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Transcript of Social Fabric Fitness: The Design and Evaluation of Wearable E-Textile Displays to Support Group...
WHAT IF OUR CLOTHES COULD
SHOW HOW FAST
WE RUN?
Human Computer Interaction Laboratory
makeability lab
Human Computer Interaction Laboratory
makeability lab
Social Fabric Fitness: The Design and Evaluation of Wearable E-Textile Displays to Support Group Fitness
Matthew Louis Mauriello
Michael Gubbels
Jon E. Froehlich
CHI 2104
April 30th, 2014
http://www.runningusa.org/state-of-sport-2013-part-II; http://www.sfia.org/press/133_Fitness,-Family,-&-Social-Activities-Drive-Sports-Participation
Plethora of Run Trackers
• Cal icon : http://thenounproject.com/term/calendar/404/ • Education : http://thenounproject.com/term/education/3012/ • Joy: http://thenounproject.com/term/celebration/6215/ • Intensity: http://thenounproject.com/term/weight-
lifting/19008/
Carron et al., 1996; Hanc, 2005; Kolata, 2009; Robbins, 2009; Youngren, 2009 Barder & Knight, 2010
• Cal icon : http://thenounproject.com/term/calendar/404/ • Education : http://thenounproject.com/term/education/3012/ • Joy: http://thenounproject.com/term/celebration/6215/ • Intensity: http://thenounproject.com/term/weight-
lifting/19008/
Group Running Benefits
Adherence to training
Educational benefits
Aids training intensity
Increases enjoyment
Carron et al., 1996; Hanc, 2005; Kolata, 2009; Robbins, 2009; Youngren, 2009 Barder & Knight, 2010
• Cal icon : http://thenounproject.com/term/calendar/404/ • Education : http://thenounproject.com/term/education/3012/ • Joy: http://thenounproject.com/term/celebration/6215/ • Intensity: http://thenounproject.com/term/weight-
lifting/19008/
Group Running Benefits
Adherence to training
Educational benefits
Aids training intensity
Increases enjoyment
Social facilitation theories posits: the presence of others can increase a person’s drive and focus (e.g., Carron, 1996; Strauss, 2002)
Bond reframes social facilitation in terms of Goffman’s presentation of self. Presence of others can motivate the individual to project image of competence. For tasks perceived to be too difficult, however, performance may actually decline as individual becomes self-conscious
SFF: Theoretical Underpinnings
Potential Dichotomy
Increased motivation
vs. increased anxiety
SFF Externalizes Performance
Wearables & Sports
Wearables for Sensing Wearables for Sensing & Visualization
Wearables & Sports
Wearables for Sensing Wearables for Sensing & Visualization
Under Armour E39 Real-time athlete monitoring
Adidas miCoach Elite Real-time athlete monitoring
Wearables & Sports
Wearables for Sensing Wearables for Sensing & Visualization
Wearables & Sports
Wearables for Sensing Wearables for Sensing & Visualization
Reebok Checklight Co-located sensing & feedback on athlete
TeamAWear Page & Vande Moere, Pervasive’07
TIMELINE
SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS
TIMELINE
SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS
Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs
Informal Pilot Studies
Refine Final Design
Field Study of 10 Running Groups
2 Race Studies
Final Pilots
Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.
SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS
Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs
Informal Pilot Studies
Refine Final Design
Field Study of 10 Running Groups
2 Race Studies
Final Pilots
Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.
DESIGN GOALS
Comfort
Robustness
User Experience
Display Content
SFF: SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Battery
Android Smartphone with RunKeeper
SFF: SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Wirelessly
transmits run data
to wearable display WEARABLE PROTOTYPE
Designing the
Visual Content Glanceable & Easy-to-understand
09:37 PACE/MI
SFF: PRIMARY VISUALIZATIONS
09:37 PACE/MI
52:43 DURATION
SFF: PRIMARY VISUALIZATIONS
09:37 PACE/MI
4.5 mi DISTANCE
52:43 DURATION
Although RunKeeper
tracks a single user,
these measures are
shared across the
running group as they
run together.
SFF: PRIMARY VISUALIZATIONS
09:37 PACE/MI
4.5 mi DISTANCE
132 bpm HEARTRATE
52:43 DURATION
SFF: PRIMARY VISUALIZATIONS
Comfort Low-Fidelity Prototypes
Engineering Responsive & Robust
SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS
Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs
Informal Pilot Studies
Refine Final Design
Field Study of 10 Running Groups
2 Race Studies
Final Pilots
Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.
SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS
Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs
Informal Pilot Studies
Refine Final Design
Field Study of 10 Running Groups
2 Race Studies
Final Pilots
Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.
3 PROTOTYPE DESIGNS
3 PROTOTYPE DESIGNS
Prototype #1 Custom LED Matrix Display
Prototype #2 Electronic Ink Display
Prototype #3 Erogear LED Matrix Display
3 PROTOTYPE DESIGNS
Prototype #1 Custom LED Matrix Display
Prototype #1 Three prototyping dimensions
Prototyping Technology Prototyping Visualization Prototyping Materials
Prototype #1 Three prototyping dimensions
Prototyping Technology Prototyping Visualization Prototyping Materials
Prototyping Circuits
Select MCU Platform
Build & Test Software
Layout Circuit Manufacture
Design Test Final PCB
& Software
Prototype #1 Three prototyping dimensions
Prototyping Technology Prototyping Visualization Prototyping Materials
Prototyping Circuits
Select MCU Platform
Build & Test Software
Layout Circuit Manufacture
Design Test Final PCB
& Software
Select MCU Platform
1 Prototype Circuit Designs
2 Build Software
3 Layout PCB
4 Manufacture PCB
5 Test Final PCB & Software
6
Prototype #1 Prototype Circuit Designs
Prototype #1 Single Letter Display Test
Prototype #1 Scrolling Display
Prototype #1 Three prototyping dimensions
Prototyping Technology Prototyping Visualization Prototyping Materials
Prototyping Circuits
Select MCU Platform
Build & Test Software
Layout Circuit Manufacture
Design Test Final PCB
& Software
Select MCU Platform
1 Prototype Circuit Designs
2 Build Software
3 Layout PCB
4 Manufacture PCB
5 Test Final PCB & Software
6
Prototype #1 Three prototyping dimensions
Prototyping Technology Prototyping Visualization Prototyping Materials
Prototyping Circuits
Select MCU Platform
Build & Test Software
Layout Circuit Manufacture
Design Test Final PCB
& Software
Select MCU Platform
1 Prototype Circuit Designs
2 Build Software
3 Layout PCB
4 Manufacture PCB
5 Test Final PCB & Software
6
Prototype #1 Prepare PCB Schematic
PCB Layout Slide
Prototype #1 Prepare PCB Schematic
http://PCBUniverse.com http://tristateelectronicmfg.com
Prototype #1 Manufactured Flexible PCB
Manufactured at PCBUniverse.com and pick-and-place performed by Tristate Electronics
Flexible PCB 24 x 6 Matrix
Green or Blue LEDs
Prototype #1 Manufactured Flexible PCB
Manufactured at PCBUniverse.com and pick-and-place performed by Tristate Electronics
Prototype #1 Flexible PCB
Prototype #1 Prototype Evolution
Flexible PCB
Prototype #1 Three prototyping dimensions
Prototyping Technology Prototyping Visualization Prototyping Materials
Prototyping Circuits
Select MCU Platform
Build & Test Software
Layout Circuit Manufacture
Design Test Final PCB
& Software
Select MCU Platform
1 Prototype Circuit Designs
2 Build Software
3 Layout PCB
4 Manufacture PCB
5 Test Final PCB & Software
6
Prototype #1 Three prototyping dimensions
Prototyping Technology Prototyping Visualization Prototyping Materials
Prototyping Circuits
Select MCU Platform
Build & Test Software
Layout Circuit Manufacture
Design Test Final PCB
& Software
Select MCU Platform
1 Prototype Circuit Designs
2 Build Software
3 Layout PCB
4 Manufacture PCB
5 Test Final PCB & Software
6
Prototype #1 Three prototyping dimensions
Prototyping Technology Prototyping Visualization Prototyping Materials
Prototype #1 Three prototyping dimensions
Prototyping Technology Prototyping Materials Prototyping Visualization
2 x Arduino Pro Minis
2 x LED Matrices on Flexible PCB
2 x 3.7V (2000 mAh) LiPoly Batteries
Velcro Perimeter
Pleather Enclosure
Cotton Diffusion Layer
Prototype #1 Final Prototype
Prototype #1 Prototype #2 Prototype #3
Display Weight 66.9 g 25.4 g 46.8 g
Total Weight 152.9 g 411.7 g 161.2 g
Pixels 24 x 12 320 x 240 32 x 16
Refresh Rate 5 Hz 1.1 Hz 38 Hz
Dimensions* 21.3 x 12.2 cm 18.4 x 14 cm 20.3 x 15.2 cm
Display Thickness* 13.5 mm 4.9 mm 4.8 mm
* With enclosure
As a comparison:
iPhone 4S = 140 g
SFF: THREE PROTOTYPES
Prototype #1 Prototype #2 Prototype #3
Display Weight 66.9 g 25.4 g 46.8 g
Total Weight 152.9 g 411.7 g 161.2 g
Pixels 24 x 12 320 x 240 32 x 16
Refresh Rate 5 Hz 1.1 Hz 38 Hz
Dimensions* 21.3 x 12.2 cm 18.4 x 14 cm 20.3 x 15.2 cm
Display Thickness* 13.5 mm 4.9 mm 4.8 mm
* With enclosure
SFF: THREE PROTOTYPES
Prototype #1 Custom LED Matrix Display
Prototype #2 Electronic Ink Display
Prototype #3 Erogear LED Matrix Display
Prototype #2 Electronic Ink Display
Prototype #2 Three steps
Find Manufacturer Prototyping Software Prototyping Materials
Plastic Logic Flexible e-Ink Display 4.7” (320 x240)
4 x 1.5V (2000 mAh) AA Batteries
32-bit BeagleBone (AM335x 720MHz ARM)
Plastic Logic Display Controller (HummingBird)
Nylon Enclosure
Prototype #2 Final e-Ink Prototype
Prototype #1 Prototype #2 Prototype #3
Display Weight 66.9 g 25.4 g 46.8 g
Total Weight 152.9 g 411.7 g 161.2 g
Pixels 24 x 12 320 x 240 32 x 16
Refresh Rate 5 Hz 1.1 Hz 38 Hz
Dimensions* 21.3 x 12.2 cm 18.4 x 14 cm 20.3 x 15.2 cm
Display Thickness* 13.5 mm 4.9 mm 4.8 mm
* With enclosure
SFF: THREE PROTOTYPES
Prototype #1 Custom LED Matrix Display
Prototype #2 Electronic Ink Display
Prototype #3 Erogear LED Matrix Display
Prototype #1 Custom LED Matrix Display
Prototype #2 Electronic Ink Display
Prototype #3 Erogear LED Matrix Display
Prototype #3 Early Erogear Visualizations
Prototype #3 Extremely Flexible/Lightweight
2 x 3.7V (2200 mAh) Li-Ion Batteries
2 x 32x8 Erogear LED Matrices
2 x 32-bit MCU; 16-bit LED Matrix Driver; Bluetooth Modem
Prototype #3 Final Erogear Prototype
Prototype #1 Prototype #2 Prototype #3
Display Weight 66.9 g 25.4 g 46.8 g
Total Weight 152.9 g 411.7 g 161.2 g
Pixels 24 x 12 320 x 240 32 x 16
Refresh Rate 5 Hz 1.1 Hz 38 Hz
Dimensions* 21.3 x 12.2 cm 18.4 x 14 cm 20.3 x 15.2 cm
Display Thickness* 13.5 mm 4.9 mm 4.8 mm
* With enclosure
SFF: THREE PROTOTYPES
SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS
Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs
Informal Pilot Studies
Refine Final Design
Field Study of 10 Running Groups
2 Race Studies
Final Pilots
Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.
SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS
Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs
Informal Pilot Studies
Refine Final Design
Field Study of 10 Running Groups
2 Race Studies
Final Pilots
Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.
Informal Pilot Studies
Evaluate Comfort
Examine Viewability
Gain qualitative reactions
Investigate Robustness
Prototype #3
Prototype #1
Prototype #2
Pilot Studies In-situ observation
Data Collection In-situ observation
Data Collection In-situ observation
Data Collection Pre- and Post-Surveys
Analysis Post-hoc review
Viewability Examining Diffusion Layers
Viewability Prototype #1 & #2
Viewability Prototype #1 & #2
Viewability Prototype #3: Lighting Conditions
SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS
Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs
Informal Pilot Studies
Refine Final Design
Field Study of 10 Running Groups
2 Race Studies
Final Pilots
Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.
SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS
Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs
Informal Pilot Studies
Refine Final Design
Field Study of 10 Running Groups
2 Race Studies
Final Pilots
Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.
Prototype #3 Erogear LED Matrix Display
09:37 PACE/MI
4.5 mi DISTANCE
132 bpm HEARTRATE
52:43 DURATION
SFF: PRIMARY VISUALIZATIONS
SFF: FINAL VISUALIZATIONS
07:45
Group set target pace
Last 9 mins of the run
SFF: SHARED GOAL VISUALIZATION
07:45
Running faster than set pace
SFF: SHARED GOAL VISUALIZATION
07:45
Still faster than set pace but slowing down
SFF: SHARED GOAL VISUALIZATION
07:45
SFF: SHARED GOAL VISUALIZATION
Now running slower than set pace
Final Prototype Shared Goal Visualization
SFF: Design and Evaluation Process
Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs
Informal Pilot Studies
Refine Final Design
Field Study of 10 Running Groups
2 Race Studies
Final Pilots
Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.
SFF: Design and Evaluation Process
Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs
Informal Pilot Studies
Refine Final Design
Field Study of 10 Running Groups
2 Race Studies
Final Pilots
Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.
SFF Overview
SFF: STUDY PROCEDURE
SFF Overview
Pre-Study Questionnaire
SFF: STUDY PROCEDURE
SFF Overview
Pre-Study Questionnaire
SFF Run (30-60 minutes)
SFF: STUDY PROCEDURE
SFF Overview
Pre-Study Questionnaire
SFF Run (30-60 minutes)
Post-Study Questionnaire
SFF: STUDY PROCEDURE
SFF Overview
Pre-Study Questionnaire
SFF Run (30-60 minutes)
Post-Study Questionnaire
Post-Study Interviews
SFF: STUDY PROCEDURE
5:30AM Obligatory Red Bull
FIELD STUDY PARTICIPANTS 10 GROUPS; 52 INDIVIDUALS (35 FEMALE)
Avg Group Size:
5 Avg Age:
40.7 Avg Target Pace:
10:14 Avg Distance:
3.5 mi
SFF: ANALYSIS
We analyzed the Likert scale survey data to
uncover trends and use the interview and
open-form data to provide context.
Comfort
Display Content
Awareness
Motivation
User Experience
Cohesiveness
Other Technology
Self-Consciousness
SFF: FIELD STUDY RESULTS
Comfort
Display Content
Awareness
Motivation
User Experience
Cohesiveness
Other Technology
Self-Consciousness
SFF: FIELD STUDY RESULTS
FIELD STUDY RESULTS
COMFORT
5.5 5.2 5.1 4 0
2
4
6
8
7-P
oint
Lik
ert S
cale
COMFORT; WEARERS (N=19)
Battery Display Heart Monitor Armband
7-Point Likert Scale Higher is more comfortable
COMFORT Higher is better
5.5 5.2 5.1 4 0
2
4
6
8
7-P
oint
Lik
ert S
cale
Battery Display Heart Monitor Armband
FIELD STUDY RESULTS COMFORT; WEARERS (N=19)
COMFORT Higher is better
5.5 5.2 5.1 4 0
2
4
6
8
7-P
oint
Lik
ert S
cale
Battery Display Heart Monitor Armband
FIELD STUDY RESULTS COMFORT; WEARERS (N=19)
“I thought [the system]
would be uncomfortable;
it turned out to be
unnoticed.” -G5P2-W
FIELD STUDY RESULTS COMFORT; WEARERS (N=19)
COMFORT Higher is better
5.5 5.2 5.1 4 0
2
4
6
8
7-P
oint
Lik
ert S
cale
Battery Display Heart Monitor Armband
FIELD STUDY RESULTS COMFORT; WEARERS (N=19)
COMFORT Higher is better
5.5 5.2 5.1 4 0
2
4
6
8
7-P
oint
Lik
ert S
cale
Battery Display Heart Monitor Armband
FIELD STUDY RESULTS COMFORT; WEARERS (N=19)
FIELD STUDY RESULTS COMFORT; WEARERS (N=19)
“Armband is heavy; other
[equipment] was fine…” -G2P1-W
Comfort
Display Content
Awareness
Motivation
User Experience
Cohesiveness
Other Technology
Self-Consciousness
SFF: FIELD STUDY RESULTS
Comfort
Display Content
Awareness
Motivation
User Experience
Cohesiveness
Other Technology
Self-Consciousness
SFF: FIELD STUDY RESULTS
COMFORT
Rank Order List
FIELD STUDY RESULTS DISPLAY CONTENT; ALL (N=52)
Pace 1.5
Distance 2.2
Duration 3.1
Visualization 3.9
Heart Rate 4.3
Average Scores
Comfort
Display Content
Awareness
Motivation
User Experience
Cohesiveness
Other Technology
Self-Consciousness
SFF: FIELD STUDY RESULTS
Comfort
Display Content
Awareness
Motivation
User Experience
Cohesiveness
Other Technology
Self-Consciousness
SFF: FIELD STUDY RESULTS
“It made me more aware
of our pacing and kept me
more focused on the run.” -G2P2-W
FIELD STUDY RESULTS DATA AWARENESS; ALL (N=52)
Comfort
Display Content
Awareness
Motivation
User Experience
Cohesiveness
Other Technology
Self-Consciousness
SFF: FIELD STUDY RESULTS
Comfort
Display Content
Awareness
Motivation
User Experience
Cohesiveness
Other Technology
Self-Consciousness
SFF: FIELD STUDY RESULTS
“Made me feel like I was pushing
my efforts, which is good.” -G7P8
FIELD STUDY RESULTS MOTIVATION; ALL (N=52)
“Motivated me to go faster than
the pace displayed.” -G7P7
Comfort
Display Content
Awareness
Motivation
User Experience
Cohesiveness
Other Technology
Self-Consciousness
SFF: FIELD STUDY RESULTS
Comfort
Display Content
Awareness
Motivation
User Experience
Cohesiveness
Other Technology
Self-Consciousness
SFF: FIELD STUDY RESULTS
FIELD STUDY RESULTS SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS; WEARERS (N=19)
“Yes, I expected to feel
more conspicuous;
didn’t really mind it.” -G2P2-W
SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS
Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs
Informal Pilot Studies
Refine Final Design
Field Study of 10 Running Groups
2 Race Studies
Final Pilots
Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.
SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS
Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs
Informal Pilot Studies
Refine Final Design
Field Study of 10 Running Groups
2 Race Studies
Final Pilots
Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.
RACE STUDY PARTICIPANTS 4 INDIVIDUALS (1 FEMALE)
Part. ID Age Gender Race Target Pace
R1P1 34 M County 8K 6:15
R1P2 33 F County 8K 8:20
R2P1 26 M Labor Day
10K 7:45
R2P2 18 M Labor Day
10K 8:30
Male, 34 Target Pace: 6:10 County 8K
Female, 33 Target Pace: 8:20 County 8K
Male, 26 Target Pace: 7:45 Labor Day 10K
Male, 18 Target Pace: 8:30 Labor Day 10K
Race Deployment Competitive Interactions
Gold Medal
“It made me run faster
because my performance
was on display.” -R2P1-W
RACE STUDY RESULTS MOTIVATION; WEARERS (N=4)
Limitations
Limitations
Novelty
Observational Bias
Job! GOOD
Future Work Encouragement
Going! Keep
Future Work Social Media Integration
Future Work Spectator Sports
Future Work Cross Domains
Summary
This work contributes to two rapidly growing areas:
personal informatics and wearable technology.
Through parallel prototyping, iterative design,
and exploratory studies we demonstrate the
potential to motivate group fitness performance
with wearable technology.
Human Computer Interaction Laboratory
makeability lab
Thanks to our collaborators: RunKeeper and Erogear
Thanks to Nokia for funding
Matt Mauriello
@mattm401
Michael Gubbels
@mokogobo
Jon Froehlich
@jonfroehlich
Our Research Team:
Noun Project Icon Credits
Tshirt
Nithin Viswanathan
http://thenounproject.com/term/tshirt/25531/
Fire
Jop van der Kroef
http://thenounproject.com/term/fire/8023/
Running
Dillon Arloff
http://thenounproject.com/term/running/17825/
Medal
Andrew J. Young
http://thenounproject.com/term/medal/3798/
Watch
Kiran Malladi
http://thenounproject.com/term/watch/20778/
Awareness
Ivan Colio
http://thenounproject.com/term/awareness/30176/
Warning
Christopher Holm-Hansen
http://thenounproject.com/term/warning/52375/
Notepad
Lemon Liu
http://thenounproject.com/term/notepad/8155/
Celebration
Scott Lewis
http://thenounproject.com/term/celebration/6215/
Weight Lifting
Nithin Viswanathan
http://thenounproject.com/term/weight-lifting/50882/
Calendar
Edaward Boatman
http://thenounproject.com/term/calendar/6730/
Education
Chris Matthews
http://thenounproject.com/term/education/3012/
Image Credits
“Marathon” US Road Sports
“Watch” Garmin Ltd.
“Mobile Application” MapMyFitness, Inc.
“Group Running” Unknown
“Goffman” Open Library
“E39” Under Armour, Inc.
“Reebok Checklight” Reebok International
“TeamAWear” Pervasive Computing, 2007
“Adidas miCoach Elite” Adidas America Inc.
“iPhone” Apple Inc.
“Google Maps” Google Inc.
“Heart Rate Monitor” Polar Electro
“Twitter” Twitter Inc.
“Swimming” International Olympic Committee