Virginia Studies SOL Review

Virginia Studies Virginia Studies SOL ReviewSOL Review

44thth Grade Grade

VS.2a Bordering StatesVS.2a Bordering States

MMustard ustard WWith ith KKetchup etchup TTastes astes NNastyasty

MMaryland aryland WWest Virginia est Virginia KKentucky entucky TTennessee ennessee NNorth Carolinaorth Carolina

Go counterclockwise starting with

Maryland.

VS.2b Geographic RegionsVS.2b Geographic Regions

CCan an PPit it BBulls ulls VVote ote AAgaingainCCoastal Plain oastal Plain PPiedmont iedmont BBlue Ridge Mountains lue Ridge Mountains VValley and Ridge alley and Ridge AAppalachian Plateauppalachian Plateau

Go right to left!


Coastal Plain (Tidewater)Coastal Plain (Tidewater)

Flat landFlat land Near Atlantic Ocean Near Atlantic Ocean

and Chesapeake Bayand Chesapeake Bay East of the Fall LineEast of the Fall Line


Fall LineFall Line

(Not a region)(Not a region) The natural border The natural border

between the Coastal between the Coastal Plain and Piedmont Plain and Piedmont regionsregions

Waterfalls prevent Waterfalls prevent further travel on the further travel on the riverriver


PiedmontPiedmont

(Land at the foot of the (Land at the foot of the mountains)mountains)

Rolling HillsRolling Hills West of the Fall LineWest of the Fall Line


Blue Ridge MountainsBlue Ridge Mountains

Old, rounded mountainsOld, rounded mountains Part of Appalachian Part of Appalachian

mountain systemmountain system Between Piedmont and Between Piedmont and

Valley and RidgeValley and Ridge Source of many riversSource of many rivers


Valley and RidgeValley and Ridge

Includes the Great Includes the Great Valley of Virginia and Valley of Virginia and other valleys separated other valleys separated by ridgesby ridges

Part of Appalachian Part of Appalachian mountain systemmountain system

West of Blue Ridge West of Blue Ridge MountainsMountains


Appalachian PlateauAppalachian Plateau

Plateau: Area of Plateau: Area of elevated land that is flat elevated land that is flat on topon top

Located in Southwest Located in Southwest VirginiaVirginia

Only a small part of the Only a small part of the plateau is located in VAplateau is located in VA

VS.2c Water FeaturesVS.2c Water Features

PPlease lease RRecite ecite YYour our JJokesokes

PPotomac otomac RRappahannock appahannock YYork ork JJamesames

Rivers:North to

South


Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean Provided Provided

transportation linkstransportation links between Virginia and between Virginia and other placesother places

Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay Provided a Provided a safe harborsafe harbor Was a source of Was a source of food food

and transportationand transportation


Potomac RiverPotomac River Flows into the Flows into the

Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay AlexAlexandriaandria is located is located

along the along the PotPotomac omac RiverRiver

- - AlexAlex eats eats PotPotatoesatoes Source of Source of food and food and

pathway for pathway for explorationexploration and and settlement of VAsettlement of VA


Rappahannock RiverRappahannock River Flows into the Flows into the

Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay FredFredericksburgericksburg is located is located

on the on the RapRappahannock pahannock RiverRiver

- - FredFred likes to likes to RapRap Source of Source of food and food and

pathway for explorationpathway for exploration and settlement of VAand settlement of VA


York RiverYork River

Flows into the Flows into the Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

YorkYorktowntown located located along the along the YorkYork RiverRiver

Source of Source of food and food and pathway for pathway for explorationexploration and and settlement of VAsettlement of VA


James RiverJames River

Flows into the Flows into the Chesapeake Chesapeake Bay Bay

RichRichmond mond and and JamesJamestown town are located along the are located along the JamesJames RiverRiver

- King - King JamesJames is is RichRich Source of Source of food and food and

pathway for explorationpathway for exploration and settlement of VAand settlement of VA

VS.2c Water FeaturesVS.2c Water FeaturesLake DrummondLake Drummond Located in Coastal Plain Located in Coastal Plain

regionregion Shallow natural lake Shallow natural lake

surrounded by Dismal surrounded by Dismal SwampSwamp

Dismal SwampDismal Swamp Located in Coastal Plain Located in Coastal Plain

regionregion Variety of wildlifeVariety of wildlife George Washington George Washington

explored and surveyedexplored and surveyed


The Eastern ShoreThe Eastern Shore A A peninsulapeninsula: a piece of : a piece of

land bordered by water land bordered by water on three sideson three sides

Bordered by the Bordered by the Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay to the to the West and the West and the Atlantic Atlantic OceanOcean to the East to the East

Part of Part of Coastal PlainCoastal Plain (Tidewater) region(Tidewater) region

VS.2d American Indian VS.2d American Indian Language GroupsLanguage Groups

Christopher Columbus called the native people he Christopher Columbus called the native people he found in the lands he explored “found in the lands he explored “IndiansIndians” because ” because he thought he was in thehe thought he was in the Indies Indies (near China) (near China)

ArtifactsArtifacts such as such as arrowheads, pottery, and toolsarrowheads, pottery, and tools that have been found tell a lot about the people who that have been found tell a lot about the people who lived in Virginialived in Virginia


Three Major Language Groups:Three Major Language Groups:

AlgonquianAlgonquian

SiouanSiouan

IroquoianIroquoian


AlgonquianAlgonquian

Spoken primarily in the Spoken primarily in the TidewateTidewater regionr region

PPowhatansowhatans were part were part of the of the AAlgonquianlgonquian group group - - PAPA


SiouanSiouan

Spoken primarily in the Spoken primarily in the PiedmontPiedmont region region

MMonacanonacan were part of were part of

thethe SSiouaniouan group group

- - MSMS


IroquoianIroquoian

Spoken in Spoken in Southwestern Southwestern VirginiaVirginia and in and in Southern Southern VirginiaVirginia near what is near what is today North Carolinatoday North Carolina

The The CCherokeeherokee were a were a part of the part of the IIroquoianroquoian groupgroup

- - II CC “I see” “I see”

VS.2e American Indians VS.2e American Indians and Climate Relationand Climate Relation

Climate in VirginiaClimate in Virginia

Relatively mild with distinct seasonsRelatively mild with distinct seasons – spring, – spring, summer, fall, and winter – resulting in a variety of summer, fall, and winter – resulting in a variety of vegetationvegetation

ForestsForests, which have a variety of trees, cover most , which have a variety of trees, cover most of the land.of the land.

Virginia’s Indians are referred to as Virginia’s Indians are referred to as Eastern Eastern Woodland IndiansWoodland Indians


Environmental ConnectionsEnvironmental Connections

The kinds of food they ate, the clothing they wore, The kinds of food they ate, the clothing they wore, and the shelters they had depended on the seasons.and the shelters they had depended on the seasons.

Animal skinsAnimal skins (deerskin) were used for (deerskin) were used for clothingclothing

ShelterShelter was made from was made from materials around them.materials around them.


Foods changed with the seasonsFoods changed with the seasons In In winterwinter, they , they hunted hunted birds and animals and lived birds and animals and lived

on on stored foodsstored foods from the previous fall from the previous fall

In In springspring, they , they huntedhunted, , fishedfished and and picked berriespicked berries

In In summersummer, they , they grew cropsgrew crops (beans, corn, squash) (beans, corn, squash)

In In fallfall, they , they harvested cropsharvested crops, and , and hunted for foodshunted for foods to to preservepreserve and keep for the winter and keep for the winter


Native Peoples of the Past and PresentNative Peoples of the Past and Present

PastPast PresentPresent

Farmed, hunted, and Farmed, hunted, and fishedfished Made homes using Made homes using natural resourcesnatural resources Used animal skins for Used animal skins for clothing in the winterclothing in the winter

Most live like other Most live like other AmericansAmericans Culture has changed Culture has changed over timeover time

VS.2f Archaeology of VS.2f Archaeology of Werowocomoco and JamestownWerowocomoco and Jamestown

ArchaeologistsArchaeologists study all kinds of material study all kinds of material evidence left from evidence left from people of the pastpeople of the past

They help usThey help us understand the past understand the past


WerowocomocoWerowocomoco A large A large Indian townIndian town used by Indian leaders for used by Indian leaders for several hundred yearsseveral hundred years before the English settlers before the English settlers camecame The The headquartersheadquarters of the leader, of the leader, PowhatanPowhatan, in , in 16071607


JamestownJamestown Became the Became the first permanentfirst permanent settlement in North settlement in North AmericaAmerica Archaeologists discovered the site of the Archaeologists discovered the site of the original fortoriginal fort Artifacts give archaeologists Artifacts give archaeologists clues about the clues about the interactionsinteractions of the of the English, Africans, and IndiansEnglish, Africans, and Indians in in early Virginiaearly Virginia

VS.2g Current State-VS.2g Current State-Recognized TribesRecognized Tribes

American IndiansAmerican Indians, who trace their family , who trace their family history back to before 1607, history back to before 1607, continue to livecontinue to live in all parts of Virginia today.in all parts of Virginia today.

VS.2g Current State-VS.2g Current State-Recognized TribesRecognized Tribes

Coastal Plain RegionCoastal Plain Region Chickahominy TribeChickahominy Tribe Eastern Chickahominy TribeEastern Chickahominy Tribe Mattaponi TribeMattaponi Tribe Nansemond TribeNansemond Tribe Pamunkey TribePamunkey Tribe Rappahannock TribeRappahannock Tribe Upper Mattaponi TribeUpper Mattaponi Tribe

Piedmont RegionPiedmont Region Monacan TribeMonacan Tribe

VS.3a Reasons for English VS.3a Reasons for English ColonizationColonization

Reasons for English colonizationReasons for English colonization in Americain America England wanted to establish an England wanted to establish an

American colony to American colony to increase itswealth increase itswealth and powerand power

- England hoped to find - England hoped to find silver and goldsilver and gold in Americain America

- An American settlement would furnish - An American settlement would furnish raw materialsraw materials that could not be grown that could not be grown or obtained in England, while opening or obtained in England, while opening new markets for tradenew markets for trade

VS.3a Reasons for English VS.3a Reasons for English ColonizationColonization

JamestownJamestown

Primarily an Primarily an economic ventureeconomic venture

The The stockholderstockholders of the s of the Virginia company of Virginia company of LondonLondon financed the settlement financed the settlement

Jamestown became the Jamestown became the first permanent English first permanent English settlementsettlement in North America in in North America in 16071607

VS.3b Geography of JamestownVS.3b Geography of Jamestown

When the settlers arrived in 1607, Jamestown was When the settlers arrived in 1607, Jamestown was located on a narrow located on a narrow peninsulapeninsula bordered on three bordered on three sides by the sides by the James RiverJames River. Today, Jamestown is . Today, Jamestown is located on an located on an islandisland in the in the James RiverJames River..

Reasons for Site ChoiceReasons for Site Choice Could be easily defended from attack by Could be easily defended from attack by sea (Spanish)sea (Spanish) Water along the shore was deep enough for ships to Water along the shore was deep enough for ships to

dockdock Believed they had a good supply of fresh waterBelieved they had a good supply of fresh water

VS.3c The Virginia Company of VS.3c The Virginia Company of London ChartersLondon Charters

Importance of Virginia ChartersImportance of Virginia Charters The The King of EnglandKing of England granted granted charterscharters to the to the

Virginia Company of London Virginia Company of London to:to:

- - establish a settlementestablish a settlement in North America in North America

- extend - extend English rights to the settlersEnglish rights to the settlers

VS.3d The Virginia AssemblyVS.3d The Virginia Assembly

System of GovernmentSystem of Government

In In 16191619, the governor of Virginia called a meeting of , the governor of Virginia called a meeting of the the General AssemblyGeneral Assembly. .

The assembly included The assembly included two representativestwo representatives (called (called ““burgessesburgesses”) from each of the divisions of Virginia, ”) from each of the divisions of Virginia, the the governor’s councilgovernor’s council, and the , and the governorgovernor. They met . They met as as one legislative bodyone legislative body..

At that time, At that time, only certain free adult menonly certain free adult men had the had the right to take partright to take part

VS.3d The Virginia AssemblyVS.3d The Virginia Assembly

Virginia House of BurgessesVirginia House of Burgesses By the By the 1640’s1640’s the burgesses became a separate the burgesses became a separate

legislative body, called thelegislative body, called the House of Burgesses House of Burgesses.. TheyThey met separately from the Governor’s Council met separately from the Governor’s Council

as as one ofone of the the two legislative bodiestwo legislative bodies of the General of the General AssemblyAssembly

The House of Burgesses was the The House of Burgesses was the first elected first elected legislative bodylegislative body in English America giving settlers in English America giving settlers the opportunity to the opportunity to control their own governmentcontrol their own government..

The current The current Virginia General AssemblyVirginia General Assembly dates from dates from the establishment of the the establishment of the House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses at at Jamestown in Jamestown in 16191619

VS.3e Africans and WomenVS.3e Africans and Women

PortuguesePortuguese sailors captured sailors captured African men and African men and womenwomen from present-day from present-day AngolaAngola. The status of these . The status of these early Africans as early Africans as servants or slavesservants or slaves in Virginia is in Virginia is unknownunknown

AfricansAfricans arrived in arrived in Jamestown against their willJamestown against their will in in 16191619. .

The arrival of The arrival of AfricansAfricans made it possible to made it possible to expand expand the tobacco economythe tobacco economy..

VS.3e Africans and WomenVS.3e Africans and Women

The arrival of additional The arrival of additional womenwomen in in 1621620 made 0 made it possible for more settlers to it possible for more settlers to establish establish familiesfamilies and a and a permanent settlement permanent settlement at at Jamestown.Jamestown.

VS.3f Hardships in JamestownVS.3f Hardships in Jamestown

Hardships Faced by the SettlersHardships Faced by the Settlers

The site they chose to live on was The site they chose to live on was marshy and lacked safe drinking marshy and lacked safe drinking waterwater

The settlers The settlers lacked some skillslacked some skills necessary to provide for themselvesnecessary to provide for themselves

Many settlers Many settlers died of starvation and died of starvation and diseasedisease

VS.3f Hardships in JamestownVS.3f Hardships in Jamestown

Changes that Resulted in SurvivalChanges that Resulted in Survival

Arrival of Arrival of supply shipssupply ships

Forced work programForced work program and strong and strong leadership of leadership of Captain John SmithCaptain John Smith

Emphasis on Emphasis on agricultureagriculture

VS.3g Interactions Between English VS.3g Interactions Between English and Native Peoplesand Native Peoples

Powhatan and English Powhatan and English InteractionsInteractions

Captain John SmithCaptain John Smith initiated initiated trading trading relationships with the relationships with the native peoplesnative peoples..

Native Peoples TradedNative Peoples Traded English TradedEnglish Traded

Mainly FoodMainly Food TTools, ools, PPots, ots, CCopper for opper for jewelry (TPC)jewelry (TPC)

VS.3g Interactions Between English VS.3g Interactions Between English and Powhatan Peopleand Powhatan People

Contribution of the Native Peoples Contribution of the Native Peoples to the Survival of Jamestown to the Survival of Jamestown SettlersSettlers

PowhatanPowhatan, chief of many tribes, provided , chief of many tribes, provided leadershipleadership to his people and taught the to his people and taught the settlers settlers survival skillssurvival skills

PocahontasPocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhatan, , daughter of Chief Powhatan, served as a served as a contact contact between the between the native native peoples and the Englishpeoples and the English

The The native peoplesnative peoples showed the settlers showed the settlers how to how to plant corn and tobaccoplant corn and tobacco

VS.3g Interactions Between English VS.3g Interactions Between English and Powhatan Peopleand Powhatan People

How the Relationship ChangedHow the Relationship Changed

The native peoples realized the The native peoples realized the English settlement would continue English settlement would continue to growto grow

They came to see the settlers asThey came to see the settlers as invaders invaders whowho would take over their would take over their landland

VS.4a Agriculture and SlaveryVS.4a Agriculture and Slavery

Agriculture’s Effect on the ColonyAgriculture’s Effect on the Colony The economy of the Virginia colony The economy of the Virginia colony

depended on agriculturedepended on agriculture as a primary as a primary source of wealth.source of wealth.

Tobacco Tobacco became the became the most profitable most profitable agricultural productagricultural product. It was sold to . It was sold to England as a England as a cash cropcash crop. .

Cash cropCash crop: A crop that is grown : A crop that is grown to sell to sell for moneyfor money rather than for use by the rather than for use by the growergrower

VS.4a Agriculture and SlaveryVS.4a Agriculture and Slavery

Agriculture’s Influence on SlaveryAgriculture’s Influence on Slavery

The successful planting ofThe successful planting of tobacco tobacco depended on a depended on a steady and inexpensive steady and inexpensive source of laborsource of labor

African men, women, and childrenAfrican men, women, and children were brought to the colony against their were brought to the colony against their will to work as will to work as slaves slaves on the plantations.on the plantations.

The Virginia colony became The Virginia colony became dependent dependent on slave laboron slave labor, which lasted a long time., which lasted a long time.

VS.4b Culture of Colonial Virginia VS.4b Culture of Colonial Virginia

Culture of Colonial VirginiaCulture of Colonial Virginia

Whenever people settle an area, they Whenever people settle an area, they change the change the culture and landscapeculture and landscape to to reflect their beliefs, reflect their beliefs, customs, and architecture.customs, and architecture.

Examples of Examples of architecture that reflect different architecture that reflect different culturescultures include: include:

-- Barns Barns

- - HomesHomes

- - Places of worshipPlaces of worship (churches) (churches)

VS.4b Culture of Colonial VirginiaVS.4b Culture of Colonial Virginia

Place Names Reflecting CulturePlace Names Reflecting Culture

There are names of There are names of cities and townscities and towns in Virginia that in Virginia that reflect both reflect both English and American Indian cultureEnglish and American Indian culture

English – RichmondEnglish – Richmond American Indian - RoanokeAmerican Indian - Roanoke


Settlement AreasSettlement Areas English and other EuropeansEnglish and other Europeans – –

primarily in primarily in Coastal PlainCoastal Plain and and PiedmontPiedmont regions regions

Germans and Scots-IrishGermans and Scots-Irish – primarily – primarily in the in the Shenandoah ValleyShenandoah Valley, along the , along the migrationmigration route route

AfricansAfricans – primarily in the – primarily in the Coastal Coastal PlainPlain and Piedmontand Piedmont regions, where regions, where tobacco agriculture required tobacco agriculture required laborlabor

PriorPrior to the to the arrival of the settlersarrival of the settlers, , American IndiansAmerican Indians lived lived throughout throughout VirginiaVirginia. . AfterAfter the settlers arrived, the settlers arrived, most were most were forced inlandforced inland


MigrationMigration and living in new areas caused and living in new areas caused people to people to adapt old customsadapt old customs to their to their new new environmentenvironment

The The culture of Virginiaculture of Virginia reflected reflected American American Indian, African, and European originsIndian, African, and European origins

VS.4c Moving Virginia’s CapitalVS.4c Moving Virginia’s CapitalReasons why the Capital was Reasons why the Capital was

Moved from Jamestown to Moved from Jamestown to WilliamsburgWilliamsburg

Drinking Drinking water was contaminatedwater was contaminated by seepage of salt waterby seepage of salt water

Unhealthy living conditions caused Unhealthy living conditions caused diseasesdiseases

FireFire destroyed wooden and brick destroyed wooden and brick buildings at Jamestownbuildings at Jamestown

VS.4c Moving Virginia’s CapitalVS.4c Moving Virginia’s CapitalReasons why the Capital was Reasons why the Capital was

Moved from Williamsburg Moved from Williamsburg to Richmondto Richmond

Population was moving Population was moving westwardwestward

Richmond was a more Richmond was a more central central locationlocation

Moving to Richmond Moving to Richmond increased increased the distance from attachthe distance from attach by the by the BritishBritish

* * EnglandEngland became became BritainBritain in the in the early early 1700s1700s

VS.4d Colonial EconomicsVS.4d Colonial EconomicsEconomic TermsEconomic Terms

MoneyMoney: A medium of : A medium of exchangeexchange (currency, which includes coins and paper (currency, which includes coins and paper bills)bills)

BarterBarter: : TradingTrading of goods and services of goods and services without using moneywithout using money

Credit: BuyingCredit: Buying a good or service a good or service nownow and and payingpaying for it for it laterlater

DebtDebt:: A good or serviceA good or service owed to another owed to another

SavingSaving: : MoneyMoney put away to put away to savesave or to or to spend at a later timespend at a later time

VS.4d Colonial EconomicsVS.4d Colonial Economics

Few people had paper money and coinsFew people had paper money and coins to use to to use to buy goods and services.buy goods and services.

BarterBarter was commonly used was commonly used instead of moneyinstead of money..

TobaccoTobacco was used as money. A tobacco farmer could was used as money. A tobacco farmer could use his tobacco use his tobacco to pay for goods and services.to pay for goods and services.

Farmers and other consumers could also buy goods Farmers and other consumers could also buy goods and services on and services on creditcredit and and pay their debtspay their debts when when their crops were harvested and sold.their crops were harvested and sold.

Colonial Virginia had Colonial Virginia had no banksno banks..

VS.4e Everyday Life in VS.4e Everyday Life in Colonial VirginiaColonial Virginia

People living in People living in colonial Virginiacolonial Virginia depended on depended on natural, human, and capital resourcesnatural, human, and capital resources to produce to produce the the goods and servicesgoods and services they needed. they needed.

FoodFood HousingHousing ClothingClothing

Food choices Food choices were were limitedlimited Meals were Meals were made of made of local local produce and produce and meatsmeats

Most people Most people lived lived on one-on one-room homesroom homes with with dirt floorsdirt floors Some people Some people ((farmersfarmers)) lived lived in large housesin large houses

Households Households made their ownmade their own clothesclothes Most was made Most was made of of cotton, wool, cotton, wool, and leatherand leather

VS.4e Everyday Life in VS.4e Everyday Life in Colonial VirginiaColonial Virginia

Most Most white Virginianswhite Virginians made their living from the made their living from the land as land as small farmerssmall farmers. A . A few few owned large farms owned large farms ((plantationsplantations).).

Most Most enslaved African Americansenslaved African Americans worked worked tobacco, tobacco, crops, and livestockcrops, and livestock. They had . They had no rightsno rights..

Many Many free African Americansfree African Americans owned their owned their own own business and propertybusiness and property, but were , but were denied most denied most rightsrights..

VS.5a Reasons for the VS.5a Reasons for the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

Colonists and British Parliament Disagreed Over Colonists and British Parliament Disagreed Over How the Colonies Should be GovernedHow the Colonies Should be Governed

ParliamentParliament ColonistsColonists Believed it had Believed it had legal legal authorityauthority in the colonies in the colonies

Believed it had Believed it had the the right to taxright to tax the colonies the colonies

Believed their Believed their local local assembliesassemblies had legal had legal authorityauthority Believed they should Believed they should not be taxednot be taxed since they since they had had no representation in no representation in ParliamentParliament

VS.5a Reasons for the VS.5a Reasons for the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence

Written by Written by Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

States that the authority to govern States that the authority to govern belongs belongs to the peopleto the people rather than rather than

to kings to kings

All people are All people are created equalcreated equal and and

have rights to have rights to life, liberty, and life, liberty, and

the pursuit of happinessthe pursuit of happiness

VS.5b Virginians in the VS.5b Virginians in the Revolutionary WarRevolutionary War

Roles of VirginiansRoles of Virginians PatriotsPatriots served in the served in the Continental Army and Continental Army and fought for independence, fought for independence, leading to the British leading to the British surrender at Yorktown.surrender at Yorktown.

Some Some enslaved enslaved African AmericansAfrican Americans fought for a better fought for a better chance of freedom.chance of freedom. Some Some free African free African AmericansAmericans

fought for fought for

independence.independence.

Many Many American American IndiansIndians fought fought alongside both the alongside both the Virginia patriots and the Virginia patriots and the British.British.

Some Virginians were Some Virginians were neutralneutral and did not take and did not take sides.sides.

Other Virginians, the Other Virginians, the Loyalists,Loyalists, remained remained loyal to Great loyal to Great

Britain.Britain.

During the war, During the war, womenwomen took on more took on more responsibility to responsibility to

support the war support the war

effort.effort.

VS.5b Virginians in the VS.5b Virginians in the Revolutionary WarRevolutionary WarContributions of VirginiansContributions of Virginians

George George Washington Washington

Thomas Thomas JeffersonJefferson

Patrick HenryPatrick Henry

Provided military Provided military leadership by leadership by serving as serving as commander-in-chief commander-in-chief of the Continental of the Continental ArmyArmy

Provided political Provided political leadership by leadership by expressing the expressing the reasons for colonial reasons for colonial independence from independence from Great Britain in the Great Britain in the Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Inspired patriots Inspired patriots from other colonies from other colonies when he spoke out when he spoke out against taxation against taxation without without representation by representation by saying, “…give me saying, “…give me liberty or liberty or

give me give me

death.”death.”

James LafayetteJames Lafayette, , an enslaved African an enslaved African American from American from Virginia, served in Virginia, served in the Continental the Continental Army and Army and successfully successfully requested his requested his freedom freedom

after the after the

warwar

VS.5c Battle of Great Bridge, the VS.5c Battle of Great Bridge, the Ride of Jack Jouett, and YorktownRide of Jack Jouett, and Yorktown

The Battle of Great BridgeThe Battle of Great Bridge was the was the first land first land battlebattle of the American Revolution fought in of the American Revolution fought in VirginiaVirginia. The . The American victoryAmerican victory forced the forced the British colonial governor to British colonial governor to flee the City of flee the City of Norfolk.Norfolk.


Jack JouettJack Jouett rode on horseback through the rode on horseback through the backwoods of Virginia to backwoods of Virginia to CharlottesvilleCharlottesville to to warn warn Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson, then governor of , then governor of Virginia, that the Virginia, that the British were comingBritish were coming to to arrest him and members of the General arrest him and members of the General Assembly.Assembly.


The The American victory at YorktownAmerican victory at Yorktown resulted resulted in in the surrender of the British armythe surrender of the British army, which , which led to an led to an end to the warend to the war..

VS.6a Virginians George VS.6a Virginians George Washington and James MadisonWashington and James MadisonGeorge WashingtonGeorge Washington James MadisonJames Madison

““Father of Our Country”Father of Our Country” Elected as the first President Elected as the first President of the United States of America.of the United States of America. Provided strong leadership Provided strong leadership needed to help the young needed to help the young countrycountry Provided a model of Provided a model of leadership for future presidentsleadership for future presidents

““Father of the Constitution”Father of the Constitution” Believed in the importance of Believed in the importance of having a United States having a United States ConstitutionConstitution Kept detailed notes during Kept detailed notes during Constitutional ConventionConstitutional ConventionSkills at compromise helped Skills at compromise helped delegates reach an agreement delegates reach an agreement during during

VS.6b Virginia Declaration of Rights and VS.6b Virginia Declaration of Rights and Virginia Statute of Religious FreedomVirginia Statute of Religious Freedom

Virginia Virginia

Declaration of RightsDeclaration of Rights

Virginia Statute of Virginia Statute of Religious FreedomReligious Freedom

Written by Written by George MasonGeorge Mason States that all Virginians have States that all Virginians have many rights, including freedom many rights, including freedom of religion and freedom of the of religion and freedom of the press. press.

Written by Written by Thomas Thomas JeffersonJeffersonStates that all people should be States that all people should be free to worship as they please. free to worship as they please.

VS.6c Western MigrationVS.6c Western Migration After the American RevolutionAfter the American Revolution, Virginia’s agricultural base , Virginia’s agricultural base

began to change, and as a result began to change, and as a result large numbers of Virginians large numbers of Virginians moved west and to the deep Southmoved west and to the deep South to find better farmland to find better farmland and new opportunitiesand new opportunities

- Tobacco farming was - Tobacco farming was hard on the soilhard on the soil, causing many , causing many farmers to look west and south for farmers to look west and south for new land to farmnew land to farm

- Virginians migrated into - Virginians migrated into western territorieswestern territories looking for looking for large areas of landlarge areas of land and and new opportunitiesnew opportunities

- - As Virginians moved, they took their As Virginians moved, they took their traditions, ideas, and traditions, ideas, and culturescultures with them with them

- Settlers crossed the Appalachian Mountains through the - Settlers crossed the Appalachian Mountains through the Cumberland GapCumberland Gap as the migrated to new lands. as the migrated to new lands.

VS.6c Western MigrationVS.6c Western Migration

VS.7a Events and Differences VS.7a Events and Differences Between North and SouthBetween North and South

Northern StatesNorthern States Southern StatesSouthern States

Economy was more Economy was more industrializedindustrialized

Wanted the new states Wanted the new states created out of the western created out of the western territory to be “free states” territory to be “free states”

Economy was Economy was agricultural and relied agricultural and relied more on slave labormore on slave labor

Wanted the new states to Wanted the new states to be “slave states”be “slave states”


Events Leading to Secession and the Civil WarEvents Leading to Secession and the Civil War Nat TurnerNat Turner led a led a revoltrevolt against plantation owners in against plantation owners in

VirginiaVirginia Abolitionists Abolitionists campaigned to campaigned to end slaveryend slavery Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman supported a secret route that supported a secret route that escaped escaped

enslaved African Americansenslaved African Americans took, called the took, called the ““Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad””

John BrownJohn Brown led a led a raid on the United States Armory raid on the United States Armory (Arsenal) at Harper’s Ferry(Arsenal) at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. He was trying to , Virginia. He was trying to start a slave rebellion. He was captured and hangedstart a slave rebellion. He was captured and hanged


SecessionSecession After Abraham Lincoln was elected President in After Abraham Lincoln was elected President in

18601860, some southern states , some southern states seceded from the Union seceded from the Union and formed the “Confederate States of America.”and formed the “Confederate States of America.” Later Later Virginia secededVirginia seceded and joined them. and joined them.

ConflictConflict grew between the grew between the eastern counties of eastern counties of VirginiaVirginia that relied on that relied on slaveryslavery and and western countieswestern counties that that did not favor slavery.did not favor slavery.

Many disagreements between the two regions led to Many disagreements between the two regions led to the the formation of West Virginiaformation of West Virginia

VS.7b Virginia’s Role inVS.7b Virginia’s Role in the Civil War the Civil War

The The first Battle of Bull Runfirst Battle of Bull Run (or (or Manassas) was the first major clash Manassas) was the first major clash of the Civil War. Confederate of the Civil War. Confederate General General Thomas “Stonewall” Thomas “Stonewall” JacksonJackson played a major role in this played a major role in this battlebattle

General Robert E. LeeGeneral Robert E. Lee, , Commander of the Army of Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, Northern Virginia, defeated Union defeated Union troops at Fredericksburg, Virginiatroops at Fredericksburg, Virginia


RichmondRichmond was the was the capital of the capital of the ConfederacyConfederacy. It . It fell tofell to General General Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant and was and was burnedburned near the end of the war.near the end of the war.

LincolnLincoln used the Union navy to used the Union navy to blockade southern portsblockade southern ports. An . An important sea battle between the important sea battle between the Monitor Monitor (Union) and the (Union) and the MerrimackMerrimack (Confederate), two iron clad ships, (Confederate), two iron clad ships, too place in Virginia waters near too place in Virginia waters near Norfolk and HamptonNorfolk and Hampton. The battle . The battle was fought to a was fought to a drawdraw..


The The Civil War endedCivil War ended at at Appomattox Court Appomattox Court HouseHouse, Virginia, where , Virginia, where Confederate General Confederate General Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee surrendered surrendered his army to his army to Union General Ulysses Union General Ulysses S. GrantS. Grant in in April, 1865April, 1865..

VS.7c Roles During the Civil WarVS.7c Roles During the Civil War

Varied Roles During the Civil WarVaried Roles During the Civil War

White White VirginiansVirginians

Enslaved Enslaved African African

AmericansAmericans

Free African Free African AmericansAmericans

American American IndiansIndians

Most Most supported the supported the ConfederacyConfederacy

Were relied Were relied on by the on by the Confederacy Confederacy to raise crops to raise crops and provide and provide labor for the labor for the armyarmy

Some felt Some felt their limited their limited rights could rights could best be best be protected by protected by supporting the supporting the ConfederacyConfederacy

Most did not Most did not take sidestake sides

VS.8a ReconstructionVS.8a Reconstruction Reconstruction: Reconstruction: The period The period following the Civil Warfollowing the Civil War in which Congress in which Congress

passed laws designed to passed laws designed to rebuild the countryrebuild the country and bring the southern states and bring the southern states back into the Unionback into the Union

Problems Faced Problems Faced

by Virginiansby Virginians

Measures Taken to Measures Taken to

Resolve ProblemsResolve Problems Millions of African Americans Millions of African Americans needed housing, education, clothing, needed housing, education, clothing, food, and jobsfood, and jobs Virginia’s economy was in ruins:Virginia’s economy was in ruins:

- Money had no value- Money had no value

- Banks were closed- Banks were closed

- Railroads, bridges, plantations, and - Railroads, bridges, plantations, and

crops were destroyedcrops were destroyed

The Freedmen’s Bureau was a The Freedmen’s Bureau was a government agency that provided food, government agency that provided food, schools, and medical care for freed schools, and medical care for freed African Americans and others in African Americans and others in Virginia Virginia Sharecropping was a system common Sharecropping was a system common in Virginia after the war in which freed in Virginia after the war in which freed men and poor white farmers rented land men and poor white farmers rented land from a landowner by promising to pay from a landowner by promising to pay the owner with a share of the cropthe owner with a share of the crop

VS.8b Segregation VS.8b Segregation

SegregationSegregation: The : The separation of peopleseparation of people, , usually based onusually based on race race or or religion religion

DiscriminationDiscrimination: An : An unfair differenceunfair difference in the in the treatment treatment of peopleof people

During ReconstructionDuring Reconstruction, African Americans , African Americans began to have power in Virginia’s began to have power in Virginia’s government, and government, and men of all races could votemen of all races could vote..

But…But…

VS.8b SegregationVS.8b Segregation After ReconstructionAfter Reconstruction, these , these gains were lostgains were lost when “ when “Jim Jim

CrowCrow” Laws were passed by southern states. “Jim Crow” ” Laws were passed by southern states. “Jim Crow” Laws Laws established segregationestablished segregation and and reinforced prejudicesreinforced prejudices held by whites.held by whites.

Effects of “Jim Crow” LawsEffects of “Jim Crow” Laws Unfair poll taxes and voting testsUnfair poll taxes and voting tests were established to keep were established to keep

African American men from votingAfrican American men from voting African AmericansAfrican Americans found it very found it very difficult to votedifficult to vote or hold or hold

public officepublic office African Americans were forced to use African Americans were forced to use separate poor-quality separate poor-quality

services such as drinking fountains, restrooms, and services such as drinking fountains, restrooms, and restaurantsrestaurants

African Americans and white children African Americans and white children attended separate attended separate schoolsschools

““Jim Crow”Jim Crow” laws had an effect on American Indians laws had an effect on American Indians

VS.8c Virginia’s Economic VS.8c Virginia’s Economic DevelopmentDevelopment

Virginia Began to Grow in Virginia Began to Grow in Many Areas After Many Areas After ReconstructionReconstruction

Virginia’s cities grew with Virginia’s cities grew with people, people, businesses, and factories.businesses, and factories.

RailroadsRailroads were a key to the were a key to the expansion of business, agriculture, expansion of business, agriculture, and industry. They and industry. They facilitated the facilitated the growthgrowth of many small towns to of many small towns to cities. cities.

VS.8c Virginia’s Economic VS.8c Virginia’s Economic DevelopmentDevelopment

Other parts of Virginia grew as Other parts of Virginia grew as other industries developed: other industries developed:

Coal depositsCoal deposits were discovered were discovered in Tazewell Countyin Tazewell County

The need for The need for more and better more and better roadsroads increased. increased.

TobaccoTobacco farming and tobacco farming and tobacco products became important products became important Virginia industries.Virginia industries.

VS.9a Economic and Social VS.9a Economic and Social TransitionTransition

From Agriculture to IndustryFrom Agriculture to Industry

CausesCausesOld farming systems were no longer Old farming systems were no longer effective and crop prices were loweffective and crop prices were low

Cities had economic opportunitiesCities had economic opportunities

Technology improved transportation, Technology improved transportation, roads, railroads, and streetcarsroads, railroads, and streetcars

People moved from the countryside People moved from the countryside to find jobsto find jobs

EffectsEffectsAgriculture declinedAgriculture declined

People moved from rural areas to People moved from rural areas to urban areasurban areas

Cities grewCities grew

Coal mining spurred the growth of Coal mining spurred the growth of cities and towncities and town

VS.9a Economic and Social VS.9a Economic and Social TransitionTransition

People have moved to People have moved to VirginiaVirginia from from many other many other states and nationsstates and nations

During the 20During the 20thth century, century, Northern Northern VirginiaVirginia has experienced growth due has experienced growth due to increase in the number of to increase in the number of federal federal jobsjobs located in the region. located in the region.

In the late 20In the late 20thth century and the early century and the early 2121stst century, century, Northern Virginia and Northern Virginia and the Coastal Plainthe Coastal Plain region have region have grown due to grown due to computer technologycomputer technology..

VS.9b Woodrow Wilson and VS.9b Woodrow Wilson and George C. MarshallGeorge C. Marshall

Two famous Virginians, Two famous Virginians, Woodrow Wilson and Woodrow Wilson and George C. MarshallGeorge C. Marshall, were important , were important national and national and international leadersinternational leaders..

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson George C. MarshallGeorge C. Marshall A 20A 20thth century president century president who wrote a plan for world who wrote a plan for world peacepeace

A military leader who A military leader who created an economic plan created an economic plan to ensure world peaceto ensure world peace

VS.9c Desegregation and VS.9c Desegregation and Massive Resistance Massive Resistance

SegregationSegregation: The separation of people, usually : The separation of people, usually based on race or religionbased on race or religion

DesegregationDesegregation: Abolishment of racial : Abolishment of racial segregationsegregation

IntegrationIntegration: Full equality : Full equality

of all races in the use of of all races in the use of

public facilitiespublic facilities

VS.9c Desegregation and VS.9c Desegregation and Massive ResistanceMassive Resistance

The U.S. Supreme The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1954 Court ruled in 1954 ((Brown v. Board of Brown v. Board of EducationEducation) that ) that ““separate but separate but equalequal” public ” public schools were schools were unconstitutionalunconstitutional

All pubic All pubic schoolsschools, including , including those in Virginia, those in Virginia, were ordered to were ordered to desegregatedesegregate


Virginia’s Virginia’s governmentgovernment established a policy established a policy of of Massive Massive ResistanceResistance, which , which fought to “fought to “resistresist” ” the the desegregationdesegregation of public schools, of public schools, led by led by Harry F. Harry F. ByrdByrd

Some schools were Some schools were closedclosed to avoid to avoid integrationintegration


The policy of The policy of Massive Massive Resistance Resistance failedfailed, , and Virginia’s and Virginia’s public schools public schools were were integratedintegrated

VS.9d Political, Social, and VS.9d Political, Social, and Economic ContributionsEconomic Contributions

Maggie L. Maggie L.

WalkerWalker

Harry F. Harry F.

Byrd, Sr.Byrd, Sr.

Oliver W. Oliver W.

HillHill First African First African American womanAmerican woman and first woman to and first woman to establish and become establish and become a a bank presidentbank president in in the United Statesthe United States

As governor was As governor was known for a “known for a “Pay As Pay As You GoYou Go” policy for ” policy for road improvements, road improvements, and and modernized modernized VA’s state VA’s state governmentgovernment

A lawyerA lawyer and and civil civil rights leaderrights leader who who worked for worked for equal equal rightsrights of African of African Americans. Americans. Played a Played a key rolekey role in in the the Brown v. Board of Brown v. Board of EducationEducation decision decision

VS.9d Political, Social, and VS.9d Political, Social, and Economic ContributionsEconomic Contributions

Arthur R. Arthur R.

Ashe, Jr.Ashe, Jr.

A. Linwood A. Linwood Holton, Jr.Holton, Jr.

L. Douglas L. Douglas

WilderWilder First First African African American winnerAmerican winner of of a major men’s a major men’s tennis tennis singles singles championshipchampionship, and , and an author and an author and spokesperson for spokesperson for social changesocial change

As governor of As governor of Virginia, Virginia, promoted promoted racial equalityracial equality, and , and appointed more appointed more African Americans African Americans and womenand women to to positions in state positions in state government than government than previous governorsprevious governors

As governor of As governor of Virginia, was the Virginia, was the first first African AmericanAfrican American to to be be elected a state elected a state governorgovernor in the in the United StatesUnited States

VS.10a Branches of GovernmentVS.10a Branches of GovernmentThree Branches of GovernmentThree Branches of Government

Legislative Legislative BranchBranch

Judicial BranchJudicial Branch Executive Executive BranchBranch

General General

AssemblyAssembly

Makes state lawsMakes state laws

State Court State Court

SystemSystem

Decides cases about Decides cases about people accused of people accused of

breaking the law and breaking the law and whether or not a law whether or not a law

agrees with Virginia’s agrees with Virginia’s ConstitutionConstitution

GovernorGovernor

Makes sure that state Makes sure that state laws are carried outlaws are carried out

2 Parts2 Parts

SenateSenate House of House of DelegatesDelegates

VS.10b Products and IndustriesVS.10b Products and Industries

Coastal PlainCoastal Plain

ProductsProducts: : Seafood,Seafood, PeanutsPeanuts

IndustriesIndustries: : Shipbuilding, Shipbuilding, tourism, tourism,

military basesmilitary bases


PiedmontPiedmont

ProductsProducts: : Tobacco products, Tobacco products,

information information technologytechnology

IndustriesIndustries: : Federal and state Federal and state

government, government, farming, farming, horse industryhorse industry


Blue Ridge MountainsBlue Ridge Mountains

ProductsProducts: :

ApplesApples

IndustriesIndustries::

RecreationRecreation


Valley and RidgeValley and Ridge

ProductsProducts: :

Poultry, applesPoultry, apples

dairy, beefdairy, beef

IndustriesIndustries::

FarmingFarming


Appalachian PlateauAppalachian Plateau

ProductsProducts: :

CoalCoal

IndustriesIndustries: :

Coal miningCoal mining

VS.10c Transportation, VS.10c Transportation, Communication, and TechnologyCommunication, and Technology

Virginia’s Virginia’s transportation systemtransportation system (highways, (highways, railroads, and air transportation) railroads, and air transportation) moves raw moves raw materials to factories and finished products materials to factories and finished products to marketsto markets. Virginia . Virginia exportsexports agricultural and agricultural and manufactured products, including tobacco, manufactured products, including tobacco, poultry, coal, and large ships.poultry, coal, and large ships.


Virginia has a large number of Virginia has a large number of communications and other technology communications and other technology industries.industries.


TourismTourism is a major part of Virginia’s is a major part of Virginia’s economyeconomy..


Because many Because many federal workersfederal workers live and/or live and/or work in Virginia, the work in Virginia, the federal governmentfederal government has has a significant impact on Virginia’s a significant impact on Virginia’s economyeconomy..

Virginia Studies SOL Review

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Transcript of Virginia Studies SOL Review