Biology - School District of Rhinelander · Biology. Slide 2 of 28 ... * composed of protists,...

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biology

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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains


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The Tree of Life Evolves

(The Tree of Life Evolves

Systems of classification adapt to new discoveries.

Linnaeus classified organisms into two kingdoms—

animals and plants.

The only known differences among living things

were the fundamental traits that separated animals

from plants.)


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(Five Kingdoms

Scientists realized there were enough differences

among organisms to make 5 kingdoms:

• Monera

• Protista

• Fungi

• Plantae

• Animalia)


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( Six Kingdoms

1990’s biologists recognized that Monera were

composed of two distinct groups: Eubacteria and

Archaebacteria.)


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What are the six kingdoms of life as they

are now identified?


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1. The six-kingdom system of classification

includes:

• Eubacteria

• Archaebacteria

• Protista

• Fungi

• Plantae

• Animalia


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Changing Number of Kingdoms

Introduced Names of Kingdoms

1700’s

Late 1800’s

1950’s

1990’s

Plantae Animalia

Protista Plantae

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae

EubacteriaArchae-

bacteria

Animalia

Animalia

AnimaliaProtista Fungi Plantae


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The Three-Domain System

2. The Three-Domain System

a. In 2000’s, Molecular analyses have given rise

to a new taxonomic category

b. domain –

*is a more inclusive category

* larger than a kingdom.


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What is the three-domain system of

classification?


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3. The three domains are:

a. Eukarya

* composed of protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

b. Bacteria

*corresponds to kingdom Eubacteria

c. Archaea

* corresponds to kingdom Archaebacteria.


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Domain Bacteria

4. Domain Bacteria

a. are unicellular prokaryotes.

b. cells have thick, rigid cell walls that

surround a cell membrane.

c. cell walls contain peptidoglycan.

(polymer of sugar and amino acids that

surround cell membrane)

d. ecologically diverse- free-living soil

organisms to deadly parasites

e. some carry out photosynthesis

f. some need oxygen


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Domain Bacteria

The domain Bacteria

corresponds to the

kingdom

Eubacteria.


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Domain Archaea

5. Domain Archaeaa. are unicellular prokaryotes.

b. live in extreme environments.

c. cell walls lack peptidoglycan

d. their cell membranes contain unusual

lipids not found in any other organism.

e. corresponds to Kindgom Archaebacteria


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Domain Archaea

The domain

Archaea

corresponds to

the kingdom

Archaebacteria.


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7. Structure and Function Prokaryotes

(Bacteria and Archaea)

a. Small- 1 to 5 micrometers

b. Rod (bacilli), spherical (cocci), and spiral

(spirilla) shaped

c. Need supply of chemical energy for food;

store as sugar molecules

d. Release energy during cellular respiration,

fermentation, or both

e. reproduce by binary fission (double in size,

split into 2 identical cells)



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f. endospore is produced in unfavorable

conditions ( thick internal wall surrounds

DNA and some cytoplasm)

*remain dormant for months – years

g. exchange genetic information by conjugation

(hollow bridge forms between 2 bacteria

and genetic material moves from 1 to

another. Allows bacteria to survive in new

environment or to become resistant to

antibiotics)



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8. Importance of Prokaryotes:

a. Decomposers

*replenish supply of raw materials

*essential in sewage treatment plants and

water purification plants

b. Producers

*most abundant photosynthetic organism

in world

*Key in all food chains/webs

c. Nitrogen fixers

*Convert N2 in useful forms

d. Human uses

*food and commercial products

(Yogurt, drugs, digest petroleum)Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall


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Domain Eukarya

9. Domain Eukarya

a. consists of organisms that have a nucleus.

b. is organized into four kingdoms:

1. Protista

2. Fungi

3. Plantae

4. Animalia


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Domain Eukarya


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Domain Eukarya

10. Protista

(Its members display the greatest variety.)

a. eukaryotic organisms

b. unicellular or multicellular;

c. photosynthetic or heterotrophic

d. can share characteristics with plants,

fungi, or animals.


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Domain Eukarya

11. Fungi

a. heterotrophs.

b. Most feed on dead or decaying organic

matter (by secreting digestive enzymes

into it and absorbing small food

molecules into their bodies. )

c. either multicellular (mushrooms) or

unicellular (yeasts).


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Domain Eukarya

12. Plantae

a. multicellular

b. photosynthetic autotrophs.

c. nonmotile—(they cannot move from place

to place.)

d. cell walls that contain cellulose.

e. includes cone-bearing and flowering

plants as well as mosses and ferns.


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Domain Eukarya

13. Animalia

a. multicellular

b. heterotrophic.

c. do not have cell walls.

e. Most can move about.

(There is great diversity within the animal kingdom,

and many species exist in nearly every part of the

planet.)

- or -

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18-3

Resources/ch18_sectn03_quiz.qtb



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18-3

Organisms whose cell walls contain

peptidoglycan belong in the kingdom

a. Fungi.

b. Eubacteria.

c. Plantae.

d. Archaebacteria.

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18-3

Multicellular organisms with no cell walls or

chloroplasts are members of the kingdom

a. Animalia.

b. Protista.

c. Plantae.

d. Fungi.

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18-3

Organisms that have cell walls containing

cellulose are found in

a. Eubacteria and Plantae.

b. Fungi and Plantae.

c. Plantae and Protista.

d. Plantae only.

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18-3

Molecular analyses have given rise to a new

taxonomic classification that includes

a. three domains.

b. seven kingdoms.

c. two domains.

d. five kingdoms.

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18-3

Which of the following contain more than one

kingdom?

a. only Archaea

b. only Bacteria

c. only Eukarya

d. both Eukarya and Archaea

END OF SECTION

Biology - School District of Rhinelander · Biology. Slide 2 of 28 ... * composed of protists,...

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