Pharmaceutical Solutions (Monophasic Liquid Dosageform)

(Dr.) Mirza Salman BaigAssistant Professor (Pharmaceutics)

AIKTC, School of Pharmacy,New PanvelAffiliated to University of Mumbai (INDIA)

Course ObjectivesOn completion of the theory topics, the

learner should have an understanding of --• Concept of drug versus dosage forms, • basic calculations relating to the practice

of dispensing, • prescriptions and their types • compounding • role of a community pharmacy in

healthcare

Course ObjectivesOn completion of the theory topics, the

learner should have an understanding of --• Concept of drug versus dosage forms, • basic calculations relating to the practice

of dispensing, • prescriptions and their types • compounding • role of a community pharmacy in

healthcare

Course OutcomesAt the end of the course the learner will be able to

1. Define and identify various dosage forms2. Solve problems relating to pharmaceutical

calculations 3. Have knowledge of different prescription types4. Identify and comprehend different steps involved in

dispensing of formulations5. Understand principles involved in compounding of

different dosage forms6. Identify physical and chemical incompatibilities

among different active ingredients and formulations

7. Understand the organization of community pharmacy, provide optimal patient care under the direct personal interaction/ counselling

General compounding of Products

Solutions, suspensions, emulsions and creams, ointments and pastes, gels, suppository and pessaries, powders, granules and capsules

Solutions• Liquid preparations that contain one

or more soluble chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents

• Homogenous molecular dispersion that is prepared by dissolving a solid, liquid or gas in another liquid

• Major component--> Solvent• Minor component--> Solute

Use• Oral- Elixirs, linctuses, syrup• Mouth wash, gargles• Instillation in body cavity- eye drops,

nasal drops, douches• On body surface- collodions

Advantages• Easy to swallow• Easy dose adjustment.• Quick absorption• Uniform (Homogenous)• Safe means of administring

potassium iodide (Potassium iodide is used to loosen and break up mucus in the airways) that cause gastric pain if taken dry (tablet)

• Patient compliance

Disadvantages• Less stable• Unpleasent flavour is difficult to

mask.• Bulky to carry around• Spoon needed and dose variation• Breakage of container

Formulation• Vehicle

– Water, – Aromatic water (camphor water),– Medicated vehicle (Orange peel infusion-

carminative)• Adjunct (additives)

– Stabilizers (Ascorbic acid 0.1%)– Colouring agent (amaranth)– Flavouring agent (liquorice extract, orange

syrup, lemon spirit)– Preservative (Chloroform 0.25%, Benzoic acid

0.1%)

Formulation....Contd• Medicament (drug)

– Dextromethorphan HCL– Chlorpheniramine Maleate

Syrup• Liquid oral preparation in which the

vehicle is concenterated aqueous solution of sucrose or other sugar.

• Medicated/ flovouring syrup– Orange syrup– Raspberry syrup

• Storage - Store at room temperature

Contd...• Solubility can be increased by

– Solubilization (surfactant)– Co solvency – Complexation (iodine and KI)– Chemical modification (salts of API)– pH adjustment

ExamplesExamples OfOf SugarSugar BasedBased MedicatedMedicated SyrupSyrup

Cough Syrup• Chlorpheniramine maleate 04mg• Codein Phosphate 10mg• Ephedrine HCl 05mg• Sod. Citrate 150mg• Menthol 0.1mg

AntihistamineAntihistamine ( (antianti allergicallergic))

Chlorpheniramine Maleate 0.4 gGlycerin 25.0 mLSyrup 83.0 mLSorbitol Solution 282.0 mLSodium Benzoate 1.0 gAlcohol 60.0 mLColor and Flavor q.sPurified water, to make 1000.0 mL

Elixirs• Clear, flavoured, sweetened hydro

alcoholic liquid preparations for oral administration.

• Beside ethanol glycerin can be used.• Medicated / non-medicated• Ex Phenobarbitone elixer

ExampleExample OfOf NonNon SugarSugar BaseBase MedicatedMedicated SyrupSyrupCoughCough andand ColdCold SyrupSyrup

Dextromethorphan HCL ( cough suppressan) 2.0 gGuaifenesin (expetorant) 10.0 gChlorpheniramine Maleate 0.2 gPhenylephrine HCl 1.0 gSodium Benzoate 1.0 gSaccharin Sodium 1.9 gCitric acid 1.0 gSodium Chloride 5.2 gAlcohol 50.0 mLSorbitol Solution 324.0 mLLiquid Glucose 44.0 mLGlycerin 50.0 mLColor/Flavor q.sPurified Water to make 1000.0 mL

ExampleExample OfOf NonNon SugarSugar BaseBase MedicatedMedicated SyrupsSyrupsAcetaminophenAcetaminophen SyrupSyrup

Acetaminophen 24.0 gBenzoic Acid 1.0 gDisodium Calcium EDTA 1.0 gPropylene glycol 150.0 mLAlcohol 150.0 mLSaccharin Sodium 1.8 gPurified water 200.0 mLFlavor 0.1mLSorbitol Solution, to make 1000.0 mL (q.s.)

Linctuses• Sweet viscous liquid preparations use

as demulcent expectorant.• They produce soothing effect on

mucous membrane of throat

Example of linctus• Noscapine 15mg

– antitussive(cough-suppressant)

• Glyceryl guaiacoate 100mg– Expectorant

• Chlorpheniramine Malt. 02mg• Chloroform 0.4ml• menthol 1mg• Alcohol 10% (v/v)

Other solutions• Drops (Eye/Ear/oral)• Draughts (single use)• Gargles (throat)• Mouth washes• Throat paint (antibiotics)• Spray (throat/nasal)• Enemas (rectum - anti inflamatory)• Douches (irrigate body cavity)• Collodion ( External )

Flexible collodion• Solution of Pyroxylin (nitrated

cellulose), colophony (resin) and castor oil.

• Use- applied to the skin to close small wounds, abrasions, and cuts