Spencer_Philosophy of Style

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The Philosophy of Style[with accents]

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Title0 The Philosophy of Style

1uthor0 Herbert Spencer

)elease $ate0 2une, 3445 6EBook 7895+: 6'es, we are



#ore than one year ahea of scheule: 6This "le was "rstposte on Septe#ber *;, 3443:

Eition0 *4

<anguage0 English

Character set encoing0 &S= <atin>*

((( ST1)T =? THE P)=2ECT G@TEABE)G EB==, THEPH&<=S=PH' =? ST'<E (((

Prouce by P! Peterson

THE PH&<=S=PH' =? ST'<E!By Herbert Spencer

P1)T &!C1@SES =? ?=)CE &A <1AG@1GE -H&CH $EPEA$ @P=AEC=A=' =? THE EAT1< EAE)G&ES!

i! The Principle of Econo#y!D *! Co##enting on the see#ing incongruity between hisfathers argu#entative powers an his ignorance offor#al logic, Tristra# Shany says0>>%&t was a #atter of just woner with #y worthy tutor, an two or threefellows of that learne society, that a #an who knew notso #uch as the na#es of his tools, shoul be able to workafter that fashion with the#!% Sternes intene

i#plication that a knowlege of the principles of reasoningneither #akes, nor is essential to, a goo reasoner, isoubtless true! Thus, too, is it with gra##ar! 1s $r!<atha#, cone#ning the usual school>rill in <inleyurray, rightly re#arks0 %Gross vulgarity is a fault to bepreventeF but the proper prevention is to be got fro#



habit>>not rules!% Si#ilarly, there can be little uestionthat goo co#position is far less epenent uponacuaintance with its laws, than upon practice an naturalaptitue! 1 clear hea, a uick i#agination, an a

sensitive ear, will go far towars #aking all rhetoricalprecepts neeless! He who aily hears an reas well>fra#e sentences, will naturally #ore or less ten to usesi#ilar ones! 1n where there eists any #entaliiosyncrasy>>where there is a e"cient verbal #e#ory, oran inaeuate sense of logical epenence, or but littleperception of orer, or a lack of constructive ingenuityF noa#ount of instruction will re#ey the efect!Aevertheless, so#e practical result #ay be epecte fro#

a fa#iliarity with the principles of style! The eneavour toconfor# to laws #ay tell, though slowly! 1n if in no otherway, yet, as facilitating revision, a knowlege of the thingto be achieve>>a clear iea of what constitutes a beauty,an what a ble#ish>>cannot fail to be of service!D 3! Ao general theory of epression see#s yet to havebeen enunciate! The #ai#s containe in works onco#position an rhetoric, are presente in an unorganiIefor#! Staning as isolate og#as>>as e#piricalgeneraliIations, they are neither so clearly apprehene,nor so #uch respecte, as they woul be were theyeuce fro# so#e si#ple "rst principle! -e are tol that%brevity is the soul of wit!% -e hear styles cone#ne asverbose or involve! Blair says that every neeless part of a sentence %interrupts the escription an clogs thei#ageF% an again, that %long sentences fatigue thereaers attention!% &t is re#arke by <or ai#es, that %to

give the ut#ost force to a perio, it ought, if possible, tobe close with that wor which #akes the greatest"gure!% That parentheses shoul be avoie an thatSaon wors shoul be use in preference to those of<atin origin, are establishe precepts! But, howeverinJuential the truths thus og#atically e#boie, theywoul be #uch #ore inJuential if reuce to so#ething



like scienti"c orination! &n this, as in other cases,conviction will be greatly strengthene when weunerstan the why! 1n we #ay be sure that aco#prehension of the general principle fro# which the

rules of co#position result, will not only bring the# ho#eto us with greater force, but will iscover to us other rulesof like origin,D ;! =n seeking for so#e clue to the law unerlying thesecurrent #ai#s, we #ay see shaowe forth in #any ofthe#, the i#portance of econo#iIing the reaers orhearers attention, To so present ieas that they #ay beapprehene with the least possible #ental eKort, is theesieratu# towars which #ost of the rules above

uote point! -hen we cone#n writing that is wory, orconfuse, or intricate>>when we praise this style as easy,an bla#e that as fatiguing, we consciously orunconsciously assu#e this esieratu# as our stanarof jug#ent! )egaring language as an apparatus ofsy#bols for the conveyance of thought, we #ay say that,as in a #echanical apparatus, the #ore si#ple an thebetter arrange its parts, the greater will be the eKectprouce! &n either case, whatever force is absorbe bythe #achine is eucte fro# the result! 1 reaer orlistener has at each #o#ent but a li#ite a#ount of#ental power available! To recogniIe an interpret thesy#bols presente to hi#, reuires part of this powerF toarrange an co#bine the i#ages suggeste reuires afurther partF an only that part which re#ains can beuse for realiIing the thought conveye! Hence, the #oreti#e an attention it takes to receive an unerstan

each sentence, the less ti#e an attention can be givento the containe ieaF an the less vivily will that iea beconceive!D 5! How truly language #ust be regare as a hinranceto thought, though the necessary instru#ent of it, weshall clearly perceive on re#e#bering the co#parativeforce with which si#ple ieas are co##unicate by signs!



To say, %<eave the roo#,% is less epressive than to pointto the oor! Placing a "nger on the lips is #ore forciblethan whispering, %$o not speak!% 1 beck of the han isbetter than, %Co#e here!% Ao phrase can convey the iea

of surprise so vivily as opening the eyes an raising theeyebrows! 1 shrug of the shoulers woul lose #uch bytranslation into wors! 1gain, it #ay be re#arke thatwhen oral language is e#ploye, the strongest eKects areprouce by interjections, which conense entiresentences into syllables! 1n in other cases, wherecusto# allows us to epress thoughts by single wors, asin LBeware, Heigho, ?uge,L #uch force woul be lost byepaning the# into speci"c propositions! Hence,

carrying out the #etaphor that language is the vehicle ofthought, there see#s reason to think that in all cases thefriction an inertia of the vehicle euct fro# itseMciencyF an that in co#position, the chief, if not thesole thing to be one, is, to reuce this friction an inertiato the s#allest possible a#ount! <et us then inuirewhether econo#y of the recipients attention is not thesecret of eKect, alike in the right choice an collocation ofwors, in the best arrange#ent of clauses in a sentence,in the proper orer of its principal an suborinatepropositions, in the juicious use of si#ile, #etaphor, another "gures of speech, an even in the rhyth#icalseuence of syllables!

ii! Econo#y in the @se of -ors!D 8! The greater forcibleness of Saon English, or rathernon><atin English, "rst clai#s our attention! The several

special reasons assignable for this #ay all be reuce tothe general reason>>econo#y! The #ost i#portant of the#is early association! 1 chils vocabulary is al#ost whollySaon! He says, L& have,L not L& possessL>>>L& wish,L not & LesireFL he oes not LreJect,L he LthinksFL he oes notbeg for La#use#ent,L but for LplayLF he calls things nice



or Lnasty,L not pleasant or Lisagreeable!L The synony#swhich he learns in after years, never beco#e so closely,so organically connecte with the ieas signi"e, as othese original wors use in chilhooF an hence the

association re#ains less strong! But in what oes a strongassociation between a wor an an iea iKer fro# aweak oneN Si#ply in the greater ease an rapiity of thesuggestive action! &t can be in nothing else! Both of twowors, if they be strictly synony#ous, eventually call upthe sa#e i#age! The epression>>&t is Laci,L #ust in theen give rise to the sa#e thought as>>&t is sourF butbecause the ter# acid was learnt later in life, an has notbeen so often followe by the thought sy#boliIe, it oes

not so reaily arouse that thought as the ter# sour! &f were#e#ber how slowly an with what labour theappropriate ieas follow unfa#iliar wors in anotherlanguage, an how increasing fa#iliarity with such worsbrings greater rapiity an ease of co#prehensionF an ifwe consier that the sa#e process #ust have gone onwith the wors of our #other tongue fro# chilhooupwars, we shall clearly see that the earliest learnt anoftenest use wors, will, other things eual, call upi#ages with less loss of ti#e an energy than their laterlearnt synony#s!D O! The further superiority possesse by Saon English inits co#parative brevity, obviously co#es uner the sa#egeneraliIation! &f it be an avantage to epress an iea inthe s#allest nu#ber of wors, then will it be anavantage to epress it in the s#allest nu#ber ofsyllables! &f circuitous phrases an neeless epletives

istract the attention an i#inish the strength of thei#pression prouce, then o surplus articulations o so!1 certain eKort, though co##only an inappreciable one,#ust be reuire to recogniIe every vowel anconsonant! &f, as all know, it is tireso#e to listen to aninistinct speaker, or rea a baly>written #anuscriptFan if, as we cannot oubt, the fatigue is a cu#ulative



result of the attention neee to catch successivesyllablesF it follows that attention is in such casesabsorbe by each syllable! 1n if this be true when thesyllables are iMcult of recognition, it will also be true,

though in a less egree, when the recognition of the# iseasy! Hence, the shortness of Saon wors beco#es areason for their greater force! =ne uali"cation, however,#ust not be overlooke! 1 wor which in itself e#boiesthe #ost i#portant part of the iea to be conveye,especially when that iea is an e#otional one, #ay oftenwith avantage be a polysyllabic wor! Thus it see#s#ore forcible to say, %&t is L#agni"cent,L% than %&t is Lgran!L% The wor vast is not so powerful a one as

Lstupenous!L Calling a thing nasty is not so eKective ascalling it Lisgusting!L D ! There see# to be several causes for this eceptionalsuperiority of certain long wors! -e #ay ascribe it partlyto the fact that a volu#inous, #outh>"lling epithet is, byits very siIe, suggestive of largeness or strengthF witnessthe i##ense po#posity of sesuipealian verbiage0 anwhen great power or intensity has to be suggeste, thisassociation of ieas ais the eKect! 1 further cause #aybe that a wor of several syllables a#its of #oree#phatic articulationF an as e#phatic articulation is asign of e#otion, the unusual i#pressiveness of the thingna#e is i#plie by it! 'et another cause is that a longwor of which the latter syllables are generally inferreas soon as the "rst are spokenQ allows the hearersconsciousness a longer ti#e to well upon the ualitypreicateF an where, as in the above cases, it is to this

preicate uality that the entire attention is calle, anavantage results fro# keeping it before the #in for anappreciable ti#e! The reasons which we have given forpreferring short wors eviently o not hol here! So thatto #ake our generaliIation uite correct we #ust say,that while in certain sentences epressing strong feeling,the wor which #ore especially i#plies that feeling #ay



often with avantage be a #any>syllable or <atin oneF inthe i##ense #ajority of cases, each wor serving but asa step to the iea e#boie by the whole sentence,shoul, if possible, be a one>syllable or Saon one!

D 9! =nce #ore, that freuent cause of strength in Saonan other pri#itive wors>their i#itative character #aybe si#ilarly resolve into the #ore general cause! Boththose irectly i#itative, as Lsplash, bang, whiI, roar,L Rc!,an those analogically i#itative, as Lrough, s#ooth, keen,blunt, thin,L har, crag,L Rc!, have a greater or lesslikeness to the things sy#boliIeF an by #aking on thesenses i#pressions allie to the ieas to be calle up,they save part of the eKort neee to call up such ieas,

an leave #ore attention for the ieas the#selves!D +! The econo#y of the recipients #ental energy, intowhich are thus resolvable the several causes of thestrength of Saon English, #ay eually be trace in thesuperiority of speci"c over generic wors! That concreteter#s prouce #ore vivi i#pressions than abstract ones,an shoul, when possible, be use instea, is a thorough#ai# of co#position! 1s $r! Ca#pbell says, %The #oregeneral the ter#s are, the picture is the fainterF the #orespecial they are, tis the brighter!% -e shoul avoi such asentence as0>>%&n proportion as the #anners, custo#s,an a#use#ents of a nation are cruel an barbarous, theregulations of their penal coe will be severe!% 1n inplace of it we shoul write0>>%&n proportion as #en elightin battles, bull>"ghts, an co#bats of glaiators, will theypunish by hanging, burning, an the rack!%D *4! This superiority of speci"c epressions is clearly ue

to a saving of the eKort reuire to translate wors intothoughts! 1s we o not think in generals but inparticulars>>as, whenever any class of things is referreto, we represent it to ourselves by calling to #ininiviual #e#bers of itF it follows that when an abstractwor is use, the bearer or reaer has to choose fro# hisstock of i#ages, one or #ore, by which he #ay "gure to



hi#self the genus #entione! &n oing this, so#e elay#ust arise so#e force be epeneF an if, by e#ployinga speci"c ter#, an appropriate i#age can be at oncesuggeste, an econo#y is achieve, an a #ore vivi

i#pression prouce!

ii The Principle of Econo#y applie to Sentences!D **! Turning now fro# the choice of wors to theirseuence, we shall "n the sa#e general principle holgoo! -e have a priori reasons for believing that in everysentence there is so#e one orer of wors #ore eKectivethan any otherF an that this orer is the one whichpresents the ele#ents of the proposition in the successionin which they #ay be #ost reaily put together! 1s in anarrative, the events shoul be state in such seuencethat the #in #ay not have to go backwars anforwars in orer to rightly connect the#F as in a group ofsentences, the arrange#ent shoul be such, that each ofthe# #ay be unerstoo as it co#es, without waiting forsubseuent onesF so in every sentence, the seuence ofwors shoul be that which suggests the constituents of

the thought in the orer #ost convenient for the builingup that thought! $uly to enforce this truth, an to preparethe way for applications of it, we #ust brieJy inuire intothe #ental act by which the #eaning of a series of worsis apprehene!D *3! -e cannot #ore si#ply o this than by consieringthe proper collocation of the substantive an ajective! &sit better to place the ajective before the substantive, orthe substantive before the ajectiveN =ught we to say

with the ?rench>>un Lcheval noirFL or to say as we o>>ablack horseN Probably, #ost persons of culture woulecie that one orer is as goo as the other! 1live to thebias prouce by habit, they woul ascribe to that thepreference they feel for our own for# of epression! Theywoul epect those eucate in the use of the opposite



for# to have an eual preference for that! 1n thus theywoul conclue that neither of these instinctive jug#ents is of any worth! There is, however, aphilosophical groun for eciing in favour of the English

custo#! &f %a horse black% be the arrange#ent,i##eiately on the utterance of the wor %horse,% therearises, or tens to arise, in the #in, a picture answeringto that worF an as there has, been nothing to inicatewhat kind of horse, any i#age of a horse suggests itself!.ery likely, however, the i#age will be that of a brownhorse, brown horses being the #ost fa#iliar! The result isthat when the wor %black% is ae, a check is given tothe process of thought! Either the picture of a brown horse

alreay present to the i#agination has to be suppresse,an the picture of a black one su##one in its placeF orelse, if the picture of a brown horse be yet unfor#e, thetenency to for# it has to be stoppe! -hichever is thecase, a certain a#ount of hinrance results! But if, on theother han, %a black horse% be the epression use, nosuch #istake can be #ae! The wor %black,% inicatingan abstract uality, arouses no e"nite iea! &t si#plyprepares the #in for conceiving so#e object of thatcolourF an the attention is kept suspene until thatobject is known! &f, then, by the preceence of theajective, the iea is conveye without liability to error!whereas the preceence of the substantive is apt toprouce a #isconception, it follows that the one gives the#in less trouble than the other, an is therefore #oreforcible!D *;! Possibly it will be objecte that the ajective an

substantive co#e so close together, that practically they#ay be consiere as uttere at the sa#e #o#entF anthat on hearing the phrase, %a horse black,% there is notti#e to i#agine a wrongly>coloure horse before the wor%black% follows to prevent it! &t #ust be owne that it isnot easy to ecie by introspection whether this is so ornot! But there are facts collaterally i#plying that it is not!



=ur ability to anticipate the wors yet unspoken is one ofthe# &f the ieas of the hearer kept consierably behinthe, epressions of the speaker, as the objection assu#es,he coul harly foresee the en of a sentence by the ti#e

it was half elivere0 yet this constantly happens! -erethe supposition true, the #in, instea of anticipating,woul be continually falling #ore an #ore in arrear! &fthe #eanings of wors are not realiIe as fast as thewors are uttere, then the loss of ti#e over each wor#ust entail such an accu#ulation of elays as to leave ahearer entirely behin! But whether the force of thesereplies be or be not a#itte, it will scarcely be eniethat the right for#ation of a picture will be facilitate by

presenting its ele#ents in the orer in which they arewanteF even though the #in shoul o nothing until ithas receive the# all!D *5! -hat is here sai respecting the succession of theajective an substantive is obviously applicable, bychange of ter#s, to the averb an verb! 1n withoutfurther eplanation, it will be #anifest, that in the use ofprepositions an other particles, #ost languagesspontaneously confor# with #ore or less co#pleteness tothis law!D *8! =n applying a like analysis to the larger ivisions ofa sentence, we "n not only that the sa#e principle holsgoo, but that the avantage of respecting it beco#es#arke! &n the arrange#ent of preicate an subject, forea#ple, we are at once shown that as the preicateeter#ines the aspect uner which the subject is to beconceive, it shoul be place "rstF an the striking eKect

prouce by so placing it beco#es co#prehensible! Takethe often>uote contrast between %Great is $iana of theEphesians,% an %$iana of the Ephesians is great!% -henthe "rst arrange#ent is use, the utterance of the wor%great% arouses those vague associations of an i#pressivenature with which it has been habitually connecteF thei#agination is prepare to clothe with high attributes



whatever followsF an when the wors, %$iana of theEphesians,% are hear, all the appropriate i#agery whichcan, on the instant, be su##one, is use in thefor#ation of the picture0 the #in being thus le irectly,

an without error, to the intene i#pression! -hen, onthe contrary, the reverse orer is followe, the iea,%$iana of the Ephesians% is conceive with no specialreference to greatnessF an when the wors %is great% areae, the conception has to be re#oele0 whencearises a loss of #ental energy an a corresponingi#inution of eKect! The following verse fro# Coleriges1ncient ariner, though so#ewhat irregular in structure,well illustrates the sa#e truth0

%1lone, alone, all, all alone, 1lone on a wie, wie sea 1nnever a saint took pity on y soul in agony!%D *O! =f course the principle eually applies when thepreicate is a verb or a participle! 1n as eKect is gaineby placing "rst all wors inicating the uality, conuct orconition of the subject, it follows that the copula alsoshoul have preceence! &t is true that the general habitof our language resists this arrange#ent of preicate,copula an subjectF but we #ay reaily "n instances ofthe aitional force gaine by confor#ing to it! Thus, inthe line fro# 2ulius Caesar%Then burst his #ighty heart,%priority is given to a wor e#boying both preicate ancopula! &n a passage containe in The Battle of ?loen?iel, the like orer is syste#atically e#ploye with greateKect0%The Borer slogan rent the sky/ L1 Ho#e/ a Goron/L

was the cryF L<ou were Lthe clanging blows0 L1vance>>force back>>>now low, now high, LThe pennon sunk anroseF As bends the barks #ast in the gale -hen rent are rigging, shrous an sail, &t wavere #i the foes!%D *! Pursuing the principle yet further, it is obvious thatfor proucing the greatest eKect, not only shoul the #ainivisions of a sentence observe this seuence, but the



subivisions of these shoul be si#ilarly arrange! &nnearly all cases, the preicate is acco#panie by so#eli#it or uali"cation, calle its co#ple#ent! Co##only,also, the circu#stances of the subject, which for# its

co#ple#ent, have to be speci"e! 1n as theseuali"cations an circu#stances #ust eter#ine the#oe in which the acts an things they belong to areconceive, preceence shoul be given to the#! <orai#es notices the fact that this orer is preferableFthough without giving the reason! He says0>>%-hen acircu#stance is place at the beginning of the perio, ornear the beginning, the transition fro# it to the principalsubject is agreeable0 it is like ascening or going upwar!%

1 sentence arrange in illustration of this will beesirable! Here is one0>>%-hatever it #ay be in theory, itis clear that in practice the ?rench iea of liberty is>>theright of every #an to be #aster of the rest!%D *9! &n this case, were the "rst two clauses, up to thewor %& practice %inclusive, which ualify the subject, to beplace at the en instea of the beginning, #uch of theforce woul be lostF as thus0>>%The ?rench iea of libertyis>>the right of every #an to be #aster of the restF inpractice at least, if not in theory!%D *+! Si#ilarly with respect to the conitions uner whichany fact is preicate! =bserve in the following ea#plethe eKect of putting the# last0>>%How i##ense woul bethe sti#ulus to progress, were the honour now given towealth an title given eclusively to high achieve#entsan intrinsic worth/%D 34! 1n then observe the superior eKect of putting the#

"rst0>>%-ere the honour now given to wealth an titlegiven eclusively to high achieve#ents an intrinsicworth, how i##ense woul be the sti#ulus to progress/%D 3*! The eKect of giving priority to the co#ple#ent of thepreicate, as well as the preicate itself, is "nelyisplaye in the opening of Hyperion0%L$eep in the shay saness of a vale ?ar sunken fro# the



healthy breath of #orn, ?ar fro# the "ery noon an evesone star SatL gray>haire Saturn, uiet as a stone!%Here it will be observe, not only that the preicate %sat%precees the subject %Saturn,% an that the three lines in

italics, constituting the co#ple#ent of the preicate,co#e before itF but that in the structure of thatco#ple#ent also, the sa#e orer is followe0 each linebeing so arrange that the ualifying wors are placebefore the wors suggesting concrete i#ages!D 33! The right succession of the principal an suborinatepropositions in a sentence #anifestly epens on thesa#e law! )egar for econo#y of the recipients attention,which, as we "n, eter#ines the best orer for the

subject, copula, preicate an their co#ple#ents,ictates that the suborinate proposition shall preceethe principal one when the sentence inclues two!Containing, as the suborinate proposition oes, so#eualifying or eplanatory iea, its priority prevents#isconception of the principal oneF an therefore savesthe #ental eKort neee to correct such #isconception! This will be seen in the annee ea#ple0 %The secrecyonce #aintaine in respect to the parlia#entary ebates,is still thought neeful in iplo#acyF an in virtue of thissecret iplo#acy, Englan #ay any ay be unawaresbetraye by its #inisters into a war costing a, hunrethousan lives, an hunres of #illions of treasure0 yetthe English piue the#selves on being a self>governepeople!% The two suborinate propositions, ening withthe se#icolon an colon respectively, al#ost whollyeter#ine the #eaning of the principal proposition with

which it concluesF an the eKect woul be lost were theyplace last instea of "rst!D 3;! The general principle of right arrange#ent insentences, which we have trace in its application to theleaing ivisions of the#, eually eter#ines the properorer of their #inor ivisions! &n every sentence of anyco#pleity the co#ple#ent to the subject contains



several clauses, an that to the preicate several othersFan these #ay be arrange in greater or less confor#ityto the law of easy apprehension! =f course with these, aswith the larger #e#bers, the succession shoul be fro#

the less speci"c to the #ore speci"c>>fro# the abstract tothe concrete!D 35! Aow, however, we #ust notice a further conition tobe ful"lle in the proper construction of a sentenceF butstill a conition ictate by the sa#e general principlewith the other0 the conition, na#ely, that the wors anepressions #ost nearly relate in thought shall bebrought the closest together! Eviently the single wors,the #inor clauses, an the leaing ivisions of every

proposition, severally ualify each other! The longer theti#e that elapses between the #ention of any ualifying#e#ber an the #e#ber uali"e, the longer #ust the#in be eerte in carrying forwar the ualifying#e#ber reay for use! 1n the #ore nu#erous theuali"cations to be si#ultaneously re#e#bere anrightly applie, the greater will be the #ental powerepene, an the s#aller the eKect prouce! Hence,other things eual, force will be gaine by so arrangingthe #e#bers of a sentence that these suspensions shallat any #o#ent be the fewest in nu#berF an shall also beof the shortest uration! The following is an instance ofefective co#bination0>>%1 #oern newspaper>state#ent,though probably true, woul be laughe at if uote in abook as testi#onyF but the letter of a court gossip isthought goo historical evience, if written so#ecenturies ago!% 1 rearrange#ent of this, in accorance

with the principle inicate above, will be foun toincrease the eKect! Thus0>>%Though probably true, a#oern newspaper>state#ent uote in a book astesti#ony, woul be laughe atF but the letter of a courtgossip, if written so#e centuries ago, is thought goohistorical evience!%D 38! By #aking this change, so#e of the suspensions are



avoie an others shorteneF while there is less liabilityto prouce pre#ature conceptions! The passage uotebelow fro# Paraise <ost aKors a "ne instance of asentence well arrangeF alike in the priority of the

suborinate #e#bers, in the avoiance of long annu#erous suspensions, an in the corresponencebetween the orer of the clauses an the seuence of thepheno#ena escribe, which, by the way, is a furtherprereuisite to easy co#prehension, an therefore toeKect!%1s when a prowling wolf, -ho# hunger rives to seeknew haunt for prey, -atching where shephers pen theirJocks at eye, &n hurle cotes a#i the "el secure,

<eaps oer the fence with ease into the folF =r as a thief,bent to unhoar the cash =f so#e rich burgher, whosesubstantial oors, Cross>barr, an bolte fast, fear noassault, &n at the winow cli#bs, or oer the tilesF Soclo#b this "rst gran thief into Gos folF So since intohis church lew hirelings cli#b!%D 3O! The habitual use of sentences in which all or #ost of the escriptive an li#iting ele#ents precee thoseescribe an li#ite, gives rise to what is calle theinverte style0 a title which is, however, by no #eanscon"ne to this structure, but is often use where theorer of the wors is si#ply unusual! 1 #ore appropriatetitle woul be the Lirect style,L as contraste with theother, or Linirect styleL0 the peculiarity of the one being,that it conveys each thought into the #in step by stepwith little liability to errorF an of the other, that it getsthe right thought conceive by a series of approi#ations!

D 3! The superiority of the irect over the inirect for# of sentence, i#plie by the several conclusions that havebeen rawn, #ust not, however, be aMr#e withoutreservation! Though, up to a certain point, it is well for theualifying clauses of a perio to precee those uali"eFyet, as carrying forwar each ualifying clause costs so#e#ental eKort, it follows that when the nu#ber of the#



an the ti#e they are carrie beco#e great, we reach ali#it beyon which #ore is lost than is gaine! =therthings eual, the arrange#ent shoul be such that noconcrete i#age shall be suggeste until the #aterials out

of which it is to be #ae have been presente! 1n yet,as lately pointe out, other things eual, the fewer the#aterials to be hel at once, an the shorter the istancethey have to be borne, the better! Hence in so#e cases itbeco#es a uestion whether #ost #ental eKort will beentaile by the #any an long suspensions, or by thecorrection of successive #isconceptions!D 39! This uestion #ay so#eti#es be ecie byconsiering the capacity of the persons aresse! 1

greater grasp of #in is reuire for the reayco#prehension of thoughts epresse in the irect#anner, where the sentences are anywise intricate! Torecollect a nu#ber of preli#inaries state in eluciation of a co#ing iea, an to apply the# all to the for#ation of itwhen suggeste, e#ans a goo #e#ory anconsierable power of concentration! To one possessingthese, the irect #etho will #ostly see# the bestF whileto one e"cient in the# it will see# the worst! 2ust as it#ay cost a strong #an less eKort to carry a hunre>weight fro# place to place at once, than by a stone at ati#eF so, to an active #in it #ay be easier to bear alongall the uali"cations of an iea an at once rightly for# itwhen na#e, than to "rst i#perfectly conceive such ieaan then carry back to it, one by one, the etails anli#itations afterwars #entione! -hile conversely, as fora boy, the only possible #oe of transferring a hunre>

weight, is that of taking it in portionsF so, for a weak #in,the only possible #oe of for#ing a co#pounconception #ay be that of builing it up by carryingseparately its several parts!D 3+! That the inirect #etho>>the #etho of conveyingthe #eaning by a series of approi#ations>>is best "ttefor the uncultivate, #ay inee be inferre fro# their



habitual use of it! The for# of epression aopte by thesavage, as in %-ater, give #e,% is the si#plest type of theapproi#ate arrange#ent! &n pleonas#s, which areco#paratively prevalent a#ong the uneucate, the

sa#e essential structure is seenF as, for instance, in>>%The#en, they were there!% 1gain, the ol possessive case>>%The king, his crown,% confor#s to the like orer ofthought! oreover, the fact that the inirect #oe iscalle the natural one, i#plies that it is the onespontaneously e#ploye by the co##on people0 that is>>the one easiest for uniscipline #ins!D ;4! There are #any cases, however, in which neither theirect nor the inirect structure is the bestF but where an

inter#eiate structure is preferable to both! -hen thenu#ber of circu#stances an uali"cations to be incluein the sentence is great, the #ost juicious course isneither to enu#erate the# all before introucing the ieato which they belong, nor to put this iea "rst an let it bere#oele to agree with the particulars afterwars#entioneF but to o a little of each! Take a case! &t isesirable to avoi so etre#ely inirect an arrange#entas the following0>>%-e ca#e to our journeys en, at last,with no s#all iMculty after #uch fatigue, through eeproas, an ba weather!% 'et to transfor# this into anentirely irect sentence woul not prouce a satisfactoryeKectF as witness0>>%1t last, with no s#all iMculty, after#uch fatigue, through eep roas, an ba weather, weca#e to our journeys en!%D ;*! $r! -hately, fro# who# we uote the "rst of thesetwo arrange#ents, proposes this construction0>>%1t last,

after #uch fatigue, through eep roas an ba weather,we ca#e, with no s#all iMculty, to our journeys en!%Here it will be observe that by introucing the wors %weca#e% a little earlier in the sentence, the labour ofcarrying forwar so #any particulars is i#inishe, anthe subseuent uali"cation %with no s#all iMculty%entails an aition to the thought that is very easily



#ae! But a further i#prove#ent #ay be prouce byintroucing the wors %we ca#e% still earlierF especially ifat the sa#e ti#e the uali"cations be rearrange inconfor#ity with the principle alreay eplaine, that the

#ore abstract ele#ents of the thought shoul co#ebefore the #ore concrete! =bserve the better eKectobtaine by #aking these two changes0>>%1t last, with nos#all iMculty, an after #uch fatigue, we ca#e, througheep roas an ba weather, to our journeys en!% Thisreas with co#parative s#oothnessF that is, with lesshinrance fro# suspensions an reconstructions ofthought>>with less #ental eKort!D ;3! Before is#issing this branch of our subject, it

shoul be further re#arke, that even when aressingthe #ost vigorous intellects, the irect style is un"t forco##unicating ieas of a co#ple or abstract character!So long as the #in has not #uch to o, it #ay be wellable to grasp all the preparatory clauses of a sentence,an to use the# eKectivelyF but if so#e subtlety in theargu#ent absorb the attention>>if every faculty bestraine in eneavouring to catch the speakers or writersrift, it #ay happen that the #in, unable to carry onboth processes at once, will break own, an allow theele#ents of the thought to lapse into confusion!

iv! The Principle of Econo#y applie to ?igures!D ;;! Turning now to consier "gures of speech, we #ayeually iscern the sa#e general law of eKect! @nerlyingall the rules given for the choice an right use of the#, weshall "n the sa#e funa#ental reuire#ent>>econo#y of

attention! &t is inee chieJy because they so wellsubserve this reuire#ent, that "gures of speech aree#ploye! To bring the #in #ore easily to the esireconception, is in #any cases solely, an in all cases#ainly, their object!D ;5! <et us begin with the "gure calle Synecoche! The



avantage so#eti#es gaine by putting a part for thewhole, is ue to the #ore convenient, or #ore accurate,presentation of the iea! &f, instea of saying %a Jeet often ships,% we say %a Jeet of ten LsailL,% the picture of a

group of vessels at sea is #ore reaily suggesteF an isso because the sails constitute the #ost conspicuousparts of vessels so circu#stance0 whereas the worships woul very likely re#in us of vessels in ock!1gain, to say, % All hands to the pu#ps,% is better than tosay, %1ll men to the pu#ps,% as it suggests the #en in thespecial attitue intene, an so saves eKort! Bringing%gray hairs with sorrow to the grave,% is anotherepression, the eKect of which has the sa#e cause!

D ;8! The occasional increase of force prouce byetony#y #ay be si#ilarly accounte for! %The low#orality of Lthe bar,L% is a phrase both #ore brief ansigni"cant than the literal one it stans for! 1 belief in theulti#ate supre#acy of intelligence over brute force, isconveye in a #ore concrete, an therefore #orerealiIable for#, if we substitute the pen an the sword forthe two abstract ter#s! To say, %Beware of rinking/% isless eKective than to say, %Beware of Lthe bottle/L% an isso, clearly because it calls up a less speci"c i#age!D ;O! The Si#ile is in #any cases use chieJy with a viewto orna#ent, but whenever it increases the force of apassage, it oes so by being an econo#y! Here in aninstance0 %The illusion that great #en an great eventsca#e oftener in early ti#es than now, is partly ue tohistorical perspective! 1s in a range of euiistantcolu#ns, the furthest oK look the closestF so, the

conspicuous objects of the past see# #ore thicklyclustere the #ore re#ote they are!%D ;! To construct by a process of literal eplanation, thethought thus conveye woul take #any sentences, anthe "rst ele#ents of the picture woul beco#e faint whilethe i#agination was busy in aing the others! But by thehelp of a co#parison all eKort is saveF the picture is



instantly realiIe, an its full eKect prouce!D ;9! =f the position of the Si#ile, it nees only to re#ark,that what has been sai respecting the orer of theajective an substantive, preicate an subject, principal

an suborinate propositions, Rc!, is applicable here! 1swhatever uali"es shoul precee whatever is uali"e,force will generally be gaine by placing the si#ile beforethe object to which it is applie! That this arrange#ent isthe best, #ay be seen in the following passage fro# the<ay of the <akeF%1s wreath of snow, on #ountain breast, Slies fro# therock that gave it rest, Poor Ellen glie fro# her stay, 1nat the #onarchs feet she lay!%

&nverting these couplets will be foun to i#inish theeKect consierably! There are cases, however, even wherethe si#ile is a si#ple one, in which it #ay with avantagebe place last, as in these lines fro# 1leaner S#iths<ife $ra#a0%& see the future stretch 1ll ark an barren as a rainysea!% The reason for this see#s to be, that so abstract an ieaas that attaching to the wor %future,% oes not presentitself to the #in in any e"nite for#, an hence thesubseuent arrival at the si#ile entails no reconstructionof the thought!D ;+! Such, however, are not the only cases in which thisorer is the #ost forcible! 1s the avantage of putting thesi#ile before the object epens on its being carrieforwar in the #in to assist in for#ing an i#age of theobject, it #ust happen that if, fro# length or co#pleity,

it cannot be so carrie forwar, the avantage is notgaine! The annee sonnet, by Colerige, is efectivefro# this cause0%1s when a chil, on so#e long winters night, 1Krighte,clinging to its grana#s knees, -ith eager wonring anperturb elight <istens strange tales of fearful arkecrees, utter to wretch by necro#antic spellF =r of



those hags who at the witching ti#e =f #urky #inight,rie the air subli#e, 1n #ingle foul e#brace with "ensof hellF Col horror rinks its bloo/ 1non the tear oregentle starts, to hear the bela#e tell =f pretty babes,

that lov each other ear, urer by cruel uncles#anate fell0 Evn such the shivring joys thy tonesi#part, Evn so, thou, Sions, #eltest #y sa heart!%D 54! Here, fro# the lapse of ti#e an accu#ulation ofcircu#stances, the "rst part of the co#parison isforgotten before its application is reache, an reuiresre>reaing! Ha the #ain iea been "rst #entione, lesseKort woul have been reuire to retain it, an to #oifythe conception of it into har#ony with the co#parison,

than to re#e#ber the co#parison, an refer back to itssuccessive features for help in for#ing the "nal i#age!D 5*! The superiority of the etaphor to the Si#ile isascribe by $r! -hately to the fact that %all #en are #oregrati"e at catching the rese#blance for the#selves,than in having it pointe out to the#!% But after what hasbeen sai, the great econo#y it achieves will see# the#ore probable cause! <ears ecla#ation>>%&ngratitue/ thou #arble>hearte "en,%woul lose part of its eKect were it change into>>%&ngratitue/ thou "en with heart like #arbleF%an the loss woul result partly fro# the position of thesi#ile an partly fro# the etra nu#ber of worsreuire! -hen the co#parison is an involve one, thegreater force of the #etaphor, conseuent on its greaterbrevity, beco#es #uch #ore conspicuous! &f, rawing ananalogy between #ental an physical pheno#ena, we

say, %1s, in passing through the crystal, bea#s of whitelight are eco#pose into the colours of the rainbowF so,in traversing the soul of the poet, the colourless rays oftruth are transfor#e into brightly tinte poetry%F it isclear that in receiving the ouble set of wors epressingthe two halves of the co#parison, an in carrying the onehalf to the other, consierable attention is absorbe! ost



of this is save, however, by putting the co#parison in a#etaphorical for#, thus0 %The white light of truth, intraversing the #any sie transparent soul of! the poet, isrefracte into iris>hue poetry!%

D 53! How #uch is conveye in a few wors by the help ofthe etaphor, an how vivi the eKect conseuentlyprouce, #ay be abunantly ee#pli"e! ?ro# 1 <ife$ra#a #ay be uote the phrase>>%& spear hi# with a jest,%as a "ne instance a#ong the #any which that poe#contains! 1 passage in the Pro#etheus @nboun, ofShelley, isplays the power of the #etaphor to greatavantage0

%ethought a#ong the lawns together -e wanere,unerneath the young gray awn, 1n #ultitues ofense white Jeecy clous -ere wanering, in thick Jocksalong the #ountains Shepherded by the slow unwillingwin!% This last epression is re#arkable for the istinctness withwhich it realiIes the features of the scene0 bringing the#in, as it were, by a boun to the esire conception!D 5;! But a li#it is put to the avantageous use of theetaphor, by the conition that it #ust be suMcientlysi#ple to be unerstoo fro# a hint! Eviently, if there beany obscurity in the #eaning or application of it, noecono#y of attention will be gaineF but rather thereverse! Hence, when the co#parison is co#ple, it isusual to have recourse to the Si#ile! There is, however, aspecies of "gure, so#eti#es classe uner 1llegory, butwhich #ight, perhaps, be better calle Co#poun

etaphor, that enables us to retain the brevity of the#etaphorical for# even where the analogy is intricate! This is one by inicating the application of the "gure atthe outset, an then leaving the #in to continue theparallel! E#erson has e#ploye it with great eKect in the"rst of his & <ectures on the Ti#es0>>%The #ain interestwhich any aspects of the Ti#es can have for us is the



great spirit which gaIes through the#, the light whichthey can she on the wonerful uestions, -hat are we,an -hither we tenN -e o not wish to be eceive!Here we rift, like white sail across the wil ocean, now

bright on the wave, now arkling in the trough of the seaFbut fro# what port i we sailN -ho knowsN =r to whatport are we bounN -ho knowsN There is no one to tell usbut such poor weather>tosse #ariners as ourselves,who# we speak as we pass, or who have hoiste so#esignal, or Joate to us so#e letter in a bottle fro# far! Butwhat know they #ore than we N They also founthe#selves on this wonrous sea! AoF fro# the olersailors nothing! =ver all their speaking tru#pets the gray

sea an the lou wins answer, Aot in usF not in Ti#e!%D 55! The ivision of the Si#ile fro# the etaphor is by no#eans a e"nite one! Between the one etre#e in whichthe two ele#ents of the co#parison are etaile at fulllength an the analogy pointe out, an the otheretre#e in which the co#parison is i#plie instea ofstate, co#e inter#eiate for#s, in which the co#parisonis partly state an partly i#plie! ?orinstance0>>%1stonishe at the perfor#ances of the Englishplow, the Hinoos paint it, set it up, an worship itF thusturning a tool into an iol0 linguists o the sa#e withlanguage!% There is an evient avantage in leaving thereaer or hearer to co#plete the "gure! 1n generallythese inter#eiate for#s are goo in proportion as theyo thisF provie the #oe of co#pleting it be obvious!D 58! Passing over #uch that #ay be sai of like purportupon Hyperbole, Personi"cation, 1postrophe, Rc!, let us

close our re#arks upon construction by a typical ea#ple! The general principle which has been enunciate is, thatother things eual, the force of all verbal for#s anarrange#ents is great, in proportion as the ti#e an#ental eKort they e#an fro# the recipient is s#all! Thecorollaries fro# this general principle have been severallyillustrateF an it has been shown that the relative



gooness of any two #oes of epressing an iea, #ay beeter#ine by observing which reuires the shortestprocess of thought for its co#prehension! But thoughconfor#ity in particular points has been ee#pli"e, no

cases of co#plete confor#ity have yet been uote! &t isinee iMcult to "n the#F for the English iio# oesnot co##only per#it the orer which theory ictates! 1few, however, occur in =ssian! Here is one0>>%1s autu#nsark stor#s pour fro# two echoing hills, so towars eachother approache the heroes! 1s two ark strea#s fro#high rocks #eet an #i, an roar on the plain0 lou,rough, an ark in battle #eet <ochlin an &nisfail! ! !1sthe trouble noise of the ocean when roll the waves on

highF as the last peal of the thuner of heavenF such isnoise of the battle!%D 5O! Ecept in the position of the verb in the "rst twosi#iles, the theoretically best arrange#ent is fully carrieout in each of these sentences! The si#ile co#es beforethe uali"e i#age, the ajectives before thesubstantives, the preicate an copula before the subject,an their respective co#ple#ents before the#! That thepassage is open to the charge of being bo#bastic provesnothingF or rather, proves our case! ?or what is bo#bastbut a force of epression too great for the #agnitue ofthe ieas e#boieN 1ll that #ay rightly be inferre is,that only in very rare cases, an then only to prouce acli#a, shoul all the conitions of eKective epression beful"lle!

v! Suggestion as a eans of Econo#y!

D 5! Passing on to a #ore co#ple application of theoctrine with which we set out, it #ust now be re#arke,that not only in the structure of sentences, an the use of"gures of speech, #ay econo#y of the recipients #entalenergy be assigne as the cause of forceF but that in thechoice an arrange#ent of the #inor i#ages, out of



which so#e large thought is to be built up, we #ay tracethe sa#e conition to eKect! To select fro# the senti#ent,scene, or event escribe those typical ele#ents whichcarry #any others along with the#F an so, by saying a

few things but suggesting#any, to abrige the escriptionF is the secret ofproucing a vivi i#pression! 1n etract fro# Tennysonsariana will well illustrate this0%1ll ay within the rea#y house, The oor upon thehinges creake, The blue Jy sung i the paneF the #ouseBehin the #oulering wainscot shrieke, =r fro# thecrevice peere about!%D 59! The several circu#stances here speci"e bring with

the# #any appropriate associations! =ur attention israrely rawn by the buIIing of a Jy in the winow, savewhen everything is still! -hile the in#ates are #ovingabout the house, #ice usually keep silenceF an it is onlywhen etre#e uietness reigns that they peep fro# theirretreats! Hence each of the facts #entione,presupposing nu#erous others, calls up these with #oreor less istinctnessF an revives the feeling of ull solituewith which they are connecte in our eperience! -ere allthese facts etaile instea of suggeste, the attentionwoul be so frittere away that little i#pression ofreariness woul be prouce! Si#ilarly in other cases!-hatever the nature of the thought to be conveye, thisskilful selection of a few particulars which i#ply the rest,is the key to success! &n the choice of co#ponent ieas,as in the choice of epressions, the ai# #ust be toconvey the greatest uantity of thoughts with the

s#allest uantity of wors!D 5+! The sa#e principle #ay in so#e cases beavantageously carrie yet further, by inirectlysuggesting so#e entirely istinct thought in aition tothe one epresse! Thus, if we say, %The hea of a gooclassic is as full of ancient #yths, as that of a servant>girlof ghost stories%F it is #anifest that besies the fact



asserte, there is an i#plie opinion respecting the s#allvalue of classical knowlege0 an as this i#plie opinionis recogniIe #uch sooner than it can be put into wors,there is gain in o#itting it! &n other cases, again, great

eKect is prouce by an overt o#issionF provie thenature of the iea left out is obvious! 1 goo instance ofthis occurs in Heroes an Heroworship! 1fter escribingthe way in which Burns was sacri"ce to the ile curiosityof <ion>hunters>>people who ca#e not out of sy#pathy,but #erely to see hi#>>people who sought a littlea#use#ent, an who got their a#use#ent while %theHeros life went for it/% Carlyle suggests a parallel thus0%)ichter says, in the &slan of Su#atra there is a kin of

<ight>chafers, large ?ire>Jies, which people stick uponspits, an illu#inate the ways with at night! Persons ofconition can thus travel with a pleasant raiance, whichthey #uch a#ire! Great honour to the ?ire>Jies/ But>>/>>%

vi! The EKect of Poetry eplaine!D 84! Before inuiring whether the law of eKect, thus fartrace, eplains the superiority of poetry to prose, it will

be neeful to notice so#e supple#entary causes of forcein epression, that have not yet been #entione! Theseare not, properly speaking, aitional causesF but ratherseconary ones, originating fro# those alreay speci"ereJe results of the#! &n the "rst place, then, we #ayre#ark that #ental ecite#ent spontaneously pro#ptsthe use of those for#s of speech which have been pointeout as the #ost eKective! %=ut with hi#/% %1way withhi#/% are the natural utterances of angry citiIens at a

isturbe #eeting! 1 voyager, escribing a terrible stor#he ha witnesse, woul rise to so#e such cli#aas>>%Crack went the ropes an own ca#e the #ast!%1stonish#ent #ay be hear epresse in the phrase>>%Aever was there such a sight/% 1ll of which sentencesare, it will be observe, constructe after the irect type!



1gain, every one knows that ecite persons are given to"gures of speech! The vituperation of the vulgar abounswith the#0 often, inee, consists of little else! %Beast,%%brute,% %gallows rogue,% %cut>throat villain,% these, an

other like #etaphors an #etaphorical epithets, at oncecall to #in a street uarrel! ?urther, it #ay be noticethat etre#e brevity is another characteristic ofpassionate language! The sentences are generallyinco#pleteF the particles are o#itteF an freuentlyi#portant wors are left to be gathere fro# the contet!Great a#iration oes not vent itself in a preciseproposition, as>>%&t is beautiful%F but in the si#pleecla#ation>>%Beautiful/% He who, when reaing a

lawyers letter, shoul say, %.ile rascal/% woul be thoughtangryF while, %He is a vile rascal/% woul i#plyco#parative coolness! Thus we see that alike in the orerof the wors, in the freuent use of "gures, an inetre#e conciseness, the natural utterances ofecite#ent confor# to the theoretical conitions offorcible epression!D 8*! Hence, then, the higher for#s of speech acuire aseconary strength fro# association! Having, in actuallife, habitually hear the# in connection with vivi #entali#pressions, an having been accusto#e to #eet withthe# in the #ost powerful writing, they co#e to have inthe#selves a species of force! The e#otions that havefro# ti#e to ti#e been prouce by the strong thoughtswrappe up in these for#s, are partially arouse by thefor#s the#selves! They create a certain egree ofani#ationF they inuce a preparatory sy#pathy, an

when the striking ieas looke for are reache, they arethe #ore vivily realiIe!D 83! The continuous use of these #oes of epressionthat are alike forcible in the#selves an forcible fro# theirassociations, prouces the peculiarly i#pressive speciesof co#position which we call poetry! Poetry, we shall "n,habitually aopts those sy#bols of thought, an those



#ethos of using the#, which instinct an analysis agreein choosing as #ost eKective, an beco#es poetry byvirtue of oing this! =n turning back to the variousspeci#ens that have been uote, it will be seen that the

irect or inverte for# of sentence preo#inates in the#Fan that to a egree uite ina#issible in prose! 1n notonly in the freuency, but in what is ter#e the violenceof the inversions, will this istinction be re#arke! &n theabunant use of "gures, again, we #ay recogniIe thesa#e truth! etaphors, si#iles, hyperboles, anpersoni"cations, are the poets colours, which he hasliberty to e#ploy al#ost without li#it! -e characteriIe as%poetical% the prose which uses these appliances of

language with any freuency, an cone#n it as %overJori% or %aKecte% long before they occur with theprofusion allowe in verse! ?urther, let it be re#arke thatin brevity>>the other reuisite of forcible epression whichtheory points out, an e#otion spontaneously ful"ls>>poetical phraseology si#ilarly iKers fro# orinaryphraseology! &#perfect perios are freuentF elisions areperpetualF an #any of the #inor wors, which woul beee#e essential in prose, are ispense with!D 8;! Thus poetry, regare as a vehicle of thought, isespecially i#pressive partly because it obeys all the lawsof eKective speech, an partly because in so oing iti#itates the natural utterances of ecite#ent! -hile the#atter e#boie is iealiIe e#otion, the vehicle is theiealiIe language of e#otion! 1s the #usical co#posercatches the caences in which our feelings of joy ansy#pathy, grief an espair, vent the#selves, an out of

these ger#s evolves #eloies suggesting higher phasesof these feelingsF & so, the poet evelops fro# the typicalepressions in which #en utter passion an senti#ent,those choice for#s of verbal co#bination in whichconcentrate passion an senti#ent #ay be "tlypresente!D 85! There is one peculiarity of poetry conucing #uch to



its eKect>>the peculiarity which is inee usually thoughtits characteristic one>>still re#aining to be consiere0 we#ean its rhyth#ical structure! This, i#probable though itsee#s, will be foun to co#e uner the sa#e

generaliIation with the others! <ike each of the#, it is aniealiIation of the natural language of strong e#otion,which is known to be #ore or less #etrical if the e#otionbe not too violentF an like each of the# it is an econo#yof the reaers or hearers attention! &n the peculiar tonean #anner we aopt in uttering versi"e language, #aybe iscerne its relationship to the feelingsF an thepleasure which its #easure #ove#ent gives us, isascribable to the co#parative ease with which wors

#etrically arrange can be recogniIe!D 88! This last position will scarcely be at once a#itteFbut a little eplanation will show its reasonableness! ?or if,as we have seen, there is an epeniture of #entalenergy in the #ere act of listening to verbal articulations,or in that silent repetition of the# which goes on inreaing>>if the perceptive faculties #ust be in activeeercise to ientify every syllable >then, any #oe of soco#bining wors as to present a regular recurrence ofcertain traits which the #in can anticipate, will i#inishthat strain upon the attention reuire by the totalirregularity of prose! 2ust as the boy, in receiving a seriesof varying concussions, #ust keep the #uscles reay to#eet the #ost violent of the#, as not knowing when such#ay co#eF so, the #in in receiving unarrangearticulations, #ust keep its perceptives active enough torecogniIe the least easily caught souns! 1n as, if the

concussions recur in a e"nite orer, the boy #ayhusban its forces by ajusting the resistance neeful foreach concussionF so, if the syllables be rhyth#icallyarrange, the #in #ay econo#iIe its energies byanticipating the attention reuire for each syllable!D 8O! ?ar>fetche though this iea will perhaps be thought,a little introspection will countenance it! That we o take



avantage of #etrical language to ajust our perceptivefaculties to the force of the epecte articulations, is clearfro# the fact that we are balke by halting versi"cation!uch as at the botto# of a Jight of stairs, a step #ore or

less than we counte upon gives us a shockF so, too, oesa #isplace accent or a supernu#erary syllable! &n theone case, we know that there is an erroneouspreajust#entF an we can scarcely oubt that there isone in the other! But if we habitually preajust ourperceptions to the #easure #ove#ent of verse, thephysical analogy above given reners it probable that byso oing we econo#iIe attentionF an hence that #etricallanguage is #ore eKective than prose, because it enables

us to o this!D 8! -ere there space, it #ight be worthwhile to inuirewhether the pleasure we take in rhy#e, an also thatwhich we take in euphony, ae not partly ascribable to thesa#e general cause!

P1)T &&!C1@SES =? ?=)CE &A <1AG@1GE -H&CH $EPEA$ @P=A

EC=A=' =? THE EAT1< SEAS&B&<&T&ES!

i! The <aw of ental Ehaustion an )epair!D 89! 1 few paragraphs only, can be evote to a seconivision of our subject that here presents itself! To pursuein etail the laws of eKect, as applying to the largerfeatures of co#position, woul carry us beyon our li#its!But we #ay brieJy inicate a further aspect of the generalprinciple hitherto trace out, an hint a few of its wierapplications!D 8+! Thus far, then, we have consiere only thosecauses of force in language which epen upon econo#yof the #ental Lenergies0L we have now to glance at thosewhich epen upon econo#y of the #ental Lsensibilities!L uestionable though this ivision #ay be as a



psychological one, it will yet serve roughly to inicate there#aining "el of investigation! &t will suggest thatbesies consiering the etent to which any faculty orgroup of faculties is taske in receiving a for# of wors

an realiIing its containe iea, we have to consier thestate in which this faculty or group of faculties is leftF anhow the reception of subseuent sentences an i#ageswill be inJuence by that state! -ithout going at lengthinto so wie a topic as the eercise of faculties an itsreactive eKects, it will be suMcient here to call to #inthat every faculty when in a state of nor#al activityQ is#ost capable at the outsetF an that the change in itsconition, which ens in what we ter# ehaustion, begins

si#ultaneously with its eercise! This generaliIation, withwhich we are all fa#iliar in our boily eperiences, anwhich our aily language recogniIes as true of the #inas a whole, is eually true of each #ental power, fro# thesi#plest of the senses to the #ost co#ple of thesenti#ents! &f we hol a Jower to the nose for long, webeco#e insensible to its scent! -e say of a very brilliantJash of lightning that it blins usF which #eans that oureyes have for a ti#e lost their ability to appreciate light!1fter eating a uantity of honey, we are apt to think ourtea is without sugar! The phrase %a eafening roar,%i#plies that #en "n a very lou soun te#porarilyincapacitates the# for hearing faint ones! To a han whichhas for so#e ti#e carrie a heavy boy, s#all boiesafterwars lifte see# to have lost their weight! Aow, thetruth at once recogniIe in these, its etre#e#anifestations, #ay be trace throughout! &t #ay be

shown that alike in the reJective faculties, in thei#agination, in the perceptions of the beautiful, theluicrous, the subli#e, in the senti#ents, the instincts, inall the #ental powers, however we #ay classify the#>action ehaustsF an that in proportion as the action isviolent, the subseuent prostration is great!D O4! Eually, throughout the whole nature, #ay be trace



the law that eercise faculties are ever tening toresu#e their original state! Aot only after continue rest,o they regain their full power not only o brief cessationspartially reinvigorate the#F but even while they are in

action, the resulting ehaustion is ever being neutraliIe! The two processes of waste an repair go on together!Hence with faculties habitually eercise>>as the senses of all persons, or the #uscles of any one who is strong>>ithappens that, uring #oerate activity, the repair is sonearly eual to the waste, that the i#inution of power isscarcely appreciableF an it is only when the activity hasbeen long continue, or has been very violent, that therepair beco#es so far in arrear of the waste as to prouce

a perceptible prostration! &n all cases, however, when, bythe action of a faculty, waste has been incurre, some lapse of ti#e #ust take place before full eMciency can bereacuireF an this ti#e #ust be long in proportion asthe waste has been great!

ii Eplanation of Cli#a, 1ntithesis, an 1nticli#a!D O*! eeping in #in these general truths, we shall be in

a conition to unerstan certain causes of eKect inco#position now to be consiere! Every perceptionreceive, an every conception realiIe, entailing so#ea#ount of waste>>or, as <iebig woul say, so#e change of #atter in the brainF an the eMciency of the facultiessubject to this waste being thereby te#porarily, thoughoften but #o#entarily, i#inisheF the resulting partialinability #ust aKect the acts of perception an conceptionthat i##eiately succee! 1n hence we #ay epect that

the viviness with which i#ages are realiIe will, in #anycases, epen on the orer of their presentation0 evenwhen one orer is as convenient to the unerstaning asthe other!D O3! There are sunry facts which alike illustrate this, anare eplaine by it! Cli#a is one of the#! The #arke



eKect obtaine by placing last the #ost striking of anyseries of i#ages, an the weakness>>often the luicrousweakness>>prouce by reversing this arrange#ent,epens on the general law inicate! 1s i##eiately

after looking at the sun we cannot perceive the light of a"re, while by looking at the "re "rst an the sunafterwars we can perceive bothF so, after receiving abrilliant, or weighty, or terrible thought, we cannotappreciate a less brilliant, less weighty, or less terribleone, while, by reversing the orer, we can appreciateeach! &n 1ntithesis, again, we #ay recogniIe the sa#egeneral truth! The opposition of two thoughts that are thereverse of each other in so#e pro#inent trait, insures an

i#pressive eKectF an oes this by giving a #o#entaryrelaation to the faculties aresse! &f, after a series ofi#ages of an orinary character, appealing in a #oerateegree to the senti#ent of reverence, or approbation, orbeauty, the #in has presente to it a very insigni"cant, avery unworthy, or a very ugly i#ageF the faculty ofreverence, or approbation, or beauty, as the case #ay be,having for the ti#e nothing to o, tens to resu#e its fullpowerF an will i##eiately afterwars appreciate a vast,a#irable, or beautiful i#age better than it woulotherwise o! Conversely, where the iea of absurity ueto etre#e insigni"cance is to be prouce, it #aybegreatly intensi"e by placing it after so#ething highlyi#pressive0 especially if the for# of phrase i#plies thatso#ething still #ore i#pressive is co#ing! 1 gooillustration of the eKect gaine by thus presenting a pettyiea to a consciousness that has not yet recovere fro#

the shock of an eciting one, occurs in a sketch by BalIac!His hero writes to a #istress who has coole towars hi#the following letter0%aa#e, .otre conuite #Utonne autant uelle#aVige Aon contente e #e Uchirer le coeur par vosUains vous aveI linUlicatesse e #e retenir unebrosse W ents, ue #es #oyens ne #e per#ettent pas



e re#placer, #es propriUtUs etant grevUeshypothXues%1ieu, trop, belle et trop ingrate ainie/ Puissions nousnous revoir ans un #one #eilleur/

%Charles Eouar%D O;! Thus we see that the pheno#ena of Cli#a,1ntithesis, an 1nticli#a, alike result fro# this generalprinciple! &#probable as these #o#entary variations insusceptibility #ay see#, we cannot oubt theiroccurrence when we conte#plate the analogousvariations in the susceptibility of the senses! )eferringonce #ore to pheno#ena of vision, every one knows thata patch of black on a white groun looks blacker, an a

patch of white on a black groun looks whiter, thanelsewhere! 1s the blackness an the whiteness #ustreally be the sa#e, the only assignable cause for this is aiKerence in their actions upon us, epenent upon theiKerent states of our faculties! &t is si#ply a visualantithesis!

iii! Aee of .ariety!

D O5! But this etension of the general principle ofecono#y>>this further conition to eKective co#position,that the sensitiveness of the faculties #ust becontinuously husbane>>inclues #uch #ore than hasbeen yet hinte! &t i#plies not only that certainarrange#ents an certain jutapositions of connecteieas are bestF but that so#e #oes of iviing anpresenting a subject will be #ore striking than othersF anthat, too, irrespective of its logical cohesion! &t shows why

we #ust progress fro# the less interesting to the #oreinterestingF an why not only the co#position as a whole,but each of its successive portions, shoul ten towars acli#a! 1t the sa#e ti#e, it forbis long continuity of thesa#e kin of thought, or repeate prouction of likeeKects! &t warns us against the error co##itte both by



Pope in his poe#s an by Bacon in his essays>>the error,na#ely, of constantly e#ploying forcible for#s ofepression0 an it points out that as the easiest postureby an by beco#es fatiguing, an is with pleasure

echange for one less easy, so, the #ost perfectly>constructe sentences will soon weary, an relief will begiven by using those of an inferior kin!D O8! ?urther, we #ay infer fro# it not only that we shoulavoi generally co#bining our wors in one #anner,however goo, or working out our "gures an illustrationsin one way, however tellingF but that we shoul avoianything like unifor# aherence, even to the wierconitions of eKect! -e shoul not #ake every section of

our subject progress in interestF we shoul not always riseto a cli#a! 1s we saw that, in single sentences, it is butrarely allowable to ful"ll all the conitions to strengthF so,in the larger sections of a co#position we #ust not oftenconfor# entirely to the law inicate! -e #ustsuborinate the co#ponent eKect to the total eKect!D OO! &n eciing how practically to carry out the principlesof artistic co#position, we #ay erive help by bearing in#in a fact alreay pointe out>>the "tness of certainverbal arrange#ents for certain kins of thought! Thatconstant variety in the #oe of presenting ieas whichthe theory e#ans, will in a great egree result fro# askilful aaptation of the for# to the #atter! -e saw howthe irect or inverte sentence is spontaneously use byecite peopleF an how their language is alsocharacteriIe by "gures of speech an by etre#ebrevity! Hence these #ay with avantage preo#inate in

e#otional passagesF an #ay increase as the e#otionrises! =n the other han, for co#ple ieas, the inirectsentence see#s the best vehicle! &n conversation, theecite#ent prouce by the near approach to a esireconclusion, will often show itself in a series of short, sharpsentencesF while, in i#pressing a view alreayenunciate, we generally #ake our perios volu#inous by



piling thought upon thought! These natural #oes ofproceure #ay serve as guies in writing! eenobservation an skilful analysis woul, in like #anner,etect further peculiarities of epression prouce by

other attitues of #inF an by paying ue attention to allsuch traits, a writer possesse of suMcient versatility#ight #ake so#e approach to a co#pletely>organiIework!

iv! The &eal -riter!D O! This species of co#position which the law of eKectpoints out as the perfect one, is the one which high geniustens naturally to prouce! 1s we foun that the kins ofsentences which are theoretically best, are thosegenerally e#ploye by superior #ins, an by inferior#ins when ecite#ent has raise the#F so, we shall "nthat the ieal for# for a poe#, essay, or "ction, is thatwhich the ieal writer woul evolve spontaneously! =ne inwho# the powers of epression fully respone to thestate of feeling, woul unconsciously use that variety inthe #oe of presenting his thoughts, which 1rt e#ans!

This constant e#ploy#ent of one species of phraseology,which all have now to strive against, i#plies anunevelope faculty of language! To have a speci"c styleis to be poor in speech! &f we re#e#ber that, in the farpast, #en ha only nouns an verbs to convey their ieaswith, an that fro# then to now the growth has beentowars a greater nu#ber of i#ple#ents of thought, anconseuently towars a greater co#pleity an variety intheir co#binationsF we #ay infer that we are now, in our

use of sentences, #uch what the pri#itive #an was in hisuse of worsF an that a continuance of the process thathas hitherto gone on, #ust prouce increasingheterogeneity in our #oes of epression! 1s now, in a"ne nature, the play of the features, the tones of the voicean its caences, vary in har#ony with every thought



uttereF so, in one possesse of a fully evelope powerof speech, the #oul in which each co#bination of worsis cast will si#ilarly vary with, an be appropriate to thesenti#ent!

D O9! That a perfectly enowe #an #ust unconsciouslywrite in all styles, we #ay infer fro# consiering howstyles originate! -hy is 2ohnson po#pous, Gols#ithsi#pleN -hy is one author abrupt, another rhyth#ical,another conciseN Eviently in each case the habitual#oe of utterance #ust epen upon the habitualbalance of the nature! The preo#inant feelings have byuse traine the intellect to represent the#! But while long,though unconscious, iscipline has #ae it o this

eMciently, it re#ains fro# lack of practice, incapable ofoing the sa#e for the less active feelingsF an whenthese are ecite, the usual verbal for#s unergo butslight #oi"cations! <et the powers of speech be fullyevelope, however>>let the ability of the intellect to utterthe e#otions be co#pleteF an this "ity of style willisappear! The perfect writer will epress hi#self as 2unius, when in the 2unius fra#e of #inF when he feels as<a#b felt, will use a like fa#iliar speechF an will fall intothe ruggeness of Carlyle when in a Carlylean #oo! Aowhe will be rhyth#ical an now irregularF here his languagewill be plain an there ornateF so#eti#es his sentenceswill be balance an at other ti#es unsy##etricalF for awhile there will be consierable sa#eness, an then againgreat variety! His #oe of epression naturally responingto his state of feeling, there will Jow fro# his pen aco#position changing to the sa#e egree that the

aspects of his subject change! He will thus without eKortconfor# to what we have seen to be the laws of eKect!1n while his work presents to the reaer that varietyneeful to prevent continuous eertion of the sa#efaculties, it will also answer to the escription of all highlyorganiIe proucts, both of #an an of nature0 it will benot a series of like parts si#ply place in jutaposition,



but one whole #ae up of unlike parts that are #utuallyepenent!

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