SOL Review
Transcript of SOL Review
Songhai – wealth from Gold-Salt Trade
Taj Mahal
Islamic influence
Trade silk, spices, gems, & textiles in European trading posts
Emperor controlled by shogun – military leader
Isolated from outside influence
Expands
Capital renamed Istanbul
United by Islam
Coffee, ceramics, numeral system
Aztecs
Inca
EnglandFrance – both modern & wealthy
Russia – poor, mostly farmers
Emperor controls trade with enclaves
Goods: Paper, silk, compass
Trans-Sahara TradeSilk Road
Rebirth of classical knowledge
Begins in Italian city-states
Spreads to Northern Europe
Humanism – focus on human values and accomplishments, learning
Mona Lisa
by Leonardo da Vinci
Renaissance man
Sistine Chapel
By Michelangelo – realist painter & sculptor
ShakespeareEnglish playwright, poet of Northern Renaissance
Machiavelli – The Prince
Italians dominate
Corruption and sale of indulgences
Huge wealth & influence of merchants
Martin Luther
Salvation by faith alone
All humans equal before God
Posts 95 Theses (problems) on church door
Begins Protestant movement
Henry VIII of England
– Pope in Rome
English church
property as his Elizabeth I
Anglican Church
Dissenters
Spanish Armada
Colonies
John Calvin Predestination
What will happen to you
Protestant movement
Princes
remains Catholic
30 Years War
Edict of Nantes
Calvinists in France
Makes 30 Years War political
John Wycliffe Jan Huss Council of Trent
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Inquisition
individualism secularism
Religious toleration
Printing press
Higher literacy, spreads new ideas
Vasco da Gama Portugal Sails around Africa to create trade route to India
Columbus Spain Reaches the New World, decimates indigenous Americans
Magellan Spain His crew 1st to sail around the world, he dies in Philippines
Hernan Cortes Spain Conquistador, conquered the Aztecs in Central Mexico
Francisco Pizarro Spain Conquistador, conquered the Inca in Peru
Francis Drake England Privateer, sailed around the world, defeated Spanish Armada
Jacques Cartier France Reached Canada and claimed it for France
Western Hemisphere – Native Americans
Corn, potatoes, tobacco
Europeans
Horses, cattle, diseases that kill many Indians
lifestyles completely
leads to slavery
Plantation
economy and environment
Europe Prince Henry of Portugal pioneers exploration
Demand for gold
Competition for colonies
Africa European trading ports
Slaves & gold exported
Christianity spreads
AmericaRigid class system
Colonies imitate mother country
Christianity
Sugar &
rum M
anu
factured
go
od
s
Slaves
Economic practice, colonies benefit mother country banking system & money for markets
Centralize Power – take all of it for themselves
Rule by Divine Right – God’s will
Louis XIVFrance Builds palace
of Versailles
Spends to expand royal power
Peter the Great
Russia Westernizes Russia
Builds St. Petersburg
Takes nobles power
Ignores Parliament, raises taxes
Puritan military leader
Ignores Parliament, raises taxes
Puritan military leader
Cromwell dies and Charles II
restores the monarchy to England
Fights with Parliament
Factions modern
political parties
Peaceful, bloodless revolution
William Mary
share power equally
with Parliament
Grants rights
and freedoms to Englishmen
Royal power
Eventual democracy & America’s gov
Applies reason to human & natural world, stimulates religious tolerance and new government
Leviathan Humans exist in natureGovernment protects us
John Locke Government must protect our life, liberty, & property
Montesquieu
Social Contract
The Spirit of Laws
Government is a contract between people and ruler
Voltaire
Miguel Cervantes
Thomas Jefferson
Eugene Delacroix
Mozart
Religious toleration, separation of church & state
Declaration of Independence
Baroque composer
Concertos, fugues
Symphonies, operas
Romantic painter
Don Quixote
Isaac Newton
Discovered laws of gravity
Copernicus – developed heliocentric theory
Kepler – Discovered planetary motion
Galileo
Used telescope to support heliocentric theory
William HarveyDiscovered blood circulation
Reason and observation lead to scientific method
Directly ruled by foreign power (America – 13 colonies)
Country protected by another 1 (Hawaii)
Region where 1 country gets trading rights (China)
Nationalism – competition for power & wealth
Industrial Revolution – demand for natural resources and markets
European conflicts brought to colonies
Dutch & British set up trading ports in India
Christian missionaries convert natives to Christianity
Built in Egypt to cut travel time to India, England controls it
Held in 1884, European Powers divide up Africa for themselves
Matthew Perry
1854 America
East India Company
Built in Egypt to cut travel time to India, England controls it
Held in 1884, European Powers divide up Africa for themselves
Matthew Perry
1854 America
East India Company
Spheres of Influence
Great Britain Indian National Congress
& pushes for independence
Foreigners
Boxer
Boxers – attack US merchants
ilitarism lliances mperialism ationalism
Europe divided into competing groups
Central – Germany
Allies – England, France, Russia
Competition for colonies, resources, and markets
Balkan Peninsula – powder keg of ethnic tension
Many diplomatic failures
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austr ia starts the
war
Russian Revolution forces Russia to leave the war & sign
treaty
Zimmerman Note makes America join on A llied side
Armistice signed & Treaty of
Versailles ends the war
Woodrow WilsonAmerica’s presidentWanted to stay out of WWICreated 14 Points plan for peace
Kaiser Wilhelm IIGermany’s leaderLoses empire after the war to the Allies
Forces Germany to accept guilt for war
Puts limit on Germany’s military
Independence for helping Europeans fight in WWI
Alliance
future wars
America
weakness
League of Nations
Ottoman Empire & Middle east
England
France
Japan
Landless peasants
Tsar NicholasWWI
Bolsheviks
Vladimir Lenin
Communist
Soviet
Union
New Economic Policy
Stalin5 Year Plans
Secret police
farms
Great Purge
German reparations
High protective tariffs
Americans using credit
1929 Stock Market Crash
unemployment
banks
prices
inflation
political
Adolf HitlerAnti-semitismNational Socialism – Nazi PartyInvades & Occupies neighboring countries
Joseph StalinLeads Soviet UnionCommunistSigns non-aggressionpact withHitlernot to fight
Benito Mussolini
Leads Fascist Party
Wants to return Italy to glory of Rome
Invades Ethiopia in show of force
Hideki Tojo & HirohitoMilitarismIndustrializes JapanInvade Korea, Manchuria, China for raw materials
Hideki Tojo & HirohitoMilitarismIndustrializes JapanInvade Korea, Manchuria, China for raw materials
Giving in to avoid war at the Munich Conference
Poland
France Nazis
Britainair England over Nazis
Germany Soviet Union non-aggression pact
Japan America
D-DayHiroshima & Nagasaki
America’s president at the start of WWII
President when FDR dies, orders a-bomb dropped
England’s prime minister who stands up to Nazis
Supreme Allied commander of all allied forces
US general in charge of the battle in Asia/Pacific
Universal Declaration of Human Rights – UN statement of basic
rights all humans deserve
Japan now a powerful,
wealthy ally
US occupies under Gen. MacArthur
Superpowers the Soviet Union
Israeli Prime Minister led Israel in Yom Kippur War
Egypt’s president, nationalized Suez Canal, built Aswan Dam & allied with Soviets
led violent struggle against English rule in Kenya
First black president of South Africa, fought against apartheid
Group led by Gandhi that fought for independence prohibited discrimination (caste system)
England divided India by religion with Muslims in Pakistan
today the world’s largest democracy
federal system gives most power to states in India has eased financial problems
After WWI used to control territories in Mideast
Mandate power in Syria & Lebanon
Mandate power in Jordan & Palestine
Created after WWII out of Palestine
Differences create conflicts in Palestine, Israel, etc
Gives power of self-determination to African colonies imperial rule by Europeans & economic exploitation
Fights for independence from France
peaceful transitions to independence
violent fight for independence
long struggle against apartheid (Segregation)
1. High Literacy rate 2. Low fertility rate
(babies per mother)3. Slow or no population
growth4. Freemarket economies5. Large middle class6. Political freedom
1. High Birth rates = rapid growth
2. Low literacy rates
3. Little access to health care
4. Poverty
5. Poor health
Ethnic & religious conflict Climate change illiteracyPollution rapid growth Terrorism
Refugees countries
Guest workers temporary
Global peace keeping organization
lends money to developing nations at a cost
free trade agreement between US, Canada, & Mexico
Global organization promoting free trade
- common currency and easier borders in Europe
• Munich Olympics• 9/11 attacks• Car bombings• Suicide bombers• Airline hijackers
Surveillance
Review of privacy rights
Security at ports and airports
Identification badges and photos
India & South Asia
Billion
Vedas
China, India, Asia
Millions
4 Noble Truths
Israel, America
Millions
Torah – written
record of Hebrew beliefs
Middle East & Africa
Billions
Koran (Qur’an)
North & South
America, Europe
Billions
New Testament
India & Pakistan
Karma – knowledge
that all thoughts &
actions have consequences
Reincarnation – rebirth based on karma
China & freedom of
religion
Enlightenment – spiritual happiness
8 Fold Path – steps you take
to reach Enlightenment
Arab – Israeli conflict – Yom
Kippur War over Israel
10 Commandments Guide moral &
religious conduct
Arab-Israeli conflict –
Middle East
5 Pillars – basic acts of faith for all
Muslims
Mecca & Medina – holy sites Muslims
should pilgrimage to
Catholics & Protestants
in N. Ireland
Jesus as son of God
Councils agree on Church
doctrine