Social Dialectology Ch.3 Measuring the Cause of Variation Defining a Linguistic Variable Social...
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Social Dialectology Ch.3
Measuring the Cause of VariationDefining a Linguistic VariableSocial Factors Related to VariationIdentifying Variation in Spoken and
Written Texts
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Various Views of Language Variation
Earlier ExplanationsDialect Mixture:
Implies the coexistence in one locality of 2 or more dialects which enables a speaker to draw on one dialect at one time, and on the other dialect(s) on other occasions.
Free Variation: Refers to the random use of alternate forms within a particular dialect.
Labov’s Variationist Theory
Language involved ‘structured heterogeneity.’
Language contained systematic variation which could be characterized and explained by patterns of social differentiation within speech communities.
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Terminology of Dialectology Linguistic Variable: Any single feature of language that could be realized by
choice; can be phonological, lexical, morphological, etc. Variant is a term for different ways the feature is used.
Hypercorrection: When the lower middle class uses more of an elite form than the high-status group. It reflects their desire to distance self from working class.
Overt Prestige: Use of linguistic variants to show higher social status.
Covert Prestige: Working class speech that conforms to local values and norms instead, in order to mark solidarity.
Ethnolect: A variety of language that differs from the general patterns of wider society, based on a sense of identity through ancestry, religion, and culture.
Vernacular: The least self-conscious style of speech used in relaxed, informal situations. This style shows more regular rules of variation.
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Fieldwork Methods: Measuring Causes of Variation
Sociolinguistic InterviewParticipant ObservationAnonymous SurveysField Experiments
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Sociolinguistic Interview
Samples representative of population
In context (avoid observer’s paradox)
Informal personal interviewInterviewee leads in teaching about
“local ways and attitudes”
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Participant Observation
Researcher works in setting gathering data
Insider/outsider status Example: Labov uses it to study
language of gangs in NYC as well as Philadelphia neighborhoods
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Anonymous Surveys
Random sample15 minutes on phone Used to supplement other methods
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Case study #1 Children in New England (p. 77)
Brief interviews from formal (ex: classroom recitation of a story) to informal settings. Girls use more –ing than boys‘Model’ boys use more –ing than “typical” boys
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Case Study #2 Martha’s Vineyard
Methods: 69 tape-recorded interviews. Labov assigned a number to each of 4 possible responses and, using averages, created an index of linguistic use of feature according to age group.
Variations: – 2 diphthongs [aI] & [əI]
– Scores increase as one scans down the column
– Reduced levels of centralization in one group
Age in years Index Score for (aI)
75+ 25
61 - 75 35
46 - 60 62
31- 45 81
14 - 30 37
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Case Study #3 NYC Dept. StoreMethods: Labov
pretended to be a customer at three large department stores used by different classes. He recorded 264 salespeople saying “fourth floor.” as well as their gender, race, age.
Variations: →
Postvocalic /r/ variations
62% Saks
51% Macy’s
Deliberate Usage
20% Klein’s
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Case Study #3: NYC Lg StudyVariations: (th) variable pg 88
– Most non-fric forms occurred in casual speech for all groups.
– Decreasing frequency through more formal style.
– Sharply stratified char btwn the WC and LMC.
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Case Study # 3: NYC Lg Study
Variations: Postvocalic (r) pg 89Methods: Extensive interviews recording
continuous speech, short passage, word list, word pairs– A fine stratification– Casual Speech level: only UMC shows
significant degree of r-pronunciation.– All groups increase from informal to formal
styles.– LMC shows greater increase in the use of [r],
until the word list and minimal pair styles. Overtake UMC.
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Case Study # 4 Class Differences in Norwich
Methods: Detailed socioling. interview with fifty adults, ten school children, to generalize about norms
of city. Variations:
– Sharply stratified.– Gap btwn norms of MC
and WC.– Males: Covert Prestige– Females: Overt
Prestige
MMC 100%
LMC 98%
UWC 30%
MWC 13%
LWC (the GA slave class)
3%
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Case Study # 5: Class Struggles in Cane Walk
Methods:
Interview recording using phonetic spelling for a Creole that’s only spoken.
Variations: – WC: Used standard variants only 18 % of
the time.– LMC: Used it 83% of time.
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Social Factors?What are the social
implications that affect the variations in these case studies
Break up into 5 groups and come up with one social factor for each case study
gender, class, age personality
– Aggressive– Cooperative
mood– Tense– relaxed
formality SES ethnicity occupation geographic local school norms residents vs. seasonal res. attitude identity hypercorrection & covert /
overt prestige standard vs. creole usage
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Outline and Label the possible variations on this map of the US: