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States of ConsciousnessStates of Consciousness

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An Early Pioneer: William JamesAn Early Pioneer: William James

Medical training Teacher of

psychology He was interested in

the nature of consciousness

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Definition of ConsciousnessDefinition of ConsciousnessState of awareness of ourselves and

our worldIt includes our thoughts, feelings,

sensations, and perceptionsStates of consciousness

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Levels of awarenessLevels of awareness Focused awareness

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Drifting AwarenessDrifting Awareness

Daydreaming

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Divided ConsciousnessDivided Consciousness The ability to divide

consciousness allows us to perform more than one task at a time

Dangers

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UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness

Both sleep and dreaming are examples of unconsciousness

Definition: lack of awareness of one’s surroundings or loss of consciousness

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Loss of ConsciousnessLoss of Consciousness

Head trauma Surgical anesthesia Coma

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States of ConsciousnessStates of Consciousness

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Altered States of ConsciousnessAltered States of Consciousness Daydreaming Meditation Hypnosis Drug use

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Sleeping and DreamingSleeping and Dreaming One-third of our

lives we are asleep; hypothalamus

Circadian rhythms; melatonin

Jet lag

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Wakefulness and SleepWakefulness and Sleep

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Brainwave Patterns Brainwave Patterns During Wakefulness and SleepDuring Wakefulness and Sleep

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Changes in Sleep PatternsChanges in Sleep Patterns

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Freud and DreamsFreud and Dreams Dreams = wish

fulfillment The royal road to

the unconscious Manifest versus

latent Symbols

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Sleep DeprivationSleep Deprivation Need for sleep

varies The life cycle Accidents

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Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy Apnea Sudden infant death

syndrome Sleepwalking Night terrors

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InsomniaInsomniaInsomnia affects 15% of the adult

population3 types:

1. Trouble getting to sleep

2. Trouble staying asleep

3. Trouble returning to sleep after awakening

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CharacteristicsCharacteristicsof Insomnia Sufferersof Insomnia SufferersHigher levels of autonomic nervous

system activityHigher anxiety levelsMore tension in the foreheadMore concerned about physical

complaints

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Using Drugs to Induce SleepUsing Drugs to Induce Sleep Sleeping pills and

arousal Habituation and

tolerance

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Things You Can Do to Things You Can Do to Sleep BetterSleep Better

Practice relaxation techniques

Avoid ruminating Establish a regular

routine

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NarcolepsyNarcolepsy

A mirror image of insomnia

Rapid onset of REM sleep

May last up to 15 minutes

Dangers

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Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea

Stop breathing as many as 500 times a night

An anatomical deformity

Risks: hypertension, high blood pressure

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Nightmare DisorderNightmare Disorder

Disturbing nightmares that are very vivid and intense

Common themes: falling, fleeing

REM sleep

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Night TerrorsNight Terrors

More intense than nightmares

They occur in deep sleep, not REM sleep

Affects boys and men more

Delayed stress connection

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SleepwalkingSleepwalking

More common among children than adults

Persistent sleepwalking is an indication of a sleep disorder

Occurs in deep sleep

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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)(SIDS)Crib death or SIDS kills up to 7,000

children each year in the U.S.CausesMonitoring infants

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Altering Altering Consciousness through DrugsConsciousness through Drugs

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What is Considered Abuse?What is Considered Abuse?

3 criteria listed by the American Psychiatric Association

1. Pathological use 2. Impairment of

occupational or social functioning

3. Lasts one month or more

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Drug DependenceDrug Dependence

Physiological dependence

Withdrawal/abstinence syndrome

Tolerance

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Physical Dependence vs. Physical Dependence vs. Psychological DependencePsychological Dependence

Physical dependence = caused by repeated usage that changes body chemistry

Psychological dependence = a pattern of habitual or compulsive use of a drug in order to satisfy a psychological need

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DepressantsDepressants

Alcohol Opiates/opioids Barbiturates Slow the activity or

the central nervous system

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AlcoholAlcohol

Alcohol is associated with lower productivity, loss of employment, and downward social mobility

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Mixing Alcohol with BarbituratesMixing Alcohol with Barbiturates

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The Effects of AlcoholThe Effects of Alcohol

Alcohol is a CNS depressantIt deadens minor aches and painsIt impairs cognitive functioningIt reduces coordination and impairs

information processing

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Consequences of Consequences of Chronic Drinking Chronic Drinking

Heart disease High blood pressure Brain damage Cirrhosis of the liver Fetal Alcohol

Syndrome

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Treatment of AlcoholismTreatment of AlcoholismDetoxification/abstinence syndromeDisulfuram/AnabuseAlcoholics AnonymousBehavior therapy, aversion therapy,

instruction in social skills

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OpiatesOpiatesOpiates are usually called narcoticsOpiates include opium, morphine,

heroin, and codeineOpiates produce analgesia (pain

reduction) and euphoria (a pleasurable state somewhere between waking and sleep)

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HeroinHeroin

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China White/Asian HeroinChina White/Asian Heroin

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A Balloon of HeroinA Balloon of Heroin

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Other NarcoticsOther Narcotics

Codeine Demerol (opioid) Percodan/Darvon/

Oxycontin Methadone

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BarbituratesBarbituratesCalming or sedating drugs used to

regulate high blood pressure, block pain during surgery, and control epileptic seizures

They are highly addictive and used on the street to produce euphoria

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Common BarbituratesCommon BarbituratesAmobarbitalPhenobarbitalSecobarbitalMethaqualone (brand names—

Quaalude and Sopor; street names include “ludes” and “soprs”) is a sedative that has effects similar to those of barbiturates

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RohypnolRohypnol

Produces amnesia in the occasional drug user

Also known as the “date rape drug”

It is considered a depressant

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TranquilizersTranquilizers

Depressants used to treat disorders such as anxiety and insomnia

The benzodiazepine family of drugs includes: Valium, Xanax, Halcion

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StimulantsStimulantsStimulants are drugs which heighten the

activity of the central nervous systemThey include amphetamines, cocaine,

MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeineStimulants can cause psychological and

physically dependence

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MethamphetamineMethamphetamine

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How Do Amphetamines Work?How Do Amphetamines Work?Not found in natureThey activate the sympathetic branch of

the autonomic nervous systemThey boost the levels of the

neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine

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Types of AmphetaminesTypes of Amphetamines

Benzedrine (“bennies”) Methamphetamine

(“methedrine” or “speed”) Dextroamphetamine

(“dexedrine” or “dexies”)

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CocaineCocaine Stimulant derived

from the leaves of the coca plant

Snorted, injected, ingested

“Ideal brain tonic”: 1886

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CocaineCocaine

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Cocaine ParaphernaliaCocaine Paraphernalia

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Freebase Smoking PipeFreebase Smoking Pipe

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BindleBindle

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Marijuana/HallucinogensMarijuana/Hallucinogens Derived from the

cannabis plant Contains the

psychoactive chemical THC

Leaves ground up and smoked

Hashish

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Marijuana ParaphernaliaMarijuana Paraphernalia

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Risks of MarijuanaRisks of Marijuana Most widely used

illicit drug Heart rate/blood

pressure Motor performance Learning/memory

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MDMA (Ecstasy)MDMA (Ecstasy)Amphetamine-like drugInitially used in psychotherapy to

alleviate a patient’s stress and anxietyRave parties

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LSD (“acid”)LSD (“acid”) Lysergic acid

diethylamide Timothy Leary:

Harvard psychology professor who experimented with LSD

Ken Kesey: noted author who also took LSD

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The effects of LSDThe effects of LSDTime distortions, anxiety, panic, “bad

trips”Loss of appetite, sleeplessnessFlashbacks

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Other HallucinogensOther Hallucinogens Mescaline Psilocybin PCP (phencyclidine,

“angel dust”)

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InhalantsInhalants Amyl & butyl

nitrite/nitrate Correction fluid Hydrocarbons/

gasoline, glue, paint thinner, rubber cement

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A form of altered consciousness in which a person becomes highly suggestible

A subject does not exercise critical-thinking skills

What Is Hypnosis?What Is Hypnosis?

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What Hypnosis Is NotWhat Hypnosis Is NotIt is not the same as sleepIt is not the same as a drug-induced

stateIt is not like any other altered state of

consciousness

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What Hypnosis Can AccomplishWhat Hypnosis Can AccomplishUnusual feats of attention controlPsychosomatic regulationCognitive dissociation

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Components Components of the Unconscious Mindof the Unconscious MindImmoral urgesShameful experiencesSelfishnessFears, violent motivesUnacceptable urges

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How Does It Work ?How Does It Work ?Subject allows the hypnotist to guide

and directA person may be made aware or

unaware of certain thingsA subject becomes highly receptive and

responsive to suggestions

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Inducing a TranceInducing a TranceBraid method

Eye method

Machine method

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Can You Be Made to Do Can You Be Made to Do Something Against Your Will?Something Against Your Will?

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Posthypnotic suggestions

Hypnosis, Part 2Hypnosis, Part 2

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How Do Posthypnotic How Do Posthypnotic Suggestions Work?Suggestions Work? Suggestions to

remember when the trance has ended

Helps change unwanted behaviors (smoking, overeating)

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History of HypnosisHistory of HypnosisAnton MesmerPlacebo effectHealing salon in ParisGrand crisisCommittee to investigate

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Value of HypnosisValue of HypnosisAnesthesiaSensory manipulationExtraordinary strength?Age regressionHyperamnesia

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Dangers of HypnosisDangers of Hypnosis Dissociation Conversion

symptoms and psychosomatic illnesses

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Stages of SuggestibilityStages of Suggestibility Insusceptible Hypnoidal Light trance Medium trance Somnambulistic

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Best SubjectsBest Subjects Teens or those in

their early 20s Above average IQ 85% of this group

can be hypnotized Introverted Hysterical

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Autohypnosis (self-hypnosis)Autohypnosis (self-hypnosis)Induced through daydreamingPosthypnotic suggestionUse of guided imagery

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Use of InstrumentsUse of Instruments Regulation of

psycho-physiological responses

Instruments measure subtle signs from our bodies of which we are usually not aware

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Learning How to RelaxLearning How to Relax Many problems

result from tension Tension can be

reduced using biofeedback

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Examples of Examples of Stress-Related DisordersStress-Related Disorders Ulcers Neck/shoulder

tension and migraine headaches

Hypertension Anxieties Phobias

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Learning Learning to Control Muscle Tensionto Control Muscle Tension

Place sensors over the muscle you are trying to relax

The sensor picks up the minute signals of muscle activity

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The AT33 EMGThe AT33 EMG

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Attaching the Electrode SensorsAttaching the Electrode Sensors

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MeditationMeditationA set of techniques intended to create

an altered state of consciousnessHelps reduce anxiety and tensionFocus is provided by a word, sound, or

object/mantraAlpha waves