SOLAR CELL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT

Under the Guidance of Prof. R.K. Samaiya Submitted by Adsul Nikhil (T120353002) Jadhav Ashish (T120353004) Bhosale Akshay (T120353011)

PROJECT TITLE

• The aim of this project is on multiple sensor data acquisition. In this project a solar panel is used which keeps tracking the sunlight. Here different parameters of the solar panel like voltage, current and the temperature are monitored.

• The microcontroller used here is PIC16F877A. • The voltage is measured by voltage divider principle, current by

current across 0.5 ohm resistance and temperature by temperature sensor.

All these data are displayed on a 16X2 LCD interfaced to the PIC microcontroller. • These sensors continuously monitor the parameters and the same

are displayed on the LCD.

ABSTRACT

PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

TRANSFORMER (230 – 12 V AC)VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)RECTIFIERFILTERPIC Microcontroller (16F877A)LEDPUSH BUTTONSSOLAR PANELLCD1N4007 RESISTOR CAPACITOR

POWER SUPPLY

230 V AC 50 Hz

5V DC

12V step down transformer

Filter(470µf)

5v RegulatorBridge rectifier

PIC (PIC16F877A) High-Performance RISC CPU: Only 35 single-word instructions. All single-cycle instructions except for program

branches, which are two cycle. Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input DC – 200

ns instruction cycle Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to

368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory.

Pin out compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin, PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXX microcontrollers.

PERIPHERAL FEATURES:

Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler. Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be

incremented during Sleep via external crystal/clock. Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period

register, prescaler and postscaler. Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules - Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns - Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns - PWM max resolution is 10-bit Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master

mode) and I2C™ (Master/Slave). Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver

Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection. Parallel Slave Port (PSP) – 8 bits wide with external

RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only). Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset

(BOR).

PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC16F877

LEDS

LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of

silicon,When current passes through the LED, it emits

photons as a byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light

by heating a metal filament until its white hot

LEDs present many advantages over traditional light

sources including lower energy consumption, longer

lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and faster

switching

SOLAR PANEL

Expose the cell to light, and the energy

from each photon (light particle) hitting

the silicon, will liberate an electron and a

corresponding hole.

If this happens within range of the

electric field’s influence, the electrons

will be sent to the N side and the holes to

the P one, resulting in yet further

disruption of electrical neutrality

This flow of electrons is a current; the

electrical field in the cell causes a voltage

and the product of these two is power

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called

semiconductors such as silicon, which is currently the most

commonly used.

Basically, when light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is

absorbed within the semiconductor material.

PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to force

electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction.

This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing metal contacts

on the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off to

use externally.

TEMPERATURE SENSOR(LM35)

Features

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit

temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly

proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.

The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear

temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is

not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its

output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.

The LM35 does not require any external calibration or

trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4˚C   

at room temperature and ±3⁄4˚C over a full −55 to

+150˚C temperature range.

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and

20x2 displays.

This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line

by 2 lines, respectively.

The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller

chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates

directly with the LCD.

LCD BACKGROUND

If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines

(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)

The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW

EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)

RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)

(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data )

R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)

(When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)

COMPONENT TESTING

COMPONENT TESTING

THANKYOU