Society : Society and culture

8/18/2019 Society : Society and culture

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SocietyandSocial Structure


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Society (Philippines)STARTER PACK


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• Society - organized in a cooperative manner

- occupies the same territory


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Social StructureHighest to lowest class: Spanish officials, Peninsulares, Friars, Natives, Mestizos and Indios


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• Social Structure – recurringpatterns of ehavior people create

through their interactions! theire"change of information an# theirrelationships$ (Roertson! %&')


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Components of SocialStructure

•

Status – group of society characterie# ycertain e"pectations! rights an# #uties$• #etermines ho* a person shoul# relate to other people

• #etermines the occupant+s asic relationships *ith employees!sharehol#ers or presi#ents of other corporations (Roertson!

%&')$


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• Ascribed status – assigne# to aperson y society *ithout regar# forthe person+s uni,ue talents an#

characterisics$• Taes place at irth. thus! a person+s racial acgroun#!

gen#er an# age are consi#ere# ascrie# statuses(Schafer! /001)$


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• Achieved status – must #o something to ac,uirean achieve# status$• Rane# maye high or lo* in prestige$

• Master status – social position that ise"ceptionally po*erful in #etermining anin#ivi#ual+s i#entity (2ughes! %&31 in 4in#seyan# each! /00/)$- 5ay also e negative! in *hich case they are

calle# stigmas (6o7man! %&89 in lin#sey an#:each! /00/)$


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• Roles – consists of the norms accociate# *ith aparticular status – norms that specify theehavior re,uire# of an in#ivi#ual occupying thatposition$

• Role set – important statuses that areaccompanie# y a cluster of relate# utsome*hat #istinct roles (5erton! %&8' in 4in#seyan# :each! /00/)$


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• Groups – the ;uil#ing locs< of thesociety$• =s any collection of perople *ho interact on the asis of share#

e"pectations regar#ing one another+s ehavior (Kornlum!

/000)$ T>? TER5S@

• Aggregate – consists of in#ivi#uals *ho temporarily share thesame physical space ut *ho #o not see themselves$

• Category – statistic$ Consists of people *ho share similarcharacterisics$


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Different types of groups

• Primary groups – characterie# y *armpersonal ties among memers (2ess at al$! %&&8)$

•

Secondary groups – characterie# y fe*emotional ties among memers an# limite#interaction involving only a part of the self$

• In-group – *hat *e feel positively to*ar#s an#

i#entify *ith$


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• Out-group – >hich *e #o not elong an# that*e vie* in a neutral or possily hostile fashion$

• Reerence groups – compose# of people *eloo to in or#er to evaluate our o*n ehavior(2yman! %&3/ in 4en#sey an# :each! /00/)$

T>? TPES@

!ormative – function of provi#ing gui#ance

Comparative – function *herey *e can assessourselves in relation to others>hen these functions are provi#e# y a single person! *e call

that in#ivi#ual a role model"


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• Social institution – is a set of*i#ely share# eliefs! norms or

proce#ures necessary for meetingthe asic nee#s of society$• The most important institutions are family! e#ucation!

religion! economy an# politics (Thio! %&&')$


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Five Major Tasks

• Replacing personnel – any group or society

must replace personnel *hen they #ie! leave orecome incapacitate#$• Accomplishe# through such means of immigration! anne"ation of

neighoring people! ac,uisition of slaves or normal se"ualrepro#uction$


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• #eaching ne$ recruits – The group mustencourage recruits to learn an# accept its values

an# customs$

• Producing and distributing goods andservices• The group must satisfy the nee#s of most

memers to some e"tent! or it *ill ris thepossiility of #iscontent an# ultimately #isor#er$

• Preserving order• Providing and maintaining a sense o

purpose- People must feel motivate# to continue asmemers of a group or society in or#er to fulBllthe previous four re,uirements$


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SOCIETIES ANDTHEIRTRANSFORMATION


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• Some %1 years ago$$• Religious rituals an# painting pictures on

the *alls of caves• Aroun# %% years ago$$

• omesticating of animals an# plants

•

Aout 8!000 years ago$$• i7erent forms of laor! social classes!

political an# economic institutions

• >ithin a fe* thousan# years$$•

Empires starte#! centralie# rule!agricultural technologies

• A mere /10 years ago$$• =n#ustrial revolution egan


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SOCIOCULTURAL

EVOLUTION The ten#ency for societies+ social

structures an# cultures to gro* morecomple" over time (Roertson! %&')$


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HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES


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HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES

• 5ain source of foo#@

• 2unting

• Dishing

• >il# plant foo#s

• Activities@• Searching for game an# collecting e#ile plants

• 5ove aroun# constantly in search of foo#

• Population

• /1 to 30 people in an#s an# tries

• 5any #ie in chil#hoo# an# no more than halfreach the age of /0

• :asic social unit@ Damily


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• Technology• Simple technology

• 2unting animals

• 6athering vegetation

• >eapons• Spear

• :o* an# arro*

• Stone Knife

• :eliefs• Spirits inhait virtually everything in the *orl#

• o organie# religious o#y

• Shaman@ Religious lea#er


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HORTICULTURAL AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES


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HORTICULTURAL AND

PASTORAL SOCIETIES• 2orticulture – use of han# tools to raise

crops

– less noma#ic lifestyle

• Pastoralism – the #omestication oflarge animals to provi#e foo#

– much more reliale an# pro#uctivestrategy than hunting an# gathering


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• 5ain source of foo#@

• 2orticulture@ crops! vegetation

•

Pastoral@ large animals• Population@

• 2orticultural an# Pastoral@ =ncrease#population to fee#

• Remain settle# for longer perio#s in the samelocation

• 6en#er treatment@

• 2orticultural@ high #egree of e,uality e"ists

ecause neither se" controls the foo# supply• Pastoral@ greater gen#er ine,uality. men

hear# large animals *hile *omen contriuteless


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• :eliefs@• 2orticultural@ religion is ase# on ancestor

*orship an# concept of 6o# as Creator• Pastoral@ religion is ase# on elief in a go# or

go#s. Christianity! =slam! an# Fu#aism all egan

• E#ucation an# politics remain relatively informal

•

Social classes• Damilies *ith the largest surplus gain prestige

an# po*er

• 5aterial surplus

•

5ore resources than nee#e# to support #ay-to-#ay living$

• Some mae crafts! engage in tra#e!

cut hair! apply tattoos!

an# serve as priests


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Agrarian, Industrial,and Postindustrial

Societies:y@ Rofel Ann C$ :argola


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AGRARIA! SOCI%#I%S


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AGRARIAN SOCIETIES• This is aout the #iscovery of@oAgriculture

o

large-scale cultivationoMore po$erul energyresources

o

Signi&cance o animal-dra$nplo$

• ;the #a*n of civiliation<


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AGRARIAN SOCIETIES•Agriculture greatlyimproves the pro#uctivity

of the lan#$

• =ncreasing pro#uction

meant morespecialiation$


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AGRARIAN SOCIETIES• / 5aGor Classes@o'andlords

o

Peasants• Politics is based on feudal

system controlle# y a political-

economic elite@ ruler! royalfamily! an# memers of thelan#o*ning class$


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AGRARIAN SOCIETIES

•E"hiit #ramatic

social ine,uality$•Men ( )omen


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INDUSTRIAL


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INDUSTRIALSOCIETIES

• Industrialism is thepro#uction of goo#s using

a#vance sources of energyto #rive large machinery

(5acionis!/009)$• This transforme# the mo#eof pro#uction #ramatically$

INDUSTRIAL


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INDUSTRIALSOCIETIES

• o longer #i# an in#ivi#ualor family typically mae an

entire pro#uct$• =nstea#! specialiation of

tass an# manufacturingof goo#s ecameincreasingly common$

INDUSTRIAL


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INDUSTRIALSOCIETIES

• Industrialism is ase# on theapplication of scientiBc

no*le#ge to technology oproduction! enaling ne*energy sources to e harnesse#

an# permitting the machinesto do the $or* that $aspreviously done by people or

animals"


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INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

INDUSTRIAL


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INDUSTRIALSOCIETIES

• =n the /0th century! automoilesfurther change# >estern societies!an# electricity po*ere# mo#ern

conveniences such as lighting!refrigerators! elevators! an# *ashingmachines$

• uring the last generation!computers have #ramaticallyincrease# our aility to process

information (5acionis! /009)$

INDUSTRIAL


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INDUSTRIALSOCIETIES

•Re#uce ine,uality$

•Men+)omen


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POSTINDUSTRIAL


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POST- INDUSTRIALSOCIETIES

• Postin#ustrial Society! one in *hich technologysupports a service an# information-ase#economy (Ken#all! /009)$

POSTINDUSTRIAL


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POSTINDUSTRIALSOCIETIES

• Postindustrial societiesproduce *no$ledge that

becomes a commodity$ Thisno*le#ge can e lease# orsol# to others! or it can e

use# to generate goo#s!services! or more no*le#ge$

POSTINDUSTRIAL


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POST-INDUSTRIALSOCIETIES

• Previous form of pro#uctions! inclu#ingagriculture an# manufacturing! #o not appear inpostin#ustrial societies$

• Work that relies on manual labor is often

shifted to less technologically advancesocieties, where workers are paid lowwages to produce prots for corporations…(Kendall, 2!"#

Society : Society and culture

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