Space Exploration
description
Transcript of Space Exploration
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Unit EScience InAction
Pages 366-475
Space Exploration
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Section 1.0: 370-4o7Human understanding of both Earth and space has changed over time.
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Early Views About the Cosmos Objects in the
sky have fascinated humans throughout time.
The explanations of how these celestial objects came to be are even more fascinating.
Early View Hyperlink
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Ancient Views of the Cosmos Myths, folklore and
legends were used to explain what ancient people observed in the night sky.
First Nations people of the Pacific Northwest - believed the night sky was a pattern on a great blanket overhead, which was held up by a spinning 'world pole' resting on the chest of a woman named Stone Ribs.
Inuit in the high Arctic - used a mitt to determine when seal pups would be born, by holding the mitt at arm's length at the horizon.
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Solstice represents the shortest
and longest periods of daylight
Winter solstice - shortest period of daylight (Northern hemisphere - Dec. 21)
Summer solstice - longest period of daylight (Northern hemisphere - June 21)
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Solstice continued...The Ancient Celts
set up megaliths, in concentric circles, at Stonehenge to mark the winter and summer solstices.
Ancient African cultures set large rock pillars into patterns to predict the timing of the solstices as well.
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Equinox represents
periods of equal day and night
Autumnal equinox - occurs in the fall (Northern hemisphere - Sept. 22)
Vernal equinox - occurs in the spring (Northern hemisphere - Mar. 21)
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Equinox continued...The Ancient Egyptians
built many pyramids and other monuments to align with the seasonal position of certain stars.
The Mayans of Central
America built an enormous cylinder shaped tower, at Chichen Itza, to celebrate the two equinoxes.
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Equinox continued...Aboriginal Peoples of
Southwestern Alberta used key rocks, which aligned with certain stars, in their medicine circles.
Ancient cultures tried to explain the motions of the stars and planets.
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Two Models of the PlanetsGeocentric -
Aristotle's Model Heliocentric -
Copernicus' Model
Assisted by Pythagoras and Euclid
Confirmed by Galileo and Kepler
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Two Models of the Planets continued...
Geocentric and Heliocentric
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Section 1.2Pages 377-383
Discovery Through
Technology
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Discovery Through Technology The earliest astronomers
used several tools to chart the position of objects in the sky and to predict where the sun, moon, and certain stars would move.
With the heavens serving as both timekeeper and navigational aid, such knowledge was of much more than scholarly interest
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Early Telescope Before 1609, when Galileo
began using a brand new invention called the telescope, humankind's perception of the cosmos was limited to what could be seen with the naked eye.
It was natural to perceive Earth as the center of the universe (geocentric), with a transparent, starry sphere rotating around it.
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Quadrant Designed by Tycho
Brahe
Tychonian quadrant was actually a very large brass quadrant, affixed to a wall.
Its radius measured almost two meters and was graduated in tens of seconds.
Sightings were taken along the quadrant through the small window in the opposing wall, to which Tycho points.
Allowed the observers to note the precise moment of observation.
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Astrolabe Instrument used to observe
the stars and determine their position on the horizon.
The back had a moveable sighting arm and a scale for measuring altitude, while the front had a map of the heavens that helped to calculate the future position of objects.
Astronomers could predict when the sun and certain bright stars would rise or set on any given day.
Ipparch invented the astrolabe in the 2nd century B.C.
In the Middle Ages the astrolabe was the main instrument for navigation later to be replaced by the sextant.
At the beginning of the 20th century the prismatic astrolabe appeared, enabling the rays of a celestial body to be reflected onto a mercury surface to determine the point in time that it reached a certain height on the horizon.
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Sextent Tool for measuring the
angular altitude of a star above the horizon, which was usually the sun.
Used for navigation.
Could be used to measure the height of a celestial body from aircraft, spacecraft or the ship's deck.
The main types are the sextant used for ships and the bubble sextant used only on aircraft.
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Cross-staff Made up of a straight staff,
marked with graduated scales, with a closefitting, sliding crosspiece.
The navigator rested the staff on his cheekbone and lined up one end of the moving crosspiece with the horizon and the other end with the bottom of the pole star, or the sun at midday.
The position of the cross piece on the staff gave the reading of altitude.
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Astronomical Unit (AU)The astronomical unit
(AU) is used for measuring 'local' distances in the solar system.
It is equal to the distance from the center of the Sun to the center of the Earth (approximately 149,599,000 kms).
1 AU
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Light Year Speed of light
approximately 300 000 km/s
A light year is equal to the distance light travels in 1 year (approximately 9.5 trillion kms).
It is used for longer distances - to stars and galaxies.
The distance to our nearest star, Proxima Centauri is a little over 4 light years.
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ParsecA parsec is a basic unit of
length for measuring distances to stars and galaxies
Equal to 206,265 times the distance from the earth to the sun, or 3.26 light-years.
The nearest star, Proxima Centauri is about 1.31 parsecs from the Earth.
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Looking Into The Past When you view an object in the
sky you are seeing it as it was in the past.
Light from the Sun takes about 5 minutes to reach the Earth, whereas light from Pluto takes about 5 hours.
The farther away, the longer light takes to reach the Earth.
Light from the stars in the center of the universe takes about 25,000 years to reach the Earth. The Hubble telescope is capturing light from 12 billion years ago.
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Section 1.3Pages 384-391
Distribution of Matter in Space
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Stars A star is a hot, glowing
ball of gas (mainly hydrogen) that gives off light energy.
Very hot stars look blue, while cooler stars look red.
In the 1920's, Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell compared the surface temperature of stars with its brightness (luminosity).
Stars fall into distinct groupings.
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Birth of Stars
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Birth of Stars
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Life Cycle of a Star
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SupernovaAn enormous explosion
that marks the death of a massive star.
Fusion has stopped and the star runs out of fuel.
Gravity causes the star to collapse upon its self.
The outer part of the star explodes with a shock wave.
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Black HolesA highly dense remnant
of a star in which gravity is so strong that not even light from radiation going on inside the remnant can escape.
Event horizon – point at which light cannot escape.
Invisible to telescopes.
This shows how the path of a beam of light bends in the vicinity of a non-rotating black hole.
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Star Groups Constellations are the
groupings of stars we see as patterns in the night sky.
There are 88 constellations and many are explained in Greek Mythology.
Asterisms are also groupings of stars but are not officially recognized as constellations.
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Galaxies A galaxy is a grouping of
millions or billions of stars, gas and dust.
Held together by gravity.
The Milky Way Galaxy is the galaxy our solar system is a part of.
It is shaped like a flattened pinwheel, with arms spiralling out from the center.
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Milky Way Galaxy
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Types of GalaxiesSpiral – long curved
arms radiating out from a bright central core – older to younger at the arms
Elliptical – football or egg – mostly old stars
Irregular – no notable shape – smaller size – mixture of young and old stars
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Section 1.4Pages 392-400
Our Solar Neighbourhood
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The SunThe Sun
emits charged particles in all directions.
This solar wind bombards the Earth at 400km/s, but the magnetic field of the Earth protects us.
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Protoplanet hypothesis1. A cloud of gas &
dust in space begin swirling
2. Most of the matter (more than 90% of it) accumulates in the center - forming the Sun
3. The remaining materials accumulate (forming planets) and circle the Sun
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The Planets: MercuryClosest planet to the
Sun
Surface similar to our moon
No atmosphere
High temperature – 400oC sunny side
- 180oC dark side
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The Planets: VenusSimilar in size, mass, and
gravity to earth
High surface temperature – 450oC (melt lead)
90 x atmospheric pressure to Earth
CO2 cloud cover
Rotates opposite to other planets – east to west
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The Planets: EarthOnly planet where water
exists in solid, liquid, and gas
Only planet to support life
Atmosphere provides protection from the Sun
70% surface covered in water
Active volcanism
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The Planets: MarsRed planet – orangish –
caused by iron oxides on surface
Two polar ice caps (One of Co2 + H2O and one of CO2)
Extremely cold surface temperature
Varied surface topography
2 moons
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The Planets: JupiterLargest of all planets
Twice the mass of all other planets combined
Composed of mainly hydrogen and helium
Great Red Spot – atmospheric storm
Three thin rings
28 moons
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The Planets: Saturn19 moons
Second largest planet
1000+ rings surround equator
Composed mostly of hydrogen and helium
High wind speeds over 1800 km/h due to fast rotation
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The Planets: UranusUnusual axis of rotation –
tilted toward the plane of its orbit –making it appear to roll its orbit
Composed mostly of hydrogen and helium
Methane in atmosphere gives it its blue colour
Large ring system
17 moons
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The Planets: Neptune Composed mostly of
hydrogen and helium, and methane
Methane in atmosphere gives it its blue colour
Little light reaches this planet
Fastest wind speed – 2500 km/h
Own ring system
8 moons
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The Planets: Pluto Cold frozen ball of methane
Disqualified as a Planet due to its obit around the sun at 17.2o – more elliptical
Rotates east to west rather than west to east
Some astronomers believe it and Charon (moon) are comets that have been captured by the gravity of the sun
Originated from the Kuiper Belt
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Other Celestial BodiesAsteroids – rocky ,
metallic bodies ranging in size of a few meters to hundreds of kilometres
Comets – dirty snowballs – dust and ice and heat up when they come close to the sun, releasing gas
Comets have predictable paths – large ellipses
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Other Celestial BodiesMeteoroids – small
pieces of rock flying through space with not particular path
Meteor – a meteoroid that gets pulled into the atmosphere by gravity – heats up and gives off light
Meteorite – a meteor that hits the surface
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Hyper LinksSolar System
Space Videos National Geographic
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Section 1.5Pages 401-407
Describing the Position of
Objects in Space
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AltitudeAltitude gives you the
"how above the horizon it is”
The point straight overhead has an altitude of +90 degrees
Straight underneath, an altitude of -90 degrees.
Points on the horizon have 0 degree altitudes.
An object halfway up in the sky has an altitude of 45 degrees.
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AzimuthAzimuth determines
"which compass direction it can be found in the sky."
An azimuth of zero degrees puts the object in the North.
An azimuth of 90 degrees puts the object in the East.
An azimuth of 180 degrees puts the object in the South, and one of 270 degrees puts the object in the west.
Zenith is the position in the sky directly overhead.
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Motion of Objects in SpaceThe path in the sky
along which the Sun takes is called the ecliptic.
The Celestial Sphere is the name given to the very large imaginary 'sphere of sky' surrounding the Earth.
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Assess Your LearningPage 406
Questions 2-3, 5-7, 10- 11, 13-15, 17
Read Section 2 pages 408-433