SPM Biology Form 4 Nutrition Notes
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SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part I)
by BERRYBERRYTEACHER
inBERRY REFERENCE (NOTES)
Nutrition is the all-important process which is why all Berry Readersare still alie an!
chec"in# o$t o$r we%site& 't is a process o o%tainin# the materials* (oo!) to sustain life and
growth& +hile st$!ents will most li"ely only thin" o h$man-e!i%le oo!, the s$%topics coerin#
S. Biolo#y Form / is more than that& So this art 0 o the new series on N$trition orSPM
Form 4 Biology%y Berry Berry Easyis oc$sse! on the types o n$trition an! some %asic
!einitions& Here, yo$1ll learn a%o$t sel-s$stainin# a$totrophs an! the more reliant heterotrophs&
2Tips3Sometimes students make the mistake of not considering photoautotroph and
chemoautotroph as a subset of autotrophs. Similarly, some students also fail to acknowledgethat saprophyte, holozoic, carnivourous plants, parasites are subset of heterotrophs as they do
not contain the word 'hetero' or 'trophs'. This is wrong and it'll be useful to draw a family tree
inclusive of examples to properly categorise the categories.4
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part !
Photoautotrophs
Type of Nutrition
N$trition 5 process %y which or#anisms o%tain ener#y an! n$trients rom oo!, or
#rowth, maintenance an! repair o !ama#e! tiss$es&
N$trients 5 the important s$%stances which are re6$ire! or no$rishment o an
or#anisms&
7iin# or#anisms are !ii!e! into two #ro$ps (%ase! on the n$tritional ha%its)3
a$totrophs an! heterotrophs&
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(i! "utotroph
A$totrophs 5 or#anisms that are a%le to synthesise comple8 or#anic compo$n!s rom
raw, simple inor#anic s$%stances (water an! air) %y $sin# li#ht or chemical ener#y& These
or#anisms man$act$re their own oo! %y photosynthesis or chemosynthesis&
hotoa$totrophs 5 chlorophyll containin# or#anisms that $tilise solar ener#y or %$il!in#
or#anic s$%stance&
hotoa$totropic n$trition 9 holophytic n$trition&
Chemoa$totrophs 5 or#anisms synthesise or#anic s$%stances %y $tilisin# chemical
ener#y&
Autotrophs Example
Photoautotroph Trees
Chemoautotroph Bacteria
(ii! #eterotroph
Heterotrophs 5 or#anisms that are not a%le to synthesise their own n$trients %$t they
o%tain the n$trients rom other or#anisms&
Holo:oic n$trition 5 or#anisms ee! %y in#estin# soli! or#anic matter that !i#este! an!
a%sor%e! into the %o!ies&
Saprophytism 5 or#anisms ee! on !ea! an! !ecayin# or#anic matter&
arasitism 5 or#anisms o%tains n$trients (a%sor%s rea!ily !i#este! oo!) %y liin# on ; in
the %o!y o another liin# or#anisms (the host)Heterotrophs Example
Saprophyte Fungi
Holozoic nutrition Carnivores
Carnivorous plants
(Holozoic nutrition)
Venus traps and pitcher plants
Parasites Lice and leas
This en!s Part $o the series o st$!y notes %y Berry Berry Easyon Nutrition for SPM
Biology Form 4st$!ents& 'n the ne8t part, Berry Readerswill learn a%o$t%alan&ed
dietan! the seen important &lasses of foodor SPM'leel %iology& So !o stay t$ne!&
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part II)
by BERRYBERRYTEACHER
inBERRY REFERENCE (NOTES)
A%alan&ed dietis the most important step to maintain one1s #oo! health& 't is the "ey to reach
a %alance %etween hain# eno$#h ener#y or !aily actiities an! also to maintain a healthy
wei#ht& There is also a misconception that a #oo! !iet consist o no at, no s$#ar, no salt an!
other e8treme meas$res& This is wron# as a %alance! !iet is more important than the !eoi! o
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any important classes o oo!& This post, Part o study notesrom Berry Berry
EasyonNutritionor SPM Biology Form 4st$!ents will %e oc$se! on %alance! !iet an! the
important &lasses of food& So !o rea! on& 't is a simple topic that is mo!erately pop$lar in
e8ams&
2Tips3n view of the topic, the following tips will not be study tips but nutritional tips instead.
nstead of avoiding sugar and salt completely, it is advisable to !ust limit the intake of simple
sugar and limit salt consumption "while ensuring that the salt is already iodised#. $lso, if you
intend to go vegetarian, make sure that you take in all the essential amino acids too. $vocado
and pumpkin seeds are useful to provide all the essential amino acids, which are typically only
available in animal%based diet.4
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part !
&uman Teeth
Balan&ed )iet
o$le ("?)
Ener#y al$e ; caloriic al$e o oo! 5 the 6$antity o heat pro!$ce! when one #ram o
oo! is completely o8i!ise!& =nit 5 ?o$les per #ram (? #-0) or calories&
Ener#y al$e 9 (.ass o water 8 'ncrease in temperat$re 8 /&@ ) ; .ass o oo!
Ener#y al$e 9 (#)(C)(? #-0C-0) ; (#) 9 ? #-0
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Seen mportant *lasses of Food
0& Car%ohy!rates (proi!e ener#y)
@& roteins (B$il! new tiss$es ; important in #rowth an! repairin# !ama#e! tiss$es)
& Fats (proi!e ener#y ; stora#e o e8tra oo!s)
/& +ater (act as me!i$m or %iochemical reaction ; transportation o s$%stances)
& Ditamins (preent !iseases ; eicient meta%olism ; important or normal #rowth)
& .inerals (important or normal #rowth an! !eelopment o teeth, %ones an! m$scles)
& Ro$#ha#e ;
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utrition Tag
Fa&tors "ffe&ting )aily Energy Re,uirement
Balance !iet is essential or healthy #rowth an! !eelopment o the %o!y&
0& A#e 5 chil!ren an! teena#ers nee! more ener#y !$e to their hi#h meta%olic rate&
@& Se8 5 male a!$lt nee!s more ener#y !$e to in males hae hi#h meta%olic rate&
& re#nancy an! lactation 5 pre#nant women nee! more ener#y !$e to s$pport the
#rowin# oet$ses an! pro!$ce mil" or their %a%ies&
/& Occ$pation 5 an actie person re6$ires hi#h ener#y !$e to the person !oes a lot o heay
wor"&
& Si:e or %o!y wei#ht 5 a person smaller in si:e has a lar#er s$race area per $nit ol$me&
Th$s, the rate o heat loss is hi#h&
& Climate 5 people liin# in col! co$ntries nee! more ener#y to maintain %o!y
temperat$re&
& enetics 5 #enetics !isposition in certain person may !eci!e !ierent meta%olic rate&
I& Health 5 'n s$icient secretion o thyro8ine hormone may ca$se lower in meta%olic rate&
G& 7iestyle 5 An actie person re6$ires hi#her ener#y than a passie person
Energy *ontent of Food
Bom% calorimeter 5 $se! to calc$late the ener#y al$e o ario$s types o oo! samples&
One calorie (cal) 9 /&@ >o$les (?)
Ener#y al$e o oo! ("? #-0) 9 (/&@ 8 mass o water 8 increase in temperat$re) ; (mass o
oo! sample 8 0JJJ), speciic heat capacity o water, C 9 /&@ ? #-0C-0K mass o water in #K
temperat$re in C an! mass o oo! sample in #&
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This represents the en! o the Part -o the short notes on the topic o Nutrition or SPM
Form 4 Biology students%y Berry Berry Easy& 'n the ne8t post in this series o s$mmarise!
notes, yo$1ll learn a%o$t the &lasses of food nutrient& So !o chec" %ac"&
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (PartIV)
by BERRYBERRYTEACHER
inBERRY REFERENCE (NOTES)
*lasses of food nutrientis the %asic classes $se! in the orm$lation o a healthy !iet& The
classical si. %asi& &lasses of
foodincl$!es3 *ar%ohydrates, Protein, Fat,/itamins,Mineralsan!0ater& This Part
4in the series o s$mmarise! st$!y notes %y Berry Berry Easyon Nutrition or SPM
Biology Form 4st$!ents is oc$sse! on the classes o oo! n$trients& Howeer, this part won1t
e8plain in !etail the classes on oo! %$t rather %e e8plainin# on the #eneral tests con!$cte! in
school la%s to test the content o oo!s& Berry Readerswill %e e8pose! to the name o tests,
rea#ents $se!, o%seration e8pecte! an! concl$sions re#ar!in# the i!entiication o classes o
oo! n$trient& So !o rea! on&
2Tips3ost food contain more than one of the classes of basic nutrient. To understand this, you
may look at the contents section of your slice bread's packaging. -ou'll see that it contains
protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals and even water "although water might not be
stated#. So please remember that, chicken meat isn't all protein and rice isn't all carbohydrate.
at healthy, stay healthy and study hard.4
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part /!
/lasses of 0ood utrients
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*lasses of Food Nutrients
Test Reagent Observation Conclusion
Benedict!s
test
Food sample "
Benedict!s solution
(Place in #oiling$ater #ath)
The solution turns
rom blueto green% yellow% brick-
redprecipitate ormed (depend onsugar concentration)&
Food sample
contains
reducing sugar
Benedict!s
test
Food sample "
Benedict!s solution
" 'ilute
hydrochloric acid
(Place in #oiling
$ater #ath) "
neutralise #y
sodium hydrogen
car#onate po$der
The solution turns
romblueto green% yellow%brick-
redprecipitate ormed (depend on
sugar concentration)&
Food sample
contains non
reducing sugar
odine %
Starch test
Food sample "
odine solution
The solution turns rombrownish-
yellowto blue-black&
Food sample
contains
starch
*mulsion
test
Food sample "
ethanol
The at droplets ormed on the
surace and the solution #ecome
cloudy&
Food sample
contains oil
(lipid)
Sudan
test
Food sample "
Sudan stain
+ red-stainedoil layer separates
out and loat on the $ater surace
Food sample
contains oil
(lipid)
Fat test Food sample " ilter
paper
+ translucent mar, ormed Food sample
contains oil
(lipid)
-illon!s test Food sample "
-illon!s reagent "
./ sodium nitrite
(Place in #oiling
$ater #ath)
The solution turns brick-
redprecipitate&
Food sample
contains
protein
Biuret test Food sample " 01/
sodium hydro2ide
solution and ./
copper() sulphatesolution
The solution turns
rom blueto purple colour&
Food sample
contains
protein
This mar"s the en! o art / o the series o notes on Nutrition or Form 4
Biologyst$!entsta1ing SPM in Malaysia& 'n the ne8t part, Berry Readerswill learn all
a%o$t itamins& Rea! all a%o$t it to stay healthy&
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part V)
by BERRYBERRYTEACHER
inBERRY REFERENCE (NOTES)
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There are two cate#ories in itamins3 at-sol$%le itamins an! water-sol$%le itamins&
Fat'solu%le /itamins
Types o
!itamins
"ources #unctions Eect o deiciency
+ (retinol) -il,3carrots3
tomatoes3
eggs3 ish
oil3 green
vegeta#les3
#utter
Builds visual pigmentson retina or night vision
mmunity
4ro$th o epithelial
cells
+ntio2idant
Build #ody resistance to
diseases
5ight #lindness 6erophthalmia (cornea
#ecomes dry)
Scaly s,in
' (calcierol) Formed
(s,in) during
the presence
o sunlight3
ish liver oil3
egg yol,3
cheese
*nhances a#sorption o
calcium and phosphorus
Build strong #ones and
healthy teeth
7ic,ets ($ea, #ones)
8steomalacia
(sotening o #ones)
* (tocopherol) Palm oil3
cereals3 nuts3
green
vegeta#les3
olive oil3
mil,
Preserves healthy
muscular system3 #lood
circulatory (red #lood
cells) and nervous system
+ntio2idant
-aintain healthy
unction o the
reproduction system
Premature aging
Lo$ ertility
Slo$ $ound healing
9 (phyllo:uinone)4reenvegeta#le3
totatoes
Helps in #lood clotting 'etective #loodclotting
+naemia
The ne8t post, Part 3 on the short series o notes on Nutrition or SPM Biology Form
4st$!ent %y Berry Berry Easywill contin$e on the s$%-topic o itamin with emphasis %ein#
#ien onwater'solu%le itamins& So !o rea! on&
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part
VI)
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by BERRYBERRYTEACHER
inBERRY REFERENCE (NOTES)
0ater'solu%le itaminsare itamins that are sol$%le in water& +hile it so$n!s o%io$s %$t its
implication is lar#e& Beca$se it is water-sol$%le, it has to %e replace! !aily as the %o!y !oes not
store them or a%sor%e! in the at #lo%$les& Since it is replace! !aily, yo$ will nee! to in#est them
on a !aily %asis& Typical so$rce o B-comple8 itamins are o$n! in cereal, e##, ish le#$me, meat,
mil", po$ltry an! others& +hile Ditamin C can nat$rally %e o$n! in r$its (citr$s %ase! are the
%est as most Berry Readerswo$l! alrea!y "now rom yo$n#)&
So, let1s thin" a#ain, what the implication o water-sol$%le itamin meansM 't also means that
these itamins can potentially %e washe! away !$rin# the preparation o oo! or een !$rin#
stora#e !$e to its sol$%ility in water& So it is ery !ierent rom the at-sol$%le itamins learnt in
the earlier post& As yo$ wo$l! hae #$esse! it, this post, Part 3o notes on Nutritionor SPM
Form 4 Biology student rom Berry Berry Easyis all a%o$t water-sol$%le itamins&
2Tips30or those who wonder how fat%soluble is stored in the body. 5itamin 6$346 as
mentioned in the previous post is fat%soluble, in which they are absorbed in chylomicrons which
moves through the lymphatic system of small intestines, followed by circulation in the blood
stream and finally stored in body tissues. "This also implies the importance of fat in our body.
So do not remove too much fat from your body until you are unhealthy.
$s a health tip, make sure you don't ingest too much fat%soluble vitamins, as they can be stored
in your body. $ condition called hypervitaminosis can occur if you have too much vitamin
stored in your body, and that condition is potentially harmful to your body. So remember that,
moderation is the best way to go in life.4
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part /!
/od fish oil
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0ater'solu%le /itamins
Types o
!itamins
"ources #unctions Eect o deiciency
B. (thiamine) -il,3
legumens3$heatgerm3
yeast e2tract3
nuts3 $hole
grains
Precursor o a coenzyme
Coenzyme or car#ohydrates meta#olisme
Beri#eri (muscle
$ea,ness3 nerve disorder) Fatigue
B0 (ri#olavin) -il,3
$heatgerm3
liver3 eggs
Component o
coenzyme Healthy nervous system
Sore eyes
S,in lesions at the
corner o mouth3 nose and
ears
nlammation o tongueand lips
B; (niacin) Liver3 rice3
legumes3 ish3
yeast e2tract
Component o coenzyme
Healthy nervous system3 s,in and intestines
Pellagra (s,in and
gastrointestinal lesions)
B< (pantothenic
acid)
Fish3 egg
yol,3 liver3
meat
Component o coenzyme or car#ohydrates3
protein and atty acids meta#olism
-uscle cramps
Fatigue
4rey hair
Lo$ immunity
B= (pyrido2ine) Fish3 liver3
mil,3
potatoes
Coenzyme in amino acid meta#olism
For red #lood cell ormation
9idney stone
-uscular t$itching
'iarrhea
B> (olic acid) 4reen
vegeta#les
For '5+ and 75+
For red #lood cells ormation
7egulating the unction o iron
-iscarriage #irth
Clet lips
Lim# deects o #a#ies
B.0 (co#alamin) Cheese3 mil,3
egg3 meat
Coenzyme in nucleic acid meta#olism
For red #lood cells ormation
Pernicious anaemia
5eurological disorders
H (#iotin) Legumes3
vegeta#les
Coenzyme in the synthesis o at3 glycogen
and amino acid
5ausea
Fatigue
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-uscular pains
C (ascor#ic acid) 8range3
tomatoes3
#roccoli3caulilo$er
Fats and protein meta#olism
*nergy production
Scurvy (#leeding gums
and #ruised s,in)
This is the en! o Part 3o notes for SPM Biology on N$trition&