Socioeconomic Impacts of Designating a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Korea Won Keun Chang & Jung Ho...
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Transcript of Socioeconomic Impacts of Designating a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Korea Won Keun Chang & Jung Ho...
Socioeconomic Impacts of Designating a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Korea
Won Keun Chang & Jung Ho Nam
Korea Maritime Institute
Agenda
Definition of MPA ? Current Status of MPAs in Korea Policy Change in MPA Management Issues on MPA Management Conflict Resolution as a Key Process
Definitions
Ariticle 2. Law on Conservation and Management of Marine Ecosystem A area for special protection which contains high marine biodiversity, im
portant ecological entities, and valuable resources such as pristine coastal landscape.
IUCN WCU any area of the intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying w
ater and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment (world Conservation Union)
Wikipedia.org a wide range of marine areas with some level of restriction to protect livin
g, non-living, cultural, and/or historic resources
20.9 25.0 1.7 0.1
256.0
4.9
837.1
21.7
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Mea
n si
ze o
f eac
h C
oast
al &
Mar
ine
PA
s(km
2)
Ecosy
stem
Wetla
nds
Birds
Uninh
abita
ted
Fisher
ies
Natur
al
Natio
nal P
arks
Avera
ge
Major Statistics and Features of MPAs
(Nam et al., 2004)
(MOMAF, 2006)
Year
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Area of MPAs ( )㎢
Number of MPAs
(Nam et al., 2004)
No. of designated areas : 425 Marine Protected Area: 10,667.9 km2
• equivalent to 10.7% of national land area (99,514 km2)
2.4% of national sea waters (447,000 km2) 13.1% of national territorial sea area Mean size : 25.1 km2 (0.065 to 256 km2)
• 10,000 km2, minimum size for protection of ecosystem and species
Current Status of MPAs in Korea (1/3)
Geographical Classification of MPAs (Nam & Chang, 2006)
Current Status of MPAs in Korea (2/3)
200 nm12 nm
Territorial Sea EEZ
Ecosystem Reserves (5)Birds Habitats (86)
Wetlands (7)
National Parks (4)Natural Heritages (153)
Marine Resources (4), Fisheries (10)
Uninhabited Islands (153)
Underwater
Coastal Lands Coastal Waters
Coastline
Legal and institutional mechanism : 4 ministries and 10 laws (Nam et al., 2004)
MOMAF(Maritime Affairs and Fisheries)
- NFRDI (Res. Inst.)
MOE (Environment)
- NIER (Res. Inst.)
MOCT(Construction & Transportation)
MCT(Culture & Heritage Protection)
Marine Pollution Prev. ActLaw on Cons & Mgt ofMarine Ecosystem *Framework Act on Mar. Fish. Dev.
Prot of Cultural Properties. Act Nat’l Develop. Planning Law
Wetlands Cons. ActNatural Env. Cons. Act
Wildlife Protection Act
Natural Parks Act
Special Act on Islands
Law on Conservation and Management of Marine Ecosystem : newly enacted in Oct. 2006
Current Status of MPAs in Korea (3/3)
1968 1996 2000Establishment of institutionalmechanism
’68~’88 Coastal & Marine National Parks
’75~’82 Fisheries Resources Protected Areas
’02~’03 Marine EcosystemReserves
’96~’98 Bird Habitats’00~’04 Uninhabited
Protected islands
’01~’03 Wetlands Protected Areas
Broadening ofpolicy scope
Ecosystem-basedApproach Introduced
Introduction of a comprehensive ocean management system Revision of legal & institutional mechanism for C/MPAs National Plans & Policies
Expansion of MPAs’ areas Episodic Implementation Surveys to support decision-making Public awareness on coastal wetland protection
Lack of follow-up actions afterward desig. Land-based approach (extension of land NP)
Policy Changes in MPA Management of Korea
Strength and Opportunity
Enactment and amendment of new laws• Improvement of national management system• Expansion of numbers and areas of MPAs
Application of advanced institutional mechanisms and management tools• ICM plans at the local and national levels, Comprehensive Marine Env. Mg
t. Plan• Adoption of Zoning System• Stricter approval procedures for coastal area reclamation
Enhanced management capacity• Establishment of a new division in MOMAF (Marine Ecosystem Division)• Enactment of new “Law on Conservation and Management of Marine Ecosystems”
(Oct. 2006)
Issues on MPA Management (1/4) - Based on the SWOT analysis
Strength and Opportunity (cont’d)
Increased surveys and researches• Wetlands, coastal areas• Marine environmental monitoring
Increase of management budget for MPAs
Enhancement of public awareness and interest
Partnerships at the regional and global levels, bilateral cooperation
Incorporation of Ecosystem-based Approach into national policies and plans(3rd National Comprehensive Plan for Marine Environment Conservation)
Issues on MPA Management (2/4) - Based on the SWOT analysis
Threat and Weakness
Designation procedures need more scientific and systematic criteria• Ambiguous and abstract designation criteria - little difference in designation criteria among MPAs• lack of detailed and well-defined procedures Conflicts between ministries and stakeholders in the designation proce
ss Increase of claims against the designation of MPAs
Insufficient information for the rational decision-making• Limited information, despite increase in survey activities• Lack of researches on ecological functions of coastal and marine ecosyste
ms• Very few “issue-oriented” or “problem solving-oriented” surveys or research
es Lack of conflict resolution mechanism•Lack of institutional mechanism to effectively deal with conflicts among stakeholders
Lack of conflict resolution mechanism•Lack of institutional mechanism to effectively deal with conflicts among stakeholders
Issues on MPA Management (3/4) - Based on the SWOT analysis
Threat and Weakness (cont’d)
Lack of effective management system to achieve designation objectives
• Rigid top-down approach based on command and control, and lack of plans or
in-situ implementation projects for effective protection• Lack of effective countermeasures against development pressures “Paper parks”, “Plans on the Shelf”
Limited public participation in the planning process, and lack of systematic support system for local residents
• Lack of institutional mechanisms to enhance public participation
↔ genuine participation based on sharing powers• Lack of site-specific supporting systems
Lack of integrated management system at the national, ministerial & local levels
• Strengthening sectoral approach, rather than integration
Issues on MPA Management (4/4) - Based on the SWOT analysis
Implem
entation
Hum
an & physical resources
Planning
Financing
Designation
Survey
1 2 3
Evaluation &
Revision
Monitoring &
new issue identification
4
ConflictConflict ConflictZoning, support
ConflictZoning, support
ConflictEnforcement
ConflictEnforcement
ConflictCancellation
or minimization
ConflictCancellation
or minimization
Regulation of socio-economic activities, present and potential
Encroaches of free exercise of private property rights Public interests Vs. Private interests
Conflict Resolution as a Key Process for Success of MPAS
(Nam, 2006)
Criteria, plausible or implausible Information & data, sufficient or deficient Building consensus or not
Plausible &Plausible &ScientificScientificCriteriaCriteria
Sharing dataSharing dataJoint-fact findingJoint-fact finding
ParticipatoryParticipatoryDeliberation &Deliberation &
ConsensusConsensus
CriteriaAssessment
of areas Boundary
demarcation
Conflict Resolution as a Key Process for Success of MPAS
Case study (Chang et al., 2006)
Valuation Range
CVM Emergy* Market
< 300 m - < 18.6
< 1 km 32 3.2~4.5 < 33.6
Unit: 100K $(USD)/yr
Conflict Resolution as a Key Process for Success of MPAS
Sport Fishing(1.34 M$)Gill Net(0.43 M$)
Pot Fishing(0.09 M$)
Total Income(1.86 M$)
Conflict Resolution as a Key Process for Success of MPAS Case study (con’t) (Chang et al., 2006)
Thank you