Smart Micro Grid

8/13/2019 Smart Micro Grid

1/102

P,

UNICAMP UNESP, A 2012

G E

1

P , A CD I E

U P


2/102

O1. F

2. T

3. S

4. T

5. C

P,

2

6. I 7. M

8. O

9. O I

10. D 11. D

12. S

13. C


3/102

P,


G E

3

1. F


4/102

F

P

(

1. F

, )

C ()

U

I (

)

N

4


5/102

L

D E R(DER)

B

1. F

,

M

I

5


6/102

D

E

1. F

B

I , ,

I

6


7/102

B

( ,

1. F

C

DER (P, , )

I

7


8/102

P,


G E

8

2.


9/102

MV/LV

SubstationResidential 1

LOAD

Residential 1

LOAD + PV DG +

ES

G D:A S G

,

L M =

M/L

&

2. T

L

EG

EG

EG

EG

EG

EG

EG

Residential 1LOAD + PV

and WIND DGs

3

Combustion

Backup

Generator andES

Fuel Cell

backup unit

Industrial 3LOAD + PV DG

Distribution and

communication

line(s)

9

.

DER

(EPP,

)

,

(EG = E G).EG


10/102

E &

G

F

R

I

I

2. T

E

L

&

S

D N

N ,

N

P: T INENE ENEG 10


11/102

E

M

I

I ICT

2. T

I

R

R

A

P (

)

11


12/102

UE R UE R (CIGRE 2010)(CIGRE 2010)

2. T

S S (JRC 2011)(JRC 2011)

12


13/102

P,


G E

13

3.


14/102

EEGG

EE

EE

GG

II

3. M

G

GG

EEGG

EE

GG EEGG

EE

GG

14


15/102

3. M

D

A , ..,

(DER)

E G (EG)

P , , , , , .

(EPP),

,

15

, ,

.

P

P & EG

D

EG DER


16/102

O ICT

DC/DC

DC/DC

I

P E

P

B P

O

E

M

/B

PLC?

GRID

3. M

E G

M C

P

RT

S

P

FH

A L

S

M

I

G

N

A

L

M

/

S

P Q

( )

() ()

() ()

C

G

(

)

() ()

16


17/102

E

P

E

GRID

3. M

I

C

G

I/O INTERFACE

, EG

E

M , ,

,

, .

T

17


18/102


19/102

P,


G E

19

4.

S


20/102

R , P

PCC

E

6A POE

CONEE

PP

4. T

E

PBATTM

(RL)4 PS

15

BP,QLOADS

LOAD

P,QGENP,QABS

20


21/102

4.5

5Loads and PV generation

Pload

PPV

PCC

4P

S

6A POE

CONEE

15

PP

PBATT

P,QGEN

P,QLOADS

4. T

P

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 13141516 1718 19 2021 22 23 240

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

time [h]

kW

B

LOAD

21


22/102

A

PBATT = 0: PABS=PLOADSPP

3Active power demand from the grid without battery

Instantaneous

mean

PCC

4P

6A POE

CONEE

PP

P

P,QGENPABS

PPABAB

4. T

P

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

time [h]

kW

15

BP,QLOADS

LOAD

22


23/102

4. T

D

80

100

120

140Distribution loss without battery

Instantaneous

mean

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223240

20

40

60

time [h]

W

23


24/102

0.8

1Active power demand from the grid with battery

Instantaneous

mean

PPABAB=P=PLOADLOADPPPPPPBABA

PCC

4P

6A POE

CONEE

PP

P,QGENPABS

L PL PABAB= P= PABAGABAG( )( )

4. T

P

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021 222324-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

.

time [h]

kW

15

B

BATT

P,QLOADS

LOADDD

CC

24


25/102

1

2

3Power from the battery

6A POECONEE

4. T

D

DD

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324-3

-2

-1

0

time [h]

k

15

B

BATT

CC

25


26/102

12

14

16Energy in the battery

C C

4. T

D

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242

4

6

8

time [h]

kW

h

CC

DD

D D

26


27/102

D

85% (

)

4. T

D

10

15Distribution loss with battery

Instantaneous

mean

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223240

5

time [h]

W

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 1314 15 16 1718 19 2021 22 23 240

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Distribution loss without battery

time [h]

W

Instantaneous

mean

27


28/102

L (E G) R

R P

E (UPS )

4. T

D

28

P

M (U I + E G) E &

S P

P

C OI


29/102

P,


G E

29

5. C

5 C


30/102

L (E G) E ( )

M ( )

( & )

R &

5. C

C

30

M (U I + E G) S

A

L (S ) M &

M

M

5 C


31/102

Distributed ControlDistributed ControlDistributed ControlDistributed Control

Energy MarketEnergy MarketEnergy MarketEnergy Market

5. C

H

31

P

Local controlLocal controlLocal controlLocal control ofpower convertersand generators

cooperation rulesof distributed units)


32/102

P,


G E

32

6. I

6 I


33/102

6. I

I

S

:

1. C :

33

P ) . T C ( P) .

2. :

(UPS ,

). T

C .


34/102

CDC

Q1

VDC

Q2

Q 3

Q4

+

VGRID

IGRID

L

ES

&

D

P

QC C /

PCI

PM G

dI

-

+

C

O DC

P

34


35/102

C

I

CDC

Q1

VDC

Q3

+ VGRIDIGRID

LC

ES

&

D

P

Q

- + O

35

2 Q4

PM G

d

I +

C

G

L

, PQ,

.)


36/102

F

(.., P ) , ..,

(=1);

A GID IGID,

:

&&GRIDGRID

I , ,

GRIDV&

GRIDI&

i

v

jGRIDGRID

jGRIDGRID

eII

eVV

=

=

&

&

RMS

iv =

36


37/102

C P

:

jQPIVS GRIDGRID +==*&&&

== *j&

Q

P>0:

P0: Q>0:

F

37

=

=

+=

==

sinIVQ

cosIVP

sinIVcosIV

eIV

GRIDGRID

GRIDGRID

GRIDGRIDGRIDGRID

jGRIDGRID

P

P>0:

P


38/102

P

Q

P>0

Q>0

P>0

Q


39/102

P,


G E

39

7. M

S

7. M


40/102

M (1)

T , .

P : N /

, , . T

P F ,

(NR , ).

L : P C C

L 5% . T,

PCCV&

eqZ&

GV&

GI&

40

,

( ) . S . T, K .

PCC=Point of

Common

Coupling

(MV/LV sub.)

M, L

, ..

(

RL ). T ,

.

7. M


41/102

A: PCC

VjjUV ratedPCC 02300 +=+=&

A:

,

M (2)

41

PCC .

PCCVV


42/102

I (1)

C N+1

(0N) N (1N),

.( )

otherwise0

nodeentersbranchif1nodeleavesbranchif1

+

= nn

n,Ac ll

l

T Ac

N x (N+1)

:

42

C I M Ac

4

3

2

1

A

43210

c

11000

01010

00110

00011

=B

N

1LpI&

2LaI&

2GaI&

3GaI&

3aI&

2aI&

4LpI&

1Z&

2Z&

3Z&

4Z&

7. M


43/102

I (2)

I M A

T A

N x N

0( , .., P C C

, PCC)

43

43

2

1

A

4321

c

11000101

0011

0001

=

B

N

N: T I

M A

1LpI&

2LaI&

2GaI&

3GaI&

3aI&

2aI&

4LpI&

1Z&

2Z&

3Z&

4Z&

7. M


44/102

P

T

A N x N

P ,

nth

0 n.

44

P M P

B

N

( ) ( )4

32

1

AAP

4321

TT

1000

11000010

1111

11 ===

1LpI&

2LaI&

2GaI&

3GaI&

3aI&

2aI&

4LpI&

1Z&

2Z&

3Z&

4Z&

7. M


45/102

K (1)

L uc (

0) v , K

L (KL)

:

{

4

3

2

1

0

4

3

2

1

1100

0101

0011

0001

0

0

0

1

U

UU

U

U

V

V

V

V

uAv

Aa

cc

&

&&

&

&

44 344 21&

&

&

&

==

45

1LpI&

2LaI&

2GaI&

3GaI&

3aI&

2aI&

4LpI&

1Z&

2Z&

3Z&

4Z&

I , u

(

0), K L

(KL) :

UAUaV &&& = 00

a0

Ac

7. M


46/102

K (2)

L (

)

, K L

(KLC)

:

4

3

2

1

3

2

1

0

1100

0010

0111

0001

J

J

J

J

I

I

I

I

jAi T

cc

&

&&

&

&

&

&

&

&

==

46

1LpI&

2LaI&

2GaI&

3GaI&

3aI&

2aI&

4LpI&

1Z&

2Z&

3Z&

4Z&

4

I , i

(

0), K L

(KLC) :

=

=

JAI

JaI

T

T

&&

&&00

7. M


47/102

K (3)

N : =

==N

n

T

Nn IIii1

00 1 &&

T:

( ) ( ) T

NTTTTTTT

N PaAaIAaJaII 11 01

01

000 ===== &&&&

47

1LpI&

2LaI&

2GaI&

3GaI&

3aI&

2aI&

4LpI&

1Z&

2Z&

3Z&

4Z&

I , i

(

0), K L

(KLC) :

=

=

JAI

JaI

T

T

&&

&&00

7. M


48/102

(1)

1LpI&

2LaI&

2GaI&

3GaI&

3aI&

2aI&

4LpI&

1Z&

2Z&

3Z&

4Z&

Branch impedances

Z1 1+j1

Z2 2+j2

Z3 3+j3

Z4 4+j4

Load currents

ILp1 5+j5 A

ILa2 10+j10 A

48

F : jiijjiij JZUUV == &&&&&

Lp4 +

{ } JZV

Z

Z

Z

ZdiagZ

N

N=== =

&&

&

K

&

&

&&ll

000

000

000

000

2

1

1

LZ , :

7. M


49/102

(2)

1LpI&

2LaI&

2GaI&

3GaI&

3aI&

2aI&

4LpI&

1Z&

2Z&

3Z&

4Z&

Branch impedances

Z1 1+j1

Z2 2+j2

Z3 3+j3

Z4 4+j4

Load currents

ILp1 5+j5 A

ILa2 10+j10 A

49

R :

Lp4 +

( ) IAZUAUaJAI

UAUaVJZV

P

T

T&

321&&&

&&

&&&&& =+

=

==

1

0000

{

IZUIPZPUUIPZAUUaA grid

Z

T

U

N

P gridT

N

&&&&43421

&321

&&&&&&43421

&&

===+

00

10

1

0

1

0

1

T :

7. M


50/102

(3)

1LpI&

2LaI&

2GaI&

3GaI&

3aI&

2aI&

4LpI&

1Z&

2Z&

3Z&

4Z&

Branch impedances

Z1 1+j1

Z2 2+j2

Z3 3+j3

Z4 4+j4

Load currents

ILp1 5+j5 A

ILa2 10+j10 A

50

E

Lp4 +

IZUU grid&&&& = 0 T

T PZPZ Tgrid = &&

I (m,n) Zgrid

0 m n,

E ( ) UYIUUZI gridscgrid &&&&&&& ==

0

1 N

7. M

D


51/102

T :

*TN

rmsd JRJJRP &&

l

ll == =1

2 R =

&&&&&

D

B J I:

51

IPIJJI ===

T:

*

grid

T*

R

TT

d IRIIPRPIP

grid

&&&43421

& ==

N:Rgrid Zgrid. I :

( ) gridgridTT

grid XjRPXjRPPZPZ +=+== &&

7. M

E ( )


52/102

E (1)

1LpI&

2LaI&

2GaI&

3GaI&

3aI&

2aI&

4LpI&

1Z&

2Z&

3Z&

4Z&

Branch impedances

Z1 1+j1

Z2 2+j2

Z3 3+j3

Z4 4+j4

Load currents

ILp1 5+j5 A

52

ILa2 10+j10 A

ILp4 15+j15 A

S , 2 3

R

R 0, .. PCC,

=

1100

0101

0011

0001

AB

N

7. M

E (2)


53/102

( ) PRPARAR TTgrid == 11

E (2)

T=

= 0011

0001

1

Branch impedances

Z1 1+j1

Z2 2+j2

Z3 3+j3

Z4 4+j4

Load currents

ILp1 5+j5 A

53

MR :

=

4000

0300

0020

0001

R

=

8411

4411

1131

1111

gridR

1101

0101 ILa2 10+j10 AILp4 15+j15 A

7. M

E (3)


54/102

E (3)

Branch impedances

Z1 1+j1

Z2 2+j2

Z3 3+j3

Z4 4+j4

Load currents

ILp1 5+j5 A

=

8411

4411

1131

1111

gridR

54

ILa2 10+j10 A

ILp4 15+j15 A

*

grid

T

d IRIP && =

[ ] W5350

1515

0

1010

55

8411

4411

1131

1111

15150101055 =

+++=

j

j

j

jjjPd

7. M

L G (1)


55/102

T

, .

I , :

At .A

; .

L G (1)

lA

55

, .

=

lA

AA

t T ( )

C ( )

T ,

() () :

*T*

tt

T

t*

*

ttTT

t

*T

d JRJJRJJ

J

R

RJJJRJP

lll

lll

&&&&&

&&&&& +===

0

0


56/102

7. M

L G (3)


57/102

*

t

TT*

tt

TT*

t

T

t

T*

tt

T

t

T

*T

J

**

tt

J

TTT

t

T*T*

tt

T

td

JRPRPJIPRPJJPRPIIPRPI

JRJJPIPRPJPIJRJJRJP

*

t

T

t

lllllllll

lll

&

ll

&

lllll

&4341

&&4341

&&4341

&&4341

&

&&

44 344 21

&&

444 3444 21

&&&&&&

++++=

=+

+

+=+=

C, :

L G (3)

57

tt

tt

lll

l

( ) *T*tT*tt

T

d JRJIJIIP lll

llll&&&&&& +++= 2

T (

).

I , ,

.

S , :Tt

t

=

ll

7. M

L G (4)


58/102

( ) ( ) IRJJRIJ

P t**td &&&&& ll

lllll

lll +==++=

10220

L G (4)

T ,

(R/ ) ,

:

58

( ) *T*tT*tt

T

d JRJIJIIP lll

llll&&&&&& +++= 2

( ) *meshgrid

T*tT

t

T*t

t

T

d IRIIRIIIP &&&&&&

ll

l

l

l=

+=

1

T


G E


59/102

P,

G E

59

8. O

8. O

O


60/102

I ,

( ). T :

T

T T ; :

T ,

O

60

T ,

T

T ,

( ) . H,

.

8. O

D L M (1)


61/102

( )

I :

L

G (A) (Z)

EPP

LIKI

IKI

pp

aa

&&

&&

=

= Na ( )

Np ()

61

*

grid

T

d IRIP &&=

*

pp,p

T

p

*

pp,a

T

a

*

aa,a

T

ad IRIIRIIRIP &&&&&& +

= 2

D :

O

F Ia Pd Ip

T

a,pp,aTpgridpp,p

Tagridpa,p

T

pgridap,a

T

agridaa,a

RRKRKR,KRKR

KRKR,KRKR

===

==

:

6. O

D L M (2)


62/102

00220

0220

0 =

==

==

=

pp,aaa,a

p,aa,ad

p,aa,ad

a

d IRIRbRyR

y

P

aRxRx

P

I

P&&&

yjxIa +=& bjaIp +=

&

&& 1=

( )

L:

62

pp,aa,aopt,a

O :

A ,

, (

)

T ()

() . T ,

( , , .).

S

8. O

A (1)


63/102

( )

1LpI&

2LaI&

2GaI&

3GaI&

3aI&

2aI&

4LpI&

1Z&

2Z&

3Z&

4Z&

Branch impedances

Z1 1+j1

Z2 2+j2

Z3 3+j3

Z4 4+j4

Load currents

ILp1 5+j5 A

63

ILa2 10+j10 A

ILp4 15+j15 A

S , 2 3

EP 1:R

=

1100

0101

0011

0001

A

B

N

8. O

A (2)


64/102

0001

( )

=

1101

0101

0011

0001

1AEP 2: I

64

EP 3: M :

=

4000

0300

0020

R

( )Tgrid ARAR 11 =EP 4: M

=

8411

4411

1131

1111

gridR

8. O

A (3)


65/102

G , (

) IL:

[ ] W53500

1010

55

4411

1131

1111

15150101055 =

+++== j

j

jjjIRIP *

Lgrid

T

Ldo&&

( )

65

EP 5: M Ka Kp(

=

=1000

0001

0100

0010pa KK

=

=

=

=

81

11

41

11

41

11

41

13

p,pa,p

p,aa,a

R,R

R,R

EP 6: S Rgrid

T

pgridpp,p

T

agridpa,p

T

pgridap,a

T

agridaa,a

KRKR,KRKR

KRKR,KRKR

==

==

8. O

A (4)


66/102

=

+

+

==

909115909115

1.36261.3636

1515

55

41

11

41

131

1

.j.

j

j

jIRRI pp,aa,aopt,a&&

EP 7: C

Ip . L:

T :

+

+=

=

1515

55

4

1

j

j

I

II

Lp

Lpp &

&&

66

+

+=

+=

=

909115909115

11.362611.3636

909115909115

1.36261.3636

0

1010

3

2

33

22

.j.

j

.j.

jj

I

I

II

III

Ga

Ga

GaLa

GaLa

a &

&

&&

&&&

I , Ia

(ILa) (IGa). T:

EP 8: C

1827.3W2 =+

+=

*

pp,p

T

p

*

pp,a

T

a

*

aa,a

T

aopt,d IRIIRIIRIP &&&&&&

8. O


67/102

T

. I , :

, (i0 = 0)

,

,

67

,

, ,

,

,


G E


68/102

P,

68

9. O I

9. O I

I


69/102

T .

I

.

T (PLC) ,

.

69

, ,

. T

, .

T

.

H,

,

,

.

S

9. O I

N


70/102

N

N

PIME

(PI

M E)

PIME :

D

OFDM

70

T CENELEC A ,

45H92H 97

MAC

(PRIME

)N : PLC OA ( O

A), 1

S MG F DEI

S=OFDM 288

M


71/102

T ( ),

.

I ,

. I , .

N ,

PLC

A (OA)

71

N

.

= 2+

T

=/, .

T:2

)( Tcd AAB

=

D

1.510


72/102


G E


73/102

P,

73

10. D

10. D

I


74/102

I & ,

, ,

.

T , ,

, ..,

.

( ), .

G , , ..,

.

T, ,

.T , ..,

,

.

74

10. D


75/102

T

().

,

( ).

,

. T

.

T EPP ()

( )

M

75

10. D

C


76/102

L rAB

,

A B :

==K

2&

G

AB, AB

IAB(IBA).

=

=

=K

k

*kkkAB

k

IIr

0

0

&&

=

=

+=

=K

k

LBAk

k

LABk

III

III

1

1

l

l

l

l

&&&

&&&

:

D A B

76

10. D

L (1)


77/102

O :

IABIBA

AB

00 =

= LOSSLOSS PP

&&

T

AB

M:

D A B

BAAB

=

=

=

=K

k

AkkL

AB

optBA

K

kBkkL

AB

opt

AB

dId

I

dIdI

1

1

1

1

&&

&&

BAoptBABA

optABAB UU

II

II &&&&

&&=

=

=

77

10. D

L (2)


78/102

I , A B , :

I

C O

D A B

circ

AB

opt

ABAB

BAopt

ABAB IIdz

UU

II

&&

&

&&&&

+=

+=

circ

BA

opt

BAAB

ABopt

BABA IIdz

UU

II

&&&

&&&&

+=

+=

78

10. D

L (2)


79/102

4434421&

&&

321&&&

&& circN

optN I

K

k k

kN

I

K

k

optkN

K

k

kNNZ

UUIII ===

+==

111

T N

:

C

D

L1 LK

D

M

==

==

==

K

k k

K

k k

koptNN

optNN

circN

ZZ

UUU

III

11

10

&&

&&&

&&& EPP

EPP

M

79

10. D

N /


80/102

T

(EPP )

(), ,

)

= ==

===K

k

M

m

Nkm

NkL

Nk

K

k

optNk

optNN

Nk

mdI

dIII

1 11

1 &&&&

N

T

(EPP )

,

( ),

=

=

=

= ==K

k k

K

k k

k

K

k k

K

k k

k

optNN

d

d

U

Z

Z

U

UU

1

1

1

1

11

&

&

&

&

&&

N

T

80

10. D

N /


81/102

= ==

===K

k

M

m

Nkm

NkL

Nk

K

k

optNk

optNN

Nk

mdI

dIII

1 11

1 &&&&

N O

!

I

,

.

=

=

=

= ==K

k k

K

k k

k

K

k k

K

k k

k

optNN

d

d

U

Z

Z

U

UU

1

1

1

1

11

&

&

&

&

&&

N

81

O

!

I ,

N ,

.

10. D

C/ N


82/102

=

=

K

k NkoptNN

optNN

dII

UUz

1

1

&&

&&&

Keq &&

=

11

2. T T N

1. G ,

z

,

N

:

optN

eqN

optN

oN

k Nk

IZUU

d

&&&& =

=1

(

) :

3. T

N : N

eq

N

o

NN

IZUU &&&& +=

( )

82

10. D


83/102

NI&

N

NU&

1U&

2U&

kU&

KU&

1NZ&

2NZ&NkZ

&

NKZ&

A ,

()

83

, :1.

2. ( )

3. 4.

5.

==

K

k Nk

K

k Nk

koptN

dd

UU

11

1&&

eqN

NoptN

NZ

UUI

&

&&& =

10. D

C


84/102

NI&

N

NU&

1U&

2U&

kU&

KU&

1NZ&

2NZ&NkZ

&

NKZ&

C

N:T

,

PCC.T

T bNk

.

T :

T

:

84

:k

]K,[k

NkrefN UbU && = 1

0,1],1[

=

kNKk

kN bb

=

=K

k NkNkNk

ddb

1

11


G E


85/102

P,

85

11. D

11. D

I


86/102

C ,

,

.

M, (PMU, P M

U), .

86

Q: ?

( )

:B ,

11. D

P


87/102

C

1. E m Pm Qm

n :

m

N

n

nmn

m

eqm

m

N

nnm

nm

mnm PP

d

dP

dd

PP ==

=

=

= 1

1

0

1

4341

87

2. E n, ,

:

m

N

n

nmn

m

eqm

m

N

nnm

nm

mnm

d

QQd

dQ

dd

QQ

eqm

==

=

=

= 1

1

0

1

====

====M

mnm

eqm

m

M

m

nmn

M

mnm

eqm

m

M

m

nmn

d

dQQQ

d

dPPP

1111

11. D

P &


88/102

A ( ) ,

,

.

T ,

.

88

D T

.

T

.

S

11. D

(1)


89/102

M T :

==

=

=N

n nm

nQ

nm

nQ

m

m

n

N

n nm

nP

nm

nP

m

n

m ddQQ

ddPP

00

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 11 = kkkk nPminnPnPnPnP )1(/)( , = kPPk nMAXnnP

:

89

= ( = 10 H)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 11 = kkkk nPminnQnQnQnQ )1(/)( , = kQQk nMAXnnQ

C (


90/102

M T :

==

=

=N

n nm

nQ

nm

nQ

m

m

n

N

n nm

nP

nm

nP

m

n

m ddQQ

ddPP

00

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 11 = kkkk nPminnPnPnPnP )1(/)( , = kPPk nMAXnnP

:

90

AT

R

L T

,

C

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 11 = kkkk nPminnQnQnQnQ )1(/)( , = kQQk nMAXnnQ


G E


91/102

P,

91

12.

12. S


92/102

A

T

M S .

T

.

T

( ),

.

92

18 L

12. S

E (1)


93/102

DG PMAX

kW

SMAX

kVA

G1 1 2

G2 1 2

G3 3 5

G4 3 5

G5 3 5

Load Z=R+jL Power @

230VRMS

L1 5kW cos=0.91

L2 5kW cos=0.91

L3 2.5kW cos=0.96

L4 2.5kW cos=0.96

L5 2.5kW cos=0.96

L6 5kW cos=0.91

feeder..VM

lResidentia

0N

1N

2N

3N

4N

5N

6N

7N

8N

9N 10N

1B 2B

3B

4B

6B 5B

7B8B

9B 10B

2L

3L

4L

5L

2G

3G

4G

5G

18 L

G7 10 15

G8 10 15

G9 10 15

L7 10kW cos=0.80

L8 10kW cos=0.80

L9 10kW cos=0.80

0230 = RMSph VV

Workshop

11N

12N13N

14N

15N

16N

17N

18N

11B

12B

13B14B 15B 16B

17B

18B

1L

6L

7L 8L

9L

1G

6G

7G 8G

9G

kWPRL 5.52= 0.857cos =RL

kWPRG 55= kVASRG 85=

L

DE

/ EPP

2240mmS=

r = 0.08/km

l = 255H/km

= /4 rad T 1.8

93

12. S

E (2)

T


94/102

I : I OFF

1.2kWmax

=RPL:

:

1Generators nodes voltages - RMS value

T ,

.

T :

A (

&

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

Generator n

p

.u

.

I ,

& (, ,, ),

.

P

(

& )

94

12. S

(1)

Total loss


95/102

A

A T R , 9

. E 9 , 500600

700800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

(W)

Actual loss

Theoretical minimum (1)


95

A 100

50%

.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-90-70-50-30-10

1030507090

Injected active and reactive RMS currents

(A)

Generator n

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 2800

100200

300

Token Iteration

4511

12. S

(2)

Total loss


96/102

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300Total loss

(W)

Actual loss



A T R , 9

. E 9 ,

A

96

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-90-70-50-30-10

1030507090


(A)

Generator n

A 100

50%

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 2800

100

200300

400

Token Iteration

116

24

.

12. S

C C (1)

Total loss


97/102

C

A

A T R ,

9

. E 9 , 500600

700800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

(W)

Actual loss



0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-90-70-50-30-10

1030507090


(A)

Generator n

Active

ReactiveA 100

50%

.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

100200

300

400

Token Iteration

116

24

97

12. S

C (2)

Total loss


98/102

C

M

A

-101030507090


(A)

Without management

500

600

700800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300Total loss

(W)

Actual loss



0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-90-70-50-30-101030507090


(A)

Generator n

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-90-70-50-30

Generator n

With management

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-90-70-50-30-101030

507090

Ideal Injected active and reactive RMS currents

(A)

Generator n

Theoretical Optimum

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

100

200

300

Token Iteration

11624

98

12. S

P


99/102

A

, :

C PLO

=928 (23% )

C C PLO=935 (22% )

99

T , ..,

. T

,

.

T

,

,

.

12. S

P

1300Total loss


100/102

400

500

600

700800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

(W)

928

Current loss



C

M

( )

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

100

200

300

Token Iteration

230

A 100

50%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-90-70

-50-30-101030507090 Injected active and reactive RMS currents

(A)

Generator n

C

P,


101/102

C1. S ICT,

2. T

101

.

,

,

4. T &

, , ,

,

5. T I

,


G E


102/102

P,

102

DEI/PD

DEI

DEI

Smart Micro Grid

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