"Bk ,oa vkn'kZ LFkkiuk ds lk{kkr ewrZ :i gSa] fdUrq izFke rFkk vafre [k.Mksa esa tks

fd fuf'pr :i ls ckn esa tksMs x, gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i mUgsa bZ'oj rqY; cuk fn;k gS vkSj bl

:i esa og fo".kq ds vorkj crk, x, gSaA Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa jke dh rjg Ñ".k nwljs mnkgj.k gSa]

tks egkHkkjr ds uk;d gSaA fu%lUnsg jke ,oa Ñ".k egkdkO;ksa ds ,sls uk;d gSa] tks izFker% euq"; Fks

ijUrq muds Js"B xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa mPpre Lrj rd igq¡pk fn;k x;k vkSj os nso rqY; gks

x,A1

blds vfrfjDr uk;d ds fo"k; esa fofo/k O;k[;k dh xbZ gSa] ftlesa /kuat; xzUFk gSA

/kuat; us vius xzUFk n'k:id esa uk;d&ukf;dk ds Lo:i dk foLrr foospu fd;k gSA uk;d

fouhr] e/kqj] R;kxh] prqj] fiz; cksyus okyk] yksdfiz; ifo=] okDiVq] izfl) oa'k okyk fLFkj ;qod]

cqf)&mRlkg&Lefr&izKk&dyk rFkk eku ls ;qDr] n`<] rstLoh 'kkL=ksa dk Kkrk vkSj /kkfeZd gksrk

gSA2 uk;d ds pkj Hksn gksrs gSa & /khjyfyr] /khjiz'kkUr] /khjksnkÙk] /khjks)ÙkA3 bl izdkj bu uk;dksa

ds y{k.kksa dks Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS& fpUrkjfgr] ¼xhr vkfn½ dykvksa dk izseh] lq[kh vkSj dksey

uk;d /khjyfyr dgykrk gSA4 tSls jRukoyh ukfVdk ds mn;uA lkekU; xq.kksa ls ;qDr f}t vkfn

uk;d rks /khj iz'kkUr dgykrk gSA5 tSls ekyrhek/ko vkSj ePNdfVd vkfn esa ek/ko ,oa pk#nÙk

vkfn /khjiz'kkUr uk;d gSaA mRÑ"V vUr%dj.k ¼lRo½ okyk vR;Ur xEHkhj] {kek'khy] vkRe'yk?kk u

djus okyk] fLFkj] vgaHkko dks nckdj j[kus okyk] n`<ozrh uk;d /khjksnkÙk dgykrk gSA6 tSls jke

ds izfr dgk x;k gS& vfHk"ksd ds fy, cqyk;s x;s vkSj ou ds fy, Hksts x;s jke dk eq>s rfud Hkh

vkÑfr&fodkj ugha fn[kkbZ iM+kA7 ftlesa ?ke.M ¼niZ½ vkSj Mkg ¼ekRl;Z½ vf/kd gksrk gS] tks ek;k

vkSj diV esa rRij gksrk gS] vgadkjh] papy] Øks/kh rFkk vkRe'yk?kk djus okyk gS] og /khjksnkÙk

uk;d gSA8 blds lkFk gh lkFk vkB izdkj ds lkfÙodxq.kksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gS] 'kksHkk] foykl]

ek/kq;Z] xEHkhjrk] fLFkjrk] rstl yfyr] vkSnk;ZA 'kksHkk foyklks ek/kq;Z xkEHkh;± LFkS;Za rstlhA

1 iadt 'kekZ] egkHkkjr ,oa bfYk;M esa nsork vkSj ekuo] i`-la- 107&8 2 usrk fouhrks e/kqjLR;kxh n{k% fiz;aon% jDryksd% 'kqfpokZXeh #<oa'k% fLFkrks ;qokA cq);qRlkgLe`frizKkdykekulefUor% 'kwjksn`<'prstLoh'kkL=pNq'p/kkfeZd%AA /kuat;] n'k:id] 2@1 3 Hksn'prq/kkZ yfyr'kkUrksnkÙkks)rSj;eA /kuat;] n'k:id] 2@2 4 fuf'pUrks /khjyfyr% dyklä% lq[kh e`nq%A n'k:id] 2@3 5 lkekU;xq.k;qDrLrq /khj'kkUrks f}tkfnd% A n'k:id] 2@4 6 egklÙoks·frxEHkhj% {kekokufodRFku%A fLFkjks fuxw<kgadkjks /khjksnkÙkks n<ozr%A A n'k:id] 2@5 7 egkukVd 3@25 8 niZekRl;Hkwf;"Bks ek;kPNn~eijk;.k%A /khjks)rLRogadkjh py'pp.Mks fodRFkuAA] n'k:id] 2@6

135

yfyrksnk;ZfeR;"Vks lkfÙodk% ikS#"kk xq.kk%AA vkSj ukf;dk,¡ rhu izdkj dh gksrh gS & Lodh;k]

ijdh;k rFkk lk/kkj.kL=hA 1

Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa okYehfd us viuh jpuk esa jke dks uk;d ds :i esa p;fur dj jkek;.k

tSls egkdkO; dh jpuk dhA jke ds fofo/k xq.kksa dks okYehfd us egkdkO; ds vkjEHk esa gh

ifjxf.kr fd;k gS] jkek;.k ds ckydk.M ds izFke lxZ esa jke ds pfj= dh O;k[;k dh x;h gSA

b{okdq&oa'k esa mRiUu gq, ,d ,sls iq#"k gSa] tks yksxksa esa jke&uke ls fo[;kr gSa] os gh eu dks o'k

esa j[kus okys] egkcyoku] dkfUreku] /kS;Zoku vkSj ftrsfUnz; gSaA2 lEiw.kZ xq.kksa ls ;qDr os Jhjke

viuh ekrk dkSlY;k ds vkuUn c<+kus okys gSa] xEHkhjrk esa leqnz vkSj /kS;Z esa fgeky; ds leku gSaA

os fo".kq ds leku cyoku gSa mudk n'kZu pUnzek ds leku euksgj izrhr gksrk gS] os Øks/k esa

dkykfXu ds leku vkSj {kek esa i`Foh ds ln`'k gSa] R;kx esa dqcsj vkSj lR; esa f}rh; /keZjkt ds

leku gSaA bl izdkj mÙke xq.kksa ls ;qDr vkSj lR;ijkØe okys ln~xq.k'kkyh vius fiz; T;s"V iq=

dks tks iztk ds fgr esa layXu jgus okys Fks] iztkoxZ dk fgr djus dh bPNk ls jktk n'kjFk us

izseo'k ;qojkt in ij vfHkf"kDr djuk pkgkA

fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mudk :i dBksjozrh ;k lR;kxzgh dk gSA tc dSds;h dks lUnsg gqvk

fd jktk ds dgus ij ;fn jke ou ugha tk;saxs rks bl lUnzg dk fujkdj.k Lo;a jke djrs gSa dgrs

gSa fd jktk ds pkgus ij eSa leqnz esa ;k vfXu esa dwn ldrk gw¡] eSa vius firk dh vkKk ikdj D;k

ugha dj ldrk\ blfy, nsoh! jktk dks tks vHkh"V gS] og ckr eq>s crkvks! eSa izfrKk djrk gw¡ mls

iw.kZ d#¡xk jke nks i{kksa dh ckr ugha djrk gSA3 jke ds bUgha xq.kksa ls leLr xq.kksa dk Hkh foospu gks

tkr gS] fQj oks pkgs lkekftd vFkok jktuhfrd leLr Lo:i O;k[;kf;r gks tkrk gSA

laLÑr lkfgR; ds vUrxZr jkek;.k vkfndkO; gS4 rFkk bl egkdkO; dh jpuk djus okys

dfo okYehfd vkfn dfo gSaA5 laLÑr lkfgr; esa okYehfd dks vkfndfo dh mikf/k dkfynkl us Hkh

viuh Ñfr j?kqoa'k esa ^^dosjk|L; 'kklukr** iafDr }kjk iznku dh gSA jkek;.k esa d#.k jl dh

iz/kkurk gS] D;ksafd bl egkdkO; dh jpuk gh d#.k jl dh vfHkO;fDr ds ek/;e ls gqbZ gSA15

okYehfd us viuh jpuk jkek;.k esa ftrus Hkh L=h&iq#"k ik=ksa dks lUnfHkZr fd;k gS] os lHkh lekt

1 LokU;k lk/kkj.kL=hfr rn`xq.kk ukf;dk f=/kkA n'k:id] 2@15] 24 2 okYehfd] jkek;.k] ckydk.M] 1@8 3 vga fg opukn~ jkK% irs;efi ikodsA Hk{k;s;a fo"ka rh{.ka irs;efi pk.kZosAA dfj";s izfrtkus p jkeks f}ukZfHkHkk"krsAA ------] ogh] v;ks/;kdk.M]lxZ18] “yksd 29@30 4 ^^jkek;.kekfndkO;a**A LdUniqjk.k] jkek;.kegkRE;] 1@35 5 Indian literary traditional holds Valmiki as the Adikavi the first poem-maker for the honeyed expressions of poetry: The Ramayana in Sanskrit Literature, First Chapter.

136

ds fy, egRoiw.kZ rFkk ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa gekjs lEeq[k izLrqr gksrs gSaA jkek;.k dh dFkkoLrq ,d

vkn'kZ ifjokj dks ek/;e cukdj fufeZr fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa mPp vkn'kks±] uoh; ewY;ksa] uSfrdrk

vkfn leLr vuqdj.kh; Hkkoksa dks ewrZ:i fn;k x;k gSA budksa vk/kkj ekudj gh ,sls vkn'kZ okD;

jps tkrs gSa] ^^jkekfnoRizofrZrO;a u jko.kkfnor~**A1

fdlh Hkh dkO;] ukVd] ukfVdk vFkok izdkj.k ,oa vU; jpukvksa dk ukedj.k uk;d]

ukf;dk] izfrik|oLrq vFkok izeq[k ?kVuk ds vk/kkj ij gh ukV~;dkjksa rFkk xzUFkdkjksa us fd;k gS]

ftlds mnkgj.k Lo:i esa dfri; xzUFkksa dks izLrqr Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS&

1- mÙkjjkepfjr dk uke uk;d ds vk/kkj ijA

2- vfHkKku'kkdqUrye vkSj jRukoyh dk uke ukf;dk ds vk/kkj ijA

3- e`PNdfVd rFkk os.khlagkj dk uke izeq[k ?kVukvksa ds uke ds vk/kkj ijA

4- eqnzkjk{kl dk uke jk{kl dh ml eqnzk ds vk/kkj ijA

jkek;.k ds ukedj.k ds fo"k; esa Mk- jkf/kdkizlkn us Hkh lUnHkZ izLrqr fd;k gS & jkek;.k

^jke*+ v;u* bu nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS¾jke dk ?kj vFkok jke gh ftlds

vk/kkj¼?kj½ gSaA2

jkepfjr dk lok±xiw.kZ o.kZu gksus ds dkj.k ;g /kkfeZd&xzUFk ,oa vkpkj&lafgrk ekuk tkrk

gSA blds lkFk gh lkFk jkek;.k bfrgkl&xzUFk Hkh gS] ftls iape osn dgk tkrk gSA vFkoZosn esa

pkjksa osnksa ds ukeksYys[k ds ckn bfrgkl] iqjk.k] xkFkk vkSj ukjk'kalh dk mYys[k gS&

rep'p lkekfu p ;twaf"k p czã pkuqO;pyuA

???????rfefrgkl'; iqjk.ka p xkFkk'p ukjk'kalh'pkuqO;pyuAA3

bl fo"k; esa dkfey cqYds us Hkh viuh Ñfr jkedFkk mRifÙk ,oa fodkl esa mYysf[kr fd;k

gS& oSfnd lkfgR; esa vk[;ku] bfrgkl rFkk iqjk.k feyrs gSaA ;s czkã.kksa ds vFkZokn ds ,d

vko';d vax le>s tkrs FksA izkphu dky ls /kkfeZd laLdkjksa ,oa ;Kksa ds volj ij ,sfrggkfld

1 fo'oukFk] lkfgR;niZ.k] izFke ifjPNsn] i`- 19 2 jkek;.k ds vkuq"kkafxd lUnHkZ] HkqfedkHkkx] Mk- jkf/kdkizlkn feJ]] i`- 18 3 vFkoZosn] 15&6&8] 11

137

rFkk ikSjkf.kd bUgsa lqukrs FksA vokZphu oSfnd lkfgR; esa ;s ik¡posa osn dgs tkrs gSaA1 ;|fi egkdkO;

esa J`³~xkj] ohj] 'kkUr jlksa dh iz/kkurk crkb± x;h gS vkSj vU; jl muls xkSa.k vFkkZr viz/kku gks

,slk mYys[k feyrk gS2 tcfd jkek;.k d#.k jl iz/kku egkdkO; gS &

ek fu"kkn izfr"Bka Roexe% 'kk'orh% lek%A

;r ØkSpfeFkquknsdeo/kh% dkeeksfgreA3

D;ksafd bl egkdkO; dh jpuk gh d#.k jl dh vfHkO;fDr ds ek/;e ls gqbZ gSA4 okYehfd

ds i'pkr~ ,sls fofo/k fopkjd gq, ftUgksusa viuh jpukvksa esa jkek;.k ds gh dFkkud dks ewy L=ksr

ds :i esa /kkj.k djrs gq, xzUFkksa dh jpuk,a dh gSaA23

dkO;xzUFk& dkfydkn—r&j?kqoa”k] izojlsu—r&lsrqcU/k] dqekjnkl—r&tkudhgj.k]

HkfV~Vr&HkfV~VdkO; ¼jko.ko/k½] jkepfjr{ksesUnz—r& jkek;.keatjh] n”kkorkjpfjr] okeuHkV~V] ck.k—

r&j?kqukFkkH;qn;] lkdY;eYy&mnkjjk?ko pØd—r&tkudhifj.k;] v}Srd—r&jkefyaxker]

eksgLokeh—r&jkepfjr] /kuat;—r&jk?koik.Moh;vkfnA

ukVd&xzUFk- Hkkl—r&izfrekukVd] vfHk’ksdukVd] HkoHkwfr—r&egkohjpfjr] mÙkjkepfjr] eqjkfj—

r&vu?kZjk?ko] jkt”ks[kj—r&ckyjkek;.k] fnM~Xukx—r&dqunekyk] guqeku—r&egkukVd] t;nso—

r&izlUujk?ko pEiw&xzUFk Hkkst—r&jkek;.kpEiw osadVk/ofj—r&mÙkjpEiwA

jkek;.k dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, jkf/kdkizlkn us fy[kk gS& jkek;.k esa dkSVqfEcd

thou dks ljl vkSj lQy cukus okyh mu dksey Hkkoukvksa dk lfUuos'k gS] tks Hkkjrh;ksa esa lnk

ikjLifjd vuqjkx] lR;] lnkpkj vkSj cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk dks tkxr dj mUgsa LodÙkZO; ikyu ds

izfr ltx ,oa izsfjr djrh gSA5 jkek;.k esa jke dk pfj= dsoy O;fDrxr u jgdj lEiw.kZ oxZ]

leqnk;] jk"Vª rFkk ekuork dks izHkkfor djrk gSA jke esa jktk] HkkbZ] fe=] iq= bR;kfn ds vkn'kZ

xq.k lefUor gSaA oS;fDrd ijkØe ,oa ohjrk ls i`Foh ry ls Åij mBdj ,d mnkÙk pfj= vkn'kZ

LFkkfir djrs gSaA izks- fl)kUr ds vuqlkj jkek;.k fodflr ohj ;qx dh jpuk gSA okYehfd us vius

1 vFkoZ.k- prqFkZe] bfrgkl&iqjk.ka iapreeA cqYds] dkfey] jkedFkk mRifÙk ,oa fodkl] i`-la- 105 2 Jaxkjohj'kkUrkukesdks·xhajlb";rsA vaxkfulosZ·fijlk%loZukVdlU/k;%AA& fo'oukFk] lkfgR;niZ.k] 6@317 3 The Ramayana in Sanskrit Literature First Chapter, page no. 2 4 xkSjksyk] okpLifr] laLÑr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] i`-la- 188 5 Mk- jkf/kdkizlkn feJ] jkek;.k ds vkuq"kafxd lUnHkZ] HkwfedkHkkx] i`- 18

138

ik= ohj xkFkkvksa ls fy, gSa vkSj mudk pfj= vius ;qx ds Lrj ds vuqlkj fufeZr fd;k gSA1 bl

izdkj okYehfd us ,d vkn'kZ lekt dh ifjdYiuk djrs gq, jkek;.k dh jpuk dh ftlds

ifj.kkeLo:i ,d vkn'kZ jkejkT; dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

bldh LFkkiuk esa eq[; :i ls jkek;.k ds jke&lhrk bu nks izeq[k ik=ksa dk vR;f/kd

lg;ksx jgk gS] jkek;.k ds Js"B /keZ ifrozrk ds /keZ dks lhrk us rFkk iRuhozrk /keZ dks jke us cgqr

gh mRÑ"V :i ls ?kfVr fd;k gS] ftlesa jke ,oa lhrk nksuksa dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA2 jkejkT;

ds fo"k; esa vU; xzUFkksa esa foospu fd;k x;k gSS& jke iztk dks gj rjg ls izlUu j[kus dk xq.k Hkh

cM+k gh vkn'kZ FkkA os viuh iztk dk iq= ls Hkh c<+dj okRlY; izse ls ikyu djrs FksA lnk&loZnk

muds fgr esa jr jgrs FksA bUgha dkj.kksa ls v;ks/;kokfl;ksa dk mu ij vn~Hkqr izse FkkA jke ds

ouxeu dk fp=dwV esa Hkjr ds lkFk iztk ls feyus dk vkSj ije/kke esa i/kkjus ds le; dk o.kZu

i<+us ls irk pyrk gS] fd vkjEHk ls ysdj vUrrd iztk lHkh L=h&iq#"kksa dk jke esa vn~Hkqr Lusg

jgk gS] mUgsa jke dk fo;ksx vlá gks x;k vkSj os jke ds ouxeu ds le; leLr iztk Hkh lkFk

pyus ds fy, rS;kj gks xbZA jke dks cgqr vuqu;&fou; djus ij iztk dks eukuk iM+kA blds

vfrfjDr lhrk ds fo;ksx esa jke us ,d lk/kkj.k fojg&O;kdqy dkeh euq"; dh Hkk¡fr foyki fd;k

Fkk] tcfd izk.k fiz; lhrk dk iztk dh izlUurk ds fy, R;kx fn;k ftlds foLr`r :i esa foospu

jkek;.k ds dFkkud ij vk/kkfjr xzUFk mÙkjjkepfjr esa fd;k x;k gSA jke dk pfj= vius dqVqEc esa

vfr'k; e`n` gSA vius dqVqEc ds NksVs&cM+s fdlh ij mUgksusa Øks/k ugha fd;kA os yksdlaxzgh Fks] tSlk

ckydk.M esa mn~/kr gS& ekr`H;ks ekr`dk;Zf.k ÑRok ije;fUr%A xq#.kka xq#dk;kZf.k dkys

dkys·UooS{krAA3

fdlh Hkh jkT; esa jktk ds egÙo gksrk gS] jkek;.k esa Hkh jktk ds egÙo dks Lohdkj fd;k

x;k gS] mlds vuqlkj jktk] lR;] /keZ] ekrk] firk] xq#] j{kd vkSj lEiw.kZ txr gSA ogh izkf.k;ksa

dk mRiknd ,oa j{kd gSA jkT; ds fy, jktk dh vko';drk ds lUnHkZ esa jkek;.k esa cM+h lqUnj

O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA tSls Xokys ds fcuk xk;] pUnzek ds fcuk jkf=] ty ds fcuk ufn;k¡] ?kkl ds

fcuk ou 'kksHkk ugha ikrs mlh izdkj jktk jfgr jkT; dh 'kksHkk ugha ikrkA4 jktk ds izfrdwy

vkpkj.k djus okyk O;fDr dHkh lq[kh ugha jgrk vkSj mldk o/k djus okyk ujdxkeh gksrk gSA

1 Prof. N.K. Siddhant, the heroic age of India, page- 89-90, London, 1929 2 t;n;ky xk;Undk] jkek;.k ds dqN vkn'kZ ik=] i`- 25 3 okYehfd] jkek;.k] ckydk.M] 77@22] 4 okYehfd jkek;.k] v;ks/;kdk.M] 67/29

139

bl izdkj ls jktk ds dk;ks± vkSj xq.kksa ls izHkkfor gksdj mls nsoÙo Hkh iznku fd;k gSA1 jktk ds

mÙifr&fo"k;d vo/kkj.kk esa jkek;.k esa Hkh bl ckr dh iqf"V gksrh gSA egf"kZ vxLR; jke ls dgrs

gSa] fd lr;qx esa iztk fcuk jktk ds Fkh dkykUrj esa bUnz nsorkvksa ds jktk gq, vkSj rRi'pkr

euq";ksa ds jktk dh l`f"V gqbZA2 jkek;.k u dsoy bl fo'kky jk"Vª ds tu&thou dks izHkkfor ,oa

izsfjr djusokyh ,d viwoZ rFkk laiwftr Ñfr fl) gqbZ] vfirq ijorhZ laLÑr ok³~e; dks laof)Zr

,oa iYyfor djus esa Hkh mldk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA jkek;.k ds izHkko ls laLÑr ds

dfo;ksa&egkdfo;ksa us e;kZfnr ,oa vkn'kZe; pfjrksa dh l`f"V djds lkekftd thou ds mRFkku esa

iz”kaluh; dk;Z fd;kA3

jktk ds xq.kksa ds fo"k; esa izse dqekjh us ^jkek;.k esa jkT;&O;oLFkk* esa jktk ls visf{kr dqN

xq.kksa dk fooj.k dks O;k[;k;kfr fd;k gSA4 jke ds dFku ls O;Dr gS] jktk] vfXu] bUnz] lkse] ;e]

vkSj o#.k bu 5 nsorkvksa ds Lo:i /kkj.k djrk gS] ,rnFkZ bu ik¡pksa ds xq.k mlesa fo|eku jgrs

gSa A

iap :ikf.k jktkuks /kkj;UR;ferkStl%A vXuSfjUnzL; lkseL; ;eL; o#.kL; p AA

vkS".;a rFkk foØe p lkSE;a n.M izlUurkeA /kkj;fUr egkRekuksa jktku% {k.knkpj%AA5

jkek;.k ds dFkkud ls izsfjr gksdj xksiky mik/;k; us vius jpuk ^jke&dFkk* esa jkedFkk

ls lEcfU/kr dfri; fopkjksa dks mfYyf[kr fd;k gS& ^^jkek;.k gekjh lkaLÑfrd igpku dk L=ksr

gSA jke ,d ,slh O;oLFkk ds mUuk;d vkSj lefiZr O;fDr gSa] ftudk viuk lq[k nwljs dh vk¡[kksa esa

vk¡lw u ns[kus esa fufgr gSA jke&dFkk gtkjksa lkyksa ds bl nh?kZ vUrjky esa ,d /kkfeZd laLdkj

cudj bl jk"Vª ds yksxksa ds eu ij ,d thouh 'kfDr dh rjg Nk xbZ gS] rHkh fofo/k lEcks/kuksa esa

tSls&gjs jke] R;kfn 'kqHk&v'kqHk ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns[krs&lqurs gh gekjs eq[k ls vuk;kl gh 'okl dh

rjg mPNokflr gks tkrk gS] ,slk D;ksa gksrk gS] bu lc ckrksa ij foe'kZ djus ls Li"V gksrk gS] fd

jke dFkk tUe ls gh O;fDr ds eu esa cl x;h gSA vr% jkedFkk bl ns'k ds tu&eu dh vkLFkk

ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA /keZ ds :i esa] fopkj ds :i esa Hkh**A6

1 Mk- izse dqekjh] jkek;.k esa jkT;O;oLFkk] i`-la- 11 2 okYehfd jkek;.k] mÙkjdkaM] lxZ 76] “yksd- 38-39 3 xkSjksyk] okpLifr] laLÑr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] i`- la- 190 4 jkek;.k esa jkT;&O;oLFkk] izse dqekjh nhf{kr] i`-la- 11] vpZuk izdk'ku y[kuÅ] 1971 5 okYehfd jke;.k] vj.; 40-12&13 6 xksiky mik/;k;] jke&dFkk] HkwfedkHkkx

140

bl izdkj jke&lEcU/kh mi;qZDr fofo/k i{kkas dks O;k[;kf;r fd;k x;k gS] vkSj bu fofo/k i{kkas dk

leUo; okYehfd Ñr jkek;.k esa fd;k x;k gSA jkek;.k esa O;k[;kf;r fofo/k i{k ijorhZ xzUFkdkjksa

ds fy, mithO; dkO; ds :i esa izfrf"Br gqvk gSA jkek;.k ds mi;qZDr mn~/kj.kksa }kjk Li"V gS] fd

;g ek= vkfndkO; gh ugha vfirq Hkkjrh; Kku ijEijk esa ,d ,sfrgkfld izek.k Hkh gSA

lUnHkZ&xzUFk lwph

1. okYehfd] jkek;.k] xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj] mÙkj izns'k] 1999

2. t;n;ky xks;Undk] jkek;.k ds dqN vkn'kZ ik=] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] 2061

3. iadt 'kekZ] egkHkkjr ,oa bfy;M eas nsork vkSj ekuo] vukfedk ifCy'klZ ,.M fMLVªhC;wVlZ fnYyh] 1996

4. izks- th-ch- dkuwuxks] lR; jkek;.k ¼,sfrgkfld&iqjkrkfÙod&HkkSxksfyd½] fgUnh cqd lsUVj] ubZ fnYyh] 1995

5. Mk- izsedqekjh nhf{kr] jkek;.k esa jkT;&O;oLFkk] vpZuk izdk'ku y[kuÅ] 1971

6. jke'kj.k xkS.k] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds vk/kkj&L=ksr] Lojkt izdk'ku fnYyh] 1998

7. Mk- jkf/kdkizlkn feJ] jkek;.k ds vkuq"kkafxd lUnHkZ] Hkkjrh; fo|kHkou izdk'ku] okjk.klh] 2002

8. xksiky mik/;k;] jke&dFkk] lkef;d izdk'ku fnYyh] 1986

141

e;kZnk iq#"kksÙke dh eaxy;k=k dk izHkko

Mk0 jktsUnz flag1 Mk0 fotsUnz ukFk ikBd

v;ks/;k dksfV&dksfV lukruh turk dh vkjk/;LFkyh gSA og lk{kkr~ Hkxkoku Jhjke dh

ewfrZEk;h LFkyh gSA ogk¡ iki ÑR; izfrikfnr ugha gksrs rFkk og lnSo iq.;e;h cuh jgrh gSA 'kkL=ksa

esa ;gk¡ rd dgk x;k gS fd Hkxoku~ Jhjke ds ekxZ esa ifFkd ftruk dne pyrk gS] mrus

dne&dne ij mls vÜoes/k ;K dk Qy izkIr gks tkrk gSA ogk¡ thfor voLFkk esa gh euq";ksa dks

rkjus okyh iq.; lfyyk lj;w th fojkteku gSaA czãk ,oa fo".kq ds feyu ds le; HkkofHkO;fä ds

tks izsekJq fudys Fks mls vius ekufld ljksoj eaas czãk th us j[kk Fkk vkSj Hkxoku f'ko dks izLrqr

fd;k FkkA mlh ekuljksoj ls mRi= gksus ds dkj.k mldk us=tk;k czãkekul rhFkZ dk uke iM+k

vkSj mlh ljksoj ls mRi= gksus dkj.k mldk lj;w uke fn;k x;kA

LoxZ }kj rhFkZ] Jh pUnz gfj efUnj] Jh ukxsÜosj ukFk efUnj] Hkxorh fonsg ru;k lfgr jRu

flagklu ij fojkteku /kuq"kck.k /kkjh Hkxoku Jhjke] guqekux<+h] lhrkdwi rhFkZ] dudHkou] eŸk

xtsUnz] lIrlkxj rhFkZ] nsodkyh] lw;Zdq.M] lgL=/kkjk] Jh y{e.k efUnj] Jh xqIrgfj?kkV] Jh fueZyh

dq.M] Jh euksjek rhFkZ] foYogfj] uUnhxzke ,oa Hkjr rhFkZ] Jh of'k"B dq.M] Jhiw.;gfj] ef.k ioZr]

Jh fo|kdq.M ,oa Hkxoku Jhjke dh tUeHkwfe dh ikou ifo= LFkyh] Jh v;ks/;k /kke dks izHkw dk

ewrZeku :i cuk nsrh gSA

Hkxoku Hkk";dkj us lkSUn;Z ygjh2 esa Jhjkeuxjh v;ks/;k dks fo'ky] dY;k.kxq.k fof'k"V]

LQqV :fp ijkEck dh n`f"V ds ln`'kdh laKk nh gSA

Þfo'kkyk dY;k.kh LQwV:fpj;ks/;k dqoy;S%A

Ñik/kkjk··/kkjk fdefia e/kqjk··Hkksxofrdk AA

voUrh n`f"VLrs cgquxj foLrkj fot;k A

/kqoa rŸk=ke O;ogj.k;ksX;k fot;rs AAÞ

;gk¡ v;ks/;k dks LQqV :fp% LQqVk izdVk :fp% dkfUr;ZL;k% lk vk;ks/;k3 dh laKk nh xbZ

rFkk Hkxorh ds Ñik dVk{kkuqlkj uxjh ds ukedj.k dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA efgeke;h v;ks/;k

1 euksfoKku foHkkx,egkRek xka/kh dk'kh fo|kihB] okjk.klh 2 iq.; 'yksd ds bu lHkh iq.; LFkyksa dk foLrr fooj.k ifjf'k"V esa fn;k x;k gSA 3 'yksd 49 blds foLrr vFkZ ds ifjKku gsrq lkSUn;Z ygjh dh y{eh/kjk] xksiky&lqUnjh] vkuUn ygjh] inkFkZ pfUnzdk rFkk rkRi;Z nhfiuh Vhdk dk voyksdu djsaA

142

dh efgek dh eqdqVef.k Jhjke tUeHkwfe dk m)kj egkeuh"kh dh eaxye; yksd;k=k ds

d.Vdkdh.kZ iFk dk fnO; lacy gSA og yksd;k=k leLr izkf.k;ksa ds ikjekfFkZd eaxy dkeuk ds

lw= dks fijksus dh oSfnd xkFkk gSA ;g ;k=k lef"V ds eaxyksRFkku esa O;f"V ds eaxyksRFkku dh n`f"V

dh lexzrk dh ikSjkf.kd dFkk gS] ftlesa izkphurk ds vo'ks"k uohurk ds mUes"k dks vxzlkfjr dj

jgs gSaA ;g eaxy yksd;k=k vuUr czãk.Mxr lkSUn;Z ek/kq;kZfn fcUnqvksa ds mn~xe LFky lkSUn;kZfn

lq/kk tyfuf/k Hkxoku ds e/kqj Lo:i esa vkLkä gksdj] mlls izkIr LkkSUn;Z fcUnq dks yksd dY;k.k]

yksd mRFkku rFkk lkekftd lejlrk dh osnh ij yqVk nsus dh eksgd ,oa izsjd ln~xkFkk gSA ;g

,d ,sls loZHkwr lqâ; dh ;k=k dk orkUr gS] ftUgksaus vius ti] ri] viuh /;ku iwtk ls izkIRk

flf);ksa RkFkk ijkflf);ksa dks vkrZ izkf.k;ksa ds vkrZuk'ku dk;ZØe esa yxkdj mUgsa vkrZfoeqä dj

fn;kA fu"i{krk] Lo:i dh vkd"kZd HkO;rk] fnO;Lej.k 'kfä] Hkfä dk mnzsd] ijksidkfjrk] loZtu

dY;k.k dh vuqfnu eaxy dkeuk] n;kyqrk] ijnq[kdkrjrk] leHkko] cky lqyHk izlUurk ,oa

fuÜpUrrk rFkk oS;fäd ladfyr vtZu dks yksddY;k.k ij U;ksNkoj djus dh vnE; mRlkge;h

Hkkouk gh egkeuh"kh dh eaxye; yksd;k=k dsk yksdksŸkj cuk nsrh gSA ;g ek=k dkss rUek=k esa

frjksfgr djuk gSA ,slh gh ;k=k dks osnkUrh yksd ßfpfr&rUek=k** dgrs gSA

dŸkZO; dk lkSUn;Z fdlh ifjHkk"kk dh vis{kk ugha j[krkA yksd dY;k.k dh psruk Hkkoksa dh

mnj ljhrk esa fgyksjs ysus yxrh gSA lkSUn;Z ckgjh vkoj.k dh nqfu;k dks NksM+dj vUr%dj.k dh

fnO; vuqHkwfr esa mrj tkrk gSA LFkwr lw{e esa lekfgr gkssus yxrk gS rFkk yksd dY;k.k dh

yksdkrhrjle;rk fojkVlŸkk dk lk{kkRdkj djkus yxrh gSA eaxye; yksd dY;k.k ;k=k dk ;gh

lksiku gS] tgk¡ ifFkd vius fy, ugha yksd eaxy ds fy, thrk gSA tgk¡ fpjk;qrk 'khy eaxy ls

;qä gksdj vius y{; dh vksj fnO; vkxs c<+rh jgrh gSA egkuh"kh dh ;g yksd;k=k buds orZeku

vorj.k dh fnO; yhyk rks gS gh] iwoZtUe esa Hkh ;g ;k=k fuckZ/kxfr ls lEi= gqbZ gksxh vkSj ;g

orZeku ;k=k dk 'ks"k fpUg ;k vopsru esa fNis laLdkj dk ewrZeku :i gSA

ßrPPkslk Lejfr uwuecks/kiwoZ A

HkkokfLFkjf.k tUkUrkj lkSânkfuAÞ

iwT;oj dh yksd;k=k czãk izpkj ;k fn[kkus dk vkMEcj ugha gS] og ij nq%[k dkrjrk ds

vkUrfjd lkSUn;Z dk okgd gSA og ;k=k fdlh fo'ks"k.k dh vis{kk ugha j[krh] oju~ dSoY;rk dk

laokgd cu tkrh gSA ;g ;k=k vU/kdkj ds okrkoj.k esa lR; ds izdk'k dks [kkst dh ;k=k gSA ;g

,d ,sls /keZ lezkV dh yksd;k=k dh lqe/kqj dFkk gS] ftUgsa vius OkS;fäd lq[k&lkSUn;Z ds lk/ku

dks nwljksa ds fy, NksM+dj Loa; vfdapu cuuk Lohdkj gSA ;g thoRo dh f'koRo cuus dh dgkuh

143

gSA ;g ,d ,sls euh"kh dh yksdeaxy ;k=k gS] ftUgksaus laklkfjd vk/;kfRed ßgn] csgn rFkk gn

,oa csgnÞ dh lhek ikj dj tkxfrd lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr dks vk/;kfRed lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr ls tksM+ fn;k gSA

;gh loZexay esa vius exay dks ns[kus dh Qdhjh gSA

bu egkeuh"kh us vius yksdeaxy ;k=k dh vFkd dM+h esa ekuo thou dh fofo/kkrk ds

leqnz dk eaFku dj vere;h Ñik dk izlkn yksd esa ckaV fn;k rFkk yksd dks veaxy ls cpkus ds

fy, Lo;a d"V] IkhM+k]O;Fkk] vkHko rFkk la=kl dk fo"kiku dj fy;kA ,sls gh egkeuhf"k;kas ds fy,

;g dgk x;k gS fd]

ÞflQZ ver dh vk'kk fy, gh fy, geus lkjk tUe flU/kq eaFku fd;kA

tks fdukjs Fks oks ok:.kh ik x;s] gedks fo"k fey x;k] vkpeu ds fy, AAÞ

ekuo thou dh foykse/kehZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fcp eaxy lEcU/k ,oa exay dkeuk dh fu;ked

;g yksd;k=k f'koRo vFkkZr yksddY;k.k dk lsrq miLFkkfir djrh gSA ije iwT; blh vkRecks/k ds

lsrq ij vofLFkr gksdj ladV dh ?kM+h esa Hkh eaxy Hkfo"; dh lEHkkouk ns[krs gSaA ir>M+ esa Hkh

oklUrh fdly; ls vksr&izksr jgrs gSaA O;ä esa vO;ä dh vuqHkwfr djrs gSaA blh dks

o`gkj.;dksifu"kn~ eas Þ,"k lsrwfo/kZj.kk% dgk x;k gS] tgk¡ vkdkj vRecks/k psruk ds fojkV vk;ke dks

mdsj nsrk gS] ân; dk cUn dikV [kqy tkrk gS] eu fo'kkyrk dk voyEcu xzg.k djrk gS] rFkk

O;f"V esa lef"V ds Hkko dk LiUnu flgjus yxrk gSA blh dks mifu"kn~ esa foLrkj ls le>k;k x;k

gSA

vr% tc ge Hkko foºoy gksdj egkeuh"kh ds yksdksŸkj O;fäRo dk lkehI; xzg.k djrs gSaA

rc og muds v'ks"k vk'kh"k dh o"kkZ] ml lkfu); dh vuqHkwfr] muds yksd dY;k.k ds iFk ij

vfMx cus jgus dk f'ko ladYi rFkk yksdeaxy dh lrr dkeuk ,d vn~Hkqr eaxycks/k dh vuqHkwfr

djkrk gSA f'koRo dh vk/kkj f'kyk yksd dY;k.k gS] lHkh dY;k.k ds Hkko dk vkRehdj.k rFkk

lcdh eaxy dkeuk dh Hkkoksnzsdrk gh f'kork ;k dY;k.k dk ewrZeku :i gSaA egkeuh"kh dh yksd

eaxy;k=k dk mn~ns'; lkalkfjd thou esa vusd izdkj ds ?kqys gq, fo"k dks ipkdj ml ij fot;

ikdj vere; dj nsuk gSA lr~ i{k ds ve`r dks lqyHk djkuk rFkk vlr~ i{k ds fo"k dks nwj

djuk gh f'koRo gS vkSj blhfy, Þxq:'kadj:fi.ke~ dgk x;k gSA ije iwT;oj HkkSfrdrk dks

vk/;kfRedrk ls tksM+dj lkekftd dY;k.k dk iFk laPkkfyr djrs gSaA mudh yksdeaxy ;k=k

HkkSfrdrk rFkk ikÜpkR;orZuh thou 'kSyh dks 'kq) mnkŸk rFkk eaxyksUeq[k dj jgh gSA vk/;kfRedrk

dks u;k vk;ke feyk gSA og vk;ke gS vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa ds }kjk vkRe'kqf) dh izfØ;k dks viukus

dh yyd] ftlls ekuo ije Hkxor gksdj leLr lalkj dks eaxy ,oa dY;k.k ds iFk ij ys tkus

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ds iz;kl dk ekxhZ gks ldrk gSaA iwT;oj vfo|k vFkkZr~ vkR;kfRedrk ds leUo;d gSa vkSj

bZ'kkoL;ksifu"kn~ ds bl ea= ds eaxye; ewrZ:i gSA tks fo|k&vfOk|k nksuska dks ,d lkFk le>rk gS]

vkpj.k djrk gS] og vfo|k ls eR;q dk rj.k dj fo|k ls ver dh izkfIr djrk gSA

Þfo|ka pkfo|k p ;Lrn~ osnks Hk;a lg A1

vfo|;k eR;qa rhRokZ fo+|k;k·e`re'uqrsAA

vr% ;g yksd ;k=k fo|k&vfo|k dk la;ksx djkdj llhe dks vlhe dh vksj mUeq[k djus

dk lgt ;ksx gS] m/kj izos'k djus dk lqxe lksiku gSaA veaxy esa eaxy ns[kuk] HkkSfrdrk eaas

vk/;kfRedrk dk iqV nsuk gh bl yksd eaxy;k=k dk eaxykpj.k gSA ;g ;k=k lkSeuL; lkeatL;

rFkk ln~Hkko dh laofgdk gSA ijLij fojks/kh }U}ksa ,oa fo"kerkvksa esa leHkko yk nsuh gh lPps ;ksxh

dk y{k.k gSA ;gh xhrk dk ÞleksHkwRok leRo ;ksx mPPkrsAÞ2 vFkkZr flf) vkSj vflf) esa leku cqf)

j[kus okyk gh ;ksxLFk dgykrk gSA blhfy, iwT;oj dh Ñik n`f"V] nhughu] nfyr] fu/kZu] /kuoku]

riLoh x`gLFk lc ij leku :i ls iM+rh gSA vkSj lHkh mls izkIr dj ÑRÑR; gksrs gSaaA ekuo

dY;k.k iFk ds egkifFkd bl lalkj dks ,d jaxeap ds :i esa ns[krs gSA tgkW izR;sd vorkjh iq:"k

dks viuh fof'k"V Hkwfedk fuHkkuh iM+rh gS vkSj iwT;oj dh Hkwfedk yksd dY;k.kijd dh Hkwfedk gSA

e;kZnk iq#"kksÙke dh eaxy;k=k esa lejlrk] ukjhm)kj] NqvkNqr frjLdrksa dks viukuk ,oa

lEekuiwoZd LFkkfir djukA uxj ,oa ou {ks= ds fuokfl;ksa ds Hksn dks nwj djuk lkFk gh eaxy;k=k

esa jk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa v[k.Mrk dks cuk;s j[kus dk lans'k lekt dks izkIr gksrk gSA orZeku le; esa

tc nf{k.k ds jkT;ksa ,oa iwoksZÙkj ds jkT;ksa esa vyxkookn cgqr pje ij Fkk rc e;kZnk iq#"kksRre

jke ds tUeHkwfe dk vkUnksyu lewps ns'k ds jkT;ksa esa ,drk ,oa v[k.Mrk dk ,d u;k v/;k;

fy[kkA

1 b'kksifu"kn 11 2 2@48 txn~xq: 'kadjkpk;Z /keZØkafr ls dkjkxkj rd] czãpkjh lqcq)kuUnA

145

jke dk O;fDrRo iFk&çn'kZd gS

MkW xhrk ;kno1 MkW y{eh ukjk;.k2

bfrgkl vkSj jktuhfr esa :fp rFkk vkykspukRed –f"V j[kus okys 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa rFkk fo}kuksa

dks pkfg, fd os jke vkSj jkedFkk dk xgurk ls v/;;u djsa & fo'ks"kr% orZeku ;qx dh jktuhfr

ds lanHkZ esaA jke dh jktuhfr vkSj dwVuhfr dk v/;;u djrs gq, orZekudkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa

mldk iquikZB djsa vkSj mldh fdruh çklafxdrk gS & bls ns[ksa vkSj mlls lh[kus dk ç;kl djsaA

;g fdrus vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd Js"B jktk vkSj jkt&ç.kkyh dk o.kZu djrs gq, ge cM+h lgtrk

ls lezkV v'kksd] 'ksj'kkg lwjh] vdcj bR;kfn jktkvksa dk o.kZu dj Mkyrs gSa ij jktk jke vkSj

jke&jkT; dh ckr vkrs gh [krjukd rjhds ls lkEçnkf;drk vkSj vlfg".kqrk ds f'kdkj gks tkrs

gSaA tcfd lPpkbZ ;g gS fd orZekudkyhu fo'o dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku [kkstus ds fy, gesa jke

vkSj jke&jkT; dh 'kj.k esa tkuk gh gksxkA

ge lc tkurs gSa vkSj cM+s nq[k dh ckr gS fd vkt ns'k vkSj lekt dh lcls Hkz"V csbZeku

laLFkkvksa esa ,d ekuh tkrh gS & jktuhfrA bl ij ckj&ckj fpark Hkh çdV dh tkrh gS] D;ksafd

jktuhfr ds fcuk xqtkjk Hkh rks ugh gSA njvly jktuhfr ds gekjs ekud 1000 o’kksZ dh ml

jktuhfr ds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr gq, gaS] tc Hkkjr fujarj ijk/khu jgkA LokHkkfod gS fd fons”kh

“kkldksa us bl izdkj dh “kklu O;oLFkk dk;Ek dh tks lŸkk oxZ dh lq[k lqfo/kkvksa ds vuqlkj FkahA

og jktuhfr lq[k Hkksxus ds fy, cuh Fkh] lq[k nsus ds fy, ughA lS)kafrd :Ik ls jktk vkSj

ljdkj dk igyk dŸkZO; yksdY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA vk/kqfud jktuhfr ”kkL= ds

vuqlkj yksdrkaf=d vkSj lektoknh O;oLFkk,¡ blh izdkj dh gSa ftuds dsUnz esa yksd vkSaj lekt

gSaA budh rqyuk esa jkt”kkgh vkSj jktra= dks gs; ekuk x;k gS] D;ksafd ,slk eku fy;k x;k gS fd

jktra= esa jktk fujadq”k gksrk Fkk] lŸkk dk ,d gh dsanz Fkk] yksder dk egRo ugha Fkk] oa”kokn Fkk]

jkT; esa dqN gh yksx lq[kh Fks vkSj dqN yksxksa dk fgr l/krk FkkA ij iz”u ;g mBrk gS fd buesa

ls ,slh dkSu lh cqjkbZ gS tks orZeku dh yksdrkaf=d ;k lektoknh dgh tkus okyh O;oLFkk esa ugha

gSA dkSu lk ,slk usrk gS tks ikVhZ ds vanj ;k ckgj viuk fojks/k lgrk gS] tks viuh vkykspuk

lqurk gS] tks yksder dks egRo nsrk gS vkSj vius fojksf/k;ksa dks O;ofLFkr <ax ls fBdkus ugha

yxkrk gSA ij jke dh jktuhfr ds dsUnz esa R;kx] RkiL;k vkSj yksd dY;k.k gSA jke dk tUe gh

1 ,sflLVsaV izksQslj] fganh foHkkx] Mh-,-oh- efgyk egkfo|ky;] dkslyh 2 ,slksfl;sV izksQslj] xf.kr foHkkx] vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso dkWyst] fnYyh

146

blhfy, gqvk gS & yksd dY;k.k vkSj lqjkt dh LFkkiuk gsrqA ;g lqjkt vlkekftd rRoksa]

vkradokfn;ksa vkSj viuh “kfDr;ksa dk nq:Ik;ksx djus okyksa dks Uk’V fd, fcuk ugha LFkkfir gks

ldrkA

vxj ge ns[ksa fd fo'o vkt fdu leL;kvkas ls lcls vf/kd tw> jgk gS rks muesa çeq[k

gS& vkradokn] Hkw[k] xjhch vkSj i;kZoj.k vlarqyuA tks 'kkld vFkok tks ljdkj viuh iztk dks

bu lc leL;kvksa ls eqä djkus esa l{ke ugh gS] ifj.kkeLo:i ftldh çtk nq[kh gS] jke dgrs gSa

fd og jktk ujd dk vf/kdkjh gSA vk/kqfud jktuhfr “kkL= ljdkj vkSj yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT;

dh fo”ks’krk,¡ rks crkrk gS ij viuk dŸkZO; ikyu u djus okyh ljdkjksa ds lkFk D;k lywd gks]

bl fo’k; esa bruk gh dgrk gS fd *vxys pquko esa turk bUgsa lcd fl[kk,A* fdlh rjg dh

rkM+uk] izrkM+uk ogk¡ ugha gSA ijarq jkepfjrekul esa ouokl izlax esa tc y{e.k jke ds lkFk pyus

dh izkFkZuk djrs gSa rks jke mUgs dgrs gSa fd gs HkkbZ rqe v;ks/;k esa jgks vkSj lcdks larks’k nsrs jgksA

ugha rks cMk nks’k gksxk D;ksafd

*tklq jkt fiz; iztk nq[kkjhA lks u`Ik vofl ujd vf/kdkjhA*

D;k vkt dk dksbZ usrk bl rjg dh ckr dg ldrk gS \ blh izdkj jke eqfu okYehfd ls

vius jgus ;ksX; LFkku ds ckjs esa iwNrs gq, dgrs gSa fd tgk¡ vkidh vkKk gks vkSj tgk¡ dksbZ Hkh

eqfu m}sx dks izkIr u gks] eq>s og LFkku crkb,] D;ksafd ftuls eqfu vkSj riLoh nq[k ikrs gSa] os

jktk fcuk vfXu ds gh ty tkrs gaS &

*eqfu rkil ftUg rsa nq[k ygghaA rs ujsl fcuq ikod ngghaAA*

dŸkZO;ghu jktk ds fy, blls c<dj frjLdkj] f/kDdkj vkSj rkM+uk dksbZ ugha gSA jktk dk

igyk drZO; gS&viuh iztk dks gj rjg ls lq[k nsuk] mu lHkh drZO;ksa dk ikyu djuk ftudk

o.kZu /keZ”kkL=ksa vkSj lafo/kku esa gSA

jke ds tUe dk dkj.k gh vlqjksa dk vFkkZr vkradokfn;ksa] mxzokfn;ksa vkSj vlkekftd rRoksa

dk uk”k dj /kjrh dks Hk; ls eqDr djuk gSA ;g Loa; jke dh ?kks’k.kk gS fd&

*gfjgm¡ ldy Hkwfe x#vkbZA fuHkZ; gksgq nso leqnkbZAA*

147

bl ?kks’k.kk esa fo”ks’k ckr gS & nso lekt vFkkZr lk/kq&larksa] lTtuksa dks fuHkZ; gksus dk vk”okluA

jke ds jkT; esa vklqjh] jk{klh vkSj vlkekftd “kfDr;ksa ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ughaA blfy,

rqylhnkl th fy[krsa gSa&

^vlqj ekfj Fkkifga lqjUg jk[kfga fut Jqfr lsrqA

tx fCkLrkjfg fcln tl jke tUe dj gsrqAA^

tks jktk ns”k ds vanj vkSj ckgj ds “k=qvksa ls viusa ns”k vkSj ns”kokfl;ksa dh j{kk ugha dj

ldrk] og jktk ujd dk vf/kdkjh gSA jke us /kjrh ij euq’; :i esa vorkj ^foiz /ksuq lqj lar

fgr* fy;k gSA vkSj bl ln~lekt dh LFkkiuk ds fy, os lke&nke&n.M&Hksn pkjksa uhfr;ksa ls dke

ysrs gaSA ckfy }kjk ;g iz”u fd, tkus ij fd *gs xkslkbZa! vkius /keZ dh j{kk ds fy, vorkj fy;k

gS vkSj eq>s O;k/k dh rjg ¼fNidj½ ekjk\* jke tks mÙkj nsrs gaS& og vkt ds usrkvksa] U;k;k/kh”kksa

vkSj ljdkjksa ds fy, ,d lh[k gSA jke dgrs gaS&

*vuqt c/kw Hkfxuh lqr ukjh A lquq lB dU;k le ,s pkjhAA

bUgfg dqn`f’V fcyksdb tksbZA rkfg c/ks dNq iki u gksbZAA^

vFkkZr NksVs HkkbZ dh L=h] cfgu] iq= dh L=h vkSj dU;k &;s pkjksa leku gaSA budks tks dksbZ

cqjh n`f’V ls ns[krk gS] mls ekjus esa dqN Hkh iki ugha gksrkA Li’V gS ;fn fdlh jktk dh ,slh uhfr

gksxh rks mlds jkT; esa cykRdkj vkSj L=h lEcU/kh fgalk dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gksxkA ijarq ge ns[krs

gSa fd cykRdkj vkSj fgalk jksd ikus esa vlQy gekjs usrkx.k izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i esa blds fy,

ukjh dks gh ftEesnkj Bgjk nsrs gaS& ,sls usrk] ,sls jktk fuf”pr gh ujd ds vf/kdkjh gSaA mUgs ;g

lkspuk gksxk fd cykRdkfj;ksa dks eR;qn.M nsus esa iki ugha yxrkA

jke e;kZnk iq#"kksÙke gSaA Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa czkã.k] xÅ] ckyd vkSj L=h dh gR;k dh ckr

rks nwj mu ij gkFk mBkuk Hkh ve;kZfnr vkpj.k ekuk x;k gS ij ç'u tc jktk ds dÙkZO; dk gks]

rks ;s Hkh djuk iM+rk gSA okYehfd jkek;.k esa fo'okfe= rkVdk&o/k ds lanHkZ esa jke ls dgrs gSa &

^çtkikyd ujs'k dks çtktuksa dh j{kk ds fy, Øwjrkiw.kZ ;k Øwjrkjfgr] ikrd;qä vFkok lnks"k deZ

Hkh djuk iM+s rks dj ysuk pkfg;sA ;g ckr mls lnk gh /;ku esa j[kuh pkfg;sA ,d jktiq= dks

148

pkjksa o.kksaZ ds fgr ds fy;s L=h gR;k Hkh djuh iM+s rks mlls eq¡g ugha eksM+uk pkfg;sA ftuds Åij

jkT; ds ikyu dk Hkkj gS] mudk rks ;g lukru /keZ gSA^

jktk dk dÙkZO; gS &iztk fgr esa loZL; R;kx dj yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkkiuk

djukA jke vius thou ds izkjaHk esa gh jk{klksa dk uk”k djus ds fy, viuk ?kj&ifjokj] jktegy]

ekr&firk lHkh dks NksM dj xq# fo”okfe= ds lkFk ou esa pys tkrs gaSA fo”okfe= th jke ds bl

R;kx&Hkko dks ns[kdj lksprs gaS&

*izHkq czãU;nso eSa tkukA eksfg fufr firk rtsm HkxokukAA^

czkãz.klekt vFkkZr ln~lekt dh j{kk ds fy, jke us igys vius firk dks R;kxk] fQj

jkT; dks R;kxk vkSj var esa viuh L=h dks Hkh R;kx fn;kA jke dk tUe gh blhfy, gqvk fd og

iztk esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds ,dkf/kdkj vkSj fo”ks’kkf/kdkj dh izo`fr dks [kRe dj larqyu dk;e dj

ldsA orZeku dh jktuhfr ds dsUnz esa oh-vkbZ-ih- laLd`fr gSA okrkuqdwfyr c¡xyks esa jgdj]

okrkuqdwfyr dkjksa esa ?kwedj] okrkuqdwfyr dk;kZy; esa dke djds u rks leL;kvksa ls eqfDr laHko gS

vkSj u gh iztk dks lq[k fn;k tk ldrk gSA jke dh jktuhfr bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd *eqfDr

vdsys esa ugha feyrh] ;fn og gS rks lcds lkFk gSA jke tehu ls tqMs jktusrk gSaA lekt ds gj

oxZ dk mudks /;ku Hkh gS vkSj os lekt ds fodkl esa mudk ;ksxnku Hkh le>rs gSaA rFkkdfFkr

vkfnoklh rks jke ds le; esa Hkh Fks] ij os jktk ds fo:) ryokj rkus ugha [kMs Fks cfYd jktk ds

la?k’kZ esa lg;ksxh FksA jke Hkhy] fdjkr] okuj tSls lHkh vkfnokfl;ksa dks lkFk ysdj pyrs gSa vkSj

mUgsa lekt dh eq[;/kkjk esa “kkfey djrs gq, viuh lsuk esa j[krs gaSA jke vius lSfudksa ds

lq[k&nq[k esa futh :Ik esa “kkfey gaSA vius fy, yM+us okys ,d&,d lSfud dk dq”ky&eaxy Hkh

iwNrs gSa vkSj vius fy, ej feVus dh Hkkouk j[kus okys lSfudksa dk eukscy Hkh c<krs gSaA

vl dfi ,d u lsuk ekghaA jke dqly tsfg iwfN ukghaAA

jke vkReeqX/k ugha gSa] vgadkjh ugha gaSA vius cy dks tkurs gq, Hkh lcdks egRo nsuk vkSj

lcdks lkFk ysdj pyuk mUgs vkrk gSA jko.k fot; ds ckn Hkkyqvksa vkSj okujksa ls os dgrs gaS &

^rqEgjsa cy eSa jkouq ekj;ksAA^

149

;g jke dh jktuhfr gS] ftlds dsUnz esa rks jke gSa ij dksbZ Hkh vU; jktk] vU; lg;ksxh]

;gk¡ rd fd lkekU; tu Hkh vius vkidks Nyk gqvk eglwl ugh djrkA rqylhnkl jfpr

jkepfjrekul esa jke Hkjr dks jkt/keZ le>krsa gq, dgrs gSa fd &

^eqf[k;k eq[k lks pkfg,s [kku iku dgq¡ ,dA Ikkyb iks’kb ldy v¡x rqylh lfgr foosdAA

jkt/kje ljcl] ,ruksbZA ftfe eu ekg¡ euksjFk xksbZAA^

jkt/kEkZ dk loZL; ¼lkj½ bruk gh gS fd jktk foosd lfgr lekt ds lc vaxkas dk

ikyu&iks’k.k djsA jktk lc izdkj ds iwokZxzgksa vkSj i{kikr jfgr gksdj fdlh ,d tkfr] /keZ]

lEiznk; dk ugha vfirq lcdk fgr djus okyk gksA tks jktk bl jkt/keZ dk ikyu ugha djrk og

jktk ujd dk vf/kdkjh gSA jkT; vkSj jktk dk tUe gqvk gh blfy, gS fd jktk lcdks lkFk

ysdj pys vkSj lcdk fodkl djsA jkT; dk fodkl vkSj ukxfjdksa dh lq[k&le`f} fcuk LFkkbZ

“kklu vkSj “kkafr LFkkiuk ds laHko ugha gSA {ks= pkgs O;kikj dk gks] f”k{kk dk ;k LokLF; dk & ns”k

;fn x`g&;q}] vkradokn ;k lhek ij ruko tSlh fLFkfr ls xqtj jgk gks rks buesa lq/kkj ykuk vkSj

fodkl djuk ,d pqukSrh gks tkrk gSA blfy, jktk ;k ljdkjksa dk izFke dÙkZZO; gks tkrk gS&

vius ukxfjdksa ds fy, ns”k esa ,slk okrkoj.k rS;kj djuk rFkk ,slh O;oLFkk LFkkfir djuk ftlesa

lHkh ukxfjd vius vkidks lqjf{kr eglwl dj ldsA

vkt tcfd ;g eku fy;k x;k gS fd vkn”kZ vkSj uSfrdrk dh cMh&cM+h ckrsa lŸkk ikus dk

lk/ku rks gks ldrs gSa] lk/; ugha A ,sls esa jke ds jktk :Ik dks vkn”kZ ekudj pyus esa tks d’V

vkSj ijs”kkfu;ka gaS rFkk deZBrk] iq:’kkFkZ] R;kx vkSj lgu”khyrk tSls ftu mnkŸk ewY;ksa dh

vko”;drk gS mUgsa ns[krs gq, laHkor% dkykUrj esa e;kZnk iq#’kksŸke jke dks Hkxoku cuk fn;k x;kA

fdruh lgwfy;r gS jke dks ,d dkYifud ik= crkus esa vkSj fdruh fuf”parrk gS jke dks Hkxoku

eku ysus esaA tgk¡ flj >qdkus ls dke py jgk gks] ogk¡ gkFk fgykus dh t:jr D;k gS\ ij ns[kus

dh ckr ;g gS fd jke Hkys gh ijczã gSa ij /kjrh ij os euq’; :i esa mifLFkr gSa vkSj viuh

deZBrk vkSj iq:’kkFkZ ls /kjrh ij LoxZ yk, gaSA

,d rjQ jke gS& iztk ds lq[kksa ds fy, vius lq[kksa dk R;kx djusa esa RkRijA nwljh vksj

jko.k gS&viuh Hkksx&fyIlk vkSj jkT;&fyIlk ds fy, viuh iztk ds thou vkSj lq[kksa dks nk¡o ij

yxkus ds fy, rS;kj] uhfr dh ckr djus okys gj O;fDr dks ns”kfudkyk vkSj e`R;qn.M nsus dks

rS;kj] ;gk¡ rd fd vius Hkkb;ksa vkSj iq=ksa dh cfy p<kusa dks rS;kjA yadk dk fouk”k flQZ blfy,

150

gh ugha gqvk Fkk D;ksfd jko.k us lhrk dk gj.k dj fy;k Fkk vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i jke us viuh lsuk

lfgr yadk ij p<kbZ dj nh vkSj jko.k dk o/k dj fn;kA yadk vkSj yadkf/kifr jko.k dk fouk”k

rks gksuk gh Fkk D;ksafd jktk jko.k ds jkT; esa lqjkt ugha Fkk] uhfr ugha FkhA jko.k ds jkT; esa

lalkj esa Hkz’V vkpj.k QSy x;k FkkA rqylhnkl th fy[krs gSa&

^vl Hkz’V vpkjk Hkk lalkjk /keZ lqufg ufg dkukA

rsfg cgqfcf/k =klb nsl fudklb tks dg csn iqjkukAA^

jko.k&jkT; esa fgalk djus okys] ijk;s /ku vkSj ijk;h L=h ij eu pykus okys] nq’V] pksj vkSj

tqvkjh cgqr c<+ x, FksA ;gk¡ rd fd yksx vius ekrk&firk dks Hkh ugah ekurs FksA blfy,

jkepfjrekul esa f”koth ikoZrh ls dgrs gaS fd& ftuds ,sls vkpj.k gS] mu lc izkf.k;ksa dks jk{kl

gh le>ukA

^ftUg ds ;g vkpju HkokuhA rs tkusgq fuflpj lc izkuhAA^

vktdy dh Hkk’kk esa dgsa rks ,slk jkT; vius gh vUrfoZjks/kksa] dquhfr;ksa vkSj Hkz’Vkpkjh

O;oLFkk ds pyrs nsj&losj u’V gks tkuk Fkk] mls fdlh ckgjh vkdze.k dh vko”;drk ugha FkhA

ijarq vkx esa ?kh dk dke fd;k lhrk gj.k usA jko.k dk “kklu dSlk Fkk] mldk vkpj.k dSlk Fkk]

Lo;a mldh cgu “kwiZ.k[kk dzksf/kr gksdj mlls dgrh gaS fd &rwus ns”k vkSj [ktkus dh lq/k Hkqyk nh

gSA rw “kjkc ih dj fnu&jkr iMk jgrk gSA

*cksyh cpuØks/k dfj HkkfjA nsl dksl dS lqjfr fclkjhAA

djfl iku lksofl fnuq jkrhA lqf/k ufga ro flj ij vkjkrhAA^

“kwiZ.kj[kk jko.k dks psrk jgh gS fd rw>s [kcj ugha gS fd “k=q rsjs flj ij [kMk gSA dSlk

jktk gS rw\ ,slk jktk fuf”pr gh ujd dk vf/kdkjh gS vkSj ,slk jktk vkSj mldk jkT; “kh?kz gh

u’V gks tkrk gSA “kwiZ.k[kk dgrh gS fd&^,slh uhfr eSus lquh gS fd uhfr ds fcuk jkT; vkSj cqjh

lykg ls jktk “kh?kz gh u’V gks tkrs gaSA* jko.k ujd dk vf/kdkjh gS] D;ksafd mlus vius thrs th]

151

viuh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus viuksa dks o viuh larkuksa dks ejrs ns[kkA rqylhnkl th fy[krs gSa& jko.k

us tSls gh es?kukFk o/k dk lekpkj lquk] og ewfPNZr gksdj /kjrh ij fxj iM+kA

^lqr c/k lquk nlkuu tcghaA eq:fNr Hk;m ijsm efg rcghaAA^

;gh vraj gS uhfroku vkSj uhfrfoghu jktk esaA jke jkT; esa tgk¡ fdlh euq’; dks vYieR;q

dh ihM+k ugha lrkrh ogha jko.k&jkT; esa Lo;a jktk viuh vk¡[kksa ds lkeusa viuh larkuksa]

ukrh&iksrksaa dks ejrs ns[krk gSA blls cMk Jki D;k gksxk fd dchjnkl ,d LFkku ij fy[krs gaS&

bd y[k iwr lok y[k ukrh ml jko.k ?kj nh;k u ckrhA rqylhnkl th Hkh fy[krs gSa fd eanksnjh

jko.k ls dgrh gS &

*jke foeq[k vl gky rqEgkjkA jgk u dksm dqy jksofugkjkAA^

,slk ugha gS fd jko.k dks /keZ vkSj uhfr dk Kku ugha Fkk] ij lR; ;g gS fd lÙkk vkSj

“kfDr O;fDr dks mlds iFk ls fopfyr dj nsrh gSA blfy, rks jke Hkjr dks tks lans”k fHktokrs gSa

og bl ek;us esa egRoiw.kZ gS&

^dgc l¡nslq Hkjr ds vk,¡A uhfr u rftv jktinq ik,¡AA^

vFkkZr jktin izkIr djds uhfr dks u R;kx nsukA bl lPpkbZ dks tkurs rks jko.k vkSj

“kwi.kZ[kk Hkh gaS ij lEkL;k rks fØ;kUo;u dh gS] tks jktk bls fØ;kfUor dj nsrk gS mlds “kklu

esa /kjrh dke/ksuq cu tkrh gSA ;gh fLFkfr jke&jkT; dh gSA

jke dh jktuhfr dk loksZŸke :Ik gS&^jke&jkT;^A jke&jkT; vkt Hkh gj Hkkjroklh dk

liuk gS tks jke ds le; dh lPpkbZ FkhA og jke&jkT; tks vkt Hkh ,d pqukSrh vkSj izsj.kk gS&

deZB vkSj iq:’kkFkhZ jktusrkvksa ds fy, vkSj O;Xa; gS & udkjk jktusrkvksa ijA ;g jke dh

yksddY;k.kdkjh jktuhfr dk gh ifj.kke Fkk] fd &

^nSfgd] nSfod HkkSfrd rkikA jke jktq ufga dkgqfg O;kik AA*

152

vkt dh fdlh Hkh ljdkj ds fy, D;k ,slk dgk tk ldrk gS \ jke&jkT; esa vYieR;q

dh ihM+k ls dksbZ O;fFkr ugha gksrk vFkkZr lHkh yksx viuh vk;q iwjh gksus ij e`R;q dks izkIr gksrs gaSA

ijUrq orZeku esa dkSu&lk ,slk ifjokj gS ftlus vius fdlh lnL; dh vYik;q esa gqbZ eR;q dks u

Hkksxk gksA fdlh Hkh O;fä ds fy, lcls cM+h ihM+k vkSj d"V dk dkj.k gksrk gS & mldh vk¡[kksa ds

lkeus mldh larku dh eR;qA pkgs og fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls gks & chekjh] nq?kZVuk] gR;k ;k

vkRegR;k lsA rqylhnkl th jke jkT; dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgrs gSa&

^vYie`R;q ufga dofum ihjkA lc lqanj lc fc#t ljhjk AA

ufga nfjæ dksm nq[kh u nhukA ufga dksm vcq/k u yPNu ghuk AA^

okYehfd th Hkh jke ds 'kklu dky dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgrs gSa & ^Jhjke ds

jkT;&'kkludky esa dHkh fo/kokvksa dk foyki ugh lqukbZ iM+rk FkkA liZ vkfn nq"V tUrqvksa dk Hk;

ugh Fkk vkSj jksxksa dh Hkh vk'kadk ugh FkhA dksbZ Hkh euq"; vuFkZdkjh dk;ksaZ esa gkFk ugh Mkyrk Fkk

vkSj cw<+ksa dks ckydksa ds vaR;sf"V&laLdkj ugh djus iM+rs FksA^

jke jkT; esa ;g vkn”kZ fLFkfr dsoy ekuo lekt rd gh lhfer ugh gS og ekuosÙkj txr

esa Hkh O;kIr gSA Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k dks ysdj fo”o dk dksbZ Hkh ns”k ,slk nkok ugha dj ldrk tSlk

jke&jkT; djrk gSA vkt fo”o jktuhfr ds ewy esa Ik;kZoj.k fparu gSA cSBdksa vkSj lsfeukjksa dk nkSj

tkjh gS & Xykscy okfeZax ij ppkZ djus ds fy,A ij vkt dh jktuhfr dh lPpkbZ ;g gS fd

Ik;kZoj.k larqyu dks ysdj dkjxj uhfr ugha gS vkSj tks uhfr gS mldk fdz;kUou ugah gSA lPpkbZ

;g gS fd ou fldqMrs tk jgs gaS] [ksrh ;ksX; /kjrh de gksrh tk jgh gS] ufn;k¡ xans ikuh dk ukyk

cu pqdh gaS] leqnz esa pØokr vkSj lqukeh mBrs jgrs gSa] lw;Z vko”;drk ls T;knk rirk gS vkSj es?k

t:jr ls de ;k vko”;drk ls T;knk cjlrs gSaA dqN ckrksa ds vFkZ vuqHko ds lkFk le> esa vkrs

gSaA rqylhnkl jke&jkT; dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgrs gaS& *ouksa esa o{k lnk Qwyrs vkSj Qyrs gaS] /kjrh

lnk [ksrh ls Hkjh jgrh gS ×× lc ufn;k¡ Js’B] ”khry] fueZy vkSj Lokfn’V ty ls Hkjh jgrh gSa]

leqnz viuh e;kZnk esa jgrs gaSA jke&jkT; esa lw;Z mruk gh rirs gSa ftrus dh vko”;drk gksrh gS

vkSj es?k ek¡xus ls ¼tc tgk¡ ftruk pkfg, mruk gh½ ty nsrs gaSA* bu lc ckrksa dk laca/k Ik;kZoj.k

larqyu ls gS vkSj jke dh ml jktuhfr ls gS ftlesa ekuo vkSj ekuosÙkj txr ds chp larqyu

LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA

153

bruk gksus ij Hkh jke ds jktk :i vkSj mudh jkT;&ç.kkyh dks ,sfrgkfld –f"V ls u

ns[kdj] mls misf{kr dj nsuk dgk¡ rd mfpr gS\ O;fäxr thou esa vkn'kZ dk ikyu djuk fQj

Hkh ljy gksrk gS ij lkoZtfud thou esa vkn'kZ vkSj e;kZnkvksa dk ikyu dj e;kZnk iqj"kksÙke cuuk

cM+k dfBu dke gSA jke dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk lkoZtfud thou esa mPpkn'kksaZ dk ikyu djuk gSA

lkekU;r% jkeyhyk jke ds jkT;fHk"ksd ds lkFk lekIr gks tkrh gS] ij esjk ,slk ekuuk gS fd ,d

jkeyhyk] ,d jkek;.k ogk¡ ls 'kq# gks tgk¡ jke jktk cu x, Fks] D;ksafd jke dk vkn'kZ jktk :i

gh orZeku jktuhfr vkSj ljdkjksa ds fy, iFk&çn'kZd dk dke djsxkA

lanHkZ xzaFk &

1- rqylhnklfojfpr & jkepfjrekul 2- egf’kZ okYehfdiz.khr & Jhe}kYehdh; jkek;.k

154

jkedFkk vkSj jke% u, lanHkZ u, ç'u

M‚ñ ¼Jherh½ fouksn dkyjk1

vk/kqfud dky vkSj mlds lkFk vkrs vdknfed fdLe ds lkaLd`frd okrkoj.k ls igys rd

gekjh tulaLd`fr ds fuekZ.k esa dFkkokpu dh Hkwfedk cgqr Li"V ut+j vkrh gS vkSj mlds ckn

mÙkj vk/kqfud ;qx esa –';&JO; ek/;eksa ds :i esa ,d u;k /kjkry] ,d ubZ t+ehu dk u;k vk/kkj

ikdj dFkkokpdksa dks ,d u;k ckt+kj fey x;k gS] ,d u;k XySej vkSj yksdfç;rk fey xbZ gSA

ij lPpkbZ ;g gS fd viuh t+ehu ls m[kM+ tkus ds dkj.k dFkkokpd ds ikl jpuk'khyrk dk]

vUrfoZdkl dh ltu&Hkwfe dk ;k ;g dgk tk, fd vkRek dk gh vHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA dFkkokpu

dh ;g ijEijk Hkkjr ds fdlh u fdlh dksus esa vHkh Hkh çpfyr gS] jkeyhyk vHkh Hkh gksrh gS ij

vkt mlds lkef"Vd yhyk :i dk LFkku eaph; u`R; ukVd :i ysrk tk jgk gSA igys jkeyhyk

esa iwjs lekt dk lfØ; ;ksx gksrk FkkA jkeyhyk [ksyh ugha] th tkrh FkhA fd'kksjksa dk jke y{e.k

pqus tkuk xkSjo dh ckr gksrh FkhA Hkwfedk ds vuq:i pqus tkus ls ysdj jko.k&ngu rd os lpeqp

gh vorkj çrhr gksrs FksA osn rRo ls vkfo"V yxrs FksA mUgsa Lo;a Hkh xkSjo dk vuqHko gksrk FkkA

lEiw.kZ lekt mUgsa jke&y{e.k ekurk Fkk vkSj muds iSj Nw dj og jke&y{e.k dk laLi'kZ ik

tkrk FkkA fdUrq vkt jaxeap ij tks [ksy gksrk gS] og jkeyhyk gksdj Hkh lekt ls dVk gksrk gSA

mlds jke y{e.k dsoy vfHkusrk gksrs gSaA og yhyk th ugha tkrh dsoy ns[kh tkrh gSA t+ehu

gekjh gh catj gqbZ gSA chtksa ds vadqfjr gksus dh lEHkkouk rks ugha gS ij gekjh vkdka{kk cM+h çcy

gSA

bl vkdka{kk dks iw.kZ djus ds fy, gesa iqu% iz;kl djuk gksxk] okpu dh ijEijk dks

ehekalk dh ml dkyt;h t+ehu ij ys tkdj fQj ls [kM+k djuk gksxk ftls geus vius ;gk¡

iqjk.kksa ds dFkkokpu ds lekUrj "kM~n'kZuksa ds lkFk fodkl djrs ns[kk gSA bl lg la;kstu dh gesa

fQj ls vko';drk gSA blds vUrxZr gesa dFkk ds okpu dks iw.kZ ikB esa] dFkk dh çkphurk dks

uohu lanHkZ esa] vFkZehekalk dks Kku ehekalk esa ifjofrZr djus dh vko';drk gSA

vHkh Hkh jke ,d dFkk ds uk;d ds :i esa gh ugha ,d lH; lekt ds lkjrRo dh rjg

gekjs vax&lax pyrs gq, fodkl dj jgs gSaA os bZ'oj Hkh gSa] czã Hkh] e;kZnk iq#"kksÙke Hkh gaS vkSj

v;ks/;k ds jktdqaoj Hkh] jko.k tSlh 'kfä ds gark Hkh gaSA fdlh ds ifr] fdlh ds HkkbZ] fdlh ds

1 v/;{k, fgUnh foHkkx,dU;k egkfo|ky;] tkyU/kj

155

fe=] fdlh ds lsod] fdlh ds Lokeh] vkSj fdlh ds iq= ;kfu bZ'ojh; :i ds lkFk ekuoh; :i

vkSj ekuoh; fj'rsukrs esa ca/kh jke dh Nfo vkt Hkh tu&tu ds chp lekbZ gqbZ gSA

jke&dFkk esa dsoy Hkfä vkSj vk/;fRed ewY;ksa dks ryk'kus okys ;g le> ugha ikrs fd

,slk D;k dkj.k gS tks jke dFkk dks gekjs Bksl ifjokfjd vkSj lkekftd fj'rksa esa gekjs uSfrd vkSj

;gk¡ rd fd gekjs jktuhfrd ewY;cks/k esa Hkh lkaLd`frd ifj–'; esa& ewy /kkjk ds :i esa jgus

yk;d cukrh gS\ blfy, jke&dFkk dks xaxks=h dh rjg i<+k tkuk pkfg, rkfd ge ml le; ds

ml egku lekt&lkaLd`frd laØe.k dks vPNh rjg ls le> ldsa] tks gekjh ledkyhu vk/kqfud

lekt dks Li'kZ djus okyh] gekjh okLrfodrk dh t+ehu ds uhps dh uhao dh rjg] vHkh rd gesa

vkfRed vUrxZBu çnku dj jgk gSA

Jh jke ds lanHkZ esa ,d ckr gSjkuh esa Mky nsus okyh gS fd flQZ Hkfä dh vo/kkj.kk dk

laca/k jke ls D;ksa vkSj dSls tqM+k\ fopkj] foosd vkSj vkpj.kxr e;kZnk jke ds O;fäRo ds dsUæ esa

gSA tks cM+ksa ds çfr fouez ,oa vknj Hkko ls Hkjs gSaA cjkcj okyksa ds çfr fe=rk dk gkFk c<+krs gq,

fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] viuksa ls NksVksa ls çfr muesa Lusg Hkko gSA vc fopkj.kh; ;g gS fd Hkfä dh dsUæh;

Hkwfe rks Hkko gS] fopkj ugha] vkSj jke dk leLr O;ogkj Hkkoiwfjr u gksdj fopkj ,oa foosd ls

Hkjk gSA jke ds fy, Hkko Hkh ekuks vfrfopkj.kh; oLrq gS] ftUgsa os dze ls ns[krs] fo'ysf"kr vkSj

ewY;kafdr djrs] larqfyr vfHkO;fä djrs fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA rks fQj jke gekjs fy, fopkj&foosd dk

vk/kkj cuus dh vis{kk Hkfä dk vkJ; dSls gks tkrs gSa\

bl lanHkZ esa ,d ckr vkSj mYys[kuh; gS fd ^okYehfd jkek;.k* vkSj rqylh ds

^jkepfjrekul* esa yxHkx 1500 o"kksaZ dk vUrjky gSA bl chp jke Hkfä dh vo/kkj.kk cgqr de

fodkl ikrh gSA rqylh jke dks ,dne vyx Hkkocks/k dk vkJ; cuk ysrs gSaA vk/kqfud dky rd

vkrs&vkrs Hkfä okys Hkkocks/k ds LFkku ij jke viuh u;h la?k"kZ'khyrk] deZ'khyrk vkSj rstfLork

ds lR; ,d u, :i dh vksj c<+rs fn[kkbZ nsus yxrs gSaA

;gk¡ tks ç'u mBk;k tk jgk gS] mldk lEcU/k bl ckr ls ugha fd jke dks dc ;k fdlh

:i ls vorkj ekuk tkus yxkA os ,d egkekuo gksa ;k vorkj gksa blls Hkfä ds lEcU/k Lo:i

dks fu/kkZfjr djus esa dksbZ [kkl enn ugha feyrhA jke dks Hkfä ds lkFk tksM+ nsus ls lekt ;k

v/;kRe ds lanHkZ esa jke dh ekSfyd nsu dks igpkuuk eqf'dy gks tk,xkA iartfy dks ;ksx ds

dkj.k] cq) dks /;ku ds dkj.k vkSj d`".k dks çse vkSj Hkfä ds dkj.k vks'kks us v/;kRe dh ekSfyd

egk=;h ds :i esa js[kkafdr fd;kA

156

jke fopkj dh rhozrk vkSj lw{erk ds ek/;e ls v/;kRe esa ços'k ikrs gSaA v/;kRe esa

bl çdkj ls vkuk okLro esa ekSfyd :i esa vkxs c<uk Fkk ijUrq bl egRo dks vkxs pydj 'kk;n

blfy, igpkuk ugha tk ldk D;ksafd mlh le; Hkkjr esa fodflr gks jgh dqN v/;kRe dh /kkjkvksa

esa fufoZpkj dks egRo feyk vkSj fopkj dks eu dk fodkj eku fy;k x;kA ij jke tc vius Hkhrj

Lo;a gh lw{e fopkj&foosd dks miyC/k gks tkrs gSa rks of'k"B mUgsa _r fopkj ;kfu lr fopkj dh

vksj ys tkdj HkkSfrd vfLrRo ds jgL;ksa ls ifjfpr djokrs gSaA jke fopkjoäk dks miyC/k gksus

okys vorkj gSa] fopkj vkSj foosd ds vorkj gSaA vly esa jke dh ekSfyd nsu dks igpku dj mUgsa

lgh ifjçs{; esa iqu% miyC/k djkus dk ,d gh mn~sn'; gS fd ge viuh orZeku oSKkfud psruk ds

Hkkjrh; lkj rRo dks [kkstus ds ;ksX; gks tk,aA

,d vksj jke fopkj 'kfä ds çrhd gSa rks nwljh vksj os Hkkjr dh vkRek dk i;kZ; gks tkus

okys çrhd iq#"k Hkh gSaA os Hkkjrh; vfLerk] Hkkjrh; psruk] lkaLd`frd v[k.Mrk ds çrhd cu tkrs

gSaA muds ,sls O;fäRo ds fuekZ.k esa xaxk dh Hkwfedk xgjh gks tkrh gSA jke dFkk esa xaxk rV dk

mYys[k ckj&ckj vkrk gSA mudh fd'kksjkoLFkk ls ysdj ouokl çLFkku rd xaxk mifLFkr gksrh gSA

;gka jke dks xaxk ds lkj rÙo ds lkFk tksMus dk ç;kl gSA fo'okfe= jke ls muds iwoZtksa }kjk

/kjrh ij ykbZ xbZ xaxk esa Luku djus dk vkxzg djrs gSaA ;g Luku lk/kkj.k ugha jke dk viuh

fojklr /kkjk esa vkSj xaxk ds çklafxd vFkZfo/kku esa Hkh Luku gSA bl :i esa xaxk jke ds lkFk

,dkdkj gks tkrh gS vkSj ,d leUo;kRed /kkjk cu tkrh gS tks foLrkj ikrs gq, lEiw.kZ Hkkjr dh

/kjrh dks <d ysrh gSA bl çdkj xaxk vkSj jke ds fj'rs ds ek/;e ls ge mu vFkksaZ dks le>rs gSa

ftuesa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds leUo;kRed gksus ds ladsr feyrs gSaA bl :i esa xaxk Hkkjr ds Hkw&Hkkx

dk Hkh ,d lexz vkSj v[k.M uD'kk cuk nsrh gS vkSj Hkkjr dh ,d lEiw.kZ HkkSxksfyd nsg dk

vkdkj x<+rh gSA

lkdsr esa Hkh eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr us jk"Vªh;rk ds lRladYi dks fuHkk;k gSA ou dh vksj çLFkku

djrs gq, Jh jke ekr`Hkwfe dks tks ç.kfr vfiZr djrs gSa ogka jk"Vªh;rk dk gh vkxzg gS& ^tUe Hkwfe

dk Hkko u vc Hkhrj #dkA* dfo jke }kjk jk"VªHkfä dk çn'kZu djds mlds egkRE; dk ladsr

djrk gS & ^tUe Hkwfe ys ç.kfr vkSj çLFkku nsA*

okYehfd dr vkfn jkek;.k] rqylh dr jkepfjrekul vkSj eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr dr lkdsr esa

;fn thou n'kZu dh lkekU; i`"BHkwfe dks ns[ksa rks irk pyrk gS fd rhuksa xzaFkksa esa jke ds çfr –f"V

vyx&vyx gSA okYehfd jkek;.k esa tgk¡ ç.ksrk dh –f"V ykSfdd gS] ogha ekul esa rqylh us

vk/;kfRedrk dk laLi'kZ fd;k gS vkSj lkdsr okYehfd dh ykSfddrk vkSj rqylh dh vk/;kfRedrk

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dk vn~Hkqr lkeatL; gSA bu rhuksa esa lekurk ;g gS fd mudk thou n'kZu ewY;ksa ds v/khu gS vkSj

varj ;g gS fd rqylh dk n'kZu Hkfä ds vkpj.k esa] okYehfd dk n'kZu vkn'kZ egkiq#"k ds çfr

J)k esa vkSj lkdsr dk n'kZu ckSf)drk esa fyiVk gSA okYehfd ds jke ekuo thou dh Js"Brk dk

pje vkn'kZ gSa] tks mUgsa vlk/kkj.k dh lhek rd ys tkrk gS ogka ls vk/;kfRedrk dh lhek izkjEHk

gksrh gSA rqylh ds jke vykSfdd lÙkk ds vorkj gSaA ekul ;|fi LokUr% lq[kk; gS ij mlesa

;qxhu thou ewY; Hkh thoar gSA mlesa rRdkyhu fo?kfVr gksrs gq, uSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed thou

ewY;ksa ds e/; HkVdrs tu&ekul dk :i çR;{k gks mBk gSA

rqylh dh thou –f"V esa lekt ds lHkh O;fä lar gks ldrs gSaA mudk larRo deZ ls

lEcfU/kr gSA lekt ls gVdj lar gks ikuk laHko ugha] D;ksafd lkekftd /keZ gh larRo dh dlkSVh

gSA ekul esa jke ds rhu :i ifjyf{kr gksrs gSaA czã :i] vkn'kZ ekuo :i vkSj LokHkkfod uj

:iA Hkä vkSj fpard :i esa rqylh us jke esa czãRo dh çfr"Bk dh gSA muds ekuooknh :i us

jke dks vkn'kZ ds mPp f'k[kj ij çfrf"Br fd;k gS vkSj muds Hkkoqd vkSj dykdkj ân; us foo'k

gksdj dykRed] euksoSKkfud vkSj lkSan;Z esa Hkkoqd mRd`"Vrk vkSj LoHkkfodrk ykus ds fy, jke dks

lkekU; ekuo ds :i esa Hkh fopf=r fd;k gSA

jkek;.k] ekul tSlh dkyt;h d`fr;ksa esa jke uk;d ds :i esa vkn'kZ gSA uk;d gksus dh

dlkSVh muds lkekftd O;ogkj esa jgrh gSA vjLrw uk;d ds fy, lkekU; ls csgrj O;ogkj dh

vfuok;Zrk ekurk gSA vkpk;Z fo'oukFk mlds bl csgrj O;ogkj dks ,d Li"V ewY; esa cka/k nsrs gSa

^mls /khj gksuk pkfg,A* /khjRo ds fcuk dksbZ uk;d ugha gks ldrk vkSj jke laca/kh dkyt;h lkfgR;

esa jke ds lkekftd O;ogkj esa fn[kkbZ nsus okyk /khj Hkko ewyr% Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fä dh dlkSVh

curk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ge bu jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls ,d ,sls lalkj ds le{k [kM+s gksrs gSa

ftlds O;fä dk vkUrfjd Hkko la?kVu vkSj lekt dh vko';drk,a ,d /khj Hkko dh mifLFkfr ds

vHkko esa ,d nwljs ds fojks/k esa tk ldrh gSA jke vius /khj LoHkko] foosd vkSj çse tSls xq.kksa ds

dkj.k gh tuuk;d ds :i esa Lohdkj fd, tkrs gSaA

iquuZok jke dFkk esa gesa lÙkk foe'kZ Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA fo'o dks ;fn ge Bhd rjg ls

ifjHkkf"kr djuk pkgsa rks ge bls rhu nqfu;kvksa dk leqPp; dg ldrs gSaA ,d nqfu;k nSoh; gS

nwljh jk{klh vkSj rhljh ekuohA fo'o ij çHkqRo dk Js; igyh nks nqfu;kvksa dks] igyh nks –f"V;ksa

vkSj nks laLd`fr;ksa dks gh feyrk jgk gSA nsoksa dks vxj ge çkd`frd 'kfä;ksa dk çrhd dh ekusa rks

Hkh ,d xgjh vUr/oZfu fudyrh gS& ;gka ge nks vkfne laLd`fr;ksa dk mYys[k ikrs gSa & ,d nso

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laLd`fr gS tks çkd`frd 'kfä;ksa dh vuqdwyrk esa fodkl djuk pkgrh gSA mldk –f"Vdks.k

lkewfgdrk] leUo; vkSj ekuoh; laosnukvksa ls vksr&çksr gSA

blls lEcfU/kr vusd feFkd çpfyr gSa fd tc czã ds egkHkkst esa vkeaf=r nsoksa vkSj

vlqjksa dh ckgksa esa bl çdkj ds pEep cka/k fn, tkrs gSa ftlls os viuh dksgfu;ka ugha eksM+ ikrsA

bl volj ij vlqj viuk Hkkstu fxjk nsrs gSa vkSj nso vkeus&lkeus vklu ij cSB dj ,d nwljs

dks Hkkstu djk nsrs gSaA blh çdkj ,d vkSj dFkk vkrh gS tc bUæ vlqjksa ls ijkftr gksdj viuk

jFk ysdj Hkkxrk gS vkSj ,d vR;Ur ladh.kZ jkLrs esa lkeus ,d ?kksalyk vk tkrk gSA bUæ ml

?kksalys dks cpkus ds fy,] vius çk.kksa dh ijokg fd, fcuk jFk eksM+ dj ykSV tkrk gSA mldh ;gh

d#.kk] ;gh laosnuk mldh fot; dk dkj.k curh gSA bl çdkj nso laLd`fr vkSj vlqj laLd`fr

,d nwljs ds fojks/k esa nks rjg dh ewY; –f"V;ksa ds :i esa gekjs lkeus vkrh gSA jk{klh laLdfr

vklqjh laLd`fr dh okfjl gks tkrh gSA nSoh vkSj vklqjh çHkqRo ds ckn rhljh nqfu;k lkeus vkrh

gSA og gS ekuoh nqfu;k tks lnk ladV xzLr vkSj la?k"kZ'khy cuh jgrh gSA og ,d ,slh nqfu;k gS

ftls nSoh vkSj vklqjh nksuks laLd`fr;kas ls fuiVuk gSA nsoksa ds çHkqRo ds Fkky esa og nsoksa ds foyklh

LoHkko dk _.k pqdk;k djrh gS vkSj vklqjh çHkqRo ds ;qx esa lh/ks 'kksf"kr çrkfM+r gks viuh

nhurk&ghurk ls mcjus dk mik; lksprh gSA

;g lp gS fd lalkj ds lkaLd`frd fodkl dk vFkZ lnk gh ekuoh; lanHkksaZ ds ek/;e ls

gh [kqyrk gSA ;g og varíZf’V gS tks gekjs fy, vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA blh ls vkyksd feyrk gS fd

nSo gksuk ;k nSoh vfLrRo j[kuk vkR;fUrd :i esa ca/ku gh gS vkSj vklqjh i)fr eqfä dk foykseA

lgh vFkksaZ esa mRd"kZ dh dlkSVh vkSj psruk dk fodkl euq"; gksdj] ekuoh; laosnuk ls ;qä gksdj

gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA dksbZ fdruk Hkh cM+k nso gks] nSoh; xq.k mlds fy, yksgs dk fiatjk gh fl)

gksrs gSaA eqfä ds fy, rks nsork dks Hkh euq"; ;ksfu esa gh vkuk gksrk gSA euq"; gksus dk vFkZ gS

nwljksa ij çHkqRo ds Hkko ls Åij mB tkukA okLro esa vkRe çHkqRo gh euq"; gksus dk y{k.k gSA og

nsoksa vkSj vlqjksa ls fHkUu ,d nwljh fn'kk esa fodkl gSA

vxj vkt ge rhljh nqfu;k ds lkFk fdlh fojkV ekuoh; la?k"kZ dh vksj tk jgs gSa rks gesa

;g le>uk gksxk fd euq";ksa dh ,drk ds fy, nsoksa vkSj vlqjksa ds çHkqRoksa dh vdka{kk dks pqukSrh

nsuh gksxhA bl vfHk;ku esa euq"; lQy gksrk gS rks og Hkh ,d rjg ls /kjrh ij fdlh bZ'oj ds

vorfjr gksus dh egku ?kVuk gksxhA ukjk;.k ds uj ds :i esa çdV gksus ds ckn vc uj dk

ukjk;.k :i esa çdV gksuk ,d fojy] nqyZHk lkekftd :ikrUrj.k dh ?kVuk gSA blfy, gesa vius

lkjrRo ds vk/kkj ij ,d uohu lkaLd`frd ØkfUr djuh gS blds fy, gesa osnksa dh vksj ykSVuk gS]

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mudh iqu% O;k[;k djuh gS vkSj js[kkafdr djuk gS fd vlqjksa dk neu djrs le; ftu nsoksa dh

Lrqfr;ksa dh xbZ gSa os okLro esa euq";ksa dh vksj ls dh xbZ gSaA bl çdkj ge jke ds ek/;e ls ,d

euq"; dsfUær n'kZu ij igq¡prs gSaA ;s jke blfy, çeq[k gSa D;ksafd os bl çdkj Hkkjr dh vkRek ds

çrhd gks tkrs gSaA jke igys ,sls euq"; gSa tks vius lkekftd :irRo dks miyC/k djrs gq, bZ'oj

ds lekt jktuhfrd vFkksaZ dks mn~?kkfVr djrs gSaA

gesa jke dks lÙkk dsUæksa esa ugha] lÙkk ls fuokZflr gq, lkekU; euq";ksa esa [kkstuk gksxkA jke

ogha gksaxs tgka ekuoh; laosnuk okyk gekjk usr`Ro lk/kkj.k tuksa ds chp lfØ; fn[krk gksxkA jke

rks vHkh rd ouoklh gSa] os vHkh Hkh HkVd jgs gSa] vkfnokfl;ksa esa] ;k lekt ds lhekar ij thus okyksa

ds vkl&ikl dgha xqipqi xqeuke thrs gq,A mUgsa mlh :i esa gesa [kkstuk gksxkA os ogka dgha u

dgha vo'; gSa ugha rks gekjs lkekU; tu brus fouez] brus lqlaLd`r] brus Je'khy] /kS;Zoku vkSj

vkLFkkoku dSls gksrs\ muds jä esa fNis fdUgh xgu tSo ouksa esa os dgha i.kZdqVh cukdj cls gq, gh

feysaxsA os gesa fdlh jktxíh ij cSBs ugha fey ldrsA tc rd gekjh psruk :ih lhrk viâr gS

rks jke Hkyk vklu ij dSls fojkteku gks ldrs gSa\ os rks fujUrj la?k"kZ jr gSa] lHkh euq";ksa esa ,d

fo'okl txkus esa yhu gS fd vxj ge lHkh ,d tqV gksa rks muds fodkl ij dksbZ Hkh jko.k

migkl ;k vêgkl ugha dj ldrk vkSj /;ku nsa lhrk :ih psruk ij ç'u gSa ;gka ij fd ml

lhrk dks jgus ds fy, v'kksd okfVdk tks vusd lq[k lqfo/kkvksa ls ifjiw.kZ gS] dk çyksHku fd;k x;k

gS ckotwn blds og D;ksa cspSu gS okfil vkus ds fy,\ D;k gS mlesa tks mls viâr gksus ds

ckotwn vius ifo= cus jgus dk] ikfrozR; dk] lrhRo dh j{kk dk v[k.M ladYi txkrk gSA

Hkys gh jke ds iq=ksa dks vius firk jke dks ijkt; dh ngyht+ rd igq¡pkus dk nkf;Ro

vius flj ij mBkuk iM+rk gSA Hkys gh bl çfØ;k esa jke dh lhrk psruk dks egku ijh{kkvksa ls

gksdj xqt+juk iM+rk gS fQj Hkh jke gh lR;] Kku vkSj dY;k.k dh dlkSVh curs gSa] bZ'oj rqY; ogha

gksrs gSaA

jke dks bZ'oj dk i;kZ; ekudj fdlh xqRFkh dk lqy>kus dh dksf'k'k esa vxj dksbZ vFkZ gS

rks og vkLFkk dk urhtk ugha cfYd lkekftd lkjrRo ls mitrk gSA leL;k ;g ugha fd jke

D;ksafd iq#"k gS blfy, mudk gj dk;Z mfpr gSA leL;k ;g Hkh ugha fd vkt ;fn ge vk/kqfud

gks x, gSa rks jke ds bZ'ojRo dks lekIr dj ldrs gSaA njvly jke dk bZ'ojRo vkSj mldk

lkekftd lkjrRo nks vyx vyx phtsa gSaA ;fn ge jke ds bZ'ojRo dks voSKkfud ekurs gSa rks

mlds lkekftd lkjrRo ls Hkh gkFk /kks cSBrs gSaA jke ds }kjk fd, x, dk;ksaZ dh mnkÙkrk muds

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vorkjh iq#"k gksus ds dkj.k ugha gS cfYd os dk;Z blfy, vFkZiw.kZ o var çekf.kr gksrs gSa D;ksafd

ml foLr`r ;qx dk ifjos'k fodkl vkSj :ikUrj.k ds fy, ubZ fn'kk,a [kkstrk gSA

tgk¡ rd jke ds O;fäRo dk ç'u gS os iwjh jkedFkk ds vdsys ,sls O;fä gSa tks Lo;a dks

lkekU; Hkwfedk esa j[krs gq, fLFkfr;ksa dks cnyrs pys tkrs gSaA ;fn os fLFkfr;ksa dks nwj dj viuk

dke djus nsrs gSa rks ;g Hkh jke ds nSoh vkSj mnkÙk :i dk gh ,d fgLlk gSA mudk ;gh :i

mUgsa ,d vk/kqfud egkuk;d ds :i esa] fLFkfr;ksa ds vius la'ys"k rd ds fu"d"kZ ds :i esa iqu%

LFkkfir dj ldrk gSA

vk/kqfud fgUnh ys[kdksa ds }kjk jkedFkk ds vusd uohu :ikUrj mHkkjs x, gSaA muds jke

dh mnkÙkrk dk fujarj foyksi gksrk x;k gSA ij bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd jke ,d lkekU;

la'k;xzLr O;fä dh rjg fpf=r fd, tk,a rkfd muds O;fäRo dh vk/kqfud thou ls laxfr cSB

ldsA ;g fn'kk xaHkhj leL;k dk mFkyk lek/kku gh çLrqr djrh gSA okLro esa ç'u nwljk gS

ftlls tw>us dh t:jr gSA jkedFkk i<+rs le; ;g t:jh ugha fd ge ,d /keZ ladV dk vuqHko

djsaA tks ekrk&firk vk/kqfud gksuk pkgrs gSa muds lEeq[k ;g ç'u gS fd cPpksa dks jkedFkk i<+kbZ

;k i<+us nh tk, fd ughaA vxj i<+kbZ tk, rks jke dks fdl :i esa çLrqr fd;k tk, Lo;a

ijeczã ds :i esa] vorkjh :i esa] lk/kkj.k ekuo ds :i esa ;k bfrgkl iq#"k ds :i esaA okLro esa

dksbZ Hkh :i ;k O;k[;k fdlh nwljs :i dh O;k[;k dk [k.Mu ugha gSA blh esa jkedFkk dh 'kfä

vkSj egRo gSA

oSKkfudrk vkSj vk/kqfudrk ds uke ij jkek;.k ds ,d vFkZ dk [k.Mu mruk gh xSj t:jh

gS ftruk J)k ;k ijEijk ds uke ij mldh nwljh O;k[;kvksa dk fojks/kA vkt dk çcq) ikBd dh

buesa ls fdlh Hkh çdkj dh ladh.kZrk ls cpuk pkgsxkA mldh çcq)rk dk çek.k ;gh gksxk fd og

jke vkSj jkedFkk ds Lo:i o fodkl dk lgh vFkZ yxk,] lgh ewY; vkads vkSj lexz Hkkjrh;

lH;rk ds vkfn dkO; vkSj xkSjo xzaFk ds :i esa mls çfrf"Br djsA

lanHkZ% 1½ jkedFkk% ,d iquikZB] M‚ñ fouksn 'kkgh] vk/kkj çdk'ku] iapdwyk] 2008- 2½ rqylhnkl% ,d iquewZY;kadu] vt; frokjh] vk/kkj çdk'ku] iapdwyk] 2006- 3½ eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr vkSj lkdsr] çksñ lw;Z çlkn nhf{kr] fdrkc ?kj çdk'ku] fnYyh] 2007- 4½ rqylh lkfgR; esa pfj= lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk] js.kq ekgs'ojh] lR;e ifCyf'kax gkÅl] fnYyh] 2005- 5½ rqylh% uo ewY;kdau] M‚ñ jke jRu HkVukxj] Le`fr çdk'ku] bykgkckn] 1971- 6½ jkedFkk esa thou ewY;] vfuy dqekj feJ] lRlkfgR; çdk'ku] fnYyh] 1991- 7½ rqylh iwoZ jkelkfgR;] M‚ñ vej iky flag] jpuk çdk'ku] bykgkckn] 1968- 8½ jkepfjrekul vkSj dkek;uh] eVqd ukFk pkS/kjh] ok.kh çdk'ku] fnYyh] 2008-

9½ lkdsr esa iwuZtkxj.k dk vkanksyu] tkfyUæ baxys] pUæyksd çdk'ku] dkuiqj] 2005-

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