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![Page 1: Small ruminant grazing, vegetation and landscaping … · Small ruminant grazing, vegetation and landscaping Piotr Nowakowski, Robert Bodkowski, Katarzyna Czyż Wroclaw University](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022604/5b67af027f8b9ab0128b96e4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Small ruminant grazing,
vegetation and
landscaping
Piotr Nowakowski, Robert Bodkowski, Katarzyna Czyż
Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences – Poland
E-mail: [email protected]
EAAP – 66th annual meeting, Warsaw 2015
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Why grazing?
To follow just trophic chain and
TO HAVE
humans desire satisfied
biodiversity of vegetation
landscape intact
small ruminants alive, healthy and
productive
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Holistic approach to grass
from mid XX century
Another book by
Andre Voisin:
Grass
Productivity, 1959
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THE END OF SHEPHERDING?
Fencing is
developing very
fast to face the
labour pressure.
The French
example of the
dry region of Diois
in southern Alps.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70% farms
1996 2001
totally
fenced
fences &
shepherd
shepherd
Source: Sauvaget & Poisson 2001
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Temporary grazing is not the
same as permanent relying on
pasture of ruminant animal!
Real grazer
Stability of relations animal – environment
(24h/day; up to an entire year)
Passing information between generationsabout the environment
Self learning of eating plants in differentseasons and times of the day
Learning dam – offspring
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Process of learning to eat all
Long lasting process!!
System „boom-bust” (USA) –in beef
cattle learning (adjustement) lasted 3
years with temporary animal
performance lowered by 40%! (Provenza & Papachristou, 2009)
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Grazing is not so fashionable in
modern technologies!
Dry matter requirements [g per
day] of growing sheep due to the
feed type (ARC 1980)
HERBAGE CONCENTRATES
57 g/kg W 0,75
100%
90 g/kg W 0,75
158%
Concentrates are winners! STANDARDIZATION!
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selfcure
Desire to eat and accept
different chemical
compounds
= as body requires
[good reference: Cindy Engel (2002)
WILD HEALTH – HOW ANIMALS
KEEP THEMSELVES WELL AND
WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM THEM ]
Animals have to make choices
themselves!!
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Grazing and browsing
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Browsing by lambs but not so by ewes!
WHY?
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SHEEP BROWSING (LAMBS) VS GRAZING (EWES)
Example of mineral content of herbage when soil pH = 4,0 and
subsoil pH >7,0 (Ćwikła et al., 1999)
Item Ca
[% in DM]
P
[% in DM]
Mg
[% in DM]
Rose (Rosa ssp.)
- leaves
1,32 0,15 2,30
Hawthorne
(Crataegus ssp.)
- leaves
1,40 0,12 1,20
Hawthorne
– bark
4,65 0,05 0,07
Grasses
- herbage
0,48 0,16 0,19
Grasses
– hay
0,26 0,15 0,15
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▼ Tastier sward!!
▼ invasive Heracleum
▼ permanent pasture
Fencing and sward quality and composition
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Locality, time (diurnal &
seasonal) and sequence of
grazing
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Sheep pasture in the Sudety
Mountains - (altitude 550 m) = 51
plant species = pharmacy and
threat! (Klimkowska et al. 2009):
Achillea millefolium/ Aegopodium podagraria/ Agrostis alba/ Agrostisvulgaris/ Alchemilla pastoralis/ Alopecurus geniculatus/ Anemonesilvestris / Angelica silvestris/ Anthoxanthum odoratum/ Anthriscussilvestris / Arrhenatherum elatius/ Bellis perennis /)Carex Fusa/ Cirsiumrivulare/ Dactylis glomerata/ Deschampsia caespitosa/ Dianthusdeltoides/ Equisetum arvense/ Equisetum silvaticum / Festuca ovina / Festuca rubra/ Fragaria vesca/ Galium boreale/ Galium verum/ Geumriale / Glechoma hederacea / Heracleum sphondylium/ Hieraciumpilosella / Hypericum perforatum/ Lathyrus pratensis/ Leontodonautumnalis/ Leontodon hispidus/ Luzula campestris / Lysimachianummularis/ Myosotis arvensis / Phleum pratense/ Poa annua / Poapratensis / Poa trivialis / Polygonum bistorta / Primula elatior / Ranunculus acer/ Ranunculus repens / Rumex acetosa / Stellariagraminea/ Taraxacum officinale / Trisetum flawescens / Urtica dioica/Veronica chamaedrys / Vicia cracca/ Vicia sepium
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FITONCIDES – plant substances
with antibacterial,
antiprotozoal, antifungal,
antiviral actions:
Fenyloalkiloamines
Glukozynolates
Saponines
Alkaloides
Triterpenes
Terpenoides
Tannines
Flawonoides
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Relative differences in just one essential
oil in the leaves of Tansy (Tanacetum
vulgare) due to location in the
environment of Lithuania (Mockute &
Judżentiene, 2003)
What about
standarization within
animal / grassland
technology?
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The sequence of intake of
active substances and ruminant
performance !
( Provenza & Papachristou, 2009)
Tannins => Terpens = ↑↑↑ (++)
Terpens => Tannins = ↓↓↓ (--)
Tannins/saponins => Alkaloids = ↑↑↑(++)(ex. Lotus corn.) => Festuca arund./ Phalaris arund.)
Alkaloids => Tannins = ↓↓↓ (--)(ex. Festuca arund./ Phalaris arund. => Lotus corn.)
Choice of toxication or detoxication
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Tannins – example of Birdsfoot-
trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)
( Provenza & Papachristou, 2009)
Lower parasitic invasions
Protect from bloat
Binding with proteins protects them from bacterial processing in the rumen=>improvement in immunological functions
Lower methan emmisions
In moderate quantities may influence colourand meat quality traits
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Phytoestrogens
(A. Voisin 1959)
Production in plants depends on P and S levelsin the soil
Low P & S soil status => ESTROGENS ↑↑↑ (Trifolium mediterranean)
Pasture vs pasture!!! 922 vs 5898 ME/kg DM => 6x!!! (ME = mouse unit)
Effects:
Reproduction ↓↓↓
Milk production↑↑↑
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Phytoestrogens
in Common Dandelion
(Taraxacum officinale) ( Voisin, 1959)
- leaves => 77 ME/kg DM
- flowers => 800 ME/kg DM
- flower stems => 1788 ME/kg DM
DIFFERENCES 10 to >20x!!!
ME = Mouse Unit – concentration of oestrogensstimulating oestrus in 50% of females
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Landscaping and invasive
plants
Heracleum ssp (Giant hogweed)
Solidago ssp (Golden rod)
……….
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Invasive Heracleum ssp.
1 human mortality in Poland 2015 documented
Not enough small ruminants in the landscape!
Waiting up to 9 years to bloom!!!
(Pysek et al. 2007)
Sheep pasture : 15 years
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Xantium albinum invasion of beef pasture
What about mixed grazing? - GOATS LIKE IT!
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Solidago ssp. invasion of set aside
agriculture landscape
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Solidago ssp after sheep grazing
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Heidschnucke grazing Solidago ssp. at Lower
Silesia
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What about pure productivity?
Carcass production in Poland on natural
grasslands [own data ] vs New Zealand and
Ireland technologies [Connolly, Teagasc, 1998]
kg carcasses per ha
Poland New
Zealand
Ireland
80 - 90 184 216
more than 2x difference!
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Conclusion
We have to consider the trophic chain
relations rather than just animal
production technologies for the
sustainability of landscape.
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What to do? Build AGAIN long term animal &
grassland interactions as local
technologies
Make small ruminants more common in
the landscape by simplification of:
- regulations ex.encephalopathy histeria,
- management systems,
- processing of animal produce at low
production scale
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Make true grazer the
winner!
Thank you!