Specimen taken from feverish patient what is diagnosis

Banana shape P.f gametocytes Vector: female Anopheles mosquito Mode of infection: injection of sporozoite during

Anopheles bite.

1.Falcipram gametocyte

Plasmodium ring stage

2.Plasmodium ring stage Diagnosis: blood film (thin and thick) Vector: female Anopheles Infective stage: Sporozoite

3.Trichomonas vaginalis Diagnosis: vaginal, urethral smear,

occasionally in urine analysis Trophozoite is the infective stage. transmitted sexually.

4 .Eggs of Taenia species

-T.saginata -T. solium -Echinoccus granulosus

5.Taenia saginata (adult tape)

Diagnosis: stool examination for - eggs - gravid segments. Infective stage : cysticercus bovis-in under cooked

meat (beef). Adult habitat small intestine

6.Soft tick

1. Relapsing fever (endemic).

2. Tick paralysis

7.Hard tick Rocky mountain spotted

fever Q fever Babesiosis

Immature egg

8.Adult Fasciola hepatica Diagnosis :egg in

-stools examination -duodenal aspirate. Infective stage : encysted metacercaria (on water plants). Habitat : biliary passage in liver.

9-FemaleTrichuris trichiura (whip worm)

Diagnosis : egg in stools Infective stage, mode of

infection: ingestion of embryonated egg in soil.

Scotch tape preparationClear adhensive tape slide

Used in detection of Enterobius vermicularis infection

Collect eggs from perianal area

Scotch tape preparationClear adhensive tape slide

10.Enterobius vermicularis egg (Pin worm,Oxyuris worm)Diagnosis: Scotch tape preparation to collect eggs from perianal area and microscopical examination.

11.Schistosoma haematobium egg (Urinary schistosomiasis)Diagnosis: - Urine analysis - Serology in chronic cases. Infective stage :cercaria in

water penetrate skin.

Pathology : periportal fibrosis. ppf

12 .Schistosoma mansoni egg

in stools specimen (intestinal schistosomiasis) Other methods of diagnosis :

- rectal swab . - rectal snip biopsy. - serology: to detect antibodies

in patient serum.

13.Leishmania donovani bodies in smear

(skin,B.M,spleen) (amastigotes)

Vector : sand fly . Infective stage: promastigote. for diagnosis of leishmaniasisCulture smear amastigotes from(skin ,BM, spleen) on NNN media

grow and multiply in promastigote form.

14 .FleasMedical importance: - Plague (Yerisinia pestis). - Murine (endemic )Typhus. -Tunga penetrance (chigger`s disease) Jigger`s

15.Echinococcus granulosus adultDog cestodeDog take infection after eating hydatid cyst (from infected animals).

Man get hydatid disease by ingestion of egg from infected dog.

16.Pediculus humanus (head and body lice)

Medical importance: - Epidemic typhus - Trench fever - Epidemic relapsing fever - Pediculosis

Diagnosis : - nits visible by naked eye, and fluoresce under UV light (wood's lamp for screening).

•Smaller than pediculus; about 2mm.

Infest:

•pubic hair mainly

•eye lashes.

• Transmitted by direct contact with infected person or clothes ,it is irritant.

•No disease transmission

8-Phthirus pubis

17 .Trichuris trichiura egg

Diagnosis : egg in stools .

Infective stage : embryonated egg.

18 .Musca demostica

Egg—larvae–- pupa--- adult. House fly developmental stage (Life cycle)Medical importance mechanical transmation of virus, bacterial and parasitic diseases.

19 .Hydatid cyst in liver

* diagnosis can confirmed by: 1 - examination of hydatid fluid

after surgical removal. 2 - serology.

* Infective stage: ingestion of Echinococcus egg (dog cestod).

20-Taenia (tape worm) T.saginata --cysticercus bovis in beef. T.solium--cysticercus

cellulose in pig.Diagnosis ----eggs or gravid

segment in stools.

21 .Ascaris lumbricoid adult

Diagnosis : eggs in stools (sometime adult) Infection : ingestion of embryonated egg. (soil transmitted disease) Habitat : small intestine.

22. Ascaris lumbricoid

Diagnosis :eggs in stools Infective stage: embryonated

egg.

23 . N N N media

used in culture of Leishmania bodies (amastigote)

to diagnose leishmaniasis (visceral & cutaneous).

Amastigotes in smear or aspirate

culture promastigotes.

24 .Fasciola hepatica eggdiagnosis: finding egg by:

-stools examination -duodenal aspirate infective stage: encysted metacercaria Adult habitat: biliary passage (liver)

25 . Mosquitoe life cycleEgg—larvae–- pupa--- adult.

Medical importance. Anopheles:

vector of malaria and filaria. Culex : vector of filaria and viruses. Aedes :(viruses) yellow fever, dengue

and rift valley fever.

26. Cyclops

Vector for transmission of Madina worm

Dracunculus medinesis

Diarrheal Stool smear what is organisms , how it can be diagnosed ?

27-

Diagnosis -Stool examination daily for three days for cyst or trophozoites .

-duodenal aspirate examination, or by string (enterotest)

Feature of human intestinal nematodes

Adult live in intestinal tract. Female are oviparous, i.e. lay

eggs. Humans are host of major

intestinal nematodes of medical importance. Most species are spread by

fecal pollution of soil. soil transmitted disease

larvae (free or in egg) develops to its infective stage in soil.

Infection by - swallowing of infective

eggs . (A.lumbricoides ,T.trichiura,

E.vermicularis ) - or penetration of skin by

infective larvae (Hook worms , S.stercoralis) Larvae of A.lumbricoid , S.stercoralis and Hookworms (undergo heart to lung migration).

filariform larvae is infective stage of S.stercoralis and Hookworm by penetration of skin.

Rabditiform larvae is used to describe larvae that hatch from egg in intestine (S.stercoralis ) or in

soil in (hook worms) .

Laboratory confirmation: A.lumbricoid, T.trichiura, and Hookworms is by finding eggs in feces and with S.stercoralis by finding larvae in stool.

E.vermicularis by scotch tape from skin around anus.

Some time worms of A.lumbricodis and E.vermicularis can be recovered in stool.

Feature of intestinal and tissue protozoa: Entamoeba histolytica, G.lamblia are motile

organisms that multiply and encyst in intestinal tract. they form cyst which excreted in faces. Invasive strains of

E histolytica multiply in intestinal wall. Cryptospordium multiply intracellular in cells.

It produces oocysts which are excreted in feces.

T.gondii muliply intracelluler in reticuloendothelial cell and cell of brain and other organs of body.

T.vaginalis is motile and multiplies in the urogenital tract cyst forms are unknown.

Infection is by ingesting cysts (E.histolytica, G.lamblia) or oocyst (Cryptosporidium,T.gondii) in food,water,or from hands

contaminated with infected feces. T.gondii can also be transmitted

congenitally and by ingesting the parasites in under-cooked meat of intermediate hosts.

T.vaginalis is transmitted sexually (no cyst).

Humans are important hosts of E. histolytica, G.lamblia and T.vaginalis.

Animal are natural definitive hosts of Cryptosporidium and T.gondii .

Laboratory confirmation of E.histolytica infection is by finding amoebae or cysts in feces or by detecting antibodies in serum (invasive amoebiasis)

Giardiasis diagnosed by finding motile flagellates or cysts in feces or flagellates in duodenal aspirates.

Infection with Cryptosporidium is diagnosed by finding oocyst in feces

Toxoplasmosis is usually diagnosed serologically.

T. vaginalis infection is usually confirmed by detecting flagellates in vaginal or uretheral discharge or urine

Pyrexia is not caused by:

1.Fascioliasis 2.Toxoplamosis3.Oxyuriasis 4.Kala-azar

The following parasites cause fever except:

1. Trichinella spiralis 2. Naegleria fowleri3. Hymenolepis nana4. Plasmodium vivax.

Infection with Giardia lamblia is through:

1. Ingestion of trophozoite stage

2. Ingestion of cyst stage3. Ingestion of oocyste4. Ingestion of eggs

Parasite causing duodenites is:

1. Giardia lamblia2. Entamoeba histolytica3. Toxoplasma4. Acanthamoeba

There is lymphadenopathy in following infection EXCEPT

1. African trypanosomiasis2. Toxoplasmosis 3. Schitosomiasis4. Kala-azar

Splenomegaly not caused by:

1. Schistosomaiasis2. Malaria3. Ascariasis4. Kala-azar

The following diseases occur as zoonoses:

1. Fasciolasis2. hydatid disease3. Toxoplasmosis4. African trypanosomiasis5. Cryptospordium6. Plasmodium vivax7. Leishmania major

For treatment of clinical attack of malaria we can use

1. 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine)

2. Pentavalent antimonials3. 8-aminoquinoline (primaquine)4. All of above

For treatment of clinical relapse of P.vivax we can use

1. 4-aminoquinolines2. Pentavalent antimonials3. 8-aminoquinoline4. All of above

Duodenal aspirate is a good specimen for diagnosis of

1. Taeniasis2. Giardiasis 3. Amoebic dysentery4. Cysticercosis5. hydatidosis

Diagnosis by duodenal aspirateStrongyloides stercoralisFasciolasisCryptospordium pavarum.

Giardia lamblia ( enterotest)

Regarding Hymenolepis nana

1. Diagnosed by finding eggs in stools

2. Dwarf tapeworm3. Autoinfection can occur.4. Cattle act as intermediate

host

The following parasite is not transmitted by direct contact with infected person autoinfection :

1. Enterobius vermicularis.2. Trichella spiralis.3. Hymenolepis nana.4. Giardia lamblia.5. Entamoeba histolytica.6. Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei).

Splenomegaly is characteristic feature of one of following parasitic diseases:

1. Taeniasis 2. malaria3. Scabies 4. Myiasis5. Oriental sore.

Laboratory diagnosis of scabies is best done by

1.Serology2.Blood examination 3.Skin scraping4.Rectal biopsy5.Faecal examination.

Skin myiasis is due to invesion of skin by:

1. Sarcoptes scabiei2. Trematodes cercaria 3. Lice4. Fly larvae

The following correct regarding scabies

1. Transmitted by direct contact with infected person.

2. Caused by mites3. Affects skin4. Diagnosed by stools

examination

the following parasitic infection are water borne diseases except

1. taenia saginata2. madina worm3. Primary amoebic meningo-

encephalitis (Naegleria fowleri)4. Schistosoma5. Cryptospordium.

Acanthamoeba species cause1. Chronic primary

meningoencephalitis.2. Keratitis with blindness.

contact lense3. Granuloma of internal organs

and skin.4. All of above.5. Non of above.

Following diseases transmitted by an arthropod vector:

1. malaria2. Schistosomiasis3. cystocercosis4. Hydatid cyst.