Past, Present and Trending Influences(Historical Figures, Legislation, Practices)

By: Mollie Thurston

1

3. Paving the Way – Early Intervention/ Jean Marc Gaspard Itard and Edouard Sequin

4. Paving the Way- Maria Montessori

5. Paving the Way – Jean Piaget

6. Waging War on Poverty – The Perry Preschool Project and HeadStart

7. Major Legislation – The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

8. Major Legislation – No Child Left Behind Act of 2001/Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004

9. IDEA and FERPA Confidentiality Provisions

10. Practices and Trends in Special Education – Five Practices Overviewed

2

Jean Marc

Gaspard Itard

(April 24, 1774 –

July 5, 1838)

French physician.

“The Father of Special Education-Itard is noted for his work with deaf-mutes, and was one of the

first to attempt the education of mentally retarded children in a systematic fashion. He is especially

famous for his work with Victor, the “Wild boy of Aveyron,” a feral child. Itard developed a special

program, the first attempt special education, to try to teach him language and empathy, which he

considered the key attributes that separated human beings.” Itard worked at the Paris insane

asylum. He was interested in the study of training deaf-mutes, and took an interest in Victor, a boy

at the asylum. Victor had been found in the woods around Saint-Sernin in southern France, an

apparent “Wild Boy” with virtually no exposure to civilized society.”( Polancos, Cayetano Jr -

Founder. July 11, 2010, ShapingPro) It is interesting to note that his systematic teaching approach with

Victor is considered to be the “first” Individualize Education Plan.

Édouard Séguin (1812-1880)

French physician.

“The first great teacher" in the field of developmental disabilities. He studied

medicine and surgery under Jean Marc Gaspard Itard and psychiatry under Esquirol.

Working as director at the school for "idiots" in the Salpetriere asylum, Seguin

improved upon Itard's method of sensory training. Seguin saw the potential benefits of

a physiological method in treating mental retardation. Seguin believed that mental

deficiency was caused by a weakness of the nervous system, and could be cured

through a process of motor and sensory training. By developing the muscles and

senses. Seguin's methods and positive results served as a foundation for similar efforts

throughout Europe and America.” (Edward Sequin,June 16, 2010, Leadership History in

the Developmental Disabilities Movement)

Depiction of the “Wild boy

of Aveyron,” Click on the picture to watch

L’Enfant Sauvage(1970

Truffaut),Published 9/8/2014

3

Maria Montessori – 1870-1952

Italian Doctor and Educator

“She was the first woman doctor in her country. She was later trained in biology, philosophy, psychology and anthropology. She therefore acquired very widespread knowledge about human beings. In her first years practicing, while visiting asylums, she met disabled children who were abandoned back then: quickly, she got the intuition that object manipulation enabled them to progress. She read many studies about disabled children and found a passion in research carried out by two French physicians and educators, Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard and Edouard Seguin about sensory disabled children and about Victor, a wild child found in Aveyron. Maria Montessori was the first to realize the necessity of turning observation into a science in order to seize magical moments, those “sensitive periods” which signal that the child is ready to reach a new stage. “ (Maria Montessori, Ecole Montessori internationale website) She believed that children learned by doing , at their own pace. She also developed manipulatives that are still in use today by special education teachers.

http://youtu.be/3NGRpzQ9vCE

Montessori Vs Conventional School Click

on this link to See a parent’s viewpoint

4

Jean Piaget (1896-1990)Swiss psychologist,

Father of the Cognitive Development Theory - Jean Piaget “…created a cognitive-

developmental stage theory that described how children's ways of thinking developed

as they interacted with the world around them. Piaget's theory has four stages:

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.” (Oswalt,

Angela, MSW,January, 17th, 2008, Jean Piaget and Child Development, Child and Adolescent

Overview)

Preoperation

al Stage, -

Two to Seven

Sensorimotor Stage

Birth to Two

Formal Operational Stage

Eleven into Adulthood

Preoperational Stage

Two to Seven

Concrete Operational

Stage

Seven to Eleven

(Oswalt, Angela, MSW,January, 17th, 2008,)

Piaget’s Stages of Development

Video (MsSmilth891 Published

on April 26, 2011, Standard YouTube

License) Click Here

5

Perry Preschool Project

(Piagetian-Based)

HeadStart

“Research based and child focused, the HighScope

Curriculum uses a carefully designed process —

called "active participatory learning" — to achieve

powerful, positive outcomes.” (HighScope Curriculum

Preschool Curriculum, HighScope Educational Research

Foundation. Copyright© 2015 All rights Reserved. )

CLICK HERE Larry Schewienhart, Former HighScope President,

The Perry Preschool Project, TedX Video

“In January of 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson

declared The War on Poverty in his State of the

Union speech. research indicated an obligation to

help disadvantaged groups, compensating for

inequality in social or economic conditions. Head

Start was designed to help break the cycle of poverty,

providing preschool children of low-income families

with a comprehensive program to meet their

emotional, social, health, nutritional and

psychological needs. A key tenet of the program

established that it be culturally responsive to the

communities served, and that the communities have

an investment in its success through the contribution

of volunteer hours and other donations as nonfederal share.” (History of HeadStart,Office of HeadStart,)

President Lyndon B. Johnson

CLICK HERE

Historical video of HeadStart

6

“The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was the first major legislative effort to

secure an equal playing field for individuals with disabilities. … The

Rehabilitation Act has been amended twice since its inception, once in

1993 and again in 1998.

“Section 504- is a civil rights law. It was the first civil rights

legislation in the United States designed to protect individuals with

disabilities from discrimination based on their disability status.”

Section 508- bars the Federal government from procuring electronic

and information technology (E&IT) goods and services that are not fully

accessible to those with disabilities. This would include the services of

web design since the Internet was specifically mentioned.” (Overview of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Sections 504 and 508), Updated

August, 2013, United States Laws, Website )

CLICK HERE

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: Public Law 101-336

“The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is the most significant

federal law ensuring the full civil rights of individuals with disabilities.

…this law is broad reaching in guaranteeing equal opportunity in

employment, public accommodation, transportation, state and local

government services, and telecommunications. Of particular

significance is the fact that child-care centers and family child-care

homes are included in the law’s definition of public accommodations.

According to the ADA, child-care centers must make reasonable

modifications in their policies and procedures to accommodate children

and adults with disabilities.” (Cook, Ruth E., Klein, Diane M., Chen, Deborah

(2012) Copyright © Pearson Education, ISBN: 9780132596787, Chapter 1: Educating

Young Children with Special Needs. The Challenge, Adapting Early Childhood Curricula

for Children with Special Needs, Eighth Edition)

CLICK HERE

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

7

2001

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001- Signed into law by President George W. Bush, it

is “An act to close the achievement gap with accountability, flexibility, and choice, so that

no child is left behind. It is a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education

Act and includes Title I . NCLB supports standardized education plan based on the

premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals can improve

individual outcomes in education.

No Child Left Behind requires all public schools receiving federal funding to administer a

state-wide standardized test annually to all students. This means that all students take

the same test under the same conditions. Schools that receive Title I funding through the

Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 must make Adequate yearly progress

(AYP) in test scores. (No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Wikipedia, )

2004

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a law ensuring

services to children with disabilities throughout the nation. IDEA governs

how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special

education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants,

toddlers, children and youth with disabilities.

Part B - Children and youth (ages 3-21) receive special education and related services under IDEA

Part C - Infants and toddlers with disabilities (birth-2) and their families receive early intervention services under IDEA . (Building the

Legacy IDEA 2004: Parts B and Parts C, ED.Gov Website, Us Department of Education,

This Web site was developed and is maintained to be accessible in accordance with Section

508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act., Retrieved From: http://idea.ed.gov/ )

8

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 and Family Educational Rights and

Privacy Act (20 U.S.C. § 1232g; 34 CFR Part 99)

9

Family – Centered Services

(Recognizing the Important Role of Parent’s)

Family Center Practice- An Overview

Community –Based Inclusive Settings

(Least Restrictive Environment)

Coordinated, Comprehensive Services

(Teachers, Human Services, Doctors, Employers etc…)

(WV Dept of Early Intervention)

Embedded Interventions

(Learning Opportunities that occur in a child’s daily

routine)

(The Story of Temple Grandin)

Standards-Based Curriculum

(National Association for the Education of Young

Children Positions Statement)

10