Sport in Russia History. «Igrischa» One of the most ancient forms of original physical training of...
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Transcript of Sport in Russia History. «Igrischa» One of the most ancient forms of original physical training of...
«Igrischa» One of the most ancient forms of original physical training of eastern slavs
held mass national festivals called «games»
[»igrischa»]. In the early period «igrischa» were devoted to pagan rites «Swimming games»,
« Turovy games» etc. They were also held after
acceptance of christianity (X century), but since that
time were dated to Christian church holidays.
The main elements of the Games were songs,
dances, round dances, run, jumps, wrestling,
fisticuffs, various games such
as «torches», «lupta», «small towns» [gorodki],
game with a sort of «hockey» stick and
other physical exercises and the
entertainment promoting
development of force, dexterity, endurance, courage, persistence.
These simple terms «games», «fun and entertainment» actually had
the phenomenon of the big importance for the nation. Created by people, they as anything else,
formed the physically perfect people with and strong will, and the new
nation image convincingly reflected in labor and, in particular, in long,
lasting for centuries, heavy struggle against the bitter enemies, aspiring
to enthrall Russian people.
In Ancient Russia among the exercises playing the
big role in physical development of people
there was skiing. Statements of foreigners of that time were like that
« … Russians quickly run on .»
snow on a ski or wooden soles, resting sticks in
snow
In 1953 during excavation in Novgorod the most ancient
copy high-speed a ski of XII-XIII centuries was found. That ski
has length of 192 sm, its average width — 8 sm,
thickness 1см, and in a place where the leg is put, — 3 sm.
Curvature of all lines is thoroughly designed and
verified. In a Novgorod' ski there were made holes for inserting a foot fixing belt.
Besides for household needs and hunting
they began to use skis as a communication
military facility. In Nikonov annals for 1444 the successful
campaign of the Moscow ski host for defense of the city
Ryazan against tatar tsarevitch Mustafa
from Golden Horde is described.
Skis were used in Peter's I and Ekaterina' II armies. In the deep antiquity of past
centuries the roots of national fun,
entertainment, games, entertainment with skis,
including elements of competitions can be
observed. Besides walking on skis, winter was a good
time for skating and sledding, stick fights on ice, a capture of snow
fortresses etc.
In Ancient Russia the big role was played by physical
exercises like fisticuffs and fencing fights, wrestling etc.,
promoting development of physical strength, dexterity,
endurance and resoluteness, readiness for
defense. Even in a Slavic military — funeral ceremony
these exercises were traditionally arranged for the
purpose of military and physical development of
soldiers.
The image of a man from the military retinue of the
Prince — « the brave combative man « was creatively depicted
as the Russian epic heroes [«bogatyry»]. «Bogatyry», the
Russian epic heroes are people whose personal interests are actually the interests of the
nation on the whole.
In the Russian epic poems the reality was described by artificial generalization
means, physical exercises of the Russian epic heroes like wrestling, horse exercises, swimming, shooting from a
bow, a throwing of «palitsa» (a heavy stick) are depicted. As for Prince Vladimir, for example, it is
written, that he used to bring his military team in a field «
to shoot at the oak» growing there.
Basing on contents of the book « Words about
Igor' s regiment», the Russian epic poem «Ilya
Muromets» and others one can conclude, that
the entertaining of Russian epic heroes accompanied with
competitions in physical strength,
dexterity and military skills, were
characterized by original methods of
training and testing of their readiness for military defense.
Wrestling and fisticuffs were fond not only by youth, but also by
adults. In the course of centuries developed seizure and
wrestling methods developed. Opponents usually clasped each
other in a crossing way. Other ways of seizure were also used.
Among methods used there were «beating» and «tripping up». Wrestling was considered
completed when one of opponents fell on the ground.
Fisticuffs widely distributed in Ancient Russia revealed physical strength
and moral characteristics of participants. There were two kinds of
fights: mass fights — « a wall against a wall» and single
fights — «single combats». Formation of «walls» (teams), as a rule, was effected on a territorial
principle (settlement, street, a large village).
In mass street fisticuffs the party banished the opponent from a place of fight became the winner.
Single fisticuffs were more often practiced as a way of settlement of questions at issue and conflict
judicial duels.
Fisticuffs' rules, known under the
name of rules of fair fight, are widely
reflected in national creative literature.
These rules expressed in sayings and
proverbs, stipulated, that « lying in fight
does not go «, «don't hit a man when he's
down» etc.
During the first half of XVIII century in Russia the fisticuffs were so
widely expanded, that the government tried to
regulate them. It's known that in 1726 St.
Petersburg the head of police has declared the
order forbidding fisticuffs within the bounds of the city without the police
official permission. However, fisticuffs
participants bypassed the established rules and
competitions were held in other places.