SOMALIA FUTURE OF A FAILED STATE - Maria's … – FUTURE OF A FAILED STATE CHAIRPERSON: MANDABYA JJ...
Transcript of SOMALIA FUTURE OF A FAILED STATE - Maria's … – FUTURE OF A FAILED STATE CHAIRPERSON: MANDABYA JJ...
2016
(JUNE 6 1993)
SOMALIA – FUTURE OF A FAILED STATE
CHAIRPERSON: MANDABYA JJ
DEPUTY CHAIRPERSON: ARIJITA SINHA ROY
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A NOTE FROM THE CHAIRS
Greeting Delegates,
It is with utmost pleasure and delight that we welcome you to the 2nd
Edition of Maria’s Model United Nations (MMUN), 2016. This year at
HSC, we will deal with the ‘Somalian Civil War’
Somalia, a land inflicted with conflicts and divergence have come a
long way from being a British protectorate in the 1960s to being
considered a ‘failed state’ at the end of the 20th century. This year
at MMUN, 2016 we are going to focus on Somalia, located at the horn of
Africa; a country with a very poignant history.
At the end of World War II, Britain decided to take charge of both the
Italian and British Somaliland. However, 1945 at the Potsdam
conference, Italian Somaliland was granted trusteeship to Italy, under
the United Nations mandate. As the idea of independence started to
influence the citizens of both the Somalilands, a referendum was held
in Djibouti in 1958, to decide the fate of Somaliland and its people.
On 1st July 1960, independence was granted and the state of Somalia was
formed. The independence was followed by the assassination of the
first Prime Minister, following a military coup, and finally leading
to the installation of the Barre regime in Somalia. The Barre regime
sought to follow authoritarian governance alongside with a desire to
expand the territory, thus waging the Ogaden War of 1977. During the
war, Somalia changed its allies, from being a partner of the Soviet
Union it went on to collaborate with the United States. It is often
noticed that an authoritarian government does not lasts long, and
hence the fate of the Barre regime also followed the same.
In 1991, the Barre regime was ousted by a clan-based coalition, which
opened the arena to a civil war. There were conferences held to fill
the vacuum position of the government of Somalia, but none came to a
conclusion. Finally, the United Nations intervened and resolutions
were passed in the United Nations Security Council, leading to the
creation of UNOSOM I followed by UNOSOM II. The United Nations Task
Force operated under the administration of the United States.
Presenting to you the Historic Security Council, MMUN 2016, which is
going to deal with the events that carved the present state of
Somalia, often considered to be a ‘failed state’, it is for the
committee to decide what lead to the failure of the state. So can the
events of history be altered to help Somalia fit into the novel world?
For any queries, please feel free to contact us at
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Submission for the Position Paper is due on 17th May, 2016.
Mandabya JJ
Chairperson, HSC
MMUN, 2016
Arijita Sinha Roy
Deputy Chairperson, HSC
MMUN, 2016
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CONTENTS
1. GOD’S LAND : SOMALIA ………………………………………………………3-4 2. TRAVELLING BACK IN TIME ………………………………………………5-8
2.1 COLONIAL ERA 2.2 FASCISM AND WORLD WAR (I&II) 2.3 INDEPENDENCE AND POST INDEPENDENCE
3. THE OGADEN WAR ……………………………………………………………………….9 3.1 EFFECTS OF THE WAR
4. RISE OF SIAD BARRE …………………………………………………………10-11 5. OUTBREAK OF CIVIL WAR,1991………………………………………11-15
5.1 INTERVENTION (1992-1995) 5.2 BATTLE OF MOGADISHU,1993 5.3 WITHDRAWL OF THE U.N
6. EFFECTS OF THE WAR …………………………………………………………15-16 6.1 HUMANITARIAN CONTEXT
7. TIMELINE OF THE SOMALIAN CIVIL WAR……………….17-18 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………….19 9. QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER……………….20 10. SAMPLE POSITION PAPER……………………………………….20-21
11. SAMPLE RESOLUTION PAPER………………………………….22-23
________________________________________________
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1. GOD’S LAND: SOMALIA
Somalia, located in the Horn of Africa, adjacent to the Gulf of
Aden and the Arabian Peninsula, sharing its boundary with Djibouti,
Ethiopia, and Kenya has since time immemorial, attracted the Arabs,
the Egyptians and also western countries such as Great Britain, France
and Italy. The location proved to be quite strategic in context to
trade along the coastline, to be precise.
Spread across a total of 637,657 sq km and with a population of 13-14
million, it is prone to numerous natural hazards such as droughts,
famines, dust storms, etc. The land is prone to droughts because of
the climate that prevails throughout the year, i.e. principally
deserted with irregular rainfall. Despite the rough climate, it does
not seem to fall short of natural resources such as uranium, gypsum,
iron ore, bauxite, natural gas and oil reserves. It is likely
predicted by many geologists that these oil reserves can help Somalia
to become the next oil superpower and researches are being conducted
to discover more such reserves in the country.
To understand Somalian History, it’s imperative for us to understand
the role of clan politics. Clans have always played a very important
role in shaping the countries past and present. To look at the
history, with which the Council is going to deal with, we find that at
every war that took place, or behind any political activities,
clanship played an important role. The four major clans of Somalia
are: Darood, Dir, Isaaq and Hawiye, which are further subdivided into
many factions. These clans are also referred to as ‘noble clans’.
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Even after being prone to an ongoing civil war, the culture of Somalia
didn’t disappear into the deserts. People still celebrate their story
telling traditions and cook exotic cuisines for themselves as well as
people who visit their land. Somalia, too has contributed in Islamic
learning which has spread much across the Horn of Africa, the Arabian
Peninsula, and well beyond that.
The description of Somalia, by far looks very ordinary, but the
reality is far worse than what these words speak. The spark of the
civil war which broke around the 1980s, left Somalia to scrambles and
it has almost been two decades that the state is surviving without a
central government, which in turn has made the meager Somalians face
devastation day by day.
So what led to the civil war? Was it the authoritarian government or
clan politics? Somalia, now declared a complete ‘failed state’, still
strives for a central government. So what led to this failure? Let’s
travel back in time.
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2. TRAVELLING BACK IN TIME
2.1 COLONIAL ERA
The colonial era in Somalia has both its pros and cons. The location
of Somalia is said to be the major reason which attracted the
Europeans to the state, because around 1839, the British began to use
the Gulf of Aden, on the south coast of Arabia, as port for the ships
on their route to India.
Soon, the Europeans are joined by
France and Italy along the coastal
area of Somalia; however the
Italians occupy the region near
Eritrea. A notable change came in
this colonial era when the
‘Scramble for Africa’ began in
1880s, the three rivals were joined
by another nation; Ethiopia. All
four began to claim their rights
over Somalia.
After an armed conflict that took place between France and Britain,
the nations decided to arrive at a consensus and hence a demarcation
line was drawn, giving both the rivals a minor share of the strategic
coastal area, back in 1888. The newly given French colony later went
on to be the Independent state of Djibouti. But the British didn’t
stop here; they went on to influence the coastal areas of Zeila and
Berbera, promising protection to the chieftains of the various Somali
clans and hence these regions came under the British protectorate. The
Italians established their protectorates along the coast eastwards,
however things started to sour up between Ethiopia and Italy
concerning the state of ‘Eritrea’. Hence, by 1896 the tensions lead to
an outright war with the Italians being defeated.
Even if the war concerned the territory of Eritrea, the weakened
Italian position had direct repercussions in Somalia. The large Somali
in-habited region, ‘the Ogaden’, which lied between Ethiopia and the
Italia occupied Somali coast. The Italians after the war were in no
position to resist another war over Ogaden and hence a new settlement
was agreed between the powers in 1897. The treaty stated clearly that
the Ogaden had been granted to the Ethiopians and ceded with the
southern strip of British Somaliland, known as the ‘Haud’.
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Following the Berlin Conference,
the Dervish State was state
established by Mohammed Abdullah
Hassan aka the ‘Mad Mullah’, a
Somali religious leader who
gathered Muslim soldiers from
across the Horn of Africa and
united them into a loyal army
known as the Dervishes. This
Dervish army enabled Hassan to
carve out a powerful state
through conquest of lands sought after by the Ethiopians and the
European powers. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British
Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region.
2.2 FASCISM AND WORLD WAR (I & II)
With the dawn of Fascism, the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini began
his ‘scramble’ for Italian Somaliland. A new governor was appointed
who bought another era of conflicts to Somalia.
A vigorous policy framework was adopted to extend the Italian imperial
interests, culminating the defeat and annexation of Ethiopia in 1936.
*the map of Somalia during the Great War, 1914-1918.
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With the tensions of the World War II, the british had withdrawn from
their colonies, while French Somaliland kept neutrality. In 1941
British Forces recover the whole area from the Italians, thus uniting
almost the entire area of Somalia under British rule. The British were
quite successful in unifying most the regions, because by the
beginning of the 20th century and the new Italian fascist government
rule, Pan-Somalism started spreading which played a detrimental role
in unifying the various Somalilands. The British were victorious in
driving the Italians completely out of the scenario.
After the World War II ended, the situations began to revert again to
the colonial ages. The treaty which granted Ethiopia the Ogaden and
the Haud remained the same. The French and British Somaliland
continued as before.
2.3 INDEPENDENCE and POST-INDEPENDENCE
Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British
Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during
the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship
of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the
condition—first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other
nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle
Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL)—that Somalia
achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a
protectorate of Britain until 1960.
To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the
trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain
experience in Western political education and self-government. These
were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated
into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British
colonial officials attempted, through various administrative
development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate
stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic
development and political experience would later cause serious
difficulties integrating the two parts.
After independence, Somalia witnessed a wave of changes, especially
in the administrative structure. Political parties kept sprouting
every now and then. The main theme of the parties was to reunite three
large Somali groups trapped in other states- the French Somaliland, in
Ethiopia (Ogaden and Haud) and in northern Kenya.
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*Somalian Prime Minister Abdurashid Ali Shermake, shown on the right,
with Somalian President Aden Abdullah Osmaan Dar (L). The president
was defeated by the former Prime Minister*
But the successive failure mainly in the Ethiopian and Kenyan region
urged Somalia to take help from the Soviet Union in the form of
military aid. However, the Somali government maintained a neutral
stance in international politics and affairs. Soon the elections
arrived, and the winning party of the first election turned out to the
‘Somali Youth League’ which was originally formed to campaign for
independence within the British Somaliland. Elections took place in
March 1969 which brought the party a majority. However, as time passed
the party became absolutely authoritarian and the same year, a
policeman assassinated President Shermake.
The day after President Shermake’s funeral, a military coup d'état
followed after which Mohammed Siad Barre seizes power.
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3. THE OGADEN WAR, 1977
After the military d’état, Mohammed Siad Barre declared Somalia to be
a socialist, following the strengthening of its relations with the
Soviet Union in 1970. Siad Barre wanted ‘scientific socialism’ hence
in 1974 Somalia joined the Arab League.
In 1977, with Ethiopia in anarchy
after the fall of its leader, Halie
Selassie, the wish to seize the
Ogaden region came to Barre. Hence,
the Somali National Army invaded
the Ogaden, Ethiopia. But
ironically, Siad Barre’s long time
ally betrayed him, the Soviet
Union. The USSR was in a fix at the
moment, because the Cold War had
begun and found itself supplying
for both the wars. It is during
this time period, that the allies
of Somalia changed. The Soviet
Union and Cubans backed the Ethiopians; however USA did not sit back
and enjoyed watching the Cold War rival take control. Hence USA came
to help the Somalians, which was backed by Yemen, North Korea and
Germany.
The Ethiopians succeed in capturing the Ogaden region with the help of
the Soviet Union’s equipment and Cuban troops.
3.1 EFFECTS OF THE WAR
A small faction of the Somalia National Army continued to carry out
the insurgency. The worse scenario after the war was the exodus mass
of hundreds and thousands of Somalia refugees over the borders.
Historians consider this to be the turning point of Somalian history.
The war costed Somalia one third of its army, half of the Somali Air
Force and armored units. But the most notable and direct effect was
that the United States adopted Somalia as a Cold War ally, with a
promise that the US would be allowed to use Somalia as military bases,
so as to gain control over the region.
Moreover, both the countries committed the crime of killing civilians.
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4. RISE OF SIAD BARRE
Siad Barre introduced a brutal dictatorship, and one of the most
disturbing elements of his dictatorship was that he opposed to the
local clan loyalties, a very strong feature of Somali culture.
A new constitution was promulgated in 1979 under which elections for a
People's Assembly were held. However, Barre's Somali Revolutionary
Socialist Party politburo continued to rule. In October 1980, the SRSP
was disbanded, and the Supreme Revolutionary Council was re-
established in its place.[15] By that time, the moral authority of
Barre's ruling Supreme Revolutionary Council had begun to weaken. Many
Somalis were becoming disillusioned with life under military
dictatorship. The regime was further weakened in the 1980s as the Cold
War drew to a close and Somalia's strategic importance was diminished.
The government became increasingly totalitarian, and resistance
movements, supported by Ethiopia's communist Derg administration,
sprang up across the country. This eventually led in 1991 to the
outbreak of the civil war, the toppling of Barre's regime and the
disbandment of the Somali
National Army (SNA). Among
the militia groups that
led the rebellion were
the Somali Salvation
Democratic
Front (SSDF), United
Somali
Congress(USC), Somali
National Movement (SNM)
and the Somali Patriotic
Movement (SPM), together
with the non-violent
political oppositions of
the Somali Democratic
Movement (SDM), the Somali Democratic Alliance(SDA) and the Somali
Manifesto Group (SMG).
In the aftermath of this disaster guerrilla groups, clan-based and
regional, are formed in and around Somalia with the intention of
toppling Siad's repressive and centralizing regime. By 1988 the result
is full-scale civil war, resulting in the overthrow of Siad in 1991.
He withdraws to the safety of his own clan, becoming one warlord among
many in this increasingly chaotic nation. During 1990, in the capital
city of Mogadishu, the residents were prohibited from gathering
publicly in groups greater than three or four. Fuel shortages caused
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long lines of cars at petrol stations. Inflation had driven the price
of pasta (ordinary dry Italian noodles, a staple at that time) to five
U.S. dollars per kilogram. The price of khat, imported daily
from Kenya, was also five U.S. dollars per standard bunch. Paper
currency notes were of such low value that several bundles were needed
to pay for simple restaurant meals.
A thriving black market existed in the centre of the city as banks
experienced shortages of local currency for exchange. At night, the
city of Mogadishu lay in darkness. Close monitoring of all visiting
foreigners was in effect. Harsh exchange control regulations were
introduced to prevent export of foreign currency. Although no travel
restrictions were placed on foreigners, photographing many locations
was banned. During the day in Mogadishu, the appearance of any
government military force was extremely rare. Alleged late-night
operations by government authorities, however, included
"disappearances" of individuals from their homes.
In 1991 the faction controlling the former British Somaliland confuses
matters by declaring its independence as the republic of Somaliland.
5. OUTBREAK OF THE CIVIL WAR, 1991
The Barre regime was ousted by coalition of clan-based opposition
group backed by Ethiopia and Libya. The first phase of the civil war
stemmed from the insurrections against the repressive regime of Siad
Barre. After his ousting from power, a counter-revolution took place
to attempt to reinstate him as leader of the country.
Only Somaliland, which comprises the northwestern section of the
country (between Djibouti and the northeastern area known as Puntland
(which is also effectively independent) have functioning governments.
The rest of the country, especially the South, descended into anarchy.
Warlords emerged who controlled small zones and competed with each
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other for domination of larger areas. Taking place in one of the
world's poorest countries, mass starvation followed.
5.1 INTERVENTION (1992-1995)
United Nations Security Council Resolution 733 and Resolution 746 led
to the creation of UNOSOM I, the first mission to provide humanitarian
relief and help restore order in Somalia
after the dissolution of its central
government.
On 3rd December, 1992, the United Nations
Security Council unanimously passed
Resolution 794, approving the coalition
of United Nations peacekeepers to be led
by the United States of America.
The year 1993 began with an effort to
alleviate the famine conditions which
killed almost 300,000 civilians. U.S
President George H.W Bush was reluctant
about the entire mission. However, Bill
Clinton was persuaded by the UN
Secretary General to continue the
mission as long as the central
governance in the so-called ‘failed state’ was re-established. The
troops of the U.S proved to be the main backbone of the UN mission
along with the small contingents from Pakistan and Malaysia, to name a
few.
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5.2 THE BATTLE OF MOGADISHU, 1993
The Somalians opposed the foreign presence. The reasons were many. The
Somali people initially fancied the aid provided by the United Nations
and the U.S, however they started to believe in the idea that they
will be asked to convert their religion in exchange. The idea was
introduced by the Warlord, Mohamed Farrah Aidid, with his main focus
on the U.S contingency. The period from June and October proved to be
bloodshed between the local gunmen and the peacekeepers, resulting in
the death of 24 Pakistanis and 19 U.S soldiers. The bloodshed was
followed by the Battle of Mogadishu in October 3, 1993. Over a 1000
Somali militia were killed.
On 3 March 1993, the U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-
Ghali submitted to the U.N. Security Council his recommendations for
effecting the transition from UNITAF to UNOSOM II. He stressed that
even if the UNITAF were successful in making a positive impact, the
Somalians were still deprived of a national government, followed by
any army or administrator-y body. Hence the Security Council
authorized UNOSOM II, with its main agenda being national
reconciliation and to pave the way of Somalia to being a democratic
state.
As soon as the UNOSOM II was authorized, a conference was held in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to agree on certain terms and how to achieve
reconciliation in the state. Most of the Somali parties agreed on the
idea put forward, but the faction led by Mohamed Farrah Aidid opposed
to incorporate in the agreement.
From the very beginning, Aidid was anti-U.N; he soon began propagandas
on radios marginalizing the U.N’s attempt to build a democratic
Somalia. It soon turned into a rebel, with civilian spies throughout
UNOSOM II's headquarters likely led to the uncovering of the U.N.'s
plan. Aidid ordered SNA militia to attack a Pakistani force on 5th June
1993, which had been tasked with the inspection of an arms cache
located at the radio station.
The activities led to the creation of the Task Force Ranger, which the
U.S positioned to capture the lieutenants of the warlord.
Task Force Ranger was created in August 1993 and was immediately
deployed to Somalia. It consisted of Special Forces from the U.S Army,
Air Force and the Navy as well. The mission or the operation of the
Task Force Ranger, involved the capturing of leaders of Habr Gidr clan
which followed the ideals of the warlord, Mohamed Farrah Aidid. But
the mission never became successful as it met a fatal accident. On 3rd
October, 1993 Somali militia along with armed civilians shot down the
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two Black Hawk helicopters.
The rescue operation began
shortly on 4th October. The
result was 24 dead, and 57
wounded Pakistani troops, as
well as 1 wounded Italian
and 3 wounded American
soldiers.
Pakistani and Malaysian
soldiers were killed during
the rescue operation. The
battle also resulted in the
death of 315 Somali people.
On 6 June 1993, the U.N. Security Council passed Resolution 837, for
the arrest and prosecution of the persons responsible for the death
and wounding of the peacekeepers.
5.3 WITHDRAWL OF THE UN
The Battle of Mogadishu soon turned into turmoil. The Americans
started to wonder on the fact that why
there were military causalities in a
place which had already been declared
a ‘state of failure’. Much of the
humanitarian aids started being looted
and sold, which in turn left the
innocent civilians helpless and pushed
them to a devastating state of
starvation. The U.S tried its best to
track down Aidid, but the more it kept
on trying the less information they
acquired. The whole U.N mission left
on 3rd March, 1995, exactly two years
after the transition of UNITAF to
UNOSOM II.
The U.N left Somalia on a note that no
government can bring stability to the state.
However, it reassured that Somalia will not be abandoned and help will
be given, in both humanitarian and financial ways.
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6. EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR
6.1 HUMANITARIAN CONTEXT
The war resulted in a series of causalities along with widespread
poverty across the state. The poor are left with no options, but to
survive the starvation day after day. Clanship makes it more difficult
to survive in the state as the distribution of resources and food
between them is unequal. The collapse of the Government in 1991 marked
the beginning of fights between clans over land and water. Clans are
now the safety net for many Somalians. The problem is that clan
identity has become a resource for political position.
A report launched by the United Nations Development Programme, stated
the following-
“Despite the gains, the challenges posed by Somalia’s humanitarian
situation and high levels of insecurity affect the delivery and impact
of development support
throughout the country.
While Somalia’s
humanitarian situation
has slowly stabilized
since the devastating
famine that killed
260,000 people three
years ago, it is still
extremely fragile. Half
of the population has
experienced abject
poverty. More than one
million people remain
displaced in often
appalling conditions and more than one million people are refugees in
the region. One serious or a series of shocks – such as failed rains,
increased insecurity or reduced access – and Somalia could slip easily
back into a deep crisis. Development indicators in Somalia remain
among the worst in the world. One in seven children die before their
first birthday; one in eighteen women die in childbirth; and only one
in three people have access to safe drinking water. Global acute
malnutrition levels among internally displaced persons are above
global emergency levels of 15 per cent. Approximately 857,000 people in Somalia require urgent and life-
saving assistance. An additional 2 million people are on the margin of
food insecurity and require continued livelihoods support. Decades of
conflict have displaced over one million people inside Somalia. They
are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity and susceptible to
human rights violations, such as sexual and gender based violence.
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Only 42 per cent of school-age children in Somalia are in school, one
of the world’s lowest enrolment rates. Of those, one a third are
girls.
Extreme poverty and lack of employment opportunities leave many young
Somalis with few prospects for the future. Over 70% of Somalia’s
population is under the age of thirty. However, the unemployment rate
for youth in Somalia is 67% —one of the highest in the world.
Somalia remains one of the most complex environments in which to
deliver assistance. However, to the extent possible, humanitarian and
development partners are managing rather than avoiding risk, in order
to be able to continue to deliver critical, life-saving programmes.”
Famine is a situation which arises out of three dormant factors:
poverty, high cost of goods and extreme political instability. Famines
are a common part of the Somali people. The involvement of the IMF in
this case, is something very interesting which questions the
legitimacy of International Organizations.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
.
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7. Timeline of the Somalian Civil War
1875 - Egypt occupies towns on Somali coast and parts of the interior.
1860s - France acquires foothold on the Somali coast, later to become
Djibouti.
1887 - Britain proclaims protectorate over Somaliland.
1888 - Anglo-French agreement defines boundary between Somali
possessions of the two countries.
1889 - Italy sets up a protectorate in central Somalia, later
consolidated with territory in the south ceded by the sultan of
Zanzibar.
1925 - Territory east of the Jubba River detached from Kenya to become
the westernmost part of the Italian protectorate.
1936 - Italian Somaliland combined with Somali-speaking parts of
Ethiopia to form a province of Italian East Africa.
1940 - Italians occupy British Somaliland.
1941 - British occupy Italian Somalia.
Independence 1950 - Italian Somaliland becomes a UN trust territory under Italian
control.
1956 - Italian Somaliland renamed Somalia and granted internal
autonomy.
1960 - British and Italian parts of Somalia become independent merge
and form the United Republic of Somalia; Aden Abdullah Osman Daar
elected president.
1963 - Border dispute with Kenya; diplomatic relations with Britain
broken until 1968.
1964 - Border dispute with Ethiopia erupts into hostilities.
1967 - Abdi Rashid Ali Shermarke beats Aden Abdullah Osman Daar in
elections for president.
Drought and war 1969 - Muhammad Siad Barre assumes power in coup after Shermarke is
assassinated.
1970 - Barre declares Somalia a socialist state and nationalizes most
of the economy.
1974 - Somalia joins the Arab League.
1974-75 - Severe drought causes widespread starvation.
1977 - Somalia invades the Somali-inhabited Ogaden region of Ethiopia.
1978 - Somali forces pushed out of Ogaden with the help of Soviet
advisers and Cuban troops. Barre expels Soviet advisers and gains
support of United States.
1981 - Opposition to Barre's regime begins to emerge after he excludes
members of the Mijertyn and Isaq clans from government positions,
which are filled with people from his own Marehan clan.
1988 - Peace accord with Ethiopia.
1991 - Mohamed Siad Barre is ousted. Power struggle between clan
warlords kills or wounds thousands of civilians.
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Somaliland breaks away 1991 - Former British protectorate of Somaliland declares unilateral
independence.
1992 - US Marines land near Mogadishu ahead of a UN peacekeeping force
sent to restore order and safeguard relief supplies.
1993 - US Army Rangers are killed when Somali militias shoot down two
US helicopters in Mogadishu and a battle ensues. Hundreds of Somalis
die. US mission formally ends in March 1994.
1995 - UN peacekeepers leave, having failed to achieve their mission.
1996 August - Warlord Mohamed Farah Aidid dies of wounds and is
succeeded by his son, Hussein.
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.poverties.org.
http://www.so.undp.org.
http://www.theguardian.com.
http://www.bbc.com.
http://www.historyworld.net.
http://journals.cambridge.org.
http://www.globalresearch.ca.
http://www.fragilestates.org.
*note to all delegates that the committee will begin from 6th
June, 1993*
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9. QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER-
A. WILL THE UNITED NATIONS GO BACK TO SOMALIA AND HELP THE
ESTABLISH A DEMOCRATIC STATE?
B. CAN THERE BE ANY ADDITION TO THE OBJECTIVES OF UNOSOM I
AND UNOSOM II?
C. WHO SHOULD FORM THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT?
D. CAN THE FIGHT FOR RESOURCES BETWEEN THE CLANS BE STOPPED?
E. WHAT CAN THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS FURTHER DO TO
RESTORE PEACE IN SOMALIA?
----X----
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SAMPLE POSITION PAPER
Country: The Russian Federation.
Committee: The Security Council.
Delegate: Kaustav Barua.
Agenda: Translational Terrorism with special reference to the Middle East.
“Terrorism has once again shown it is prepared deliberately to stop at nothing in creating human
victims. An end must be put to this. As never before, it is vital to unite forces of the entire world
community against terror.”~ Vladimir Putin.
Evolution has always forced man to use force as a way of exerting his influence upon
others and getting the community to listen to his needs. Since then, this tradition has been
coming down through generations. And now, it has reached the point where people are ready to
take each others’ lives without hesitation. It started right from the time, when man used stones to
the present, where man uses weapons of mass destruction. This has led to, what we know today
as, Terrorism.
The Emergence of the one of the most commonly discussed phenomenon of
“Translational Terrorism” has put up a question against World Peace and Harmony. It has led
to the loss of livelihood for millions across the globe, especially the ones living in the Middle
East. The Middle East has been associated and has been the target of many Islamic and State
terrorist organizations for over the last three decades now. Rise in no. of attacks in the Middle
Eastern countries have resulted in millions of casualties and fatalities.
Attacks like those of 9/11, 26/11 etc are some that shook the world. Terrorist groups
like the Al-Qaeda, al-Nurse front, ISIS are still mercilessly taking the lives of millions. The ISIS
rule in Iraq has left the people among the debris in the region. In 2013 and 2014, Kenya, Somalia,
Algeria, Mali, Nigeria and Tunisia have been theaters of some of the bloodiest terrorist actions that
the African continent has ever seen. African terrorist groups are proselytizing, primarily because
Africa’s Islamists are able to take advantage of the fact that many of the continent’s countries have
porous borders, vulnerable and corrupt central governments, undertrained and underequipped armies
and booming drug trades that provide a steady source of income.
Russia, a country belonging to the “Eurasian” continent, understands the gravity of
the problem and feels that it needs to be responded as soon as possible. Russia, being a
perpetuator of peace, believes that it is the duty of every country to cooperate and find a solution
to the problem. It is the duty of every nation to fight terrorism and end it. Numerous countries are
falling weak against these non state activists and require the help of developed nations.
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Since long, Terrorism has prevailed even in Russia. It has suffered from numerous
domestic insurgencies and non state acts. But with properly planned efforts, Russia has been able
to counter the problem efficiently. It hopes to exterminate terrorism within its political boundary
very soon. It has adopted the “On Combating Terrorism” in 1998 which sketched out the legal
regime of the counterterrorism operations and created several agencies to execute the policy. The
Alpha group is an elite unit, of the Russian Special Forces to combat terrorism.
Recently, “State Sponsored Terrorism” has come into existence. It has been seen that,
it is the government of numerous countries that are funding the terrorist organizations. This has
caused much chaos and the cause of mistrust among countries. This needs a halt.
The Delegate of Russia would like to suggest that:
1. Terrorism shouldn’t be encouraged by any country for it’s own materialistic gains.
2. Powerful countries should help other nations fight terrorism.
3. Terms and Regulation of the Resolution 1624 of the Security Council should be given
priority in very country.