Snail Management

7/23/2019 Snail Management

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Mkvcnch >;

Zbmio Amveibk

Tvcn|j~icb/ tvcjlzzibk mbn emvhl~ibk

Nv G"V" Jcffibm`

Mnvi QibhFlb Cb{|hm


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^`iz t|foijm~icb iz ztcbzcvln fy7 IJJC

Mkvceizm Ac|bnm~icb/ [mklbibklb/ 6440"

Moo vik`~z vlzlvqln" Bc tmv~ ca ~`iz fcch emy fl vltvcn|jln ib mby acve/ fy tvib~/ t`c~cjcty/eijvcaioe cv mby c~`lv elmbz/ {i~`c|~ {vi~~lb tlveizzicb avce ~`l t|foiz`lv"

Aivz~ lni~icb7 6440

M|~`cvz7 Nv G"V" Jcffibm`/ Mnvi Qibh/ Flb Cb{|hmIoo|z~vm~cv7 Fmvflvm CvmbglNlzikb7 Lqm Hch^vmbzom~icb7 Jm~`mvibm nl Hm~%VlyblbTvib~ln fy7 Nikikvmai/ [mklbibklb/ ~`l Bl~`lvombnz

IZFB Mkvceizm7 9;0%94%0


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Acvl{cvn :

Acvl{cvn

^`lvl iz bc vloimfol ncj|elb~m~icb cb {`lb mbn {`lvl `|embz z~mv~ln

jcbz|eibk zbmioz mz m accn z|ttolelb~" Ib emby tomjlz {`lvl zbmiozcjj|v/ lztljimooy ib ~vctijmo mbn z|f%~vctijmo mvlmz oihl [lz~ mbn Lmz~Mavijm/ bm~iqlz km~`lv zbmioz/ lm~ ~`le mbn zloo ~`l z|vto|z mz m zc|vjlca ibjcel"

^ìz fcchol~ miez ~c tvcqinl inlmz ~c amvelvz {`c {c|on oihl ~c tvc%n|jl zbmioz cb m zemoo zjmol acv jcbz|et~icb cv emvhl~ibk" I~ iz bc~tviemvioy ib~lbnln acv lb~vltvlbl|vz {izìbk ~c lbkmkl ib omvkl%zjmol

zbmio amveibk acv ~`l lptcv~ emvhl~" M~~lb~icb iz acj|zln `lvl cb ~`vllemgcv ztljilz/ Mj`m~ibm mj`m~ibm/ Mj`m~ibm a|oijm mbn Mvj`mj`m~ibmemvkibm~m/ ~`m~ mvl jceecb ib ~vctijmo mvlmz/ lztljimooy ib Mavijm"

Oiei~ibk amj~cvz ~c fl jcbzinlvln acv laalj~iql zbmio amveibk mvl niz%j|zzln zc ~`m~ amvelvz nc bc~ z~mv~ fvllnibk zbmioz {i~`c|~ jcbzinlvibk~`l mnqmb~mklz mbn jcbz~vmib~z"

Ibjlb~iql acv ~`l tvcn|j~icb ca ~ìz fcchol~ jmel avce avl}|lb~ vl%}|lz~z acv mb Mkvcnch cb zbmio amveibk vljliqln ib vl~|vbln Mkvcnch}|lz~icbbmivlz" M kvlm~ nlmo ca fmzij ibacvem~icb {mz tvcqinln fy NvGczlt` V" Jcffibm`+z tvmj~ijmo k|inl cb Zbmio Amveibk ib [lz~ Mavijm"^ìz {mz z|ttolelb~ln fy oi~lvm~|vl mbn ib~lvbl~ vlzlmvj`/ mz {loo mz~`vc|k` jcb~mj~z {i~` Mavijmb lptlv~z cb ~`l z|fglj~"

Mkvceizm/ M|k|z~ 6440


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Zbmio Amveibk>

Jcb~lb~z

= Ib~vcn|j~icb 1

6 Z|i~mfol ztljilz =46"= Ficocky ca zbmioz =46"6 Z|i~mfol ~vctijmo zbmio ztljilz acv amveibk =66": Mj`m~ibm mj`m~ibm =>6"> Mj`m~ibm a|oijm =16" Zcio j`mvmj~lviz~ijz 6 Jcbz~v|j~ibk m zbmiolvy 6;>"= J`cczibk m zyz~le7 ~`l ct~icbz 6;>"6 Jmv ~yvlz/ cio nv|ez 60>": @|~j` fcplz 69>"> ^vlbj` tlbz :4

>""1 Avll%vmbkl tlbz :


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Jcb~lb~z ;1"= Zlolj~ibk fvllnibk z~cjh >;1"6 B|vzlvy >01": Vlmvibk nlbzi~y


6/78

Zbmio Amveibk1

= Ib~vcn|j~icb

Zbmio elm~ `mz fllb jcbz|eln fy `|embz {cvon{inl zibjl tvl`iz~cvij

~ielz" I~ iz `ik` ib tvc~lib (=6%=1,) mbn ivcb (>


7/78

Ib~vcn|j~icb ;

Mnqmb~mklz ca zbmio amveibk

Lbqivcbelb~Zbmioz mvl lbqivcbelb~%avilbnoy/ fljm|zl/ |boihl tc|o~vy cv tikz/ bli%

~`lv ~`l zbmio bcv i~z nvcttibkz zeloo caalbziqloy" Zbmioz jmb mozc flvlmvln ib ~`l fmjhymvn"

Ibt|~zJmti~mo/ ~lj`bijmo/ omfc|v mbn aibmbjimo ibt|~z ib zietol zbmio amveibkmvl vlom~iqloy oc{ jcetmvln ~c ~`czl ib c~`lv ~ytlz ca oiqlz~cjh amve%ibk (tc|o~vy/ tikz/ kcm~z/ z`llt/ jm~~ol)"

Zbmio elm~Zbmio elm~ iz m kccn zc|vjl ca tvc~lib" I~ iz vij` ib ivcb mbn jmoji|e/f|~ oc{ ib am~ mbn j`colz~lvco jcetmvln ~c c~`lv tvc~lib zc|vjlz oihltc|o~vy mbn tikz"

Nizmnqmb~mklz ca zbmio amveibk

Joiem~l[i~`c|~ lptlbziql mv~iaijimo elmbz ca joiem~l jcb~vco/ zbmio amveibk izvlz~vij~ln ~c ~`l `|ein ~vctijmo acvlz~ wcbl/ {ìj` caalvz m jcbz~mb~~letlvm~|vl/ ìk` vlom~iql `|eini~y/ tvlalvmfoy bc nvy zlmzcb/ mbn mamivoy jcbz~mb~ nmy#bik`~ v`y~è ~`vc|k`c|~ ~`l ylmv"

J|o~|vmo vlz~vij~icbzZbmio elm~ iz jcbzinlvln m nloijmjy fy zcel/ {`lvlmz c~`lvz {ioo bc~

lqlb ~c|j` i~ acv vloikic|z cv j|o~|vmo vlmzcbz"

Kvc{~`Zbmioz mvl vlom~iqloy zoc{%kvc{ibk mbiemoz" A|v~`lvecvl ~`l jcbz|e%mfol elm~ emhlz |t cboy >4, (empie|e-) ca ~`l zbmio+z ~c~mo oiql{lik`~" Jcbzl}|lb~oy zbmio amveibk iz bc~ m {my ~c emhl ecbly}|ijhoy-


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Zbmio Amveibk0

Zbmioz mz m tlz~Zbmioz ~`m~ `mql lzjmtln avce m amve/ cv fllb n|etln fy m amvelv/emy }|ijhoy nlqloct ib~c m zlvic|z tlz~ ib mkvij|o~|vl mbn `cv~ij|o~|vl"

Acv ~`lzl vlmzcbz i~ e|z~ fl let`mzizln ~`m~ zbmio amveibk z`c|on flzllb mz cboy cbl jcetcblb~ ib m niqlvziailn amveibk qlb~|vl" @c{%lqlv/ {i~` tm~ilbjl/ kccn embmklelb~ mbn jmvla|o ib~lkvm~icb ib~clpiz~ibk amveibk mj~iqi~ilz/ zbmio amveibk jmb tvcqinl z|fz~mb~imoocbklv%~lve vl{mvnz"

Tombbibk m zbmio amveibk qlb~|vl

Mkvceizm+z MkvcFvila Bc" :/ Zbmio Amveibk (E" Ollaombk/ 644


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Ib~vcn|j~icb 9

eilz ~`ly lbn |t nlz~vcyibk m {inl vmbkl ca mkvij|o~|vmo mbn#cv `cv~i%j|o~|vmo jvctz mbn jm|zibk jcbzinlvmfol ljcbceij nmemkl" Mj`m~ibma|oijm `mz m tmv~ij|omvoy tccv vlt|~m~icb ib ~`iz vlztlj~"

Kimb~ Mavijmb zbmioz mvl jcbzinlvln m nloijmjy fy tlctol mjj|z~celn~c jcbz|eibk ~`le/ {`lvlmz c~`lv tlctol/ lqlb {i~`ib ~`l zmel jc|b%~vy/ {ioo bc~ lqlb ~c|j`/ ol~ mocbl lm~ ~`le" Acv ~`m~ vlmzcb/ ncb+~ z~mv~amveibk zbmioz |bolzz yc| mvl mfzco|~loy z|vl zcelcbl {ioo f|y cv

lm~ ~`le"


10/78

Zbmio Amveibk=4

6 Z|i~mfol ztljilz

6"= Ficocky ca zbmioz

Zbmioz flocbk ~c m kvc|t ca ibqlv~lfvm~l mbiemoz hbc{b mz ecoo|zjz"Ecz~ ecoo|zjz jmvvy m z`loo" C~`lv eleflvz ca ~ìz kvc|t ibjo|nlzo|kz/ e|zzloz/ z}|in mbn j|~~olaiz`"

^ìz Mkvcnch jcbjlb~vm~lz cb ~`l amveibk tc~lb~imo ca ~`l kimb~ Mavi%jmb ombn zbmioz (KMOZ)/ ecvl ztljiaijmooy ~`l ztljilzMj`m~ibm mj`m~%ibm/ Mj`m~ibm a|oijm mbnMvj`mj`m~ibm emvkibm~m" ^`lzl flocbk ~c ~`l

ameioy Mj`m~ibinml/ m niqlvzl kvc|t ca omvkl t|oecbm~l ombn zbmioz/cvikibmooy avce {lz~lvb/ lmz~lvb/ mbn zc|~`lvb Mavijm/ {i~` ocbk zolb%nlv z`looz" ^`liv ziwl vmbklz avce : je ~c 6< je" ^`l => klblvm mvl7Mj`m~ibm/ Mvj`mj`m~ibm/ M~ctcj`cjòiz/ Fl}|lmv~ibm/ F|v~cm/ Jco%

|ebm/ Jmooiz~tltom/ Oikb|z/ Oieijcoomvim/ Oieijcomvictziz/ Oizzmj`m~%

ibm/ El~mj`m~ibm/ Tlvinlvvictziz mbn Tzl|nmj`m~i" ^`ly ecz~oy oiql ibg|bkolz ib ~vctijmo jc|b~vilz/ f|~ zcel emy oiql ib kvmzzombn" ^`lytviemvioy alln cb av|i~z mbn olmqlz" ^`ly mvl lmzy ~c aibn mbn bc~ niaai%

j|o~ ~c vlmv" ^`ly omy zlqlvmo fm~j`lz ca lkkz lmj` ylmv" Klblvmooy/~`ly mvl }|i~l lmzy ~c jmvl acv/ flibk mfol ~c t|~ |t {i~` m vmbkl cajcbni~icbz"

Lzzlb~imooy/ m zbmio jcbziz~z ca ~{c tmv~z/ ~`l fcny mbn ~`l z`loo" ^`lfcny iz niqinln ib~c ~`vll tmv~z ~`l `lmn/ ~`l acc~ mbn ~`l qizjlvmoemzz" ^`l `lmn iz bc~ {loo nlemvjm~ln mbn jmvvilz ~{c tmivz ca vl~vmj~%mfol ~lb~mjolz" Cbl tmiv ca ~lb~mjolz iz amv ocbklv ~`mb ~`l c~`lv mbn

jcb~mibz ~`l lylz ib ~`l hbcffln lbn" ^`l ocbk/ e|zj|omv acc~ cjj|%tilz moecz~ ~`l lb~ivl qlb~vmo z|vamjl mbn/ oihl ~`l `lmn/ iz bc~ jolmvoynlemvjm~ln avce ~`l vlz~ ca ~`l fcny" M z`mooc{ ocbki~|nibmo kvccqlv|bz mocbk ~`l jlb~vl ca ~`l acc~" ^`l `|et%z`mtln qizjlvmo emzz iz`c|zln ib ~`l z`loo mfcql ~`l acc~" I~ jcb~mibz ~`l niklz~iql/ vltvcn|j%~iql/ mbn vlztivm~cvy cvkmbz"

^`l zhib cqlv ~`l qizjlvmo `|et zljvl~lz m omvkl jmojmvlc|z z`loo (90,ca ~`l z`loo iz emnl |t ca jmoji|e jmvfcbm~l)" Ib ecz~ ztljilz ~`l z`loo


11/78

Z|i~mfol ztljilz ==

mjjc|b~z acv mfc|~ m ~`ivn ca ~`l fcny {lik`~" I~ iz ~`l zbmio+z tvc~lj%~iql jmzibk" [`lblqlv nmbklv ~`vlm~lbz/ ~`l zbmio {i~`nvm{z i~z fcnyib~c ~`l z`loo"

Aik|vl =7 ^`l emib mbm~ceijmo alm~|vlz ca m ~ytijmo zbmio

Mo~`c|k` zbmioz mvl `lvemt`vcni~lz (i"l" ~`ly `mql emol mbn alemoltmv~z)/ ib ecz~ ztljilz ~`l ibniqin|moz em~l {i~` lmj` c~`lv flacvl omy%

ibk lkkz"


12/78

Zbmio Amveibk=6

6"6 Z|i~mfol ~vctijmo zbmio ztljilz acv amveibk

M oiz~ ca lnifol zbmio ztljilz ca Mavijmb cvikib iz tvcqinln floc{"L|vctl mbn Bcv~` Melvijm `mql cqlv 64 lnifol ztljilz/ ca {ìj` ~`lecz~ tct|omv mvl tl~i~%kviz cv ~`l zemoo kvly zbmio/ @loip mztlvzm/ ~`lF|vk|bny zbmio/ @" tcem~im/ mbn lzjmvkc~ ~|vj cv ~`l zbmio ca ^|vhly/@" o|jcv|e" Zbmio elm~ ca ~`lzl ztljilz iz hbc{b mz +lzjmvkc~+ ibAvmbjl8 zbmio elm~ ca KMOZ iz zcel~ielz lptcv~ln avce Mavijm mbnzcon mz +lzjmvkc~ mj`m~ibl+"

^`l ecz~ tct|omv lnifol zbmioz ib [lz~ Mavijm mvl ~`l kimb~ zbmio/Mj`m~ibm mj`m~ibm/ mbn ~`l fik fomjh/Mvj`mj`m~ibm emvkibm~m" Ocjmo

bmelz mvl kiqlb ib ~`l oiz~ floc{" Ecz~ z~|nilz cb zbmioz ib [lz~ Ma%vijm `mql jcbjlb~vm~ln cb ~`lzl ~{c ztljilz mbn cb ~`l kmvnlb zbmio/Mj`m~ibm a|oijm" Ib K`mbm Mj`m~ibm mj`m~ibm iz jcbzinlvln ~`l ecz~tviwln ztljilz acv lm~ibk/ acooc{ln fy Mvj`mj`m~ibm emvkibm~m mbn~`lbMj`m~ibm a|oijm"

Lnifol zbmio ztljilz ca Mavijmb cvikib

Mj`m~ibm mj`m~ibm" Jceecb bmel7 kimb~ zbmio/ ~iklv zbmio (K`mbm)

Ocjmo bmelz (jcvvlztcbnibk ombk|mkl {i~ìb tmvlb~`lzlz)7Kmefim7 `cb|on|Zilvvm Olcbl7 hcbhOiflvim7 nmib (Bmbc)/ nvmibb (Kic)K`mbm7 mfcfc (L{l)/ locbhcl (Bwiem)/ hvlhl~l (@m|zm)/b{mtm (Mhmb)/ {m (Km)/ {lGol (Nmkmv~i)Biklvim7 hm~mb~m{m (@m|zm)/ iomhc/ izmb (Ycv|fm)Lmz~ Mavijm7 hcbchcbc (Z{mìoi)

Mj`m~ibm a|oijm" Jceecb bmel7 kmvnlb zbmio/ accoiz` zbmio (zcel%~ielz mozc jmooln ~`l kimb~ Mavijmb zbmio)

K`mbm7 b{m (Mhmb)Bcv~`lvb ~viflz ca K`mbm/ F|vhibm Amzc/ ^ckc/ Biklvim7hvl~lhlBiklvim7 llzmb cv itlvl (Ycv|fm)Hlbym7 lh`|e|bi| (O|`ym)/ hmebiyc (O|c)Lmz~ Mavijm7 hcbchcbc (Z{mìoi)


13/78

Z|i~mfol ztljilz =:

Mvj`mj`m~ibm emvkibm~m" Jceecb bmel7 fik fomjh zbmio/ kimb~ Mavi%jmb ombn zbmio

Oiflvim7 tvcoi (Hltlool)K`mbm7 tcflvl (Mhmb)

Biklvim7 ikf|b (Ycv|fm)/ lg|bm (Ifc)

C~`lv lnifol ztljilz lpiz~/ f|~ ~`ly mvl ca eibcv/ ocjmo ietcv~mbjl"^`l ocjmo bmel |z|mooy vlalvz ~c moo lnifol zbmio ztljilz ib ~`l jc|b~vy"Aik|vl 6 z`c{z ~`l niz~vif|~icb/ ib Mavijm/ ca ~`l ~`vll ztljilz cb{ìj` ~ìz fcchol~ jcbjlb~vm~lz7 Mj`m~ibm mj`m~ibm/ Mvj`mj`m~ibmemvkibm~m/ mz {loo mz ~`l (vlt|~ln) cvikibmo zc|vjl mvlm caMj`m~ibma|oijm ib Lmz~ Mavijm"

Aik|vl 67 Mttvcpiem~l cvikibmo niz~vif|~icb ca ~`l : KMOZ ztljilz

nizj|zzln ib ~ìz Mkvcnch


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Zbmio Amveibk=>

c mqcin jcba|zicb/ ~`iz Mkvcnch vlalvz ~c ~`l ~`vll zbmio ztljilz nizj|zzln fy~`liv zjilb~iaij (Om~ib) bmel"

6": Mj`m~ibm mj`m~ibmMj`m~ibm mj`m~ibm (kimb~ zbmio/ ~iklv zbmio)/ m {inloy niz~vif|~ln ztl%jilz ib [lz~ Mavijm (tmv~ij|omvoy ib Flbib/ J~l n+Iqcivl/ K`mbm/ Oifl%vim/ Biklvim/ Zilvvm Olcbl mbn ^ckc)/ jmb fl jcbzinlvln m kccn jmbni%nm~l acv zbmio amveibk ib ecz~ mvlmz ca [lz~ Mavijm/ mo~`c|k` i~ vl%}|ivlz `ik`lv `|eini~y ~`mb ~`l c~`lv ~{c ztljilz mbn bllnz m ocbklvkvc{ibk ~iel ~c vlmj` zlp|mo em~|vi~y"

Nlzjvit~icb

Mj`m~ibm mj`m~ibm zbmioz mvl vlt|~lnoy ~`l omvklz~ ombn zbmioz ib ~`l{cvon" Mo~`c|k` |z|mooy e|j` zemoolv/ ~`ly jmb kvc{ |t ~c :4 je ibfcny olbk~` mbn 6< je ib z`loo `lik`~" Mqlvmkl mn|o~ z`loo olbk~` iz =0je/ {i~` mb mqlvmkl nimel~lv ca 9 je" ^`l jcbijmooy z`mtln/ amivoytcib~ln z`loo iz fvc{biz` {i~` m j`mvmj~lviz~ij z~vitl tm~~lvb (`lbjl ~`lbmel ~iklv zbmio)"

Niz~vif|~icb

Mj`m~ibm mj`m~ibm cvikibm~lz avce ~`l [lz~ Mavijmb vmibacvlz~ flo~/avce K|iblm ~`vc|k` Biklvim" Fljm|zlM" mj`m~ibm iz ~`l ecz~ tviwlnztljilz acv jcbz|et~icb ib K`mbm i~ iz fljceibk ibjvlmzibkoy vmvl ib~`l {ion"

Zlqlvmo ljc~ytlz (ocjmooy mnmt~ln tct|om~icbz caM" mj`m~ibm) jmb fl

ac|bn/ {i~` niaalvlbjlz ib kvc{~` vm~lz/ ziwl/ mlz~iqm~icb (ncvembjy)tm~~lvbz/ jcoc|v mbn lqlb aomqc|v" ^`l niaalvlbjlz ib ziwl emy fl lp%tomibln tmv~oy fy niaalvlbjlz ib ~`l olbk~` ca ~`l mlz~iqm~icb tlvicn8~`l z`cv~lv ~`l mlz~iqm~icb tlvicn/ ~`l ocbklv ~`l allnibk tlvicn mbn ~`lomvklv/ ~`lvlacvl/ ~`l ljc~ytl"

M z~|ny ca ~`l ~`vll ljc~ytlz ib K`mbm/ hbc{b mz ncbyibm/ mtln{mmbn kcmzc/ z`c{ln zikbiaijmb~ niaalvlbjlz fl~{llb ~`le" ^`l mtln{m

zbmioz `mn ~`l z`cv~lz~ mlz~iqm~icb tlvicnz/ ~`l ncbyibm zbmioz ~`l ocbk%


15/78

Z|i~mfol ztljilz = je nllt" [`lb zemoo jo|~j`lz ca lkkz mvl omin/ m zljcbnomyibk iz ibnijm~ln/ mbn zcel~ielz m ~ìvn"

@m~jìbk" \z|mooy/ ~`l lkkz `m~j` 6%: {llhz ma~lv omyibk/ {i~` m vmbklca =4%:= nmyz/ nltlbnibk cb ~letlvm~|vl" M" mj`m~ibm `mz m ìk``m~jìbk vm~l ca 94,8 lqlb =44, `m~j`mfioi~y iz bc~ |bjceecb"

@m~jòibkz" ^`l fmfy zbmio `mz m ~ìb z`loo elefvmbl {ìj` jmojiailztvckvlzziqloy" Mo~`c|k` ~ìz tlvicn iz j`mvmj~lvizln fy vmtin kvc{~`/~`l zbmioz mvl mfol ~c z|vqiql ~`l aivz~ al{ nmyz (%64 ecb~`z)" N|vibk ~ìz tlvicn/ ~`lzbmio mjjlt~z m e|j` {inlv vmbkl ca accn" M~ ~`l lbn ca ~`l tlvicn/ ~`lz`loo iz {loo acveln mbn ~`l zbmio {lik`z fl~{llb =44 mbn >


17/78

Z|i~mfol ztljilz =;

nceibmb~oy fvc{b {i~` {lmh/ nmvhlv fmbnln emvhibkz mjvczz ~`l zti%vmo" Jcoc|vm~icb iz `ik`oy qmvimfol/ nltlbnibk cb nil~" M em~|vl zbmiomqlvmklz 6


18/78

Zbmio Amveibk=0

Oial ìz~cvy

Vltvcn|j~icb" [i~`c|~ nlomyz fljm|zl ca mlz~iqm~icb cv ìflvbm~icb/zbmioz {ioo vlmj` zlp|mo em~|vi~y ib olzz ~`mb m ylmv (lqlb mz lmvoy mz {llhz" @m~jòibkz `mql m ~ìb/ ~vmbztmvlb~ z`loo8 ~`ly klblv%

mooy vlemib ib ~`l zcio acv < ~c ; nmyz flacvl lelvkibk/ f|~ zcel~ielz{mi~ lqlb ocbklv" Fljm|zl ca ~`l vlom~iqloy ìk` {lik`~ ca ~`l lkkz ~`lb|eflv ca `m~jòibkz avce m jo|~j` iz oc{ jcetmvln ~c ~`l c~`lv ~{cztljilz" N|vibk ~`l aivz~ {llhz ma~lv lelvkibk/ `m~jòibkz vltlm~lnoyf|vvc{ ib~c ~`l zcio"

G|qlbiolz" Ib omfcvm~cvy ~vimoz z`loo olbk~` ca ~`l g|qlbiol zbmioz ib%jvlmzln fy mb mqlvmkl ca 4":: ee#nmy acv ~`l aivz~ 0 ecb~`z (j" 0 je)/


21/78

Z|i~mfol ztljilz 6=

zoc{ibk nc{b ~c 4"6 ee#nmy m~ =< ecb~`z" Z`loo olbk~` `mvnoy ib%jvlmzlz ma~lv ~`m~ ~iel"

Mn|o~z" ^`l zbmioz vlmj` zlp|mo em~|vi~y m~ mvc|bn =4%=6 ecb~`z

(To|eelv/ =9;


22/78

Zbmio Amveibk66

Jcbzl}|lb~oy/ i~ iz ib ~`l zbmio amvelv+z ib~lvlz~ ~c tvlqlb~/ cv m~ olmz~vln|jl/ ncvembjy3fy zlolj~ibk ~`l ecz~ amqc|vmfol zi~l acv ~`l zbmio amve (J`mt~lv :)3fy tvcqinibk kccn `c|zibk acv ~`l zbmioz (J`mt~lv >)

3fy tvcqinibk kccn alln mbn lbz|vibk kccn zbmio amve embmklelb~(J`mt~lvz


23/78

J`cczibk m zi~l 6:

: J`cczibk m zi~l

:"= Klblvmo jcbzinlvm~icbz

Zbmioz mvl mnlt~ m~ lzjmtibk avce lbjocz|vlz" M tvicvi~y ib zl~~ibk |t mtvcn|j~iql zbmio amveibk qlb~|vl/ ~`lvlacvl/ iz ~c jcbz~v|j~ lzjmtl%tvcca `c|zibk" ^`lvl mvl zlqlvmo ~ytlz ca zbmio `c|zibk (zbmiolvilz) ~cj`cczl avce/ nltlbnibk cb ~`l ziwl ca ~`l qlb~|vl8 zll J`mt~lv >" ^`laivz~ z~lt/ `c{lqlv/ iz ~c zlolj~ mb mttvctvim~l zi~l"

^`l emib amj~cvz ~c jcbzinlv ib zi~l zlolj~icb mvl ~`l acooc{ibk73

(Eijvc)joiem~l3 [ibn ztlln mbn nivlj~icb3 Zcio j`mvmj~lviz~ijz3 Zmal~y/ tvc~lj~ibk ~`l zbmioz avce nizlmzlz/ tvlnm~cvz mbn tcmj`lvz

Ct~iemo zi~l zlolj~icb `lotz ~c tvlqlb~/ cv m~ olmz~ vln|jl/ ncvembjy(zll zlj~icb 6"1)" Amj~cvz z|j` mz ~letlvm~|vl mbn `|eini~y mbn zcioj`mvmj~lviz~ijz ~`m~ ibao|lbjl zbmio z|vqiqmo mbn kvc{~` mvl nizj|zzln

floc{"

:"6 letlvm~|vl mbn `|eini~y

Zbmioz mvl jcon%foccnln8 ~`ly ~`viql flz~ ib mvlmz {i~` ecnlvm~l ~le%tlvm~|vlz mbn ìk` `|eini~y" Ib [lz~ Mavijm/ ~letlvm~|vlz ib ~`l mvlmz{`lvl ecz~ lnifol ztljilz mvl ac|bn nc bc~ ao|j~|m~l kvlm~oy" @c{%lqlv/ ~`lvl mvl zikbiaijmb~ ao|j~|m~icbz ib miv `|eini~y/ {ìj` `mql m

tvcbc|bjln laalj~ cb ~`l KMOZ ztljilz nlmo~ {i~` ib ~ìz t|foijm~icb"Ib ~`liv bm~|vmo z|vvc|bnibkz/ zbmioz kc ib~c ncvembjy n|vibk ~`l nvyzlmzcb (zll zlj~icb 6"1 mbn Aik|vl 1)"

Vlom~iql miv `|eini~y z`c|on bc~ fl blmv zm~|vm~icb/ fljm|zl i~ {c|onlbjc|vmkl ~`l nlqloctelb~ ca `mvea|o fmj~lvim mbn a|bki"

Ib c|~nccv zi~|m~icbz/ i~ iz jolmvoy ietczzifol ~c jcb~vco joiem~ij amj%~cvz" @c{lqlv/ ~`l emkbi~|nl ca ~letlvm~|vl mbn `|eini~y ao|j~|m%


24/78

Zbmio Amveibk6>

~icbz iz vln|jln ib mvlmz ca vlom~iqloy |bniz~|vfln acvlz~ cv amivoy nlbzlqlkl~m~icb jcqlv" Z|j` zi~lz z`c|on fl tvlalvvln ~c ctlb kvmzzombn cvamveombn mvlmz"

Cfqic|zoy/ zbmioz jmb fl vlmvln ib m jcetol~loy jcb~vcooln/ ibnccv lb%qivcbelb~/ f|~ m~ m tvijl" [`l~`lv ~`l ibqlz~elb~ {ioo fl tvcai~mfolnltlbnz cb cbl+z aibmbjimo vlzc|vjlz/ ocjmo tvcn|j~icb jcz~z tlv hkzbmio elm~/ mbn emvhl~ibk ct~icbz"

:": [ibn ztlln mbn nivlj~icb

[ibn mjjlolvm~lz eciz~|vl oczz ib zbmioz" ^c tvlqlb~ zbmioz avce nvyibk

c|~/ zbmiolvilz z`c|on fl zi~|m~ln ib zi~lz ~`m~ mvl tvc~lj~ln avce ~`l{ibn" Nc{b`ioo zi~lz mvl |z|mooy ~`l ecz~ z|i~mfol/ tvlalvmfoy ~`czl{i~` kccn ~vll jcqlv ~c vln|jl {ibn ietmj~" Tomb~ibk (av|i~) ~vllzmvc|bn zbmio tlbz {ioo `lot ~c vln|jl {ibn ztlln mbn ietvcql ~`l ei%jvc%joiem~l" I~ {ioo mozc tvc~lj~ ~`l zbmioz avce zjcvj`ibk z|b cv ~cv%vlb~imo vmib"

Aik|vl ;7 Klblvmo qil{ ca mb ctlb avll%vmbkl zbmio tlb/ {i~` e|o~i%z~cvly ~vll jcqlv mj~ibk mz m {ibnfvlmh mbn vln|jibk oczz ca {m~lvavce ~`l zcio"


25/78

J`cczibk m zi~l 6"6 Jmv ~yvlz/ cio nv|ez

Nizjmvnln ~yvlz cv cio nv|ez emy zlvql mz vlom~iqloy j`lmt zbmio tlbz"^`vll cv ac|v ~yvlz mvl tomjln cb ~ct ca lmj` c~`lv/ {i~` j`ijhlb {ivl

mbn ecz}|i~c elz` fl~{llb ~`l ~ctecz~ ~yvl mbn ~`l zljcbn cbl avce~`l ~ct"

Cio nv|ez z`c|on `mql zcel `colz ib ~`l fc~~ce acv nvmibmkl/ fl aiooln{i~` kccn zcio ~c m nlt~` ca ;%=4 je/ mbn fl ai~~ln {i~` {ivl to|zecz}|i~c elz` cb ~ct"

Z|j` tlbz mvl z|i~mfol acv hlltibk m al{ zbmioz (|t ~c mfc|~ ac|v em%

~|vl zbmioz ib lmj` jcb~miblv) joczl ~c ~`l `c|zl/ acv tviqm~l |zl"


29/78

Jcbz~v|j~ibk m zbmiolvy 69

>": @|~j` fcplz

Nlzjvit~icb

@|~j` fcplz mvl z}|mvl cv vlj~mbk|omv/ zibkol cv e|o~i%j`meflv

{ccnlb fcplz {i~` oinz/ tomjln cb {ccnlb z~io~z mfcql ~`l kvc|bn m~ mz|i~mfol `lik`~ acv lmzy `mbnoibk" ^`l z~io~z z`c|on fl ai~~ln {i~` tomz%~ij cv el~mo jcbijmo tvc~lj~cvz cv mtvcbz/ ~c tvlqlb~ qlveib avcejvm{oibk cv joiefibk |t ~`l z~io~z ~c m~~mjh ~`l zbmioz ib ~`l fcplz" ^`ltvc~lj~cvz jc|on fl emnl avce con ~ibz cv tomz~ij fc~~olz" Ib ~`l einnolca ~`l oin iz mb ctlbibk jcqlvln {i~` {ivl bl~~ibk mbn byocb elz`" ^`loin z`c|on fl ai~~ln {i~` m tmnocjh ~c nizjc|vmkl tioalvibk" Ib ~`l aoccvca ~`l fcp mvl m al{ `colz ~`vc|k` {`ij` lpjlzz {m~lv jmb nvmib c|~"

^`l fcplz mvl aiooln {i~` zilqln fomjh zcio ~c m nlt~` ca =0%6< je" ^`lfcp(lz) z`c|on cfqic|zoy fl {loo tvc~lj~ln avce zjcvj`ibk z|b cv ~cv%vlb~imo vmib"

Mttoijm~icb mbn |zl

@|~j` fcplz mvl |zla|o ib m zlei%ib~lbziql zbmio fvllnibk zyz~le"^`ly mvl qlvy z|i~mfol mz `m~j`lvy mbn b|vzlvy tlbz fljm|zl lkkz mbnyc|bk zbmioz jmb fl lmzioy ocjm~ln mbn cfzlvqln"

Aik|vl 07 Zbmioz ib cbl ca ~`l j`meflvz ca m `|~j` fcp


30/78

Zbmio Amveibk:4

Em~|vl zbmioz ib omvklv zbmiolvilz jc|on fl ~vmbzalvvln ~c `|~j` fcplz{`lb ~`ly z~mv~ emhibk `colz ~c omy lkkz" ^`l fvllnibk zbmioz z`c|onfl vlecqln ~c ~`liv c{b tlbz ma~lv ~`l `m~jòibkz z~mv~ ~c lelvkl"

^`l zcio e|z~ fl j`mbkln cjjmzicbmooy fljm|zl mb mjj|e|om~icb canvcttibkz {ioo ibjvlmzl ~`l j`mbjlz ca nizlmzl nlqloctelb~" M zcioj`mbkl lqlvy ~`vll ecb~`z iz mnl}|m~l"

Mnqmb~mklz mbn nizmnqmb~mklz

@|~j` fcplz jmb fl tomjln joczl ~c ~`l amvelv+z `c|zl/ lbz|vibk kccnz|tlvqizicb mbn tvc~lj~icb" ^`ly mvl f|io~ m~ m jceacv~mfol {cvhibk`lik`~/ {ìj` amjioi~m~lz allnibk mbn `mbnoibk ca ~`l zbmioz"

Nizmnqmb~mklz mvl ~`l jcz~ ca jcbz~v|j~icb mbn ~`liv oiei~ln ziwl/{ìj` vlz~vij~z ~`l b|eflv ca zbmioz ~`m~ jmb fl hlt~ ib ~`le (zcel :4`m~jòibkz#g|qlbiolz/ cv mfc|~ ~`vll em~|vl zbmioz ib m fcp ca ~`l ziwlz`c{b ib Aik|vl 9)" ^`l tvcjln|vl acv f|ionibk m `|~j` fcp iz z`c{bib ~`l zmel Aik|vl 9"

>"> ^vlbj` tlbz

Nlzjvit~icb

^vlbj` tlbz mvl mngcibibk zbmio tlbz ca 4"1 4"1 e ~c = = e/ li~`lvn|k ib~c ~`l kvc|bn ({ìj` e|z~ fl qlvy {loo%nvmibln)/ cv vmizln >4%


31/78

Jcbz~v|j~ibk m zbmiolvy :=

Aik|vl 97 Zl}|lbjl ca f|ionibk m zibkol j`meflv `|~j` fcp


32/78

Zbmio Amveibk:6

Aik|vl =47 ^{c ~ytlz ca ~vlbj` tlbz7 M7 n|k ib/ F7 vmizln" ^`l ibzl~z`c{z Mvj`mj`m~ibm emvkibm~m zbmio jvm{oibk mvc|bn ib z`vlnnlnfmbmbm olmqlz (acv nielbzicbz zll Mttlbnip 6)"

Mttoijm~icb mbn |zl

^vlbj` tlbz mvl z|i~mfol ib zlei%ib~lbziql ~c ib~lbziql zbmio kvc{ibkqlb~|vlz" ^`ly jmb fl |zln mz `m~j`lvy/ b|vzlvy cv am~~lbibk tlbz/{i~` ~`l b|eflv ca z~cjh flibk mnmt~ln ~c ~`l ziwl ca ~`l zbmioz ib lmj`jmzl" ^`l zbmioz jmb fl ecqln avce cbl tlb ~c mbc~`lv mjjcvnibk ~c~`l kvc{ibk jyjol"

Mnqmb~mklz mbn nizmnqmb~mklz

^`l emib mnqmb~mkl ca m ~vlbj` tlb zyz~le/ {`l~`lv z|bhlb cv vmizlnmfcql ~`l kvc|bn/ iz i~z aolpifioi~y" Zbmioz jmb fl ecqln mvc|bn lmzioy/

ib mjjcvnmbjl {i~` ~`liv ziwl mbn t`mzl ib ~`l kvc{ibk jyjol" ^`l


33/78

Jcbz~v|j~ibk m zbmiolvy ::

zbmioz mvl mo{myz lmzy ~c ocjm~l/ acv allnibk/ `mbnoibk/ zlolj~icb mbnaibmo zmol cv jcbz|et~icb"

^`l emib nizmnqmb~mklz ca ~vlbj` tlbz mvl (m) jcbz~v|j~icb jcz~z

(ztljiaijmooy ca vmizln tlbz/ zll aik|vl =4)/ mbn (f) ~`l amj~ ~`m~ ~`lamvelv `mz ~c z~cct cv hbllo nc{b ~c ~lbn ~`l zbmioz"

>"< Eibi%tmnncjh tlbz

Nlzjvit~icb

Eibi%tmnncjh tlbz mvl zemoo z}|mvl cv vlj~mbk|omv tlbz/ |z|mooy

{i~`ib m omvklv albjln mvlm" ^`ly mvl f|io~ ca fmefcc mbn byocb elz`mz ib aik|vl ==/ cv ca ~ieflv/ j`ijhlb {ivl mbn byocb elz` mz ibaik|vl =6"

Aik|vl ==7 Zl}|lbjl ca f|ionibk m eibi%tmnncjh tlb |zibk fme%fcc mbn byocb elz`


34/78

Zbmio Amveibk:>

^`l {mooz z`c|on fl zcel "1)/ mvl z|i~mfolmz am~~lbibk tlbz/ {`lvl zbmioz ~`m~ mvl bc ocbklv bllnln acv fvllnibkmvl mooc{ln ~c t|~ cb {lik`~ flacvl flibk jcoolj~ln acv jcbz|et~icbcv zmol" Mnni~icbmo zbmio accn emy fl tomjln ib ~`l tlb/ f|~ |blm~lbaccn e|z~ fl vlecqln vlk|omvoy" Accn mbn z`lo~lv tomb~z e|z~ fl vl%

tomb~ln avce ~iel ~c ~iel"


35/78

Jcbz~v|j~ibk m zbmiolvy :7 Zemoo%ziwln avll%vmbkl zbmio tlb ib m ji~y jc|v~ymvn

^`l avll%vmbkl tlb `mz zlqlvmo nizmnqmb~mklz"3 I~ vl}|ivlz ecvl ombn ~`mb c~`lv ~ytlz ca zbmio amveibk"3 I~ iz niaaij|o~ ~c ocjm~l mbn tvc~lj~ lkkz mbn zemoo zbmioz" ^`iz emy

olmn ~c tccv nizlmzl embmklelb~ mbn `ik`lv ecv~moi~y jcetmvln ~cc~`lv zbmio tvcn|j~icb zyz~lez"

3 I~ iz niaaij|o~ ~c hllt ~vmjh ca zbmio tlvacvembjl mbn/ acv ~`m~ vlmzcb/~c hllt |zla|o vljcvnz ca ibt|~z mbn c|~t|~"

3 Ib ~`l ctlb ~ytl ca avll%vmbkl tlb i~ iz ecvl niaaij|o~ ~c hllt c|~

tvlnm~cvz mbn tcmj`lvz"


38/78

Zbmio Amveibk:0

Flzinlz ~`l bm~|vmo z`lo~lv tvcqinln ib eibi%tmnncjh mbn avll%vmbkltlbz/ i~ iz mnqizmfol ~c mozc tvcqinl c~`lv acvez ca z`lo~lv ~c lbz|vl~`m~ ~`l zbmioz mvl bc~ lptczln ~c ~cc e|j` `lm~" Acv lpmetol/ jcbjmql~iolz cv ztoi~ fmefcc jmb fl tomjln cb z~cblz cb ~`l kvc|bn/ {i~` ~`l

jcbjmql zinl amjibk nc{b{mvnz" Cb qlvy `c~ nmyz/ ~`l zcio jmb fljccoln fy ztvibhoibk {m~lv cb i~"

Ecvl cb vlmvibk nlbzi~y mbn ct~iemo tlb ziwl ib vlom~icb ~c ~`l z~cjh%ibk nlbzi~y ca zbmioz ib ~`liv niaalvlb~ kvc{ibk z~mklz jmb fl ac|bn ibzlj~icb 1":"

^`l em~lvimoz bllnln acv niaalvlb~ ~ytlz ca zbmiolvilz mvl oiz~ln ib Mt%

tlbnip 6"


39/78

Accn mbn allnibk :9

< Accn mbn allnibk


40/78

Zbmio Amveibk>4

oihl t`yzij b|~ (Gm~`vctm j|vjmz)" Yc|bk zbmioz tvlalv ~lbnlv olmqlzmbn z`cc~z8 ~`ly jcbz|el mfc|~ ~{ijl mz e|j` alln mz em~|vl zbmioz"Mz ~`ly kl~ conlv/ em~|vl zbmioz ibjvlmzibkoy alln cb nl~vi~|z7 amoolbolmqlz/ vc~~lb av|i~ mbn `|e|z" Conlv zbmioz z`c|on fl aln ~`l zmel

i~lez mz ieem~|vl zbmioz" Ia m j`mbkl ib ~`l nil~ `mz ~c fl emnl/ ~`lbl{ accn i~lez z`c|on fl ib~vcn|jln kvmn|mooy"

[`m~ zbmioz blln

Zbmioz blln jmvfc`ynvm~lz acv lblvky/ mbn tvc~lib acv kvc{~`" Ib mnni%~icb ~`ly vl}|ivl jmoji|e (Jm) acv ~`liv z`looz/ mz {loo mz c~`lv eiblv%moz mbn qi~meibz" Zbmio elm~ iz oc{ ib jv|nl aifvl mbn am~8 acv ~`m~ vlm%zcb/ ~`lzl jcetcblb~z mvl ca eibcv ietcv~mbjl ib zbmio alln"

Vljceelbnln accn i~lez

Olmqlz7 jcjcyme/ hcom/ tm{ tm{/ jmzzmqm/chvm/ lkktomb~/ occam/ jlb~vczlem/ jmffmklmbn ol~~|jl" Tm{ tm{ olmqlz (mz {loo mz i~zav|i~ mbn av|i~ tlloz) z~mbn c|~ ib emby ~vi%moz mz kccn zbmio accn"

Av|i~z7 tm{ tm{/ embkc/ fmbmbm/ lkktomb~/tlmv/ cio tmoe/ aik/ ~cem~c mbn j|j|eflv"Av|i~z mvl |z|mooy vij` ib eiblvmoz mbn qi%~meibz/ f|~ oc{ ib tvc~lib"

^|flvz7 jcjcyme/ jmzzmqm/ yme/ z{ll~ tc%~m~c mbn tomb~mib" ^|flvz mvl m kccn zc|vjl

ca jmvfc`ynvm~lz/ ~`c|k` oc{ ib tvc~lib"(Jmzzmqm z`c|on fl ~`l oc{%jymbinl ~ytl)"

Aoc{lvz7 ctvcbc (Embzcbim mo~izziem)/cn{|em (E|zmbkm jljvctcinlz) mbn tm{tm{"

@c|zl`con {mz~l7 tlloz ca av|i~ mbn ~|flv/

oihl fmbmbm/ tomb~mib/ tiblmttol/ yme mbn

Aik|vl =


41/78

Accn mbn allnibk >=

lztljimooy tm{ tm{/ mbn ola~cqlvz oihl jcchln vijl/ flmbz/ a|a| mbnlhc" Jm|~icb7 `c|zl`con {mz~l e|z~ bc~ jcb~mib zmo~-


42/78

Zbmio Amveibk>6

3Z|ttolelb~mvy qi~meibz" C~`lv accn tomb~z hbc{b ~c jcb~mib ecn%lvm~l mec|b~z ca qi~meibz N/ L mbn H z`c|on fl mnnln8 lpmetolzmvl z|baoc{lv mbn jctvm jmhl (qi~meib N)/ {`lm~ klve/ ol~~|jl mbnc~`lv qlkl~mfolz (qi~meib L)/ jmffmkl mbn Mavijmb ztibmj` (qi~m%

eib H)"3Z|ttolelb~mvy jmoji|e" Ia ~`l zcio iz bc~ `ik` ib jmoji|e/ z|ttol%

elb~mvy jmoji|e {ioo fl bllnln" ^`iz jmb fl tvcqinln fy ztvibhoibktc{nlvln cyz~lv cv zbmio z`looz cv kvc|bn oielz~cbl cb~c olmayqlkl~mfolz"

3Z|ttolelb~mvy eiblvmoz" C~`lv eiblvmoz jmb fl tvcqinln fy tomjibkoijhibk z~cblz jcb~mibibk ~`l eiblvmo ib ~`l tlb"

3[m~lv" Jolmb {m~lv z`c|on fl mqmiomfol ~c ~`l zbmioz m~ moo ~ielz"

Aik|vl =;7 Yc|bk M" mj`m~ibm zbmioz allnibk cb tm{ tm{ av|i~

Mvj`mj`m~ibm emvkibm~m

Z~|nilz cb Mvj`mj`m~ibm emvkibm~m z`c{ zieiomv allnibk nlembnz/{i~` tm{ tm{ olmqlz mbn av|i~z olmnibk ~`l oiz~" C~`lv jceecb mbnb|~vi~ic|z allnz mvl chvm/ jcjc yme (Nimzjcvlm ztt")/ fmbmbm/ jmffmkl/

mbn lqlb jmzzmqm olmqlz ca ~`l oc{ jymbinl qmvil~y" Yc|bklv zbmioz mvlaln ~lbnlv olmqlz"


43/78

Accn mbn allnibk >:

Z|eemvy vljceelbnm~icbz cb bm~|vmo alln

3 Zbmioz jmb alln cb m omvkl vmbkl ca accn i~lez"3 Occhibk acv ~`vc{b%m{my z|vto|z qlkl~mfolz mbn av|i~z z~ioo jcb%

z|emfol fy zbmioz iz m kccn {my ~c vln|jl allnibk jcz~z"

3 Alln jcb~mibibk {mpy cv `mivy olmqlz z`c|on fl mqcinln" Tm{ tm{olmqlz/ av|i~ mbn av|i~ tlloz z~mbn c|~ mz lpjloolb~ zbmio alln ib embyallnibk ~vimoz"

3 Allnz z`c|on jcb~mib tvc~lib m~ m olqlo ca mfc|~ 64, ca nil~ nvyem~~lv acv ct~ie|e nlqloctelb~" Tm{ tm{ olmqlz/ av|i~ mbn tllozmvl m kccn zc|vjl ca jv|nl tvc~lib"

3 Acv z~vcbk kvc{~` mbn kccn z`loo nlqloctelb~/ tc{nlvln jmoji|ezc|vjlz avce lkk z`looz/ oielz~cbl/ {ccn%mz`/ cyz~lv z`looz

(jv|z`ln)/ cv fcbl elmo/ z`c|on fl mnnln ~c ~`l alln m~ m olqlo camfc|~ =< ~c 64, ca nil~ nvy em~~lv" Jv|z`ln cyz~lv z`loo jmoji|e izflz~" Ibjvlmzibk ~`l mec|b~ ca jmoji|e mfcql 64, ca nil~ nvy em~%~lv vlz|o~z ib ~ìjhlv z`looz/ bc~ ib ecvl zbmio elm~" (Bc~l7 64, Jmemy zlle oihl m oc~/ f|~ vleleflv ~ìz iz m tvctcv~icb ca nvy em~~lvmbn j|z~cemvy zbmio allnz mvl emnl |t emiboy ca {m~lv")

3 Zbmioz blln {m~lv- Ecz~ iz z|ttoiln fy ~`l accn ~`ly jcbz|el/ f|~mnni~icbmo {m~lv e|z~ fl z|ttoiln ib ~`l kvc{ibk tlbz7 m {m~lv%zcmhln ztcbkl cv m nc~ ca jc~~cb {cco acv `m~jòibkz mbn g|qlbiolz/ib z`mooc{ niz`lz (c~`lv{izl ~`l zbmioz emy nvc{b) acv em~|vl mbnfvllnibk zbmioz"


44/78

Zbmio Amveibk>>

^mfol =7 M zloa%eip zbmio alln acve|om

Ibkvlnilb~z hk

Emiwl :=":

Kvc|bnb|~ jmhl =4

Zcy flmb elmo 6

[`lm~ caamo =1

Tmoe hlvblo jmhl >"6

Cyz~lv z`loo 0"41

Aik|vl =97 Jcbjvl~l zomf ib Biklvimb zbmio tlb |zln acv tomjibkzbmio accn"

Zbmio kvc{~`

I~ ~mhlz mfc|~ =< ecb~`z acvMj`m~ibm mj`m~ibm ~c vlmj` a|oo em~|vi~y8

zc ~`ly mvl bc~ amz~%kvc{ibk mbiemoz acv ~`l }|mb~i~y ca accn ~`ly lm~mbn ~`l mec|b~ ca jcbz|emfol elm~ ~`ly tvcn|jl" ^`l c~`lv KMOztljilz nizj|zzln ib ~`iz fcchol~ kvc{ vlom~iqloy zoc{oy mz {loo" Z~|n%ilz cb nil~ mbn kvc{~` ibnijm~l kvc{~` vm~lz avce < ~c 64 k oiql {lik`~tlv ecb~`/ jcvvlztcbnibk ~c mfc|~ 6 ~c 0 k lnifol zbmio elm~ tlvecb~` {`lb ~`l mqlvmkl nvlzzibk tlvjlb~mkl ca mvc|bn >4, iz jcb%zinlvln (~`l vlemibibk 14, ca ~`l zbmioz {lik`~ iz emnl |t ecz~oy cai~z z`loo/ fcny ao|in mbn ib~lz~iblz)"

Mb AMC fvcj`|vl cb zbmio fvllnibk ibnijm~lz ~`m~ mb mbb|mo tvcn|j%~icb olqlo ca =6%=: hk lnifol zbmio elm~ (+lzjmvkc~+) jmb fl lptlj~lnavce m <


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Fvllnibk mbn embmklelb~ >;

1 Fvllnibk mbn embmklelb~

Ib lp~lbziql zbmio amveibk ib avll%vmbkl tlbz/ ~`l zbmioz acooc{ ~`liv

bm~|vmo oial jyjol" Ib~lvalvlbjl avce ~`l zbmio amvelv iz vlz~vij~ln ~c ~`lnmioy vlecqmo ca mby nlmn zbmioz/ vlaiooibk {m~lvibk ~vc|k`z/ hlltibk~`l zcio eciz~ ib ~`l nvy zlmzcb/ mbn cjjmzicbmooy `mvqlz~ibk em~|vlzbmioz acv zmol cv acv ~`l jcchibk tc~"

Ib zlei%ib~lbziql cv ib~lbziql zbmio amveibk ~`l amvelv {ioo mj~iqloyembmkl ~`l zbmioz n|vibk ~`l z|jjlzziql z~mklz ca ~`liv oial jyjol7 lkkomyibk/ `m~jìbk/ kvc{ibk mbn em~|vi~y" Embmklelb~ mj~iqi~ilz tvc%

jlln ib ~|bl {i~` ~`l zbmioz+ oial jyjol/ {ìj` ib ~|vb acooc{z ~`l zlm%zcbz {i~` ~`liv tlvicnz ca zbmio mj~iqi~y mbn ca ncvembjy (mlz~iqm~icbn|vibk ~`l nvy zlmzcbz)" (Bc~l7 Ncelz~ijm~ln zbmioz jcb~ib|l ~c omylkkz ib ~`l vmiby mbn nvy zlmzcbz8 Cecol l~ mo"/ 644;)"

Ib li~`lv jmzl/ amvelvz e|z~ cf~mib fvllnibk z~cjh ~c z~mv~ ~`liv zbmioamvez" Zbmioz eik`~ fl cf~mibln nivlj~oy avce ~`l f|z`/ avce `m{hlvzcv emvhl~z/ avce c~`lv zbmio amvelvz/ cv avce vlzlmvj` ibz~i~|~lz"

1"= Zlolj~ibk fvllnibk z~cjh

I~ iz vljceelbnln ~c |zl zlp|mooy em~|vl zbmioz/ {likìbk m~ olmz~=44%=6< k/ mz ibi~imo fvllnibk z~cjh" Amveibk z`c|on tvlalvmfoy z~mv~ m~~`l cbzl~ ca ~`l {l~ zlmzcb/ fljm|zl ~`m~ iz ~`l ~iel zbmioz bcvemooyz~mv~ ~c fvlln"

\b~io zbmio amvez fljcel zloa%z|z~mibibk/ amvelvz emy `mql ~c jcoolj~zbmioz avce ~`l {ion cv f|y ~`le j`lmtoy ib ~`l tlmh zlmzcb mbn am~~lb~`le ib jmt~iqi~y ib ~`l caa zlmzcb" Ib vlom~iqloy |bniz~|vfln acvlz~ mv%lmz/ zbmioz jmb fl jcoolj~ln cb nmyz acooc{ibk vmibz" Zbmioz mvl mj~iqlm~ bik`~ mbn cb joc|ny cv ackky ecvbibkz" N|vibk ~`l nmy ~`ly ~lbn ~chllt {loo ìnnlb/ zc i~ iz flz~ ~c jcoolj~ ~`le m~ bik`~ cv lmvoy ib ~`lecvbibk/ {`lb ~`l z|b iz oc{ mbn ~`l `|eini~y ìk`"


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Zbmio Amveibk>0

Amvelvz t|vj`mzibk fvllnibk z~cjh avce zbmio km~`lvlvz cv avce ~`lemvhl~ z`c|on lptlj~ m amivoy ìk` olqlo ca ecv~moi~y mz m vlz|o~ ca tccv`mbnoibk mbn ~`l mng|z~elb~ ~c niaalvlb~ accnz"

^`l ecz~ vloimfol {my ca cf~mibibk tmvlb~mo z~cjh iz avce hbc{bfvllnlvz/ cv avce mkvij|o~|vmo ibz~i~|~lz" Z|j` tmvlb~ zbmioz eik`~ flecvl lptlbziql ~`mb zbmioz avce c~`lv zc|vjlz/ f|~ ~`ly mvl fl~~lv mbnzmalv fljm|zl ~`ly `mql fllb tvctlvoy aln mbn embmkln avce `m~j`%ibk/ mbn `mql bc~ fllb nmemkln n|vibk jcoolj~icb mbn z|fzl}|lb~`mbnoibk"

Cbjl ~`l zbmio amve iz lz~mfoiz`ln/ amvelvz z`c|on zlolj~ fvllnibk

z~cjh avce ~`liv c{b zbmioz" Fvllnibk z~cjh e|z~ fl zlolj~ln ib ~`l{l~ zlmzcb tvljlnibk mlz~iqm~icb/ fmzln cb ~`l acooc{ibk m~~vif|~lz73Alj|bni~y (lptlj~ln b|eflv ca lkkz/ fmzln cb b|eflvz omin ib tvl%

qic|z zlmzcbz)3@m~j`mfioi~y (tlvjlb~mkl ca lkkz oihloy ~c `m~j` c|~ ca ~`l ~c~mo

b|eflv omin)3Lz~mfoizèlb~ vm~l (tlvjlb~mkl ca zbmioz oihloy ~c z|vqiql ma~lv

`m~jìbk)3Kvc{~` vm~l3Z`loo z~vlbk~`

Zietol vljcvnz hlt~ fy zbmio amvelvz jmb tvcqinl ~`l bljlzzmvy ibacv%em~icb" Mz m klblvmo v|ol/ ~`l amz~lz~ kvc{lvz {i~` ~`l z~vcbklz~ z`loozz`c|on fl zlolj~ln mz fvllnibk z~cjh" ^`l z~vcbklv i~z z`loo/ ~`l fl~~lv~`l zbmio iz tvc~lj~ln mkmibz~ tvlnm~cvz"

1"6 B|vzlvy

Zbmioz zlolj~ln mz fvllnibk z~cjh mvl tomjln ib `|~j` fcplz cv ~vlbj`tlbz/ {ìj` e|z~ jcb~mib alln mbn {m~lv ~vc|k`z"

Zcel amvelvz ol~ zbmioz omy lkkz ib ~`l kvc{lv tlbz/ mbn ~`lb ~vmbzalv~`l lkkz ~c ~`l b|vzlvy fcplz cv tlbz/ f|~ ~ìz iz bc~ vljceelbnln" I~


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Fvllnibk mbn embmklelb~ >9

emy fl niaaij|o~ ~c ocjm~l ~`l lkkz/ mbn ~`l lkkz emy fl t`yzijmooynmemkln n|vibk ~`l ~vmbzalv"

M fvllnibk zbmio emy omy cbl ~c ~`vll lkk emzzlz (jo|~j`lz) tlv zlm%

zcb" ^`l b|eflv ca fvllnibk zbmioz tomjln ib m `|~j` fcp nltlbnz cb~`l alv~ioi~y ca ~`l kvc|t mbn cb ~`l b|eflv ca yc|bk zbmioz vl}|ivln"^`l om~~lv nltlbnz cb ~`l tlb ztmjl mqmiomfol" Ma~lv lkk omyibk/ ~`ltmvlb~ zbmioz z`c|on fl vl~|vbln ~c ~`liv kvc{lv tlbz"

IbM" mj`m~ibm/ omvkl niaalvlbjlz `mql fllb cfzlvqln ib lkk tvcn|j~icb{i~`ib mbn fl~{llb tct|om~icbz" ^`l mqlvmkl ziwl ca lkk emzz tvc%n|jln fy ~`l qmvic|z ljc~ytlz z~|niln ib K`mbm/ acv lpmetol/ vmbkln

avce :0 ~c


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Zbmio Amveibk ee) mbn mvl omin ib jo|~j`lzca =4 ~c >448 |z|mooy m tmvlb~ zbmio omyz zlqlvmo jo|~j`lz ib m ylmv"@m~j`oibkz vlemib


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Fvllnibk mbn embmklelb~


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Zbmio Amveibk


53/78

Fvllnibk mbn embmklelb~


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Zbmio Amveibk

; Tvlnm~cvz/ tmvmzi~lz mbnnizlmzlz

Zbmio amvelvz e|z~ fl m{mvl ca zlqlvmo tvlnm~cvz/ tmvmzi~lz mbn niz%lmzlz ia ecv~moi~y vm~lz mvl ~c fl hlt~ ~c m eibie|e" Zbmioz `mql embybm~|vmo tvlnm~cvz/ ibjo|nibk eleflvz ca moo emgcv qlv~lfvm~l kvc|tz/jmvbiqcvc|z zbmioz/ kvc|bn fll~olz/ ollj`lz mbn lqlb tvlnm~cvy jm~lv%tioomvz"

@|embz mozc tczl kvlm~ nmbklvz ~c zbmioz ib ~`l {ion" Tcoo|~icb mbn

nlz~v|j~icb ca `mfi~m~z `mql jm|zln ~`l lp~ibj~icb ca zcel zbmio ztl%jilz ib vljlb~ ylmvz" @|emb tcmj`lvz tczl m kvlm~ nmbklv ~c amve%kvc{b zbmioz mz {loo-

;"= Tvlnm~cvz

^`l emgcv tvlnm~cvz m zbmio amvelv emy `mql ~c nlmo {i~` mvl ailoneijl/ vm~z mbn z`vl{z/ avckz mbn ~cmnz/ ~`v|z`lz/ jvc{z mbn ncelz~i%

jm~ln fivnz z|j` mz n|jhz mbn ~|vhlyz/ oiwmvnz mbn zbmhlz/ nvioin mbnjmvmfin fll~olz/ mbn eiooitlnlz mbn jlb~itlnlz" ^`l avckz ~lbn ~c ~mhlcboy ~`l yc|bk zbmioz/ {ìol ~`l vlt~iolz lm~ fc~` lkkz mbn zbmioz ca moomklz"

Ib mvlmz {i~` ìk` fivn tvlnm~icb/ i~ iz bljlzzmvy ~c tomjl jcqlv bl~zcqlv ~`l tlbz" Hlltibk zcel ca ~`l c~`lv tvlnm~cvz c|~ emy vl}|ivlf|ionibk albjlz mvc|bn ~`l tlbz" ^`l albjlz z`c|on fl fl~{llb =< mbn

:4 je ìk` mbn n|k {loo ib~c ~`l kvc|bn I~ iz mozc mnqizmfol ~c zl~ fmi~cv ~vmtz c|~zinl ~`l zbmio amve mvlm"

Ola~cqlv accn z`c|on fl vlecqln nmioy avce tlbz fljm|zl zceltvlnm~cvz/ tmv~ij|omvoy vm~z mbn ailon eijl/ mvl m~~vmj~ln fy ~`l |blm~lbaccn" ^`lzl tvlnm~cvz jmb nljiem~l m amve ib m al{ nmyz"


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Tvlnm~cvz/ tmvmzi~lz mbn nizlmzlz


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Zbmio Amveibk4 lkkz ib ~`l zbmio z`loo cv cb ~`l zbmio" ^`llkkz `m~j` ib mfc|~ cbl {llh mbn ~`l zemoo/ jvlme%jcoc|vln {cvezz~mv~ allnibk cb cv ib ~`l fcny ~izz|l" ^`ly alln |b~io ~`l fcny iz vl%n|jln ~c m t|~vlayibk emzz/ mbn ~`lb t|tm~l {i~`ib ~`l z`loo" Ma~lv m=4%nmy ibj|fm~icb tlvicn/ ~`l mn|o~z lelvkl" ^`l flz~ tvc~lj~icbmkmibz~ ~`lzl aoilz iz ~c jcqlv ~`l tlbz {i~` byocb elz`"

Aik|vl 667 ^`l lb~ivl oial jyjol ca Moo|m|ni`loom aomqijcvbiz/ m tmvm%

zi~l ca Mj`m~ibm mj`m~ibm/ ~mhlz 64 nmyz"


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Tvlnm~cvz/ tmvmzi~lz mbn nizlmzlz


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Zbmio Amveibk


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Tvcjlzzibk mbn jcbz|et~icb ca zbmio elm~


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Zbmio Amveibk14

0"6 Jcbz|et~icb

Jcetczi~icb mbn b|~vi~iql qmo|l

^`l nm~m tvcqinln floc{ cvikibm~l avce Biklvimb z~|nilz ca ~`l KMOZ

ztljilzMvj`mj`m~ibm emvkibm~m" I~ jmb cboy fl mzz|eln ~`m~ ~`l jce%tczi~icb mbn b|~vi~iql qmo|l ca ~`l c~`lv ~{c KMOZ ztljilz nizj|zzlnib ~ìz Mkvcnch mvl ecvl cv olzz ~`l zmel"

^mfol 67 Mttvcpiem~l nvlzzibk tlvjlb~mkl ca Mvj`mj`m~ibm emvki%bm~m

^c~mo oiql {lik`~ ca zbmio =44,

elm~ j" >4, (~`l lnifol acc~ ca ~`l zbmio)z`loo j" :4,

qizjlvm j" =;,

fcny ao|in j" =:, (`mlecoyet`)

^mfol :7 Mttvcpiem~l jmvjmzz jcetczi~icb (ibjo|nibk eciz~|vl)

jv|nl tvc~lib 14%204, nltlbnibk cb nil~ ca ~`l zbmioz

am~ =":%=";,

mz` =":%=">,

Mz amv mz tvc~lib iz jcbjlvbln/ zbmio elm~ jcetmvlz {loo {i~` ~vmni%~icbmo zc|vjlz ca tvc~lib oihl jìjhlb elm~/ tcvh cv flla"

M Biklvimb z~|ny cb eiblvmo jcetczi~icb ca zbmio aolz` z`c{ln ~`m~qmo|lz ca ivcb/ emkblzi|e/ jmoji|e/ tc~mzzi|e mbn zcni|e {lvl jcb%

ziz~lb~oy ìk`8 {ìol jcfmo~/ olmn mbn jcttlv ibnijm~cvz ca nmbklvc|ztcoo|~icb {lvl bc~ nl~lj~ln" Zbmio elm~ jcetolelb~z ~`l eibcv mbn~vmjl lolelb~z vl}|ivln acv tvctlv kvc{~` mbn nlqloctelb~ ib `|%embz/ zc i~ iz vljceelbnln acv vlk|omv jcbz|et~icb"

Tmom~mfioi~y

Ib K`mbmMj`m~ibm mj`m~ibm iz jcbzinlvln ~`l ecz~ tviwln ztljilz acvjcbz|et~icb/ acooc{ln fy Mvj`mj`m~ibm emvkibm~m mbn Mj`m~ibm a|%

oijm/ ib cvnlv ca tvlalvlbjl"


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Tvcjlzzibk mbn jcbz|et~icb ca zbmio elm~ 1=

Zlqlvmo zc|vjlz elb~icb Mj`m~ibm a|oijm mz flibk zoik`~oy ibalvicv ~c~`l lnifol L|vctlmb zbmioz fljm|zl i~ iz +v|fflvy+ mbn ca~lb +z{mety~mz~ibk+" @c{lqlv/ {`lb ìkòy aomqc|vln {i~` kmvoij/ j`cttln mbnz~|aaln ib~c z`looz ca ~`l klb|ibl lzjmvkc~/ ecz~ tlctol lm~ibk ~`l Ma%

vijmb zbmioz mvl laalj~iqloy nljliqln-

Cb ~`l c~`lv `mbn/ m Avlbj` {lfzi~l caalvz ~ibblnMj`m~ibm a|oijm +lz%jmvkc~+ (mvc|bn =4 k#zbmio/ ibjo|nibk z`looz tczzifoy ~c emhl ~`levlzlefol ~`l vlmo lzjmvkc~)" ^mi{mblzl zi~lz caalv ~ibbln Mj`m~ibm a|%oijm zbmioz acv zmol ib ^mi{mb mbn Jìbm" ^`l ztljilz iz mozc zcon mz mocjmo accn zc|vjl ib Zlc|o/ Hcvlm"

Zcel ~vmni~icbmo vljitlzIb K`mbm zbmioz mvl |zln ~c tvltmvl m qmvil~y ca niz`lz/ ibjo|nibkzc|tz/ zm|jlz mbn hlfmf" ^`l fik zbmioz (ocjmooy vlalvvln ~c mz +m~ctl+)mvl tvlalvvln acv zc|tz" ^`lzl vmbkl ib {lik`~ avce =64 ~c >


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Zbmio Amveibk16

Acv tvltmvibk zm|jlz/ ~`l zbmio elm~ iz {mz`ln {i~` oiel ~c vlecql~`l zoiel" I~ iz ~`lb zlmzcbln {i~` kmvoij/ m z~cjh j|fl/ zmo~ mbn c~`lvztijlz mbn fcioln acv mfc|~ 64 eib|~lz cv aviln ib cio" Zoijln cbicbz/tlttlvz/ ~cem~c t|vll mbn `lvfz mvl aviln mbn z~cjh iz mnnln" ^`l

zm|jl iz mooc{ln ~c zieelv cqlv m oc{ `lm~ |b~io zecc~` mbn ~ìjh%lbln/ z~ivvibk jcbz~mb~oy" ^`l aviln zbmio elm~ iz mnnln mbn jcchlnklb~oy cb m oc{ `lm~" ^ìz jmb fl zlvqln {i~` z|j` accnz mz vijl/ yme/tc~m~clz/ tomb~mib mbn hlbhly (jcvb nc|k`)"

Kviooln ztijln zbmioz ib tmoe cio (Kfmvbkm/ Oiflvim)Ibkvlnilb~z7 044 k zbmioz/ tmoe cio/ : ~mfolztccbz olecb g|ijl/ = ~lm%ztccb jìooi tc{nlv (cv vln tlttlv)/ tmvzoly olmqlz"

Tvltmvm~icb ~iel =4 eib|~lz8 jcchibk ~iel =< eib|~lz"Vlecql zbmioz avce ~`liv z`loo/ ~`cvc|kòy {mz` ~`l jolmbln elm~' %~mhibk jmvl i~ nclz bc~ jcb~mib mby zmbn mbn t|~ cb m tom~l" Ztvibholzbmioz {i~` ~`l olecb g|ijl mbn olmql ~c emvibm~l acv =4 eib|~lz"Ztvibhol zbmioz {i~` jìooi tc{nlv (cv tlttlv) mbn ztijln zmo~" [vmt ibmo|eibi|e acio mbn t|~ ib tvl`lm~ln cqlb ca =14 J acv =< eib|~lz"T|~ tmoe cio ib m niz`/ mnn aibloy j|~ tmvzoly mbn ztijln zmo~" Zlvqlzbmioz {i~` ~`l cio"

Aviln zbmioz ib ~cem~c%jìooi zm|jl (Ikfib/ Biklvim)Ibkvlnilb~z7 044 k jolmbln zbmioz/ >44 k ~cem~clz/ =44 k cbicbz/ : ~m%folztccbz tmoe cio/ : ~mfolztccbz olecb g|ijl/ = ~lmztccb jìooi tc{%nlv (cv vln tlttlv)/ tmvzoly olmqlz"Tvltmvm~icb ~iel =4 eib|~lz8 jcchibk ~iel 64 eib|~lz"^`cvc|kòy jolmb ~`l zbmioz {i~` olecb g|ijl' mbn t|~ cb m tom~l"

Ztvibhol {i~` olecb g|ijl mbn olmql ~c emvibm~l acv m al{ eib|~lz"Tllo cbicbz mbn {mz` ~cem~clz"@lm~ cio ib m tmb/ mnn ~cem~clz mbn avy < eib|~lz" Mnn cbicbz/ zbmioz/jìooi tc{nlv mbn ztijln zmo~ mbn avy =4 eib|~lz" Mnn j`cttln tmvzolymbn avy < ecvl eib|~lz" Zlvql {mve"

' ^`lvl mvl ~{c {myz ~c vlecql ~`l zbmioz+ zoiel ma~lv z`looibk" [mzìbk ~`le{i~` ~`l {m~lv ca alvelb~ln jmzzmqm iz ~`l +~vmni~icbmo+ embblv" ^ìz vlecqlz ~`lzoiel mz {loo mz mby +v|fflvy+ cv +lmv~`y+ ~mz~l" ^`l zljcbn/ +ecnlvb+ {my iz {mz`%

ibk {i~` olecb g|ijl"


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Emvhl~z 1:

9 Emvhl~z

9"= Ocjmo emvhl~z

Ib ~`l ìk`%mo~i~|nl acvlz~ mvlmz ca [lz~ Mavijm/ tmv~ij|omvoy ib K`mbm/Biklvim mbn J~l n+Iqcivl/ zbmio elm~ acvez m z|fz~mb~imo tmv~ ca ~`lelm~ ib ~`l nil~ ca ~`l ocjmo tlctol" Zbmioz mvl km~`lvln ib ~`l {ion/tmjhln ib~c fmkz/ {ccnlb jvm~lz cv fmzhl~z mbn ~vmbztcv~ln ~c zlooibktcib~z mocbk emib vcmnz cv ~c |vfmb jlb~vlz"

Aik|vl 6:7 ^ytlz ca jcb~miblvz |zln ~c ~vmbztcv~ zbmioz ~c emvhl~z

^`l ecz~ jceecb ztljilz zcon m~ ~`l vcmnzinl ib [lz~ Mavijm mvlzbmioz/ n|ihlvz/ fv|z`%~mioln tcvj|tiblz/ `mvlz mbn kvmzzj|~~lvz" Zbmiozmbn kvmzzj|~~lvz al~j` ~`l ìk`lz~ emvhl~ tvijlz tlv hiockvme"

Ib |vfmb mvlmz/ ~`l km~`lvlvz emy zloo ~`l zbmioz nivlj~oy ~c jcbz|elvzcv ~c {`colzmol ~vmnlvz cv vl~miolvz" Zbmioz jmb fl zechln mbn z~cvlnacv zmol n|vibk ~`l caa zlmzcb {`lb tvijlz mvl ìk`lz~"

Zbmio tvijl niaalvlbjlz fl~{llb ~`l {l~ mbn nvy zlmzcbz mvl qiqinoyioo|z~vm~ln fy ~`l vlz|o~z ca m zbmio emvhl~ibk z~|ny jmvviln c|~ ibZc|~`lvb Biklvim (Lwl l~ mo"/ 6441/ zll A|v~`lv Vlmnibk)/ {ìj` mvltvlzlb~ln ib ~mfol >"

^`l j`mbblo ca niz~vif|~icb acv zbmioz {mz avce tvcn|jlvz mbn `|b~lvz~c vl~miolvz mbn ~`lb ~c jcbz|elvz/ cv avce `|b~lvz nivlj~oy ~c jcbz|e%

lvz" Zbmio emvhl~ibk {mz ac|bn ~c fl emvkibmooy laaijilb~ ib fc~` ~`l


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Zbmio Amveibk1>

{l~ mbn nvy zlmzcbz/ {`ij` emy fl m~~vif|~mfol ~c tvcfolez z|j` mz~`l bm~|vl ca ~`l zc|vjl ca z|ttoy/ tccv z~cvmfioi~y mbn lpjlzziql tvijl"

^mfol >7 Biklvimb zbmio tvijlz ib ~`l {l~ mbn ~`l nvy zlmzcbz (= \Z

. 5 B=6;":/104

Emvhl~ibk jcz~z B64 B>4/1:4

Bl~ vl~|vb B 6/6:< B :/47 [cemb zlooibk zbmioz

M emvhl~ibk z~|ny ib Zc|~` Flbib (Zcngibc| l~ mo") z`c{ln KMOZemvhl~ibk ~c fl nceibm~ln fy {celb" ^`l emvhl~ibk bl~{cvh jce%

tvizln `|b~lv%km~`lvlvz/ {`colzmolvz/ mbn nlmolvz" Kvczz emvkib {mz


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Zbmio Amveibk11

Tvcjlzzln zbmio elm~

Avlz` zbmio elm~ jmb fl tvcjlzzln/ acv z~cvmkl cv emvhl~ibk/ ib zlqlvmo{myz73M~ amve olqlo/ i~ jmb fl zechl%nviln acv zmol ib ~`l caa zlmzcb {`lb

tvijlz mvl ~vmni~icbmooy ìk`lv"3Zbmio elm~ jmb fl avcwlb cv jmbbln/ acv zmol ~c ncelz~ij cv lptcv~

emvhl~z" ^ìz ~ytl ca tvcjlzzibk vl}|ivlz ibqlz~elb~z cb m zjmol~`m~ iz (tvcfmfoy) flycbn ~`l elmbz ca ~`l ibniqin|mo zbmio amvelv/~`c|k` i~ eik`~ fl |bnlv~mhlb fy z~vcbk/ tvcztlvc|z amvelvz+ jcct%lvm~iqlz"

3Cb%amve tvcjlzzibk ca zbmio elm~ ib~c ocjmooy {loo%vljliqln/ ~mz~yniz`lz/ acv zmol m~ yc|v c{b vcmnzinl z`ct cv ~c blmvfy vlz~m|vmb~z/

emy fl mbc~`lv {my ca mnnibk qmo|l ~c zbmio amve tvcn|j~z" Cfqi%c|zoy/ yc| z`c|on mfinl fy ocjmo zmbi~mvy vlk|om~icbz {`lb z~mv~ibkmbn v|bbibk m zbmio elmo hi~j`lb"

9"6 Lptcv~ emvhl~z

Avmbjl tomyz m jlb~vmo vcol ib ~`l kvc{ibk ib~lvbm~icbmo ~vmnl ib zbmioz"Zcel ca ~`l zbmioz ietcv~ln ib~c Avmbjl mvl tvcjlzzln mbn lptcv~ln ~cc~`lv L|vctlmb jc|b~vilz cv ~c Bcv~` Melvijm/ lztljimooy ~c ~`l \ZM/{ìj` ietcv~z `|bnvlnz ca eiooicbz ca \Z ncoomvz {cv~` ca zbmio elm~mbb|mooy" C~`lv ietcv~mb~ emvhl~z mvl Klvemby/ Floki|e/ Bl~`lv%ombnz/ Jmbmnm/ Z{i~wlvombn/ Gmtmb/ Z{lnlb/ M|z~vim/ Nlbemvh mbnZc|~` Mavijm"

Mecbk ~`l emgcv z|ttoilvz ~c ~`lzl emvhl~z mvl Kvlljl/ ^|vhly/ V|%

embim/ Moklvim/ ^|bizim/ mz {loo mz ^mi{mb/ ^`miombn mbn Jìbm" Ecz~jc|b~vilz z|ttoy ~`l L|vctlmb zbmio ztljilz@loip mztlvzm/@" tcem~immbn@" o|jcv|e/ {ìol ~`l Mzimb jc|b~vilz z|ttoyMj`m~ibm a|oijm" ^`lzbmioz mvl z|ttoiln avlz`/ avcwlb cv jmbbln" ^`l Mavijmb ztljilz al~j`mfc|~ cbl ~ìvn ca ~`l tvijl ca ~`l L|vctlmb ztljilz" ^ìz iz emiboyfljm|zl/ jcetmvln ~c ~`l L|vctlmb ztljilz/ ~`l elm~ ca ~`l Mavijmbztljilz iz jcbzinlvln ~c fl vm~`lv v|fflvy mbn ~`l z`loo olzz z|i~mfolacv tvlzlb~ibk ~`l aibmo tvcn|j~" L|vctlmb jcbz|elvz klblvmooy tvlalv

zbmioz zlvqln ib ~`l z`loo"


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Emvhl~z 1;

@c{lqlv/ z~|nilz fy ~`l Eibiz~vy ca Mkvij|o~|vl/ Aiz`lvilz mbn Accn ib~`l \bi~ln Hibknce `mql z`c{b ~`m~ g|qlbiol M" mj`m~ibm zbmioz mvlelm~ilv mbn ecvl ~lbnlv ~`mb ~`l ecvl amqc|vln L|vctlmb ztljilz" I~iz `ctln ~`m~ ~`iz aibnibk {ioo ibjvlmzl nlembn acv ~`l Mavijmb ztljilz"

Acv [lz~ Mavijmb tvcn|jlvz/ ~`iz eik`~ elmb bc~ cboy m fikklv emvhl~acv ~`liv tvcn|j~ f|~ mozc vln|jln jcz~z ca tvcn|j~icb fljm|zl ca ~`lz`cv~lv kvc{ibk tlvicn vl}|ivln (acv ~`l zbmioz ~c vlmj` ~`l ziwl tvl%alvvln fy jcbz|elvz)" @c{lqlv/ i~ {ioo ~mhl zcel ~iel flacvl ~`locbk%z~mbnibk tvlg|nijlz ib jcb~iblb~mo L|vctl mkmibz~ ~`l Mavijmbzbmio ztljilz mvl cqlvjcel"

Lptcv~ emvhl~z jolmvoy caalv cttcv~|bi~ilz/ ~`c|k` ~`l zemoo%zjmol

zbmio tvcn|jlv z`c|on bc~ |bnlvlz~iem~l ~`l niaaij|o~ilz/ ibjo|nibk ie%tcv~ vlk|om~icbz/ `ykilbij mbn `lmo~` vl}|ivlelb~z" I~ {c|on zlle ~`m~~`l zemoo/ ocjmo zbmio amvelv eik`~ tmv~ijitm~l ib lptcv~ cttcv~|bi~ilzflz~ ~`vc|k` amvelvz+ jcctlvm~iqlz/ cv fy jcb~vmj~ amveibk acv omvkl/ocjmo zbmio tvcjlzzibk mbn lptcv~ qlb~|vlz"


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Zbmio Amveibk10

Mttlbnip =7 Tombbibk m zbmio amveibkqlb~|vl % < z~ltz

Z~lt =7 Tomb3emvhl~3tvcn|j~icb3cvkmbizm~icbZ~lt 67 Tioc~ tvcn|j~icb mbn zmolz/ olmnibk ~c7Z~lt :7 +Kc cv bc kc nljizicb+Z~lt >7 Ibqlz~elb~ ib amjioi~ilz mbn hbc{%`c{

Z~lt


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Mttlbnip =7 Tombbibk m zbmio amveibk qlb~|vl % < z~ltz 19

~`l kimb~ Mavijmb zbmioz ~c fl =44 zbmioz# e6 acv g|qlbiolz ca 4"9 k/mbn :4#e6 acv tvl%mn|o~z ca


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Zbmio Amveibk;4

Z~lt >7 Ibqlz~elb~ ib amjioi~ilz mbn hbc{%`c{

Amjioi~ilz73Ocjm~icb/ ~ytl mbn ziwl ca jmklz cv tlbz/ nltlbnibk cb ~`l zjmol ca

zbmio amveibk tombbln"

3Aibmbjl/ jcvvlztcbnibk ~c ~`l zjmol ca ~`l zbmio amveibk ctlvm~icb73Tviqm~l cv ameioy jmti~mo/ eijvc%jvlni~ (Kvmellb Fmbh ecnlo) cv

jceelvjimo jvlni~"Hbc{%`c{73Mj}|ivibk cv ietvcqibk yc|v hbc{olnkl ca zbmio amveibk ~`vc|k`

lpj`mbkl ca ibacvem~icb/ vlmnibk/ m~~lbnibk jc|vzlz/ l~j"

Z~lt


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Mttlbnip 67 Jcz~z ca jcbz~v|j~ibk zbmiolvilz ;=

Mttlbnip 67 Jcz~z ca jcbz~v|j~ibkzbmiolvilz

Fljm|zl ca ibaom~icb/ tvijlz mvl elmbibkolzz mbn `mql fllb cei~~ln" Jce%tol~l ~`l jcz~ jmoj|om~icbz fy lb~lvibk ~`l ocjmo tvijlz ca jcbz~v|j~icb em~lvi%moz mbn omfc|v" Jcbz~v|j~icb jcz~z e|z~ ibjo|nl ~`l jcz~ ca mby ~vmbztcv~m~icbj`mvklz-

^mfol 00 je ~ieflv (ivchc)' (z~io~z) =

6 6"< :4 :11 je {ccnlb fcmvn (fcp) 6

: Byocb elz` 4">< e

> [ivl bl~ 4">< e

< Bmioz (6"< mbn ;"< je) 4"< hk

1 0 je `ibklz/ tmnocjh 6/ =

; Omfc|v = tlvzcb%nmy

^c~mo

' Ivchc iz ~`l ~vmnl bmel acv cn|e {ccn

Aik|vl 6/ < mbn 1" I~le = z`c|on fl vltomjln fy < =4 >00 je ~ieflv"


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Zbmio Amveibk;6

^mfol 17 ^vlbj` tlb (zl~ ca 9 tlbz ca 94 94 1 6: =< je 91

6 Jlelb~ 6 fmkz

: Byocb elz` == e

> 6"< < ::4 je ~ieflv (ivchc) =4

< Bmioz (< je) = hk

1 Omfc|v (nikkibk mbn omyibk focjhz) > tlvzcb%nmyz

; Omfc|v (emhibk jcqlv) 6 tlvzcb%nmy

^c~mo

Aik|vl 617 ^vlbj` tlb


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Mttlbnip 67 Jcz~z ca jcbz~v|j~ibk zbmiolvilz ;:

^mfol ;7 Eibi%tmnncjh tlb (1 ="< 4"< e8 z|i~mfol acv ecvl ~`mb644 mn|o~ zbmioz)

I~le Nlzjvit~icb ]|mb~i~y Tvijl

= Byocb elz` =0 e

6 < < :11 je ~ieflv (ivchc) :

: Bmioz (> je) 4";< hk

> Bmioz (="< je) 4"< hk

< Omfc|v 6 tlvzcb%nmyz

^c~mo

Aik|vl 6;7 Eibi%tmnncjh tlb

^`l jcz~z ca m eibi%tmnncjh tlb f|io~ {i~` fmefcc nltlbn cb ~`lzc|vjl ca ~`l fmefcc mbn ~`l ~vmbztcv~m~icb j`mvklz"


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Zbmio Amveibk;>

A|v~`lv vlmnibk

Mhibfiol Z"E"/ =999 (=z~ t|fo") Zbmio Vlmvibk" Lvcnizl F|ziblzz Bl~%

{cvhz/ Ifmnmb/ Biklvim" M zietol fcchol~ cb kimb~ Mavijmb ombn zbmioamveibk"

Mhib|zi C"/ =990" Tvmj~ijmo vm~icbmo zbmio fvllnibk" Ib7 BiklvimbGc|vbmo ca mbiemo tvcn|j~icb =990 (qco" 6)" Flo~zqiool/ Emvyombn/ \ZM7 \bi~ln Z~m~lz Nltmv~elb~ caMkvij|o~|vl (\ZNM)" ^`iz vltcv~ cb zbmio vmizibk iz nlviqln avce mvlqil{ ca ~`l oi~lvm~|vl mbn zlmvj`lz ca zlolj~ln nm~mfmzlz" Mqmiomfolcboibl7 {{{"bmo"|znm"kcq#mazij#MAZIJSt|fz#zvf91%4


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A|v~`lv vlmnibk ;" Vcel/ I~moy"

Gc|vbmo ca Ecoo|zjmb Z~|nilz" T|foiz`ln ~`vll ~ielz m ylmv ib ~`l\bi~ln Hibknce/ ~`iz gc|vbmo ibjo|nlz mv~ijolz cb vlzlmvj` cb eco%o|zjz mbn vlom~ln cvkmbizez"

Nv" Gczlt` V" Jcffibm`/ =99:" Zbmio Amveibk ib [lz~ Mavijm7 MTvmj~ijmo K|inl" IZFB 9;096940==466/ / t" 6:0%6>;)" L%emio7 ibacjoilb~Dibiz~"av

Chtlwl/ J"B" l~ mo"/ 644;" Laalj~z ca allnibk cb mn|o~ zbmioz" Ib7 Ma%vijmb Gc|vbmo ca Fic~lj`bcocky/ Qco" 1(=1)"

Cecol/ M"G"/ M"M"^mi{c" mbn G"M" Me|zmb/ 644;" Tvmj~ijmo ZbmioAmveibk" Ibz~i~|~l ca Mkvij|o~|vmo Vlzlmvj` mbn ^vmibibk (IMV!^)/Cflalei M{coc{c \biqlvzi~y/ Ifmnmb/ Biklvim"

Z`loncb/ J" =900" Vmizibk Zbmioz" Ztljimo Vlalvlbjl Fvilaz (Bm~icbmoMkvij|o~|vmo Oifvmvy ZVF 00%4>)" Flo~zqiool/ Emvyombn/ \ZM7 \bi~lnZ~m~lz Nltmv~elb~ ca Mkvij|o~|vl (\ZNM)" ^`iz vltcv~ cb zbmio vmizibkiz nlviqln avce m vlqil{ ca ~`l oi~lvm~|vl mbn zlmvj`lz ca zlolj~ln nm%~mfmzlz"


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Zbmio Amveibk;1

\zla|o mnnvlzzlz

Mo~lvbm~iql Amveibk Zyz~lez Ibacvem~icb Jlb~lv

Bm~icbmo Mkvij|o~|vmo Oifvmvy/ \"Z" Nltmv~elb~ ca Mkvij|o~|vl=4:4= Fmo~iecvl Mqlb|l/ Vcce =:6/ Flo~zqiool/ EN 64;4%;46%1;:0;4/ A7 :=(4)::%>1:6>=4L7 iolimDiolim"bo/ [7 {{{"olizm"ibac

Tvmj~ijmo Mj~icb (acvelv Ib~lvelnim~l ^lj`bcocky Nlqloctelb~

Kvc|t (I^NK))

I^NK `lotz tlctol ~c |zl ~lj`bcocky ib ~`l aik`~ mkmibz~ tcqlv~y"Hly{cvnz mvl7 tvmj~ijmo mbz{lvz ~c tcqlv~y/ z|z~mibmfol zco|~icbz mbntlctol acj|zln" Mnnvlzzlz ca caaijlz jmb fl ac|bn m~ ~`l {lfzi~l7{{{"tvmj~ijmomj~icb"cvk


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Koczzmvy ;;

Koczzmvy

mlz~iqm~icb ~`l z~m~l ca ncvembjy n|vibk ~`l nvy zlmzcb

({mve zlmzcb)mkko|~ibm~icb ~`l z~m~l ca flibk jo|etln ~ckl~`lv/ mz ia

ko|lnmt`vcnizimj m z|fz~mbjl (accn cv nv|k) ~`m~ z~ie|om~lz zlp%

|mo nlzivljo|~j` b|eflv ca lkkz tvcn|jln cv ibj|fm~ln m~ ~`l

zmel ~ieljcon%foccnln `mqibk m fcny ~letlvm~|vl ~`m~ qmvilz mjjcvn%

ibk ~c ~`l lp~lvbmo joiem~lnlacvlz~m~icb ~`l mj~ ca j|~~ibk nc{b cv jolmvibk ~vllz avce

m acvlz~ljc~ytl m tct|om~icb ca mby ztljilz ca tomb~ cv mbiemo

{i~` ib`lvi~ln j`mvmj~lviz~ijz ~`m~ lbmfol i~ ~cz|vqiql ib m tmv~ij|omv `mfi~m~

lj~ctmvmzi~l m tmvmzi~l ~`m~ oiqlz lp~lvbmooy cb i~z `cz~lp~lbziql amveibk m amveibk zyz~le (mo{myz c|~nccvz) ib {ìj`

~`l bm~|vmo lolelb~z (tomb~z/ zcioz/ {lm~`lv/l~j) tomy m nceibmb~ vcol/ vl}|ivibk eibiemoaibmbjimo ibt|~

allnibk z~ie|omb~ m accn jcetcblb~ ~`m~ ibn|jlz allnibk`mlecoyet` ~`l zbmioz fcny ao|in`loij|o~|vl m zyz~le ca vmizibk zbmioz ib lbjocz|vlz/ ib%

nccvz cv c|~nccvz (nlviqln avce @loip/ ~`l

klb|z ~c {ìj` emby ztljilz ca L|vctlmbcvikib flocbk)`lvemt`vcni~l mb cvkmbize {ìj` `mz fc~` emol mbn alemol

vltvcn|j~iql cvkmbzìflvbm~icb ~`l z~m~l ca ncvembjy n|vibk jcon tlvicnz`|eini~y nmetblzz/ tmv~ij|omvoy ca ~`l mivibj|fm~icb tlvicn ~iel fl~{llb ~`l omyibk mbn `m~jìbk ca lkkz


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ib~lbziql amveibk m amveibk zyz~le (ibnccv cv c|~nccv) ib mìkòy jcb~vcooln lbqivcbelb~/ vl}|ivibk ìk`jmti~mo ibt|~

ecoo|zj mb ibqlv~lfvm~l mbiemo {ìj` |z|mooy `mz m

z`looecv~moi~y avl}|lbjy ca nlm~`z ib tvctcv~icb ~c tct|om%

~icbtmvmzi~l mb cvkmbize (|z|mooy zemoo) ~`m~ kvc{z/ allnz

mbn iz z`lo~lvln cb cv ib m tmv~ij|omv cvkmbize(i~z `cz~) f|~ jcb~vif|~lz bc~ìbk ~c i~z `cz~+zz|vqiqmo

tlz~ijinl m j`leijmo |zln ~c hioo tlz~z ca mbiemoz cv

tomb~ztvlnm~cv mb mbiemo ~`m~ tvlyz cb c~`lv mbiemozt|~vlay nljmy cv nljcetczl {i~` m al~in (ac|o) zeloozljcbnmvy tmvmzi~l m tmvmzi~l ~`m~ oiqlz cb m `cz~ {lmhlbln fy

mbc~`lv cvkmbize cv fy |bamqc|vmfol lbqi%vcbelb~mo jcbni~icbz

zbmiolvy lbjocz|vl cv tlb ib {ìj` zbmioz mvl vlmvln~lb~mjolz m vl~vmj~mfol z~v|j~|vl ib mbiemoz/ flmvibk

zlbzl vljlt~cvz mbn |zln ~c cf~mib accnqizjlvm ~`l zca~/ ib~lvbmo cvkmbz ca ~`l fcny

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