Slide 1 of 40 - School District of Rhinelander strong connective tissue that supports the body ......

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biology

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36–1 The Skeletal System


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The Skeleton

(All organisms need structural support.

Unicellular organisms have a cytoskeleton.

Multicellular animals have either an exoskeleton

(arthropods) or an endoskeleton (vertebrates).)


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The Skeleton

(The human skeleton is composed of bone.

Bones and other connective tissues, such as

cartilage and ligaments, form the skeletal system).


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The Skeleton

What are the functions of the skeletal

system?


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The Skeleton

A. The skeleton:

• 1. supports the body.

• 2. protects internal organs.

• 3. provides for movement.

• 4. stores mineral reserves.

• 5. provides a site for blood cell formation.

• Osteo=bone


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The Skeleton

Axial Skeleton

Skull

Sternum

Ribs

Vertebral

column

B. axial skeleton:

(blue) supports

central axis of body.


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The Skeleton

Clavicle Scapula

Humerus

Radius Pelvis Ulna Carpals Metacarpals

Phalanges Femur

Patella

Fibula

Tibia Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Appendicular Skeleton

C. Appendicular

Skeleton (grey):

bones of arms and

shoulder area; pelvis

and legs


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Structure of Bones

Structure of Bones

What is the structure of a typical bone?


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Structure of Bones

D. Bone Structure:

1. solid network of living cells

2. protein fibers surrounded by deposits of

calcium salts.


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Structure of Bones

Bone marrow

Periosteum

Spongy bone

Compact bone

Haversian canal

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Periosteum

Osteocyte

Artery

Vein


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Structure of Bones

(The bone is surrounded by a tough layer of

connective tissue called the periosteum.

Blood vessels in the periosteum carry oxygen and

nutrients to the bone. )


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Structure of Bones

(Beneath the periosteum is a thick layer of compact

bone.

Running through compact bone is a network of tubes

called Haversian canals that contain blood vessels

and nerves.)


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Structure of Bones

(Spongy bone is found inside the outer layer of

compact bone.

Spongy bone is also found in the ends of long bones

and in the middle of short, flat bones.

Spongy bone adds strength without adding mass.)


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Structure of Bones

(Osteocytes, or mature bone cells, are embedded in

the bone matrix.

Other bone cells—osteoclasts and osteoblasts—line

the Haversian canals and the surfaces of compact

and spongy bone.

• Osteoclasts break down bone.

• Osteoblasts produce bone.)


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Structure of Bones

E. Bone marrow:

soft tissue inside the cavities of bones.

F. 2 types of bone marrow:

• 1. Yellow marrow is made up of fat cells.

• 2. Red marrow produces red blood cells, some

kinds of white blood cells, and platelets.


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Development of Bones

G. Development of Bones

1. skeleton of an embryo is composed of cartilage.

2. Cartilage:

* strong connective tissue that supports the body

* softer and more flexible than bone.


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H. Ossification:

Cartilage is replaced by bone

(Bone tissue forms as osteoblasts secrete mineral

deposits.

When the osteoblasts become surrounded by bone

tissue, they mature into osteocytes.)


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I. Growth plates:

area at either end of long bone that cartilage

grows.

(Growth of cartilage at these plates causes bones to

lengthen. Gradually, this cartilage is replaced by

bone tissue.

By early adulthood, cartilage in the growth plates is

replaced by bone, the bones become ossified, and

growth stops.)


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Types of Joints

J. Types of Joints

1.Joint:

place where one bone attaches to another bone

* permit bones to move without damaging

each other.


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Types of Joints

What are the three different kinds of

joints?


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Types of Joints

K. 3 kinds of joints:

(Classified depending on type of

movement)


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Types of Joints

1. Immovable Joints

a. allow no movement.

b. bones are interlocked and held

together by connective tissue, or

they are fused together.

c. example: skull bones.


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Types of Joints

2. Slightly Movable Joints

a. small amount of restricted movement.

b. example: adjacent vertebrae.


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Types of Joints

3. Freely Movable Joints

a. movement in 1 or more directions.

b. 4 types freely movable joints:

1. ball-and-socket joints

2. hinge joints

3. pivot joints

4. saddle joints


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Types of Joints

Ball-and-socket joints permit movement in many

directions.

Resources/ActiveArt/index.html


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Types of Joints

Hinge joints permit back-and-forth motion.


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Types of Joints

Pivot joints allow one bone to rotate around another.


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Types of Joints

Saddle joints permit one bone to slide in two

directions.


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Structure of Joints

(Structure of Joints

In freely movable joints, cartilage covers the

surfaces where two bones come together.

Joints are also surrounded by a fibrous capsule

that holds the bones together while still allowing

them to move.)


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Structure of Joints

Knee Joint

Muscle

Tendon

Femur

Patella

Bursa

Ligament Synovial fluid

Cartilage

Fat

Fibula

Tibia


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Structure of Joints

C. ligaments: hold bones together in joints

(Synovial fluid forms a thin lubricating film over the

surface of the joint.

Synovial fluid enables the bones to slide past each

other more smoothly.)


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Structure of Joints

(In some freely movable joints small sacs of synovial

fluid called bursae form.

A bursa reduces the friction between bones of a joint

and also acts as a shock absorber.)


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Skeletal System Disorders

4. Skeletal System Disorders

A.Excessive strain on a joint may produce inflammation,

(in which excess fluid causes swelling, pain, heat, and redness.)

B. Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa

C. Arthritis: Inflammation of the joint

D. Osteoporosis: is caused by a loss of calcium in the bone.

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36–1

Resources/ch36_sectn01_quiz.qtb

Resources/ch36_sectn01_quiz.qtb

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36–1

Red blood cells, some kinds of white blood cells,

and platelets are produced by

a. red marrow.

b. cartilage.

c. yellow marrow.

d. osteocytes.

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36–1

Mature bone cells are called

a. periosteum.

b. osteocytes.

c. bone marrow.

d. Haversian canals.

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36–1

In freely movable joints, what covers the

surfaces where the two bones come together?

a. ligaments

b. cartilage

c. bursae

d. tendons

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36–1

During ossification, cartilage is replaced by

a. bone.

b. ligament.

c. marrow.

d. tendon.

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36–1

The shoulder joint is an example of a

a. ball-and-socket joint.

b. hinge joint.

c. pivot joint.

d. saddle joint.

END OF SECTION

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