Social Science Skills for Years 9-11

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Social Sciences Skills Unit

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Maps• What is a map? Copy the definition on

page 5

• What are the 5 Rules of mapping?

• Title (Explanation or Description)• Border (Frame)• Scale (Size and Distance)• North Point (Direction)• Key (Explanation of Symbols)

• Two other features are identified on page 5 why are they important?

Chinese clay tablet showing map from 1000 B.C.

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Polynesian Shell Map Ancient Polynesians used maps to navigate around the vastness of the Pacific.

Without a written language, they instead utilised local materials to pass on information.

The Shells indicate islands or island groups.

The Sticks show Ocean Swells and their direction. (Swells change direction as they pass islands)

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Ptolemy: 200AD

Ptolemy a Greek who studied both Astronomy and Geography, believed the world was round and used mathematics and his observations to prove it.

Later through the Dark Ages and the Authority of the Church in Europe, this idea was discouraged.

Usually by burning….

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Henricus Martellus 1490

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Attica (New York) 19th Century: A Map in 3D

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Cooks Charts accuracy can be attributed to his new found ability to locate longitude using Chronometers.

Until the advent of Satellites only more accurate clocks improved mapmaking.

New Zealand

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Mapping Accuracy: Mercator v Peters?The Mercator map is a standard map used in classrooms. Surprisingly it is inaccurate because it does not take into account the fact that lines of longitude move closer together as they near the Poles. The Peters projection shows the landmasses more accurately. (See Africa and South America)

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Symbols• Why are Symbols used in

mapping? (From page 8-9)

• All features shown on a map can be either:

• Natural/Physical = Naturally Occurring

• Human/Cultural = Man-Made

• Copy the symbol and description for 3 Natural and 3 Cultural Features from page 8.

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Wellington: Maps

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Wellington Region

This map was created using radar imagery from satellites which are then stitched together by a computer and shadow is added to show depth.

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Wellington: Roads

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Taranaki: Maps are about Information.

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Taranaki Radio Audiences

Useful for a Radio Station selling advertising.

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Taranaki District Health Boards

Useful for anyone wanting to know which DHB they belong to.

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State Highway 45

(Hand drawn)

Useful for anyone wanting to get to the Backpackers which advertised on the Internet.

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Taranaki Search and Rescue

Useful for showing the areas covered by Taranaki SAR.

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Taranaki Iwi

Used by the Treaty of Waitangi Commission in the Claims process.

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Taranaki Surf Beaches

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Taranaki Oil and Gas Fields

Shows areas where Oil or gasCan be found – often effects theValue of land.

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Taranaki Vegetation

Shows the types of vegetationFound in different places. Often Shows land use ie farms parks etc.

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Taranaki TB Zones

Useful for pest control especially of Bovine Tuberculosis which is carried by Possums and can be spread to cattle.

Worksheet Unit 9

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Scale and Distance• Scale is used to allow us to estimate distance

between different points on a map.

– From page 11 what are the THREE ways that scale can be expressed (Stated)

– What do the terms Larger Scale , Moderate Scale and Smaller Scale mean? Give an example.

– Copy Resource 1.14 (The Purpose of Scale) on page 11.

Worksheet Unit 14

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Taranaki 1:2,000,000

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Taranaki 1:50,000

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Direction• The compass rose has

appeared on charts and maps since the 1300's. The term "rose" comes from the figure's compass points resembling the petals of the well-known flower.

• When we use direction we should always be clear that Wind is always described as the direction it is coming FROM.

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Compass Rose• At Sagres in Portugal,

Prince Henry the Navigator built the first School of Navigation.

• One of its most impressive features is the 100m Compass Rose

• The large size mean the could be more accurate

The Enormous Size of this Rose allowed many more points to be included making it much more accurate.

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The Compass Rose

• The 4 main points are North, East, South and West.

• The next 4 are NorthEast, SouhEast, SouthWest and NorthWest.

• These 8 are called the CARDINAL points.

• If the rose is large enough another 8 are added. NNE, ENE, ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW.

• Complete Unit 10

N

S

EW

NW NE

SW SE

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Direction: Wellington•What direction is it from Arthur’s Nose to Ataturk Memorial?

•In which direction would you be looking if you were at the Wahine Memorial looking towards Point Dorset?

•If planes always face the wind when taking off and the wind is a Southerly, over which bay would they take off? Lyall or Evans?

•In a Northerly wind, a balloon lost in Newtown would fly over Berhampore. T/F?

•If you are looking from the Broadway Golf Course towards Kilbirnie you are looking in which direction?

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Location: Grids• The most important

function of a map is to show us where we are. In order for us to do this we must use consistent conventions.

• Most maps use a GRID to divide the map into areas.

• On most Road maps one side is usually labelled with numbers down one axis and letters down the other.

Letters

Numbers

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Location: Grids• Reading the map we

can view it as a grid or a graph.

• We usually start in the bottom left hand corner.

• We always move from left to right and then from bottom to top. ie D2

• This can be vague because features can only be located somewhere inside a square

A B C D E F

1

3

2

4

X

?

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Location: Topography• Topographic maps are

also divided into Grids but use numbers on both axes.

• Grid References are usually expressed as a SIX figure number.

To Find a GRID Reference.• The number is split in half

(3 each).• The first 3 numbers are

read along the horizontal axis then the last 3 are read along the vertical axis.

• Try 385433• It is read as 385 and 433• OR 38.5 and 43.3 • Or 38 ½ and 43 1/3

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Now try 402428 and 375416

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Turangi

4 Figure Grid References refer to the bottom left hand corner of a square.

Grid Reference 5245 is….

Refer Unit 11 Question 5 a, b and c.

Read page 23 -24 of Skills Book.

Contour Lines

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Contour Lines• Contour Lines are

imaginary lines which link points of the same height.

• Complete Unit 16 Question 1 and 2

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Contour Lines: page 34

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Cross-Sections• Cross-Sections use contour

lines to show the height of the land.

• Follow the Steps of Construction 1 – 7 Page 36-7

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Building a Cross-Section

• Contour Lines link points that are the same height above sea level.

• Where contour lines are close together the slope is steep.

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6080

40

60

80

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Contour Lines :

The Shortest Route from A to B.

This means climbing straight up and over the Hills.

The Quickest Route from A to B.

This means climbing up to the 30m Contour line then walking across the shoulder of both hills and down.

Using Cross-Sections

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Wellington 1997Complete the Following Questions

Location

• What are the FEATURES at:

• 625832• 650825• 661885• 596919• 590871• 584826• 586879• 636832

DIRECTION

• What is the Direction from• 629898 to 590898• 637845 to 625831

• Distance

• What is the scale of this map?• What is the distance..

– from Pt Jerningham to Pt Halswell?– from Greta Pt to Kaiwharwhara Pt?– from Pt Dorset to Hinds Pt?– How long is the Airport?

• The highest point on the Miramar Peninsula?

Wahine MemorialInconstant PointBeaconFerry terminalHospitalTaputeranga IslandWHSBarrett Reef

WestSouth-West

1: 50,000

1.8-2.0km 4.5-8km 1.6-8km 1.9-2.1km

Mt Crawford

Map

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Precis Sketching• Precis means

approximate.• Artistic ability is useful but

not necessary.• Precis Sketches are

usually of either a landscape or a map.

• They are designed to show usually in rough blocks what can be seen.

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How to Construct a Precis SketchIdentify the main areas of interest.

The Mountains in the Far distance.

The Wooded Hills in the Middle distance

The Grassy flatlands close to us.

The vegetation immediately in front is up to you.

The Sky is often left BLANK.

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Try this Precis Sketch

Mountains

Foothills

Beach

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Now try this Precis Sketch (Mitre Peak)

Mitre Peak

Mountains (Foreground)

Mountains (Background)

Gravel Flatland

Beech Forest

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Last Chance to get your Precis Sketch right (Petone)

Western Foothills

Petone Industrial Area

Suburban Housing

Brush (Foreground)

Park

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Precis Mapping• Precis Maps are usually simplified

versions of Topographic maps.

• Read Pages 20-21

• Complete Wellington Exercise

• Motorway (may extend to airport)• Airport (must NOT touch the

shoreline)• Rocks along coast (must NOT

cross the edge of coastline)

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Precis Mapping #2• Precis Maps often ask you to identify

and locate things like Land use:

AREAS• the CBD (Central Business District)• Suburban Areas (east of airport)PHENOMENA• Major Sports Venues (TheBasin & the

Cake-tin).

• NB The SHAPE of the area/phenomena on the Map should be copied – NEVER use an X

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Graphing• What are the advantages of a

good Graph? (Page 41)

• What is dependent and independent data?

• We usually take the information from a table of data

X

YDependent Data ie Income

Independent Data ie Age

Title:_____________

Water Use per day(Billions litres)

Agriculture 559Electricity Generation 73

Industry 23Domestic 54

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Rules of Graphing• Always use a Ruler• Always Label the axes• Give the graph a Title • Ensure axes increase at

Regular intervals• If you do not start at zero

then use a Break symbol• Colour the graph• Use a Key if necessary• Draw graphs Large enough

to be easily read ( ½ page is usually best)

81 86 91 96 01

5

10

15

Tropical Cyclones in the SW Pacific 1981-2001

0Year

No. ofCyclones

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Column Graphs• What other name is used for Column

Graphs. (Page 42)

• A rule of thumb is that Columns can touch when their information is related otherwise they should be separate.

• Complete Q 1, 2 and 3 Unit 3

Water Use per day(Billions litres)

Agriculture 559

Electricity Generation 73

Industry 23

Domestic 54

Water use West USA 1990

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Agriculture ElectricityGeneration

Industry Domestic

Bill

ions

Litr

es

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Line Graphs• Line Graphs are most often

used to show information that changes over time.

• Construct a Graph for the following information on the occurrence of Tropical Cyclones in the SW Pacific

• Complete Q1-3 Unit 6

Year Number

1981 17

1986 9

1991 6

1996 8

2001 11 81 86 91 96 01

5

10

15X

X

XX

X

Tropical Cyclones in the SW Pacific 1981-2001

0Year

No. of Cyclones

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Multiple Line Graphs• Multiple Line Graphs are most often

used to show information that changes over time from a number of sources.

• Construct a Graph for the following information on the occurrence of Tropical Cyclones in the SW Pacific and Typhoons in Asia

81 86 91 96 01

5

10

15X

X

XX

X

Tropical Cyclones & Typhoons 1981-2001

0Year

No. of Storms

Year Tropical Cyclones

Typhoons

1981 17 12

1986 9 8

1991 6 11

1996 8 16

2001 11 7

X

X

X

X

X

KEYTropical Cyclones -------Typhoons -------

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Pie Charts or Horizontal Bar Charts?

• In general we want to produce Graphs that are easy to interpret and most importantly are easy and quick to produce.

• We must look at the information and decide what is the best way to display it. What is important is that it should be easy to understand.

• Pie charts are an good way to display information but are difficult to create and time consuming to produce.

• A similar graph which shows the same information but is easier to make is a Horizontal/Percentage Bar Graph.

Maori 12

Asian 8

Polynesian 5

European 75

NZ Ethnicity

Maori

Asian

Polynesian

European

NZ Ethnicity

0% 50% 100%

1

Maori

Asian

Polynesian

European

Maori 12 or 43.2°

Asian 8 Or 28.8°

Polynesian 5 or 18°

European 75 or 270°

Maori 12 or 12mm

Asian 8 or 8mm

Polynesian 5 or 5mm

European 75 or 75mm

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Constructing a Pie Chart• This table lacks the necessary

information to make a Pie Chart.• A Pie chart is a circle of 360°. • The percentage for each category

must be converted to the number of degrees by multiplying by 3.6.

• Because 100% divided by 360° = 3.6 which means each 1% = 3.6°

Maori 12Asian 8

Polynesian 5European 75

Ethnic Groups in NZ

MaoriAsianPolynesianEuropean

Maori 12% 43.2°Asian 8% 28.8°

Polynesian 5% 18°European 75% 270°

Ethnic groups in NZ

Maori

Asian

Polynesian

European

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Horizontal/Percentage Bar Graphs• Horizontal Bar Graphs can

only be produced from percentage data.

• Draw a 10 Cm Long Bar (100mm)

• Each mm of the bar is equal to 1%

• Start at one end and then simply add each set of data on to the next until the bar is full.

Maori 12%

Asian 8%

Polynesian 5%

European 75%

10cm = 100mm

12% = 12mm

8% = 8mm

5% = 5mm

75% = 75mm

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Population Pyramids(Age-Sex Pyramids)

• Population pyramids are usually produced from census data.

• They show the distribution of males and females based on their age.

• Usually this is in 5 year bands but can be larger if required.

• They are useful because they show population changes over time, and allow Governments to plan for future needs.

– ie Schools, Hospitals etc.• They are simply TWO column

graphs placed back to back.

This Population Pyramid shows how Chinas will change between 1950 and 2050

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Age-Sex Pyramid ConstructionRes 2.81 Japan Page 61

0-14

15-29

30-44

45-59

60-74

75+

3 36 69 912 12

Male Female

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Japan 1950-2050

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Climograph• A climograph shows us at a glance the climate

of a place.• It does this by showing the average rainfall and

average temperature for each month on the same graph.

• It displays data month by month. • By comparing the average temperature and

rainfall we can make assumptions about the climate.

• Warm temperatures and good rainfall means a good growing season.

• High temperatures and high rainfall means high HUMIDITY (Auckland in January)

• Cool temperatures and high rainfall in Wellington during July means its good time to go somewhere else for a holiday!

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Climograph – Wellington (P 52)Month Rainfall

(mm)Temp (ºC)

Jan 80 19

Feb 80 19

Mar 80 18

Apr 98 15

May 120 11

Jun 120 10

Jul 140 9

Aug 120 10

Sep 99 12

Oct 104 13

Nove 90 15

Dec 90 18

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

RAINFALL

TEMPERATURE

0

10

20

25

50

75

100

125

150

Ensure the line touches BOTH axes

Connect points by

hand

Climograph for Wellington

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(mm)Temp (ºC)

Jan 80 19

Feb 80 19

Mar 80 18

Apr 98 15

May 120 11

Jun 120 10

Jul 140 9

Aug 120 10

Sep 99 12

Oct 104 13

Nove 90 15

Dec 90 18


RAINFALL

TEMPERATURE

0

10

20

25

50

75

100

125

150

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(mm)Temp (ºC)

Jan 80 19

Feb 80 19

Mar 80 18

Apr 98 15

May 120 11

Jun 120 10

Jul 140 9

Aug 120 10

Sep 99 12

Oct 104 13

Nove 90 15

Dec 90 18


RAINFALL

TEMPERATURE

0

10

20

25

50

75

100

125

150

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Comprehension

• Reading text is a skill. You must read carefully and keep in mind several things:

• What is it about?• Who is involved?• Where does it take place?• Why did it happen?• When did it take place?

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Comprehension• READ the Following, then answer the questions:

• Rogue kiwifruit vines are destroying native bush and forest in the Bay of Plenty. Animals such as rats and birds are spreading the seeds and creating rogue vines after eating the fruit. Since 2002 a special program to control the spread of kiwifruit and save native bush has been funded by Zespri International, HortResearch and the Regional Council.

• What is it about?• Who is involved?• Where does it take place?• Why did it happen?• When did it take place?

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Paragraph Writing• Paragraphs are simply a group of sentences which are

designed to explain, describe or prove an idea. • At this level the easiest paragraph needs only 3

sentences.• We use the GEE Method.

• A GENERALISATION• An EXPLANATION• An EXAMPLE

• READ page 101

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An Example of GEE

• Rogue kiwifruit vines are destroying native bush and forest in the Bay of Plenty.

• Animals such as rats and birds are spreading the seeds and creating rogue vines after eating the fruit.

• Since 2002 a special program to control the spread of kiwifruit and save native bush has been funded by Zespri International, HortResearch and the Regional Council.

G

E

E

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Paragraph Planning• You should never simply start writing.• You will get better results if you follow these steps.

• Read the Question• Construct a simple plan (Brainstorm/Star Diagram)• Each Point should have a supporting FACT(s)• Write! Write! Write!

• Complete Unit 42 Q1-3.

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The best program on TV is…

Shortland Street

Good Villainsie Dominic Develops Local Talent

ie Temuera Morrison &Martin Henderson

Showcases our Cultureie Pakeha Pasifika, Maori and Asian

It’s shown around the worldie British TV

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Essay Writing• Essays are simply a group of paragraphs. They have a common

theme and will often justify a point of view.• In many subjects an Essay is broken into 3 parts.

– Introduction.– Body– Conclusion

• In Social Sciences the Introduction and Conclusion are less important. (It is too easy to simply repeat information).

• At Year 9 or 10 an essay may be as little as a page of A4 (3-4 paragraphs = 300+ words)

• At Senior levels 3-5 pages is the norm.• Read pages 102-103

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Writing Essays• You should never simply start writing an essay.• You will get better results if you follow these steps:

1. Read the Question.2. Underline or highlight the important words, dates or

phrases.3. Construct a Plan. (Brainstorm or Mind map or Star

Diagram or Bullet points) Each point will become a paragraph. Each point should have a supporting FACT.

4. Number the points in the order you want to write.5. Write! Write! Write!

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Example• Write an essay agreeing or disagreeing with this statement.

“Auckland would be better as New Zealand’s Capital.”

Auckland would be better as New Zealand’s

Capital

For Against

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Example• Write an essay agreeing or disagreeing with this statement.

“Auckland would be better as New Zealand’s Capital.”

Auckland would be better as New Zealand’s

Capital

For Against

•Auckland is better known internationally.•Americas Cup

•Auckland has a bigger population•1/3 of the population is in Auckland.•1/3 of our MPs are from Auckland•It was the capital from 1840 to 1860 anyway.

•Wellington is more central (geographic)•Wellington already has the infrastructure.•Government departments etc.• It would be expensive to move•It would create a lot of resentment in other parts of NZ, especially the South Island.

Social Science Skills for Years 9-11

Technology

Transcript of Social Science Skills for Years 9-11