Spark Will Not Be Stamped!
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Transcript of Spark Will Not Be Stamped!
Spark Will Not Be Stamped!
What is an isotope?What particles are involved with isotopes?Why is the mass on the periodic table a
decimal?
Rubidium has two common isotopes Rb – 85 and Rb – 87. If the abundance of Rb – 85 is 72.2 % and the abundance of Rb – 87 is 27.8%, then what is the average atomic mass of rubidium?
Spark
What is the relationship between electricity and matter?
Why do you think some substances conduct electricity and some do not?
How does the conductivity tester work in solutions of electrolytes?
http://youtu.be/rL1cKb3_ojE
http://youtu.be/seSg_GWj1b0
http://youtu.be/w-XbxSiDQWY
Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model
In 1897, the English scientist J.J. Thomson provided the first hint that an atom is made of even smaller particles.
Thomson Model
He proposed a model of the atom that is sometimes called the “Plum Pudding” model.
Atoms were made from a positively charged substance with negatively charged electrons scattered about, like raisins in a pudding.
Thomson ModelThomson
studied the passage of an electric current through a gas.
As the current passed through the gas, it gave off rays of negatively charged particles.
Cathode Ray Tube
Thomson Model
This surprised Thomson, because the atoms of the gas were uncharged. Where had the negative charges come from?
Where did they come from?
Thomson concluded that the negative charges came from within the atom.
A particle smaller than an atom had to exist.
The atom was divisible!
Thomson called the negatively charged “corpuscles,” today known as electrons.
Since the gas was known to be neutral, having no charge, he reasoned that there must be positively charged particles in the atom.
But he could never find them.
Cathode Rays
Had mass – albeit a very small amount; they pushed a lightweight paddlewheel up an incline.
They could do work!
Had direction – they passed from the negative to the positive electrode
Had charge they bent in an electric field (towards the positive plate) and in a magnetic field
Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
In 1908, the English physicist Ernest Rutherford was hard at work on an experiment that seemed to have little to do with unraveling the mysteries of the atomic structure.
Rutherford’s experiment Involved firing a stream of tiny positively charged particles at a thin sheet of gold foil (2000 atoms thick)
http://chemmovies.unl.edu/ChemAnime/RUTHERFD/RUTHERFD.html
http://chemmovies.unl.edu/ChemAnime/RUTHERFD/RUTHERFD.html
Alpha Particles = He nucleus2p+ + 2no
Most of the positively charged “bullets” passed right through the gold atoms in the sheet of gold foil without changing course at all.
Some of the positively charged “bullets,” however, did bounce away from the gold sheet as if they had hit something solid. He knew that positive charges repel positive charges.
You Try
The radius of a hydrogen atom is 5 x 10-11
meters. The radius of a single proton is 5 x 10-16 meters. Assuming that atoms take the most size – efficient shape, a sphere, determine how much of an atom is truly empty space free of matter.
Vsphere = 4/3 π r3
Rutherford vs Thomson
This could only mean that the gold atoms in the sheet were mostly open space. Atoms were not a pudding filled with a positively charged material.
Rutherford concluded that an atom had a small, dense, positively charged center that repelled his positively charged “bullets.”
He called the center of the atom the “nucleus” The nucleus is tiny compared to the atom as a
whole.
Crammin’ Spark
You will have a quiz on the correct placement of elements on the table from memory.
You Try
The radius of a hydrogen atom is 5 x 10-11
meters. The radius of a single proton is 5 x 10-16 meters. Assuming that atoms take the most size – efficient shape, a sphere, determine how much of an atom is truly empty space free of matter.
Vsphere = 4/3 π r3
Rutherford Rutherford reasoned
that all of an atom’s positively charged particles were contained in the nucleus.
The negatively charged particles were scattered outside the nucleus around the atom’s edge.
Bohr ModelIn 1913, the
Danish scientist Niels Bohr proposed an improvement. In his model, he placed each electron in a specific energy level.
Where did I put my electrons?
Bohr ModelAccording to
Bohr’s atomic model, electrons move in definite orbits around the nucleus, much like planets circle the sun. These orbits, or energy levels, are located at certain distances from the nucleus.
The Wave Model
Today’s atomic model is based on the principles of wave mechanics.
According to the theory of wave mechanics, electrons do not move about an atom in a definite path, like the planets around the sun.
Wave Model
Electrons are defined by 3-D regions of probability where electrons are found “most” often
But where are they when they’re not where we expect?
A final word about Mendeleev’s Table…
Mendeleev’s combining powers or valences
Metals do not form compounds with other metals
Metals and non-metals react as do non-metals with non-metals
How?Why?Who cares?
It’s the electrons, baby!Nic Assssscencio
The nucleus does not change.The number of electrons do change
Atoms become “ions” and they are attracted to oppositely charged particles
Ions are named according to Faraday and his study of electrolytes (salt water) and conduction
The combining powers that Mendeleev found reflect the amount of negative charge lost or gained during a reaction
The oxidation number of an element indicates the number of electrons gained or lost when forming compounds.
Elements with positive oxidation numbers lose electrons. (cation)
Elements with negative oxidation numbers gain electrons. (anion)
+1
+2
+1, +2, +3
+3
+4 or -4
-3
-2
-1
Electron energy levels, from 1 to 7
Electron energy sublevels
Electron energy sublevel s
Electron energy sublevel p
Electron energy sublevel d
Electron energy sublevel f
Each "pair" of boxes in a sublevelindicates an orbital. Each orbital can hold up to 2 electrons…
How many electrons fit in the 3rd energy level? What about the 4th?Count the boxes to find your answer…
3
4
8
18
An Electron Configuration showsthe exact location of every electronin an atom.1s2 2s2 2p6 = Configuration for Neon
With very few exceptions, theelectron configuration of an atomcan be read directly from the Table.
S block
P block
D Block
F block
Electron Energy Levels Match Up with the Rows of the Periodic Table
Spark
Using the oxidation numbers from your periodic table, write the correct formula for compound made of an alkaline earth metal and any p block nonmetal.
Explain how the compound forms using electrons
Spark Hmmmmm…Think about 2 compounds:
Salt aka sodium chloride
and The greenhouse gas carbon dioxide
Look on the periodic table for the elements and develop instructions for how you think a compound is named.
How are the names of elements changed when they make a compound?
Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas
Chemical Nomenclature
No men clate churIt is a grown up word!
I think my name is now Nate Nomenclature! Nar, nar ,nar
Chemical Nomenclature
What is in a name?Elements involved and sometimes more.
What is a formula?Elements involved and their ratio to one
another
First: Given the formula, name the compound
MgO
Na2S Ba3P2
KI Al2O3
MgO – magnesium oxideBa3P2 – barium phosphide
Na2S – sodium sulfideKI – potassium iodideAl2O3 – aluminum oxide
Rules for compounds made of metals and nonmetals
1. Metals are first Metals tend to be positive and are attracted to the negative electrode
2. Nonmetal nonmetals follow with “ide” ending
Nonmetals are attracted to the positive electrode
Next set of Compounds
CO2 CO SO3
SF6 N2O5
CCl4H2O
CO – carbon monoxide
CO2 – carbon dioxide
CCl4 – carbon tetrachloride
SF6 – sulfur hexafloride
SO2 – sulfur dioxide
N2O5 – dinitrogen pentoxide
H2O – dihydrogen monoxide WATER!
Rules for nonmetal compounds
1. Name the first element in the formula (usually furthest left)
2. Name the second element with “ide” ending3. Prefixes – tell how many are there
1. Mono2. Di3. Tri4. Tetra5. Penta6. Hexa7. Hepta8. Octa9. Nona10. deca
MgO
MgCl2 H2O
NH3
CaO AlN
Mg3N2
HCl
NaCl
Al2O3
CO2
CH4
SiO2
CCl4
FeO
Fe2O3
KF
K2O
NaCl
AgCl
H2SC2H6 C3H8
Li2S
CuCl
CuCl2
SiF4
HF
Ca3P2
PbO2
Na2O
Writing Formulas…It’s like spelling and math together
Magnesium oxideFormulas: Mg and OLook at the charges, valences, oxidation
numbers if we have metals and nonmetals:
Mg+2 O-2 Formulas are neutral so the charges must
cancel out.
+2 + -2 = 0 so formula = MgO
Writing Formulas…It’s like spelling and math together
Aluminum chlorideFormulas: Al and ClLook at the charges if we have metals and
nonmetals:
Al+3 Cl-1 Formulas are neutral so the charges must
cancel out.
+3 + -1 = +2 so formula is not AlCl
How can we cancel out Al+3 charge?
1 aluminum and 3 chlorine +3 + -3 = 0
AlCl3
Name the 3 compounds below:
RaBr2
CaI2
Li4C
Spark
Examples:
RaBr2 Radium bromide
CaI2
Li4C
Chemical Names
Examples:
NaCl Radium Bromide
CaI2 Calcium iodide
Li4C
Chemical Names
Examples:
RaBr2 Radium bromide
CaI2 Calcium iodide
Li4C Lithium carbide
Chemical Names
Next Set of Compounds to Name
NaNO3 ZnSO4 K2CO3
Ca2PO4 (NH4)3N
Cu(OH)2 KClO3
KClO4 (NH4)2CO3
Spark
A sample of the element Bhatonium contains 92 atoms with a mass of 13.00 and 8 atoms with a mass of 15.00. Calculate the average atomic mass of element Bhatonium.
Bhatonium will give you a painful rash. Beware!
Let’s Review Ions
An atom (or atoms)
with a charge.http://youtu.be/aELPrWzixeU
http://youtu.be/bsFwK6IIxXY
http://youtu.be/i9xS9t-KMpc
IonMeaning the numbers of
protons and electrons
are no longer equal.
IonChemists cannot change
an atom's protons,
so it must be the
electrons that change.
H+ O-2
Mg+2 P-3
IonThis atom has
lost __ e-
H+ O-2
Mg+2 P-3
IonThis atom has
gained __ e-
H+ O-2
Mg+2 P-3
Ion
This atom has lost __ e-
H+ O-2
Mg+2 P-3
Ion
This atom has gained __ e-
A group of non metal elements held together and have an overall charge.
Look at your handout!
Polyatomic Ion
NEVER change the
subscripts in a
polyatomic ion.
Polyatomic Ion
If more than one is
needed in a formula,
put parenthesis
around the ion...
Polyatomic Ion
and add the subscript
outside the parenthesis.
Polyatomic Ion
(NH4)2SO4
Polyatomic Ion
What is the formula of the
compound formed when
calcium combines with the
nitrate ion?
Example:
What is the formula of the
compound formed when
calcium combines with the
nitrate ion?
Example:
Ca(NO3)2
What is the formula of the
compound formed when
zinc combines with the
sulfate ion?
Example:
What is the formula of the
compound formed when
zinc combines with the
sulfate ion?
Example:
ZnSO4
What is the formula of the
compound formed when the
ammonium and phosphate
ions combine?
Example:
What is the formula of the
compound formed when the
ammonium and phosphate
ions combine?
Example:
(NH4)3PO4
Compounds
Containing
Polyatomic Ions
Chemical Names
First:
Write the name of the positive element or ion.
Chemical Names
Then:Write the name of the
negative part...
Chemical Names
Then:If the negative part is a
polyatomic ion, write the
name with no changes...
Chemical Names
Then:If the negative part is an
element, write the name
with an ide ending as
usual.
Chemical Names
Examples:
MgSO4
CaCO3
NH4Cl
Chemical Names
Examples:
MgSO4 Magnesium sulfate
CaCO3
NH4Cl
Chemical Names
Examples:
MgSO4 Magnesium sulfate
CaCO3 Calcium carbonate
NH4Cl
Chemical Names
Examples:
MgSO4 Magnesium sulfate
CaCO3 Calcium carbonate
NH4Cl Ammonium chloride
Chemical Names
Next Set
NaNO3 ZnSO4 K2CO3
Ca2PO4 (NH4)3N
Cu(OH)2 KClO3
KClO4 (NH4)2CO3
NaNO3 Sodium nitrate
ZnSO4 Zinc sulfate
K2CO3 Potassium carbonate
Ca2PO4 Calcium phosphate
(NH4)3N Ammonium nitride
Cu(OH)2 Copper(II) hydroxide
KClO3 Potassium chlorate
KClO4 Potassium perchlorate
(NH4)2CO3 Ammonium carbonate
Spark
Review the horrors of DHMO and think about how you can help get DHMO awareness out to the ignorant souls who know not of its DANGERS!
with
Transition Metals
(Roman numerals)
Chemical Names
Next Set
FeCl2 FeCl3 Cr2O3 CrO
CuCl CuCl2
AgCl HgO Hg2O
If the positive element has
more than one possible
oxidation number...
Chemical Names
or if it is out of character,
its oxidation number
is shown...
Chemical Names
with a Roman numeral in
parenthesis after its name.
Chemical Names
Examples:
lead (IV) oxide
nitrogen (III) fluoride
copper (I) chloride
Chemical Names
Examples:
lead (IV) oxide PbO2
nitrogen (III) fluoride
copper (I) chloride
Chemical Names
Examples:
lead (IV) oxide PbO2
nitrogen (III) fluoride NF3
copper (I) chloride
Chemical Names
Examples:
lead (IV) oxide PbO2
nitrogen (III) fluoride NF3
copper (I) chloride CuCl
Chemical Names
Next Set
FeCl2 FeCl3 Cr2O3 CrO
CuCl CuCl2
AgCl HgO Hg2O
These metals carry multiple oxidation numbers…
FeCl2 – iron(II) chloride
FeCl3 – iron(III) chlorideCuCl – copper(I) chloride
CuCl2 – copper(II) chlorideAgCl – silver chlorideHgO – mercury(II) oxide
Hg2O – mercury(I) oxideCrO – chromium(II) oxide
Cr2O3 – chromium(III) oxide
SpeedySpark
Write the formulas for the following binary compounds:
Chromium (VII) oxide
Ammonium dichromate
Strontium phosphide
Molybdenum (V) oxalate
What about acids and oxyacids and huge organic molecules like…
HClH2SO4
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acidTNT – trinitrotolueneMethyl Ethyl KetoneCaffeineHeroineDinabol (steroid)There are “rules” for naming every compound in
chemistry!
The "Big 3" industrial acids:
Chemical Names
The "Big 3" industrial acids:
Chemical Names
The "Big 3" industrial acids:
Chemical Names
Little Aiden was a good boy, Little Aiden is no more.
Little Aiden mistook H2O for H2SO4
PRACTICE MY NEOPHYTE CHEMISTS!
Advanced Stuff!
The sum of the oxidation
numbers in a polyatomic
ion is equal to the
charge on the ion.
Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic Ion
What is the formula for the sulfate ion?
SO4-2
Polyatomic Ion
The Sulfate Ion
SO4-2
Polyatomic Ion
This oxidation numbermust be positive.
SO4-2
Polyatomic Ion
This oxidation numbermust be negative.
SO4-2
Polyatomic Ion
The total of the oxidation numbers
must equal this charge.
SO4-2
oxygen -2 X 4 = -8
+ sulfur = ?
= -2
Polyatomic Ion
SO4-2
oxygen -2 X 4 = -8
+ sulfur = +6
= -2
Polyatomic Ion
What is the formula for the compound formedwhen zinc combineswith the perchlorate ion?
Zn(ClO4)2
Zn(ClO4)2
What is the oxidationnumber of chlorine inthis compound?
Zn(ClO4)2
Zn is +2 X 1 = +2
Zn(ClO4)2
Zn is +2 X 1 = +2O is -2 X 4 X 2 = -16
Zn(ClO4)2
Zn is +2 X 1 = +2O is -2 X 4 X 2 = -16Cl's total must be +14
Zn(ClO4)2
Zn is +2 X 1 = +2O is -2 X 4 X 2 = -16Cl's total must be +14There are 2 Cl's, each one = +7
Spark
Please get out a clean sheet of paper and neatly make a Bingo Card with 25 squares.
SPARKThermite is cool! It is also very simple to make and use – but dangerous!
It involves Iron (III) oxide and aluminum mixing and reacting to produce aluminum oxide and molten iron and a lot of energy in the form of heat and light!
Write the chemical formulas for the two oxides and one other oxide using a metal of your choosing.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=908rjHQ5mmc&feature=related (making sodium)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faorfmRkCv0&NR=1 (making sodium)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mx5JJWI2aaw&NR=1 making salthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1p3-sAJffM&NR=1 100 gram flashhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92Mfric7JUc&NR=1 40 gallon trash canMythbusters sodium http
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_XdOmShVhI&feature=related School pond sodium http
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTcgo46nxNE&feature=fvsr How to thermite http://youtu.be/S84UMbF0s2k School thermite
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3ZkoNF2ybg&feature=related Mythbusters Thermite
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPAYZMzGMwQ&feature=related Thermite and Ice
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnHR4cMXiyM&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uj9D3mc7tVg&p=A7D3D7E6C6ED72DF&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1
GB Death
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUensqImzXM&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1
http://youtu.be/D45ZolCqPzg
http://youtu.be/5uxsFglz2ig
http://phet.colorado.edu/
phetsBalloons and static electricity
Build an atom
Build a molecule
Isotopes and Atomic Mass
Models of the Hydrogen atom
Rutherford Scattering
States of Matter
Sugar and Salt Solutions
Acid-Base Solutions
For each phet you do…
Write the title of the phet.
Write down the purpose/objective.
Diagram or describe the experiment and variables involved.
Write down what you did in detail.
Write down what you observed. (labeled diagrams are okay).
Write what you learned – about chemistry, nature, etc. and how you will use it.