Mgr. Kateřina

Buchalová

SPECIES SPECIFIC BODY

FEATURES

FUR

extensive body coverage, typical of mammals

short, very fine and soft hair, valuable for use in cold climate and

high fashion garments

synonym to hair in non-human species, usually mammals

HAIR

produced only by mammals

threadlike keratinized epidermal structure developing from a follicle

sunk in the dermis; group of such hairs

Down hair = ground hair = undercoat – the fine hairs of mammals

Guard hair = master hair = cover hair = primary hair – coarse, stiff

and often longer and more prominent hairs in a haircoat with

undercoat

FUR, HAIR, COAT, OR PELAGE?

COAT

haircoat – the overall coating of hair on all species of domestic animals

coat distinguishing features

colour – the overall main colour /black, white, orange, grey/

markings – colours distribution /spots and patches/

pattern – predictable markings

texture – smooth, rough, curly, straight, broken

PELAGE

the hairy coat of mammals /the hairs, fur, or wool of the body, limb and

head, collectively/

FUR, HAIR, COAT, OR PELAGE? /2/

BODY COVERING

FUR – principal

function – thermal

insulation

/thermoregulation/

Mammals with

reduced amounts of

fur – naked species,

e.g. naked mole rat,

naked dogs or cats

ANIMAL BODY COVERING

BRISTLES – thick, strong animal fibres collected at commercial abattoirs for use in brushes

SCALES or SCUTES - /fish, snakes/

protect the body

aid in locomotion

allow moisture to be retained within, alter surface characteristics /roughness to aid in camouflage/

aid in prey capture

snakes periodically moult their scaly skins and acquire new ones

ANIMAL BODY COVERING /2/

LONG HAIR SKIRTS /musk ox/

WOOL HAIR - textile fiber obtained from sheep and other

animals /goats, camel, rabbits etc./

MANE - the hair that grows from the top of the neck of a

horse or other equine; also lion mane

ANIMAL BODY COVERING /3/

FEATHERS – skin appendages of all birds

feather coat – the total feather covering of a bird

contour feathers – externally visible feathers, they

determine a bird’s silhouette and the contour of

wings, tail and body

down feathers – a layer of fine feathers found under

the tougher exterior feathers

plumage – the feather coat of a bird

SKIN – body covering of amphibians

protective coloring

a way to absorb water and oxygen from environments

defense against arid conditions and hungry predators

ANIMAL BODY COVERING /4/

EXOSKELETONS – external hard

framework, as a crustaceans shell,

supports and protects the soft tissues

of lower animals /derived from the

ectoderm/

SPINES or QUILLS - various forms

modified hairs coated with thick plates of

keratin

embedded in the skin musculature

released by contact with them or may drop

out /porcupine/,not projected at attackers

Not easily removed /hedgehog/

ANIMAL BODY COVERING /5/

BODY APPENDAGES

In invertebrate biology - an appendage is an external body

part, natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's

body

General term for any of the homologous body parts that may

extend from a body segment /antennae, mouthparts, wings,

gills, l imbs, sexual organs, tails/

WHAT IS AN APPENDAGE?

ANTENNAE (sg. antenna) -

paired appendages used for

sensing in arthropods

In insects - paired, mobile, and

segmented, located between the

eyes on the forehead

In crustaceans - two pairs of

antennae, vary in sizes /reduced

or enlarged/, sensory organs

APPENDAGES

TENTACLES usually two or more elongated

flexible organs present in animals,

especially invertebrates

used for feeding, feeling and grasping

length up to 37 m /Lion’s mane jellyfish/

ARMS in octopuses /prehensile limb/, squid,

cuttlefish /eight/, squid and cuttlefish have two

extra flexible tentacles

octopus squid cuttlefish

APPENDAGES /2/

MOUTHPARTS of arthropods have evolved into a number of

forms

adapted to a different style/mode of feeding

modified, paired appendages the ancestral forms of which would

have appeared more leg-like

cutting and chewing, piercing and sucking, siphoning, and filtering

caterpillar mosquito tick

APPENDAGES /3/

WINGS – appendages used for flight

Insects - the only invertebrates known to have evolved flight; possess remarkable flight characteristics and abilities

two pairs - forewings and hindwings /a few insects lack hindwings/

elytra in beetles

Bats - wings developed on finger bones, much thinner than in birds /can maneuver more quickly and more accurately/; delicate, rip easily, the tissue is able to regrow, small tears can heal quickly

Birds – flight is the main locomotion, developed on forelimbs, various shapes enable various speed and maneuvering

APPENDAGES /4/

GILLS - respiratory organs found in many

aquatic organisms, extract dissolved oxygen

from water, and excrete carbon dioxide

in some species /hermit crabs/ adapted to

allow respiration on land provided they are kept

moist

echinodermata /starfish, sea urchins etc./ very

primitive version of gills – papulae

crustaceans, molluscs, and some insects have

plate-like structures at the surface of the body

majority of bony fish species have five pairs of

gills covered by operculum

APPENDAGES /5/

LIMBS - a jointed, or prehensile (as octopus arms

or monkey tails), appendage of human or other

animal body

most animals use limbs for locomotion /walking,

running, climbing/, some animals can use their front

limbs to carry and manipulate objects, some animals

also use hind limbs for manipulation

fore limbs – anterior appendages /foreleg, wing, flipper/

hind limbs – posterior appendages /hind leg/

APPENDAGES /6/

FINS - most distinctive features of fish, composed of bony

spines protruding from the body with skin covering them and

joining them together

webbed /most bony fish/, flipper /sharks/

located in different places /dorsal fin, caudal fin,

anal fin etc./ on the fish serve different purposes

/moving forward, turning, and keeping an upright position/

TAILS - the section at the rear end of an animal's body; in

general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to

the torso

APPENDAGES /7/

SKIN DERIVATES

the tip of a toe of ungulate mammals, covered with a thick

keratin shell, grow continuously

most even-toed ungulates /sheep, goats, deer,

cattle, bison, pigs/ have two main hooves on

each foot, together called a cloven hoof

most also have two smaller hoofs called dew -claws

others /giraffes/ have no dew claws

some odd-toed ungulates /equids/ have one hoof

on each foot; others /rhinoceroses, tapirs/ have

three hoofed or heavily nailed toes, or one hoof

and two dew-claws

HOOF/HOOVES

a pointed projection of the skin on the head consisting of a keratin covering surrounding a core of living bone

true horns are found mainly in the families Antilocapridae and Bovidae

one pair of horns is usual, two pairs occur in a few wild species and domesticated breeds of sheep

usually curved or spiral, mainly in males

grow soon after birth, continue to grow throughout the life

Examples of hornlike formations:

giraffes - bony bumps on their heads called ossicones

rhinoceroses – no bone core

Horned lizards - a hard keratin covering over a bony core

HORN/S

usually large, branching bony

appendages on the heads of most deer

species

found mostly on males, only caribou

and reindeer have antlers on the

females /normally smaller than those

of the males/

considered one of the most

exaggerated cases of male secondary

sexual traits in the animal kingdom

grow faster than any other mammal

bones

antler growth and shedding is seasonal,

and controlled by the length of daylight

ANTLERS

found at the end of a toe or finger in most mammals, birds,

and some reptiles

made of keratin, used to catch and hold prey in carnivorous

mammals /e.g. cats and dogs/, for digging, climbing trees

etc.

Many predatory mammals have protractile claws /can

partially hide inside the animal's paw/, especially the Felidae

CLAW/S

beak, bill or rostrum - an external

anatomical structure of birds

used for eating, grooming, killing

prey, manipulating objects, probing

for food, courtship and feeding young

vary significantly in size and shape from

species to species

two holes called nares (nostrils) connect

to the hollow inner beak and the

respiratory system

composed of maxilla and mandible,

covered by a thin layer of keratin

BEAK

OTHER SPECIFIC BODY

PARTS

soft foot of a mammal, generally a

quadruped, that has claws or nails. A hard

foot is called a hoof. Paws are used to pad

feet for walking and increase friction.

animals with paws

members of the Canidae family, such as dogs

and foxes

felines, such as cats and tigers

bears and raccoons

weasels and other mustelids

rodents

PAWS

specialized hairs for tactile

sensation

grow around the nostrils, above

the lips, and on other parts of

the face of most mammals, as

well as on the forelegs and feet

of some animals

a large part of the brain of many

mammals is devoted to

processing the nerve impulses

from whiskers, because it is

important for survival

WHISKERS

SNOUT/MUZZLE - protruding

portion of an animal's face,

consisting of its nose, mouth, and

jaw

the wet, naked surface around the

nostrils of the nose - rhinarium /"cold

wet nose“/ - stronger sense of

olfaction

TRUNK - a fusion of the nose and

upper lip, elongated and

specialized, elephant's most

important and versatile “tool”

here seen with a pair of tusks

SNOUT/MUZZLE/TRUNK

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION