Sport Presentation of Bones and Joints and Muscle Types

8/8/2019 Sport Presentation of Bones and Joints and Muscle Types

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Sport Presentation

George Loxdale 12PL


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Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head and

trunk of the human body. It is composed of five parts; the human

skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat,

the rib cage, and the vertebral column. The axial skeleton and

the appendicular skeleton together form the complete skeleton

and the sternum.

Reference:

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_skeleton)


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Skeleton


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Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones in the

human body. The word appendicular is the adjective of the noun

appendage, which itself means a part that is joined to something

larger. Functionally it is involved in locomotion (Lower limbs) of the

axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment (Upperlimbs).

Reference:

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicular_skeleton)


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3 Major Joint Presentation

Fibrous (Fixed)

Cartilagenous (slight)

Synovial (Free)


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Vertebral Column


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Fibrous (fixed)!

Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective tissue, consisting mainly

of collagen

The fibrous joints are further divided into three types:

Sutures are found between bones of the skull. In fetal skulls the sutures are

wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid(synarthrodial).

Syndesmosis are found between long bones of the body, such as the radius

and ulna in forearm and the fibula and tibia in leg. Unlike other fibrous joints,

syndesmoses are moveable (amphiarthrodial), albeit not to such degree as

synovial joints.

Gomphosis is a joint between the root of a tooth and the sockets in themaxilla or mandible.

Reference:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_joint)


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Cartilaginous (slight)!

Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage

(fibrocartilage or hyaline). Cartilaginous joints allow more movement

between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile

synovial joint. An example would be the joint between the

manubrium and the sternum. Cartilaginous joints also forms thegrowth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs

of the spinal column.

Reference:

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint)


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Synovial Joint!

ASynovial joint, also known as a diarthrosis, is the most common andmost movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. As with most otherjoints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of thearticulating bones.

Structural and functional differences distinguish synovial joints from

cartilaginous joints (synchondroses and symphyses) and fibrous joints(sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses). The main structural differencesbetween synovial and fibrous joints is the existence of capsules surroundingthe articulating surfaces of a synovial joint and the presence of lubricatingsynovial fluid within that capsule (synovial cavity).

Reference: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_joint)


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Ball and Socket!

Ball and Socket is a joint in which the distal bone is capable of motionaround an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center. Itenables the bone to move in a 360 angle.

In a ball and socket (spheroid) joint, the ball-shaped surface of one roundedbone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone.

Reference: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_and_socket)


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Hinge Joint!Ahinge joint is a bone joint in which the articular surfaces aremoulded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only

in one planebackward and forwardthe extent of motion at the

same time being considerable.

The direction which the distal bone takes in this motion is seldom

in the same plane as that of the axis of the proximal bone; there

is usually a certain amount of deviation from the straight lineduring flexion.

Kicking a football is an example of how the hinge joint works and

functions.

Reference: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinge_joint)


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Pivot Joint!

APivot joint (trochoid joint, rotary joint) is a

joint that moves by rotating. For example, the

joint that allows humans to rotate their heads on

their necks is a pivot joint. They allow rotationalmovement of the atlas and axis of the neck, for

example heading a football.


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6 types of synovial joints!

Ball + Socket Shoulder

Hinge Knee

Gliding Wrist Saddle Thumb

Pivot Atlas, Axis (neck)

Condyloid


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Types of bone!

Long bones are some of the longest bones in the body, such as the

Femur, Humerus and Tibia but are also some of the smallest

including the Metacarpals, Metatarsals and Phalanges. The

classification of a long bone includes having a body which is longer

than it is wide, with growth plates (epiphysis) at either end, having ahard outer surface of compact bone and a spongy inner known an

cancellous bone containing bone marrow. Both ends of the bone are

covered in hyaline cartilage to help protect the bone and aid shock

absorbtion. (Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Humorous, Radius, Ulna,

Metatarsal, Phalanges)

Reference:

(http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/types_of_bones.php)


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Types ofBone (cont)!

Short Bones (Short bones are defined as being

approximately as wide as they are long and have a

primary function of providing support and stability with

little movement. Examples of short bones are the

Carpals and Tarsals in the wrist and foot. They consist of

only a thin layer of compact, hard bone with cancellous

bone on the inside along with relatively large amounts of

bone marrow.

Reference:

(http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/types_of_bones.php)


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Sesamoid Bones!

In anatomy, a sesamoid bone is a bone embeddedwithin a tendon.

Sesamoid bones are found in locations where a tendonpasses over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot.

Functionally, they act to protect the tendon and toincrease its mechanical effect. The presence of thesesamoid bone holds the tendon slightly farther awayfrom the centre of the joint and thus increases itsmoment arm. Sesamoid bones also prevent the tendonfrom flattening into the joint as tension increases and

therefore also maintain a more consistent moment armthrough a variety of possible tendon loads. This differsfrom menisci, which are made of cartilage and rather actto disperse the weight of the body on joints and reducefriction during movement


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Flat Bones

Flat bones are those bones which are found where the principalrequirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broadsurfaces for muscular attachment, the bones are expanded intobroad, flat plates, as in the cranium (skull), the ilium (pelvis),sternum, rib cage, the sacrum and the scapula.

These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact boneenclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous bone,which is the location of red bone marrow. In an adult, most red bloodcells are formed in flat bones.


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IrregularBones

The irregular bones are bones which, from theirpeculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, shortbone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones servevarious purposes in the body, such as protection ofnervous tissue (such as the vertebrae protect the spinalcord), affording multiple anchor points for skeletalmuscle attachment (as with the sacrum), andmaintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongueattachment (such as the hyoid bone). They consist ofcancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact

bone. The irregular bones are: the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx,temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla,mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.


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Blood Cell Production

Red blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow

White blood cells are produced in the yellow blood cells


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Condyloid

In a condyloid joint (condyloid articulation, ellipsoidal joint) an ovoid

articular surface, or condyle, is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits

movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction,

and circumduction.

Movement can be forwards, backwards and from side to side

The wrist is a Condyloid joint


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Gliding

Gliding joints allow movement over a flat

surface in every direction, but is restricted

by ligaments or a bony prominence

For example in the carpals and tarsals of

wrists and ankles.


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Saddle

These are similar to ellipsoid/condyloid

joints but the surfaces are concave and

convex. Movement occurs backwards and

forwards and from side to side, like that at

the base of the thumb.


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BTEC level 3 sport by

Adams,Barker,Gleghill,Lydon,Mulligan,Phillippo and Sutton


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Muscle types

Skeletal muscle- also known as strained or striped muscle because of its

striped appearance. This muscle is voluntary, which means its under

conscious control.

Smooth muscle- an involuntary muscle that works without conscious

thought, functional under the control of your nervous system. Located in

walls of digestive system and blood vessels and helps regulate digestion

and blood pressure.

Cardiac muscle- found only on the wall of your heart. It works continuously.

It is involuntary which means it is not under conscious control. It in

composed of specialised type of strained tissue that has its own blood

supply. Its contractions help to force blood through blood vessels to all parts

of your body.


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Biceps BrachiOblique

Rectus Abdominis

Rectus Femoris

Vastus Intermedius

Vastus LateralisVastus Medialis

Deltoids

Semimembranosus

SemitendinosusBiceps Femoris

Hamstring

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Tibialis Anterior

Erector Spinae

Teres Major

Trapezius

Latissimus Dorsi

Gluteus

Maximus


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Agonist: the muscle that shortens to move a joint is called the agonist or

prime mover. This is the muscle principally responsible for the movement

taking place- the contrasting muscle.

Antagonist: the muscle that relaxes in opposition to the agonist is called the

antagonist. This is the muscle responsible for the opposite movement, and

the one that relaxes as the agonist works. If it did not relax, movement couldnot take place. Antagonists exert a braking control over the movement

Synergist: synergists are muscles that work together to enable the agonists

to operate more effectively. They work with the agonists to control and

direct movement by modifying or altering the direction of pull on the

agonists to the most advantageous position.

Fixator: these muscles stop any unwanted movement throughout the whole

body by fixing or stabilising the joint or joints involved. Fixator muscles

stabilise the origin so that the agonist can achieve maximum and effective

contraction.


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Muscle: exercise/activity

Biceps: arm curls, chin-ups

Deltoids: press ups, dips, overhead pressing

Pectorals: forward, lateral and back-arm raises, overhead lifting

Rectus abdominals: all pressing movements

Quadriceps: sit-ups

Hamstrings: knee bends, squats

Gastrocnemius: extending leg and flexing knee (running)

Soleus: running, jumping and standing on tip-toe

Tibialis anterior: running and jumping Erector spine: all running and jumping exercises

Teres major: all rowing and pulling movements


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Trapezius: shrugging and overhead lifting

Latissimus dorsi: rowing movements

Obliques: oblique curls

Gluteus maximus: knee-bending movements, cycling.

Sport Presentation of Bones and Joints and Muscle Types

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Transcript of Sport Presentation of Bones and Joints and Muscle Types