Speech Production Process 4 Processes in Speech Production w Respiration w Phonation w Resonance w...
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Transcript of Speech Production Process 4 Processes in Speech Production w Respiration w Phonation w Resonance w...
Respiration: Power Mechanism
Provides the energy for sound
Breathing is an aerodynamic process• a difference in air pressure is created between
the thoracic cavity and the atmospheric pressure outside the body
2 Phases of Breathing
Inhalation - muscles of the thoracic cavity expand the chest; air pressure decreases and air is taken in• air pressure is less in thorax than in atmosphere
and air flows in
Exhalation - when the pressure is greater in thorax, air flows out• there is a decrease in chest cavity and an
increase in air pressure
Breathing for Speech vs Breathing for Life
Breathing for speech uses same muscles, but is controlled more• exhalation phase is longer than inhalation phase
for speech
Breathing for life, inhalation and exhalation phases are same
Phonation: Vibrating Mechanism Phonation is the rapid opening and closing
of the vocal folds for sound the vocal folds lie horizontally in the larynx they attach anteriorly to the thyroid
cartilage and posteriorly to the artynoid cartilages; they are free in the middle
the opening in the middle of the vocal folds is the GLOTTIS
Phonation (con’t)
adduction of the arytnoids closes the vocal folds
the middle of the vocal folds vibrate to and from midline
vibration of the vocal folds produces voicing
Position of vocal folds
• open (abducted)
• closed (adducted)
3 major aspects of voice influenced by vocal fold movement Pitch - frequency of vibration
• the rate of vocal fold vibration is called the FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY
• this is measured in terms of Hz or cps• therefore, if the vocal folds vibrate 200 cps it is
a fundamental frequency of 200Hz• an increase in pitch involves an increase in
frequency (hi pitch; hi frequency)• the frequency of vocal fold vibration depends
on the mass and length of the vocal folds and the tension
3 major aspects (con’t) Loudness - intensity of sound
• involves the amount of energy generated by the vocal fold movements
• intensity increases with increased air pressure from the lungs and increased amplitude of the vocal fold vibration
• involves the amount of energy generated by the vocal fold movements
• intensity increases with increased air pressure from the lungs and increased amplitude of the vocal fold vibration
Quality - the sound quality of the voice
• this is affected by the pattern of movement of the vocal folds
Resonance: The characteristic quality of the voice The speech mechanism is a resonator -- it is like
an air-filled tube (closed on one end and open at the other end)
the fundamental frequency generated at the vocal folds is resonated in the vocal tract that is now also vibrating -- the vibration of the vocal tract is the HARMONIC FREQUENCY
every body or object has its own natural frequency those frequencies that match the vocal tract’s
natural frequency will be amplified this is resonance
Resonance (con’t)
Pharynx is the primary resonator recall the 3 parts of the pharynx
(nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx) the nasopharynx and oropharynx are the 2
resonating systems these 2 systems provide resonance to sounds
that pass through the oral and nasal cavities
Articulation
Serves to produce the different configurations which make up the different speech sounds
Dynamics of Speech Production
Speech is a dynamic rather than a static phenomenon• the articulators are in a state of constant
movement during speech
Individual speech sounds are described in terms of target positions; ongoing speech is better thought of in terms of movement
Dynamics of Speech Production (con’t) Sounds in a word don’t follow each other
like printed letters
spoken sounds overlap with each other
• this is referred to as CO-ARTICULATION
Co-articulation as the articulators are in the process of forming
one sound, their positioning prepares them for the sound that follows
speech sounds influence and are influenced by other sounds within a phonetic environment
the dynamic nature of speech means that we are planning events before they occur
we may articulate one segment before completing another• we may be as much as several segments ahead
or behind in our motor activity
Co-articulation Important clinically because a client cannot simply
be taught to pronounce a given sound in one simple way• need to provide practice in a variety of phonetic
environments Examples of co-articulation
• /iki/ - point of artic for /k/ is more forward (palatal) than velar
• / uku/ - point of artic for /k/ is more posterior (uvular) than velar
• /aka/ - point of artic for /k/ is actually velar• sneeze ~ snooze; see ~ Sue
Co-articulation (con’t) Why do we have co-articulation?
• It’s not because we’re lazy.• There are too many demands on the speech
mechanism than there is time to fulfill them• normal conversation is produced at a rate of
between 10-20 segments/second which implies a maximum of 100msec/segment
• however, it takes much longer than this to complete any speech gesture and then return to the starting point
• THEREFORE, something has to give -- thus, compromise gestures are made
Co-articulation (con’t) It is true that dialects and registers of speech
(formal vs informal) differ in the amount of coarticulation that can be made• non-native speakers want to learn this allowable
accommodations in order to sound more normal• the second language learner often has a hypercorrect
pronunciation that sounds strange because it lacks the usual shortcuts that native speakers take
Need to distinguish co-articulation from assimilation• co-articulation means that 2 different sounds
were being articulated simultaneously• one tongue movement was made for both sounds
Assimilation Refers to changes that cross phonemic boundaries
and results in a major phonetic change The resulting change is to a different sound
(phoneme) Co-articulation results in non-phonemic
differences In assimilation, there is a major change in the
place of articulation, manner of articulation, or voicing of a segment, such that it falls into a different phonemic category
Examples of assimilation• I miss you; got you; had you; phone booth
Types of Assimilation (direction of accommodation) Regression assimilation - a particular sound
influences the sound immediately preceding it• EX: miss you• also referred to anticipatory, or right-to-left
assimilation
Progressive assimilation - a given sound produces changes in the sound that follows• EX: cats dogs • left-to-right assimilation
Other Combinatory Phenomena
Elision (ellipsis) - when a segment or several segments are left out of a word when it is pronounced• dialectal differences in elision, e.g.,
“interesting”, “secretary”
Epenthesis - the insertion of a sound, generally to break up consonant clusters or to provide a transition between sounds