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W R I T T E N BY A G R O U P O F A U T H O R IT IE S

R O B E R T T A G G A R T , E D I T O R

1980

Published by

The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

One World Trade Center, Suite 1369New York, N.Y. 10048



Foreword

With the passage of time since the 1969ediLior~ f Sh ip Design arzd Con strilctio fi,prog-ress in the related arts and sciences has increasingly dictated the need for an updated version.

Accordingly, in February, 1976 the Society's Executive Committee directed tha t the revision

proceed promptly. In March 1976, President L. V. Honsinger appointed t he ControlCommittee and in April 1976, the Edito r was appointed.

The purpose of the book remains essentially the same a s that of the prior editions; namely,

a textbook "to assist students and others entering the field of shipbuilding towards a

knowledge of how merchant sh ips are designed a nd constructed and to provide them with

a good background for furthe r study." Nevertheless, a number of considerations led theCommittee to modify extensively the scope and organization of the book.

At the outset, the Committee recognized that within a few years the Society's bookPrinciples of Naval Architecture would also be revised and that it contained material which

more properly pertained to design and construction rather than theoretical naval archi-

tecture. Therefo re it recommended, and the Publications Committee as well as the Ex-

ecutive Committee approved, the inclusion in Sh ip Design and Con struction of new chapterson Load Lines, Tonnage, and Launching which would then be dele ted from future editions

of Principles of Naual Architecture. As a parti al trade-off toward page reduction, th e

Committee eliminated the 1969 edition chapter on Submersibles because of it s relatively

narrow field of interest and the lack of major new developments for commercial opera-

tions.

In an effort to accord the subject matt er more uniform treatment, th e five chapter con-

centrat ion on structure of the prior edition gave way to a shorter three chapter version. On

the other hand , the Committee sensed a need for material which would give the studen t

familiarity with a greater variety of impor tan t vessel types. Therefore, it enlarged the

treatme nt of Basic Design into two chapters, the first to describe the basic design in its

general application and t he second to show how basic designs are developed for vessels with

a wide variety of missions. Thus, a central theme is expounded in the early chapters which

pervades the ent ire book and emphasizes th e effects which the type of cargo and the vessel's

mission have in developing markedly different configurations and basic designs. Becauseof the importance of cargo on design, more space is allocated to cargo handling with separate

chapters devoted respectively to dry an d liquid cargos.

As an overall guide to organization of text material, Chapters I and I1 constitute the Basic

Design section, while Chapters I11 to XIV cover Final Design; the remainder pertains tovarious aspects of Ship Construction. Along the line of more even treatment to the overall

subject mat ter , the Committee enlarged the section on Ship Construction by adding chapters

on Contractual Arrangements and Tria ls as well as the chapter on Launching mentioned

previously.

Significant strides in the application of computers to both design and construction since

the 1969 edition prompted consideration of a special chapter devoted to the role of com-puters. However, difficulties of integrating such a chapter into the remainder of the tea t

led to a decision calling upon the authors to include computer applications in each chapteras appropriate. Additionally, in keeping with the trend toward increased use of metrication

both in the United States and abroad, the Committee received approval to accord primacy

to measurements in accordance with the S y s t e m e I n te r n at ion a l d ' Un i t e s ( S I ) n the textand illustrations with English units retained only in secondary sta tus as an aid to students

learning the metric system.

After first draft s of the various chapters of Sh ip Des ign and Cons truc tion (SD C )had

been prepared, the Executive Committee decided toproceed with a new edition of Principlesof Naval Architecture (PNA). It then became more important to harmonize the contents



FOREWORD

of the two books with PNA conta inin g the theore t ica l asp ects of nava! a rchi tec ture with

S D C applying tha t theory to prac t ice . For tun ate ly, Jo hn J. Nachtsheim, Chairm an of the

Control Committee and Edward V. Lewis, Ed itor of PNA were memb ers of the S D C Control

Com mittee, greatly facilitating th e integration process. Th is bore fruit especially with the

t rea tm ent of the s t r en gth of sh ips and th e des ign of pr inc ipa l s t ruc tura l members which

had no t achieved suffic ient coordina t ion in ear l ie r edi t ions .

We a re indebted to the Edi tor an d th e memb ers of the Cont ro l Comm it tee who have

pains takingly reviewed a ll of the chap ters and m ade man y valuable comm ents . In somecases they actually provided some of the tex t which th e auth ors greatly appreciated. Special

men tion is due P as t Pres iden t Young, who in spi te of the extra work and responsibi li ty

placed on his shoulders after his election to th e Presiden cy, con tinued to serve as an active

Comm ittee member thro ugh out his ent i re te rm . Addit ional ly, we would l ike to express

our s incere apprec ia tion to th e American Bure au of Shipp ing. No t only have five Bureau

pe rsonne l s erved e i the r a s au thors or Cont ro l Co mm it tee members , b u t the B ureau has

consis tent ly provided ass is tance and information to other authors and to the Socie ty in the

preparation of this volume.As a result of the collaborative effort involved in its prep aratio n th e 1980edition of S h i p

D e s ig n a n d C o n s t r u c t i o n will be t te r m eet th e needs of a l l naval a rchi tec ts . Because of i ts

comprehensive t rea t me nt and t h e near imp oss ibi l ity for one person to re ta in specia lizedknowledge in every technica l f ie ld covered by th is edi t io n, the book should be va lued b y

practicing nava l architec ts as well.E. SCOTT DILLO N

C h a i r m a n , CONTROLCOMMITTEE



Preface

The 1980 edition of S hi p Des i g n an d Construction is a descendant of th e Design and

Cons truction of Steel Merchurlt S11ips, published by the Society in 1955, and t he rekrision

of that book entitled S hi p Desigrl a n d Construction published in 1969. Although its an -

tecedents covered much of the same general subject mat ter, th e present volume has been

essentially completely rewritten and thus s tands alone as a significantly different form oftreatise on the subject.

Th e emphasis has been placed upon the design and construction of ships to fulfill specific

missions; throughout the t ext th e rationale for configuring the ship to do a specific job or

a specified m~ lti pli cit ~yf jobs is highlighted. -4s a result, few of the chapter s contained

herein are directly comparable to those found in th e previous editions. Additionally

chap ters on Load Lines, Tonnage , and Launch ing, previously covered in the Prin ciple s of

Nava l Archi tecture are now more logically contained within this volume as well as chapters

on Contracting Arrangements and Trials and Preparations for Delivery.

A general format has been adopted th at leads the reader through the derivat.ion of mission

requirements, development of conceptual and preliminary designs, including hull form and

arrangements, deriving acceptable load lines, and performing tonnage calculations. Ensuillg

chapters deal with the overall stru ctural design, the design of structural components, and

with the selection and connectiou of hull materials. With these basic elements decided

upon, th e more detailed aspects of design are treated including hull outfit and fittings, and

cargo handling techniques and equ ipment for dry, liquid, and hazardous cargos. 'l'he final

design aspects wind up with treatm ent s of maneuvering, navigation, and motion control,

techniques for controlling the interior environment of the ship, and methods and materials

for preservation of the hull. In making the transition from design to construction the various

stages of cost estimating, cont racts , and governmental oversight are discussed followed by

a detailed explanation of the equipment and techniques involved in ship construction. The

various processes used in ship launching, including the most modern methods of transferring

a vessel from the building site to a waterborne condition, are described and launching cal-

culation techniques are delineated. Th e volume concludes with a discussion of ship trials

and the final preparations required for delivery from th e shipyard to the owner.

In this 1980 edition, t he 1969 edition Glossary has been significantly expanded t o coverall unfamiliar term s used in bo th design and construction of ships rather th an only th e

construction terms defined previously. Acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols have been

defined as they ap pea r within th e text instead of th e previous practice of including the m

in separate tables. In general, th e symbols used are in accordance with the 1963 Inte rna-

tional Towing Tank Conference Committee on the Presentation of Data .

UNITS OF MEASURE

The Metric Conversion Act of 1975(P.L.94-168) declared a national policy of coordinating

the increasing use of metric systems of measurement an d established th e United St ate s

Metric Board to coordinate voluntary conversion t o the International System of Units,SI.

One of the major departures of SI from previous metric systems is th e use of dist inctlyseparate units for maas and force. In SI , the unit of force, the newton (N) , instead of being

related to gravity, is defined as being equal to the acceleration it imparts to a unit mass,

the kilogram (kg). The SI unit for mass (not force) is the kilogram, used t o specify th e

quan tity of matt er in a body. The SI unit for force is the newton. One newton applied

to a mass of one kilogram gives a n acceleration of one meter per second squared. Weight

is sometimes defined as the force which, when applied to a body, would give it an acceleration

equal to th e local acceleration of f ree fall. However, this technical use of th e term is generally

disregarded in commercial and everyday use, when reference to th ew~igh t f a body is used



PREFACE

to indicate its mass. Because of'this conventional usage, it has not been possible to delete

the dual use of the tern1 weiqht as a quantity t hrzughout th e entire text nor to specifywhether mass or force is intended. 'Yo thi s exten t, the present \volume mus t be considered

as an initial ste p in the mental co ~lversion rocess between p ast thinking and more precise

engineering definition of te rms of mensuration.

Th e practice followed throughout t he hook has been to present ail dimecs ions in S I units

followed by U.S. Customary units in parentheses. Occasionally, to avoid confusion, separate

comparable tables or graphs are presented in the two sets of units. Also, on some illustra -

tions, S I unit s only are given to elimina te unnecessary crowding. When expressing dis-placement, deadweight, buoyancy, or other vertical forces associated with gravitational

acceleration the conventional use of long tons has been retained; furthermore, long tons

an d metric tons have been used interchangeably because of th e small difference between

these two measures. Similar trea tme nt has been used in dealing with horsepower. For

a complete listing of the SI unit te rms an d conversion factors used throughout t he text , thereader is referred t o the Glossary under S I Units.

THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL MARITIME CONSULTATIVE ORGANIZATION

Th e Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) is a relatively newforum for the consideration of international maritime problems. It was created in 1958

and comprises a forum in which worldwide maritime problems, except those concerningrates and tariffs, are presented, evaluated, and solved. It is a standards-making body, a

medium of exchange of information on shipping matters , and a means of promoting measures

to facilitate th e movement of ships and thei r cargo. IMCO has facilitated many inte rna-

tional agreements on safety, pollution, and s hip requirements an d a mechanism ha s been

established for keeping these agreements up t o date. T he organization does not possess

direct regulatory powers. However, internat iona l agreements developed by IMCO on th e

subject of shipping an d other sea-related questions, when brought into effect by assent of

the required number of participating national governments, do become binding upon

mariners of those nations through the respective national legislative processes. IMCO also

functions as a source of information and counsel to other elements of t he United Nations

organization having an interest in marit ime matters.

In it s relatively brief existence, IMC O has dea lt with a wide variety of problems rela ted

to the sea. Th e types of craft discussed range from conventional displacement ships witha variety of missions t o offshore struc tures, hydrofoils, and air cushion vehicles together

with their equipment and requirements for the personnel to operate them. Not only is

operation of the ship considered, but the impact of the ship on the environment as well. Th e

concepts of traffic separation and sh ip control disciplines have been considered as they relate

to the Rules of th e Road in various restric ted areas of the world's sea lanes.

Some significant agreements which IMCO has evolved are: The Internat ional Convention

of Safety of Life a t Sea 1960; Inte rnat iona l Conve1:tion on Loadlines 1966; Inte rnat iona l

Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships 1969; th e Inte rnational Convention on

Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic 1965; the International Convention of In-

tervention on th e High Seas in case of Oil Pollution Casua lties 1969; Inte rnat iona l Con-

vention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969; International Convention for

Prevention of Pollution of the Seas by Oil 1973; Revision of the Safety of Life a t Sea Con-vention 1974; Inte rnat iona l Fi re Safe ty Amendm ents of 1966 and 1967; Conventions on

Containers in International T ra de 1972; International Regulation for Preventing Collisions

a t Sea 1972; Code for the Construction of Chemical Ships; an d Code for the Constructionof Gas Carriers.

These various conventions and their effects on ship design and construct ion are mentioned

in several chap ters of thi s book. Additional deta ils on how the IMCO actions have been

transformed in to rules and regulations for th e building and operating of United State s ships

are given in Cha pte r XI "Design for Tra nsport of Liquid an d Hazardous Cargos."



PREFACE

The authors of the chapters of this edition of S h l p D e s i gn a n d C o n s t r u c t io n wish to ex-

tend their appreciation for the following contributions:

Mr. Iciss (Chapter I) is indebted to r?umerous individuals an d organizations for sugges-

tions, advice, photographs, and insights which led to the creation of this chap ter. Mr. E.

Scott Dillon, author of th is chapte r in the previous edition is deserving of t he initial indi-

vidual acknowledgment, since he provided an excellent basis on which to build and sincehe served as one of the author's principal mentors in the area of ship design. Special thanks

are due to Sharon Bowers for her accurate typing and reproduction of numerous drafts of

the text. In addition the following individuals provided essential assistance in gathering

data, preparing illustrations, converting English units to Metric, and generally offering useful

critical reviews of th e text: Charles B. Cherrix, Thomas G. Connors, Alexander C.

Landsburg, George H. Levine, Robert M. McNaull, Earl Schneider, Paul Speicher, Earl

Taylor, Wesley Williams, and Warren B. Wilson.

Mr. Michel (Chapter 11) extends his appreciation to numerous companies and individuals

for the use of their dat a and illustrations in the preparation of this text. Gratitude goes

to the following people who contr ibuted directly to this chapte r: George C. Nickum, of

Nickum & Spaulding Associates, who prepared the sections on "Ferryboats and Fishing

Vessels" and who fur ther contributed to the section on "Tugboats"; William W. Hamilton,

of Friede & Goldman, Ltd., who provided the section on "Towboats;" Ronald I< . Kiss,

MarAd, who contributed the section on "LNG Vessels"; and Calvin V. Norton, of Friede

& Goldman, Ltd., who collected the data, prepared many of the illustrations, collated, and

proofread the manuscript.

Mr. Tapsc ott (Chapter 111) is grateful for the ship arrangement drawings supplied by

Ronald K. Kiss and material used from Chapter XI of the previous edition authored by

E. A. Maier and A. E. Stanford.

Mr. Ritola ( Chapter IV) would like to thank James R. Graf of the American Bureau of

Shipping; Mr. Graf provided immeasurable assistance in the technical aspects and provided

the excellent sketches.

Chapter VI was initially authored by Dr. J. Randolph Paulling and a later draft was

coauthored by Dr. Rolf Glasfeld. However, although the ou tput of these two authors was

of high technical caliber, the Control Committee decided th at the materia l was more ap-plicable to P r i n c i p l e s of N a v a l A r c h i t e c t u r e than to S h i p D e s i g n a n d C o n s t r n c t io n . As

a result of this decision, and concurrence by the P N A Control Committee, this material

will be readapted for tha t publication. Th e tremendous effort put fo rth by these authors

in attempting to meet S D C deadlines is sincerely appreciated. The revised text of Chapter

VI was prepared by David B. Bannerman and Hsien Y. Ja n an d is directed toward those

aspects of structu ral design tha t are particularly applicable to the problems encountered

by the shipyard naval architect in developing a structure that is not only technically adequate

but is also in consonance with regulatory agency requirernents. The present chapter in-

corporates materi al from the 1969 edition of S h i p D e si g n a n d C o n s t r u c t io n , specifically

from Chapter 111, by Henry A. Schade, and Chapter IV by David B. Bannerman and Robert

S.Little. These coauthors would like to express their appreciation to the American Bureau

of Shipping and particularly to Stanley Stiansen for making available the resources of th at

organization and to Drs. Paulling and Glasfeld for the material ext racted from their earlier

drafts. In addi tion they would like to acknowledge the assistance of Matias Wojnarowski,

Hsao H. Chen, and Donald Liu in preparing the text, and Rober t Curry in reviewing the

text.

Mr. Stiansen (Chapte r VII) wishes to acknowledge the contributions, in preparing and

reviewing the text, of Matias Wojnarowski and Robert Cur ry, both of the American Bureau

of Shipping, and of Antonios Latsis, formerly of ABS. Hugo Petri110 of ABS participated

in the preparation of the figures. Th e present chapter incorporates material from the

previous edition's chapter of th e same title by Thomas M. Buermann.



PREFACE

Mr Stern (Chapter VIII) expresses his appreciation to B. L. .4lia end M. F. Wheatcroft

for their helpful suggestions, to C. R. Herbert for his preparation of the figures, and to Mrs.

A. Tessalone for her assistance in preparation of the manuscript.

Mr. Mallett (Chapter IX) acknowledges the contribut ion of MacGregor-Comarain, Inc.,in providing illustrations for the text. Th e majority of the remaining illustrations were

adaptat ions from the previous edition of S h i p D e s ig n a n d C o n s t r u c ti o n .

h4r. Boylston (Chapt er X) appreciates th e assistance in obtaining, and the permission

given to publish the numerous illustrations for this chapter furnished by the following or-ganizations: MacGrego r-Comara in, Inc.; Lin e Fast Corp.; Friede & Goldm an, Ltd.; Morgan

Engineering Co.; Navire; Shipping World and Shipbuilder; Paceco, Inc.; Dravo Corp.; Si-

wertell; and A. B. Hagglund and Soner.

Vice Admiral Price (Chapte r XI) is indebted to the following for their assistance in either

the development of the text or the use of figures and tables from their own articles pertaining

to the subject: the late J. L. Moss, Marcona Corp. concerning slurry; George E. Nickum,

Nickum & Spaulding Associates, regarding fish: S. Fraser Sammis, National Cargo Bureau,

on ore and grains; T.R. Farre ll, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, on chemicals; George B. King,

BP Tanker Co., Ltd., on inerting of tankers ; Robert J . Lakey, Helge Rinda l Inc., on gasses

and chemicals; W. Hickman, National Steel and Shipbuilding Co., on tanker piping; Walter

Neal, Keystone Shipping Co., on compat ible cargo; William DuBarry Thomas, J . J. HenryCo. Inc., on LNG; William Kime, USCG, on damage criteria; William M. Benkert, American

Institute of Merchant Shipping, on the overall outline of the chapter. Th e author's abilityto meet the Control Committee's schedule is attributable to two dedicated secretaries, Pa t

Woolridge and Marilyn Poppe.

Mr. Hunley (Chapter XII ) would like to note t ha t although he is listed as a co-author of

this chapter, his contributions were primarily the reorganization and consolidation of ma-

terial furnished by Arthur Pitchersky a nd Abraham Taplin (Ship Control). These gen-

tlemen prepared the multiple draf ts involved. Additionally, George Pren tiss is to be

thanked for his assistance in preparing the section on anchors and anchoring and Robert

Taggart for the material on environmental force calculations and on dynamic posi-

tioning.

Mr. Devoluy (Chapter XIV) appreciates the assistance of William Briggs and Joh n Pear t

in supplying information on shop plate priming.

Messrs. Hoffmann and Bachko (Cha pter XV) are grateful for the assistance and infor-

mation supplied by the U. S. Coast Guard, the Maritime Administration, and the American

Bureau of Shipping.

Prof. Bartlett (Chapte r XVI) wishes to acknowledge the assistance rendered by Filippo

Cali of Cali Associates, Inc. and by his former colleague, James F. Hallock. Additionally

he is indebted to the personnel of Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation for several of th e illus-

trations provided.

Mr. Leavitt (Chapter XVII) wishes to stat e that the greater part of the e nd launching

material is based on unpublished notes developed during his many years as Chief Naval

Architect of the Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation. Several of the figures, with modifications,

have been taken from Pr i nc i p le s o f N a ua l Arch i t e c ture . Side launching formulas are from

S t a t i c a nd D y n a m i c s of t h e S h i p , T h e o r y of B u o y a n c y , S t a b i l i t y a n d L a u n c h i n g by V.

Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, Peace Publishers with symbols changed for consistency. Th e

Ingalls Shipbuilding Division of Litton Industr ies is thanked for making available time andoffice, typing, and reproduction facilities for the preparat ion of thi s chapter.

Mr. Jack (Chapter XVIII) expresses his appreciation to Joseph C. Czudak, former Con-

struction Representative for MarAd, fgr his valuable contributions toward t he development

of the chapter and particularly in the preparation of the sections on "Testing" and "De-

livery"; also to Michael W. Walsh, MarAd, for his guidance and assistance in the preparation

of the section on "Stability Tests."

We must note with regret the d eat h of one of the co-authors of Chapter IX, Norman J.

Thompson. Although he had faithfully completed his obligations as an author prior to his



PREFACE

de a th , a nd h ad co m ~le tec ! is re:.iev; of th;.. gal ley proo f, he did no: have th e opportu~ ii t : :to see the resul t s of h is effo rts in publ ished form.

Th i s ded ica t ion on the p a r t o f Norman Thompson mas cha rac t e r is t i c of t ha t exh ib i t ed

by a l l o f t he Au tho rs an d the C on t ro l Commi t tee who took pa r t i n t he p re pa ra t ion o f t h i s

book. T h e Edi to r was indeed fortun ate to have been c losely associa ted wi th a ll of these

outsta nding an d highly com petent individuals rvho gave unstintingly of the ir t im e an d effort

in bringing th is publ icat ion to fru i t ion .

Partic ularly wo rthy of' note is the work performed by David B. Bannerm an who had servedth e Society as Chairm an of the Control Com mittee for th e previous edit ion of Ship Design.

an d Con s t ruc t ion . When th e sel ect ee for p repa ra tion of t he G lossa ry and th e Index re -

ques ted re lief from t ha t task midway through the preparat ion of the book, Mr. Ba nne rm an

cheerfu l ly took over. Addi t ional ly , when problems arose wi th the text of Ch ap ter V I , h e

again jump ed into the breech an d orchestrated a complete rewrit ing of th at ch apter between

M a r c h 1980 an d the pub l i ca t ion da t e .

T h e Edi tor i s very gra tefu l to the people on the s taff of Robe rt Taggar t Incorporated who

have suffered thr ough the lengthy procedure of developing the text an d i l lustrat io ns of this

book. Miss Evelyn Cerny kept careful track of the movements of the man y chapte rs through

the va r ious s t ages o f deve lopmen t , comple t ely t yped seve ra l of t he chap te rs f ro in hand -

wri t ten dra fts , m ade e di toria l correct ions in a ll chapters for each of th re e submissions to

the Con t ro l Commi t t ee , and rep roduced more than 75,000 pages o f t ex t t o me e t t h e re -qu i rem en t s fo r rev iew by a ll conce rned . Je f f rey Lown and Caren Ca the rs p repa r ed th emajo r i ty o f t he i l lu s t ra ti ons t h a t a re u sed th roughou t t he t ex t .

T h e s taff a t Society headquarters has done a m asterfu l job of f inal edi ting , the correct ing

of the galley and page proofs, and the layo ut of th e lat ter; Trevor Lewis-Jones is du e specific

cred i t for keeping these f inal phases of preparat ion o n schedule despi te th e inevi tab le las t

minu te p rob lems th a t a rose . T h e S oc iety 's Techn ica l Coord ina to r , P h i l i p P ou l l ada , was

of s ignficant help in th e work , part icularly many of the i l lust ra t ions in Ch apte r 111.

Final ly , the Edi to r would l ike to express h is apprecia t ion to the Contro l Com mit tee , and

to i t s Cha i rma n, E. Sco t t Di l lon . Al though many Comtni ttee members doubled as authors

they a l l con t inued t o l end fu ll suppc? r t t o t he Ed i to r t h roughou t m ore th an fou r yea rs o f

prepa rat ion of th is edi t ion of Ship Des ign an d Cons t ruc t ion . I t is ou r since re hope tha t

th e f inal prod uct proves worthy of th is dedicat ion .

ROBERTTAGGART

E d i t o r



Table of Contents

. C h a p t e r I M I S S I O N A N A L Y S I S A N D B A S IC D E S I G N

R O N A L DK . K I SS , D i r e c t o r , O f f ic e of S h i p C o n s t r u c t i o n , M a r i t i m e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n

Page Page1 Introduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Si. 1 4 Ste ps in the Prel iminary Design Process . 242 Mission R equireme nts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 Summat ion and Adjus tment . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Concept Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6 Design Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

C h a p t e r I1 M I S S I O N I M P A C T O N V E S S E L D E S IG N

W A L T ER H . M I C H E L , V i c e P r e s i d e n t , R e s e a r c h & D e s i g n , F r i e d e & G o l d m a n , L t d .

Page Page1 Introduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3 Indu strial Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 Commercial Ship s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4 Service Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

C h a p t e r I11 G E N E R A L A R R A N G E M E N T

ROBERT . T AP SC OT T, E x e c u t i v e V i c e P r e s i d e n t , G e o r g e G . S h a r p , I n c .*

Page Page1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 5 5 T an k s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1282 Cargo Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6 Relat ionship Between Spaces and Access 123

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Crew an d Passenger Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7 Miscellaneous Fac tors 134. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Machinery Spaces 126 8 Ship Types 137

C h a p t e r I V L O A D LINE A S S I G N M E N T

W I L L IA M A . C L E A R Y , R . , C h i e f , S h i p C h a r a c t e r i s t ic s B r a n c h , U . S. C o a s t G u a r d

A N G E L OP. R IT O L A, P r i n c i p a l S u r v e y o r - H u l l S O L A S , A m e r i c a n B u r e a u o f S h i p p i n g

Page Page1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 5 Seas o n a l , F re s h -Wat e r , an d T i m b er2 Considera tions Affecting Fre eboa rd . . . . 17 5 Freeboard Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Load Line Calculation 176 6 Domest ic Load Lines 1924 Conditions of Assignm ent . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 7 Subdivision Load Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4

C h ap te r V T O N N A G E M E A S U R E M E N T

R. T. C U N N I N G H A M , o n s u l t a n t

PHILLIPST IT T, C h i e f , A d m e a s u r e m e n t B r a n c h , U . S. C o a s t G u a r d *

Page Page1 Introduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7 4 Precaut ions to Minimize Adverse2 History Leading to the 1969 Conve ntion. 200 Econom ic Im pa ct of th e To nna ge3 Internat ional Convention on Tonna ge Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Measu rement of Ships, 1969 ........ 20 1

C h a p t e r V I A N A L Y S IS A N D D E S I G N O F P R IN C I P A L H U L L S T R U C T U R E

D A V I DB. BANNERM AN,R.,C o n s u l t a n t

HSEINY. JAN, s s i s t a n t t o V i ce P r e s i d e n t , A m e r i c an B u r e a u o f S h i p p i n g

Page Page.......................S h i p T y p e s ......................... 207 4 DesignL oads 230

.............Framing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 5 Stre sses and Deflections 245.....Development of Ship Typ es .......... 21 5 6 Application of Classification Ru les 259

7 Other Design Cri teria and Procedu res . 26 8



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter VII STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

STANLEYG STIANSEN.Vice President. American Bureau of Shipping

Page Page

1 Th e Function of Shi p Struct ural Corn- 12 Transverse Side Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

ponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 13 Trmsve rse Deck Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

. . . . . .. .Design Philosophy and Procedures 276 14 Bulkhead Stiffeners an d Plating 304

3 Relation of Stru ctu re to Molded Lines . 278 15 Pillars. Girders. and Hat ch Coamings . 312

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Structural Alignment and Continuity 230 16 Machinery Casings 3185 Sections Used for Frames. Beams and 17 Supers tructure s and Deckhouses . . . . . 319

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .tiffeners 288 18 Foundations 323

. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .Transverse Frame Spacing 289 19 Bow and Stern Structu res 326-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .Longitudinal Framing 290 20 Bossings and St rut s 333

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .Double-Bottom Construction 291 21 Bilge Keels and Fende rs 335

. . . . . . . . .Single-Bottom Construction 295

10 Shell Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

11 Deck Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Chapter VIII HULL MATERIALS AND WELDING

IRVING . STERN.Assistant Chief Surveyor. American Bureau of Shipping

Page Page

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Prefacing Remarks 339 6 Non-Metallic Materia ls 355

2 Material Properties and Tests . . . . . . . . 339 7 Joining Metallic Materia ls . . . . . . . . . . . 3583 Structu ral Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 8 Qualification Test s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Special Steels 349 9 Nondestructive Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . 367

5 Nonferrous Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 10 Miscellaneous Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Chapter IX HULL OUTFIT AND FITTINGS

DANIELT . MALLETT.Naval Architect & Assistant Head-Hull Department. George G. Sharp.Inc.*NORMAN .THOMPSON.hief Naval Architect. George G.Sharp. Inc.**NORMANW.LEMLEY.Chief. Survival Systems Branch. U.S.Coast Guard

Page Page

. . . . . . . . . . .Closures for Hull Openings 373 5 Joiner Bulkheads. Linings. Ceiling. and

2 Deck Fittings ....................... 383 Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hold spa rring. Ceiling. and Gratings . . . 389 6 Stewards Outfit 407

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Deck Coverings 391 7 Lifesaving Systems 409

8 Pilot Boarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Chapter X CARGO HANDLING-DRY CARGO

JOHNW BOYLSTON.Marine Manager. El Paso Marine Company

Page Page

1 Introduction ....................... 419 5 Roll-on/Roll-off Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

2 Th e General Cargo Ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 6 Heavy Lift Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Containerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 7 Bulk Cargo Handl ing 463

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Barge Carrying Vessels 451

Chapter XI DESIGN FOR TRANSPORT OFLIQUID AND HAZARDOUS CARGOS

ROBERT I. PRICE. Commander. Atlantic Area and Th ird Coast Guard District. U. S. CoastGuard

Page Page

1 Introduction ....................... 475 3 Transport of Liquid Cargos ........... 492

................Cargo-Variety a nd C haracteristics ..... 476 4 Design Requi rement s 499

xii



TABLk OF CONTENTS

,)21 /2

'' : Chapter XI1 S H JP M A N E U V E R IN G , N A V IG A T IO N <A N D M O T I O N C O N T R 3 L

WILLIAMH. HU NLE Y, eputy Di rec tor Hul l Group, Naval Sea Sys tems Command

N O R M A NW. LEMLE Y,Chief, Survival Systems Branch, U. S. Coast Gu ard

Page Page1 Maneuvering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 2 Navigation an d Control Syste ms ...... 55 4

3 Ship Motion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 0

Chapter XI11 C O N T R O L O F T H E S H I P 'SI N T E R I O R E N V I R O N M E N T

VICTORR. SCHELLENBERG,ngineering Sect ion Manager, Newport News Shipbui lding

Pege Page1 Introduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 4 Acoustical Ha bitability .............. 5742 Venti lation System s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 5 Vibrational Habitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5

. . . . . . . . . . . .Air Conditioning Syste ms 571

C hap te r X IV H U L L P R E S E R V A T IO N

R A Y M O N D. DEVOLUY, onsul t an t

DAVIDT. BLOODGOOD,oat ings and Materials Engineer, Bethlehem Steel Corporat ion

Page Page

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 3 Corrosion 57 82 Objectives of a Hu ll Pres erva tion and 4 Fouling . . . . ....................... 580

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .aintenance Progra m . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 5 Preservation Design 5806 Select ion of Preservat ion and

Maintenance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3. . . . . . .Planned Maintena nce Program s 586

Chapter XV S H I P B U I L D I N G C O S T I N G A N D C O N T R A C T A R R A N G E M E N T S

NICHOLASBACHKO,Vice Preside nt , Uni ted S tates LinesLUDWIG OFFMANN, onsul t an t

Page Page1 Introduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 9 4 U.S. Government and Shipbui ld ing

........................Genesis an d Framework of a Typical Contracts 599

Ship Construct ion P rogram . . . . . . . . . 59 05

Addit ional Elements of the Contract ing..........................Gene ral Aspects of Contra cts . . . . . . . . . 594 Process 6026 U.S. Regulatory Bodies an d Co nstruc tion 605

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Financing 607

C hap te r X V I S H IP C O N S T R U C T IO N

HAR OLD . ACKER,Engineer, Bethlehem Steel CorporationFRANCISG. BARTLETT,Lec turer , University of New Sou th Wales

Page Page1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 8 Dimensional Control ............... 62 92 Modern S hipyard Faci l i t ies . . . . . . . . . . . 609 9 Surface Preparat ion and Pain t ing . . . . 63 33 Planning an d Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4 10 Hull Ste el Welding ................. 63 44 Lofting ............................ 617 11 Aluminu m Hull Construction ........ 64 45 Steel Ordering and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . 620 12 Preo utfitting ...................... 64 4

6 Steel Cutt ing and Forming . . . . . . . . . . . 621 13 General Outfi t t ing ................. 6477 Fabr&<on an d Ere ction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 14 Mach inery Installations ............. 64 8-

xiii



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapte r XVII LAUNCHING

CLYDEM. LEAVITT,Consul tant

Page

1 Launching Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657

2 Groundways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660

3 Ground Way and Sliding Way Interface

and Launching Lubricants . . . . . . . . . 662

4 End Launch Cradle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

5 Side Launch Cradle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

6 Platform Launch Blocking and Cradle . 669

PageReleasing and Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673

End Launch Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . 676Side Launch Calculations . . . . . . . . . . 685Platform Launch Calculations . . . . . . . 690

Launching Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691Instrumentation and Equipment . . . . . 692

Launch Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

Launch Preparations, Crew and

Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694

Post Launch Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . 695

Chapter XVIII T R I A L S A N D P R E P A R A T I O N F O R D E L I V E R Y

ROBERTL. JACK,onsul tant

Page Page

1 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 5 Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

2 Stability Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 6 Guarantee Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

3Drydocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 703

4 SeaTrials . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704

GLOSSARY AND I ND EX 71 7

* Now Retired

* * Deceased

Note: Th e office affiliations given are those a t the time of writing the chapters

xiv



CHAPTER I

Ronald K . Kiss ,

Mission Analysis

and Basic Design

Section 1

Introduction

1 .1 Definition. T he te rm basic des ign re fers to de te r -inination of major ship chara cter ist ic s affecting cost and

performance. Th us , basic design includes the selection ofsh ip d imensions , hul l fo rm, power (am ount and type) , p re-l iminary a r ra ngem ent of hu l l and mach inery , and majors t ruc tu re . Proper se lec t ions assure the a t ta inm ent of themission requirements such as good seakeeping performance,

maneuverabil i ty , the desired speed, endurance, cargo ca-pac i ty , and deadweigh t . Fur the rmore , i t includes checksa n d modifications for achiev eme nt of required cargo han-dling capabil i ty , quart ers , hotel services, subdivision andstab i l i ty s tanda rds , f reeboard and tonnage m easurement ;all while considering the ship a s par t of a p r of it a bl e t r a l~ s -portation , industr ia l , or service system.

Sec t ion 2 describes the procedures for establishing themission requirem ents before th e basic design is undertaken.

Thes e requirements, such as the natu re of the cargos andlorpassengers t o be carr ied, have a powerful influence on thedesign.

Basic design encompasse s both conc ept design and pre-l iminary design. I t results in th e determ ination of majorship characteristics, permitting th e prepara tion of initial cost

es t imates . In the overall design process, basic design is

followed by contract design an d detail design. Con tractdesign, as its nam e implies, develops plans and specifications

su i tab le fo r sh ipyard b idd ing and con t rac t award . Wellprepa red c ont ract plans and specifications will be clear an din suff icient detail to avoid costly contingency i tem s andprotect bidders fro m obscure or ina deq uat e description of

requirements. Detail design is the shipyard's responsibilityfo r fu r ther deve lop ing the con t rac t p lans as requ i red to

prepare sho p drawings used for the actua l construction ofth e vessel.

.4n unde rstandin g of the entir e design sequence is es-

sential. to anyo ne seeking to develop a basic design. T hefour steps involved are i l lustrated in the Design Spiral ,

E v a n s (1959)' as an i te rative process working from mission

requ irements to a d e ta i l des ign , Fig. 1. T h e se s t e p s a r eamplif ied fur the r below:

translates the mission requirements into naval architect .ur ; \~an d engineering character ist ics, Esse ntial ly , i t embotlic .>

technical feasibili ty studies to determin e such fundam ent.i~Ielem ents of t he proposed s hip as length, bea m, d epth , dri tl 'r ,

fullness, power, or al ternativ e se ts of charac ter ist ics, al l ( , I '

which meet the requ i red speed , range , cargo cub ic , a~lc ideadweight. I t includes preliminary l ight-ship weight ostim at es usually d erived from curves, form ulas, or experienc:c..Al te rna t ive des igns a re genera l ly ana lyzed in parametr ic

studies dur ing this phase t o determ ine the most economicitIdesign solution or whatever oth er controlling param eters ; r r c s

considered determ inant. T h e selected concept design thc.11is used as a ta lk ing paper for ob ta in ing approx imate col,.

s t ruc t ion costs , which o f ten de term ine whether o r no t I.,)

in i t ia te th e nex t leve l of deve lopm ent , the p re l iminary tlc-

sign.

b. Pre lim inar y Design. A ship 's prelim inary desigl1fur ther re f ines t he major sh ip charac te r i s t ics af fec ting cosl .

and per fo rmance . Cer ta in con t rol l ing fac to rs such ;IS

leng th , beam, horsepower , and deadw eigh t would no t 11,:

expec ted to chan ge upon completion of thi s phase. 1t.scom pletion prov ides a precise definitio n of a vessel tha t will

mee t th e mission requ i rements ; th is p rov ides th e bas is I ' o r

d e v e lo p ~n e n t f c o n t r a c t p l a n s a n d sp e c i fi c a ti 0 .n ~ .c . Con trac t Design . T he con t rac t des ign s tage y ields it

se t o f p lans and spec i f ica t ions which fo rm an in tegra l par t. ,

of the shipbuilding co ntract document. I t encompasses orit!o r more loops a round the des ign sp i ra l , thereby fu r ther re -

f in ing the p re l iminary design. Th is s tage de l inea tes more

prec ise ly such fea tu re s as hu l l fo rm based on a fa i red se t of'l ines, powering based on model test ing, seakeeping andmaneuvering c haracte r ist ics, th e effect of num ber of pro-

,

pellers on hull form , structu ral details, use of different types

of steel, spacing an d type of frames. Param ount, among the icontract design features, is a weight and center of gravity

estim ate taking in to account the location and weight of each

a. Concept Design. T h e very first effort, concept design, ' Complete references are listed at end of chapter. I



SHIP DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

MISS IONR E Q U I R E M E N T S

L A R G E M E R C H A N T S H l F

P H A SE T Y P I C A L E F F O R T

C O N C E P T D E SI Gt d M - M A U - D A Y S

III] RE L I M I NA R Y DE S I G N 3 %-M A Y-DAY S

C O N T R A C T D E S I G N 5 . 0 00 - M A X- D A Y S

( H U L L & MACHY ) 1S T R U C T U R E

Fig. 1 Basic design spiral

major item in the ship. Th e final general arrangement is

also developed during this stage. Th is fixes the overall

volumes and areas of cargo, machinery, stores, fuel oil, fresh

water, living and utility spaces and their interrelationship,as well as their relationship t o other features such as cargo

handling equipment, and machinery components.

The accompanying specifications delineate quality

standards of hull and outfit and the anticipated performance

for each item of machinery and equipment. They describe

the t ests a nd trials t ha t shall be verformed successfullv in

order th at the vessel will be considered acceptable.

Tab le 1A shows a typical list of p lans developed in the

contract design of a major ship. Smaller , less complex

vessels may not require every plan listed for adequate def-

inition, but t he list does provide an indication of the level

of detail considered in contract design. Tabl e 1B is a list

of the typical sections covered in a commercial ship speci-

fication.

d . Detai l Des ign . Th e final stage of ship design is the

development of detailed working plans. These plans are the

installation and construction instructions to the ship fitters,

welders, outfitters, metal workers, machinery vendors,

pipefitters, etc. As such, they are not considered to be a part

of the basic design process. One unique element to consider

in this stage of design is tha t up t o this point, each phase of

the design is passed from one engineering group to another.

At this stage th e interchange is from engineer to artisan, tha t

is, the engineer's product a t this point is no longer to be in-

terpreted, adjusted, or corrected by any other engineer.

This engineering product must unequivocally define the

desired end result and be producible and operable.In summary, this chapter considers basic design as tha t

portion of the overall ship design process which commences

with concept design and carries preliminary design to the

point where there is reasonable assurance that the major

features have been determined with sufficient dependability

to allow the orderly development of contract plans and

specifications. This development will form a basis to obtain

shipyard prices within a predetermined price range that will

result in an efficient ship with the requisite performance

characteristics.

1.2 General Aspects. Th e late 1960's and 1970's saw a

nurnber of major new developments which in one way or

another had an impact on the general basic design problem.

Among the most significant was the computer. While the

computer affects how basic design is performed, other

changes have impacted on what const itutes the basic design

problem. For example, one revolutionary development was

the change from breakbulk to containerized cargos in the

liner trades. Other developments in other ship types

created similar new considerations. For tankers , size

mushroomed; the increasing demand for petroleum and

other raw materials by the industrialized nations of the

world has necessitated ever larger tankers and bulk carriers



MISSION ANALYSIS AND BASIC DESIGN 3

to m e e t t h e e n o r m o u s d e m a n d a t a c c ep t a b le c c s t s . Table IA-Typical Pl an s Dev eloped During Co ntra ct Design

h l a n is l o ok i ng i n c re a s in g l y t o t h e s e a f o r a l l m a j o r r e - S t a g e

s o u r c es ; o f f s h or e d r i ll i n g f o r o il a n d g a s h a s b u r g e o n e d f r o m

a s m a l l i n d u s t r y l o c a t e d m a i n l y i n t h e s h a l l o w a r e a s of t h e

G u l f o f M e x i co t o a w o r l d w i d e c o l o s su s m o v i n g i n t o d e e p e r

w a t e r a n d m o r e s e v e r e s e a c o n d i t i o n s ( D u r f e e e t. a l , 1 9 7 6) .

T h e s e d e v e l o p m e n t s h a ve c a u s e d a r e v o lu t i on i n t h e d e s i g n

o f o ff s h o re d r il l in g r ig s / s hi p s /u n i ts a n d t h e e n t i r e s u p p o r t

f l e et n ec e s s ar y fo r s u c h a c h al l en g i n g u n d e r t a k i n g . T h i si n c lu d e s c r e w b o a t s , o f fs h o r e s u p p l y b o a t s , h i g h p o w e r e d

towing vessel s, p ipe l ay ing ba rges l sh ips , an d coun t l e ss o the r

s p e c ia l iz e d c r a f t . F u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t s c a n n o t b e fo r e t o l d ,

b u t i t, s e e m s c e r t a i n t h a t o t h e r m i n e r a l s w ill b e s o u g h t f r o m

the sea necess i t a t i ng en t i r e new f l ee t s o f vesse ls des igned fo r

t a s k s n o t y e t k n o w n .

T h u s , t h e d i ff i c ul t y o f b a s ic s h i p d e s i g n w i ll v a r y w i t h t h e

d e g r ee of d e p a r t u r e f r o m p a s t p r a c t i c e . S o m e s h i p o p e r -

a t i n g c o m p a n i e s a r e c l os el y t i e d t o s u c c e s s fu l p r e v i o u s d e -

s i g n s, a n d t h e y w i ll p e r m i t l i t t l e v a r ia t i o n f r o m t h e s e b a s e -

l in e s i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of r e p l a c e m e n t v e s s e l d e s i gn s . I f

t h e p r o s p e c t iv e m i s s io n a p p e a r s t o p a r a l l e l e x i s t i n g o p e r a -

t io n s , t h i s m a y b e a s o u n d a p p r o a c h . C o n s e q u e n t l y , in s u c h

i t u a t io n s , b a s ic d e s i g n m a y b e l i m i t e d t o e x a m i n a t i o n o fm i n o r m o d i f i c at i on s t o d i m e n s i o n s , p o w e r i n g , a n d a r -

r a n g e m e n t s .

A t t h e o t h e r e x t r e m e , t o t al l y n e w s e a g o in g m i s si o ns , s u c h

a s t h e o c e a n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f l iq u i f ie d n a t u r a l g a s (LNG) ,w h e n f i r s t i n t r o d u c e d , c a u s e d t h e d e s i g n e r t o b e g i n w i t h a

b l a n k p i e c e o f p a p e r a n d p r o c e e d t h r o u g h r a t i o n a l d e s i g n

e n g i n ee r i ng w i t h c r u d e a s s u m p t i o n s s u b j e c t t o f r e q u e n t a n d

p a i n s t a k i n g r ev i s io n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t .

1.3 S h i p T y p es . F o r c o n v e n i e n c e , T a b l e 2 s e p a r a t e s

w a t e r c r a f t i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o ri e s :

Outb oard Profile, General ArrangementInboard Profile, General Arrangem entGeneral Arrangemen t of All Decks and Holds.",rrangement of Crew Qua rtersArrangement of Comm issary SpacesLinesMids hip Section

Steel Scantling PlanArrangement o f Machinery-Plan ViewsArrangement of Machinery-ElevationsArr ang em ent of Machinery-SectionsArran geme nt of Main ShaftingPower an d Lighting System-One Line DiagramFire Control Diagram by Decks an d Profile -Ventilation an d Air Conditioning DiagramDiagramm atic Arrangements of all Piping System sHeat Balance and Steam Flow Diagram-Normal Poa-e r a t Normal

Operating ConditionsElectric Load AnalysisCapacity PlanCurv es of FormFloodable Lentrth CurvesPrelim inary ~ h mnd Stabi l i ty BookletPrelim inary Damage Stabili ty Calculations

1. Commerc ia l Vesse l s . T o r a n s p o r t c a r g o o r pa s se n -

ge r s .

2. Indus t r i a l Ve s s e l s . T o p e r f o r m s p e c i a li z e d m a r i n e

f u n c t i o n s ; s u c h a s f i s h i n g o r p i p e l a y i n g , o f t e n u s i n g s p e -

c i a l i zed pe r sonn e l .

3. Serv ice Vesse ls . T o p r o v i d e s u p p o r t c a pa b il it y t o

c o m m e r c ia l s h i p s a n d / o r i n d u s t r i a l v e ss e ls .

T a b l e 2 i s n o t i n t e n d e d t o b e al l -i n c lu s i v e. M o r e o v e r ,

t h e r e c a n b e a w i d e v a r i a t i o n o f a d e s i g n w i t h i n a g i v e n t y p e

Tab le 1B-Typical Sec t ion s in a Comm ercia l Ship Speci f ica t ion

GeneralStructura l Hul lHouses and Interior BulkheadsSidep orts, Doors, Hatches,

ManholesHul l Fi t t ingsDeck CoveringsInsulation , Lining, and B attensKingposts, Booms, Masts, DavitsRigging and LinesGround TacklePiping-Hull SystemsAir Conditioning, Heating, an d

VentilationFire Detection and ExtinguishingPaint ing and Cement ingNavigating EquipmentLife Saving Equipm ent

Commissary SpacesUtili ty Spaces and Worksh opsFurn i ture and FurnishingsPlumbing Fixtures and

AccessoriesHardwareProtection CoversMiscel laneous Equip ment and

StorageName Plates,Notices, and

Markings

Joiner Work and InteriorDecorationStabi l iza tion SystemsContainer Stowage and HandlingMain a nd Auxiliary MachineryMain Turb inesReduction Gears-Main PropulsionMain S hafting, Bearings, and PropellerVacuum Equipm entDistil l ing P lantFuel Oil SystemLubricating Oil SystemSea Water SystemFresh Water SystemFeed and Condensate SystemsSteam Generat ing Plan tForced Dra ft SystemSteam and Exh aust Systems

Machinery Space V entilationAir Conditioning Refrigeration Equipme ntShip's Service RefrigerationCarg o Refrigeration-Direct Expa nsion

SystemLiquid Cargo SystemCargo Hold Dehumidification SystemPol lution Abatem ent Systems and EquipmentTa nk Level IndicatorsCompressed Air SystemsP u m p s

General Requirements for Machinery PressurePiping SystemsInsulation-Lagging for Piping an d hlachineryEmergency Generator EngineAuxiliary TurbinesTanks-MiscellaneousLadders, Gratings , Floor Plates , Platforms,

and Walkways in Machinery SpacesEngineers' and Electricians' Workshop,

Stores and Repair Equipm entHull MachineryInst rum ents and Miscel laneous Gage

Boards-MechanicalSpares-EngineeringElectrical Systems, GeneralGeneratorsSwitchboardsElectrical D istributionAuxi liary M otors and ControlsLightingRadio Equ ipmentNavigation Equ ipmen tInterior CommunicationsStorage B at ter iesTes t Equip ment , Electr icalCentral ized Engine Room and Bridge ControlPlanning and Scheduling, Plans, Inst ruct ion

Books, etc.Tests and Tria ls

Deck, Engine , and Stewards ' Equipm ent andTools, Portable



Table 2-COMMERCIAL

VESSELS

General Cargo Ships

Containerships

Tankers

Liquefied GasCarriers

Bulk Carriers

Ore/Bulk/Oil (OBO)Czrriers

Integrated Tug/Barges

Roll-on/Roll-offShips

Ferries

Barge Carriers

Hea~y -Lift hips

Chemical Tankers

Lumber Carriers

Towboats withbarges

Passenger Ships

SHIP DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

-Represent~liveVessel Types

INDUSTRIAL SERVICEVESSELS VESSELS

Suction Dr ed ~e s Tugboatswithout barges

Pipe-laying VesselsOffshore

Drilling Vessels Supply Boats

Semi-Submersibles

Incinerator Vessels

Hopper Dredges

Fish ProcessingVessels

Fish Catching Vessels

Fisheries ResearchVessels

OceanographicResearch Vessels

Hydrographic SurveyVessels

Ocean Mining Vessels

Seismic ExplorationVessels

Crewboats

Crane SupportShips

Diving SupportShips

Fire Boats

Pilot Boats

Towboatwithout tow

of vzssel. Fpr e~ cr ~ ~l p ie ,he ge11evr-11 argo sh ip ,neb ran ge

from: a .;mall coaster tramp ing in th e Mediterran ean to a

larger liner in the Transpacific trade; a ship with several

'tween decks to a design with d eep holds a nd limited 'tween

deck area; a multipu rpose sh ip with cap acity for liquid bulk

cargo and refrigerated cargo t o an auste re d ry cargo ship.

Some representative vessels from the list on Tah le 2 are

shown in Figs. 2 through 13which il lustra te a wide diversity

in the size, shape , and overall configuration of the se vessels.

One may well ask, "Why? Wh at causes this?"

The answer can be provided in one word-MISSION.

For commercial ships their mission is to fu nction as a system

to carry cargo or passengers. T h e characteristics of th e

payload ex ert a powerful influence on t he overall design.

Designs for carrying passengers differ significantly from

designs for carrying crude oil. People an d their effects

impose relatively ligh t payload, a nd swift voyages are desired

to permit adequat e time in port. On the other hand, the

requirement to ship crude oil in vast to nnages places a pre-

mium on ship deadweight capacity.

For example these co ntrasting requiremen ts yield pas-

senger ships,Fig. 9, with high freeboard, multiple decks, longsuperstructures, extensive hotel facilities, fine hull forms



MISSION ANALYSIS AND BASIC DESIGN 5

Fig. 3 SSROBERT

E. LEE-LASH barge carrying ship built in 1974 by Avondale Shipyards, Inc. for Waterman Steamship Corporation; Molded dimensions272.3 m (893.3 n)by 30.48m (100 n) by 18.3 m (60 n )

Flg 4 SS LNG AQUARIUS-f~rst L~quef~edatural Gas (LNG) tanker constructed In the Un ~ted tates at General Dynamics. Qu~ncy hipbuilding Division in 1977

for Energy Transportat~onCwporation. Molded d~mensions 85 3 m (936 n )by 43 7 m (143 5 ft) by 25 m (82 ft)

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