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Transcript of Slide 1 © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT 10 A...
Slide 1
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT10A Topical Approach to
John W. Santrock
Emotional Development
Slide 2
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional Development
• Exploring Emotions
• Development of Emotion
• Temperament
• Attachment and Love
Slide 3
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Are Emotions?
• Feeling or affect in a state or interaction characterized by
– Behavioral expression
– Conscious experience
– Physiological arousal
• Positive and negative expressions
Exploring Emotions
Slide 4
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Are Emotions?
Exploring Emotions
• Facial expressions of basic emotions– Biological nature; same across cultures
• When, where, and how to express emotions are not culturally universal
• Biological roots…but shaped by culture and relationships
Slide 5
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Functionalist View of Emotion
• Individuals’ attempts to adapt to specific contextual demands
• Relational
• Linked with an individual’s goals
• Nature of goal can affect experience
Exploring Emotions
Slide 6
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional Regulation
• Effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal
– Involves state of alertness or activation
– States can be too high for effective functioning
Development of Emotion
Slide 7
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Developing Emotional Regulation
Exploring Emotions
As one ages or matures:
• Regulation shifts from external sources to internal resources
• Cognitive strategies for regulation and ability to shift focus increase
• Ability to effectively cope with stress increases
• Develop greater capacity to modulate emotional arousal
• More adept with age at selecting and managing situations, relationships
Slide 8
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional Competence Skills
Exploring Emotions
• Being aware of own emotional states and those of others
• Using appropriate emotional vocabulary
• Having empathic and sympathetic sensitivity to others’ experiences
• Seeing self as feeling like one wants to feel
• Understanding inner emotional states and outer expressions may not correspond
• Adaptively coping with negative emotions
• Being aware that emotional expression plays major role in relationships
Slide 9
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Early Developmental Changes In Emotions
Development of Emotion
• Primary emotions
– Present in humans and other animals
– Appear in first six months of life
– Surprise, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust
• Self-conscious emotions
– Appear in first 18 months to 2 years
– Acquire and use society’s standards and rules
– Empathy, jealousy, and embarrassment
Slide 10
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Infant Crying
Development of Emotion
• Basic cry– Rhythmic pattern usually consisting of cry, briefer
silence, shorter inspiratory whistle, and brief rest
• Anger cry– Similar to basic cry, linked to exasperation or rage,
with more excess air forced through vocal chords
• Pain cry
– Sudden appearance of loud crying, no preliminary moaning; stimulated by high-intensity stimulus
Slide 11
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Infant Smiling
• Reflexive smile – Does not occur in response to external stimuli – Occurs during first month after birth, usually
during sleep
• Social smile – Response to external stimulus– Occurs about 2 or 3 months of age – Typically in response to a face
Development of Emotion
Slide 12
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Fear
• First appears about 6 mos.; peaks at 18 mos.
• Stranger anxiety — infant’s fear and wariness of strangers; intense between 9 and 12 mos.
– Affected by social context, stranger’s characteristics– Individual variations
• Separation protest — crying when caregiver leaves; peaks about 15 months of age
Development of Emotion
Slide 13
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Separation Protest in Four Cultures
Development of Emotion
Fig. 10.3
Slide 14
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Social Referencing
• “Reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation
• Ability improves in second year of life
• Many 14- to 22-month-olds look at mother’s face as source
Development of Emotion
Slide 15
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional Regulation and Coping
• Infants use self-soothing strategies for coping
• Later in infancy, attention is redirected or infant uses distraction to cope
• By age 2, toddlers use language
• Contexts influence emotional regulation
Development of Emotion
Slide 16
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Early Childhood
• Young children experience many emotions
• Self-Conscious Emotions
– Pride, shame, and guilt
– First appear about age 2½
– Gender and behavioral differences exist
– Ability to reflect on emotions increases with age
– Emotional regulation affects peer relations
Development of Emotion
Slide 17
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Developmental Changes In Emotions During Middle and Late Childhood
Development of Emotion
• Increased ability to understand pride and shame
•
• Increased awareness that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation
• Increased tendency to take fuller account of events leading to emotional reactions
• Marked improvements in ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
• Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings
Slide 18
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Adolescence
• Time of emotional turmoil but not constantly
• Emotional changes instantly occur with little provocation
– Girls more vulnerable to depression
– Adolescent moodiness is normal
– Hormonal changes and environmental experiences involved in changing emotions
Development of Emotion
Slide 19
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Self-Reported Extremes of Emotions by Adolescents and their Parents
Development of Emotion
Fig. 10.6
Slide 20
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Adulthood
• Adapt more effectively when emotionally intelligent
• Developmental changes in emotion continue through adult years
• Older adults have more positive emotions, report better control of emotions
Development of Emotion
Slide 21
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Changes in Positive & Negative Emotion Across the Adult Years
Development of Emotion
Fig. 10.7
Slide 22
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Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory
• Older adults become more selective about their social networks
– Place a high value on emotional satisfaction and maximize positive emotional experiences
– Spend more time with familiar individuals providing rewarding relationships
– Seek more emotion-related goals than knowledge-related goals
Development of Emotion
Slide 23
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Model of Socio-emotional Selectivity
Development of Emotion
Fig. 10.8
Slide 24
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Temperament
• Individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of emotional response
– Closely linked to personality
• Rothbart and Bates’ Classification
– Extraversion urgency
– Negative affectivity
– Effortful control (self-regulation)
Temperament
Slide 25
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Chess and Thomas’ Classification
• Three basic types or clusters
– Easy child: positive mood; quickly establishes routines; adapts easily to new experiences
– Difficult child: reacts negatively; cries frequently; has irregular routines; slow to accept new experiences
– Slow-to-warm-up child: low activity level; somewhat negative; shows low adaptability; displays low-intensity mood
Temperament
Slide 26
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition
• Differences between children
– Shy, subdued, and timid
– Sociable, extraverted, bold
• Inhibition shows considerable stability from infancy through early childhood
Temperament
Slide 27
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Biological Foundations and Experience
• Physiological characteristics are associated with different temperaments
• Heredity is aspect of temperament’s biological foundations
• Attributes become more stable over time as self-perceptions, behavioral preferences, and social experiences form personality
Temperament
Slide 28
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Developmental Connections
Temperament
Child Adult
Easy temperament Good adjustment
Difficult temperamentAdjustment, school, and
marital problems
InhibitionLow assertiveness, job
and school delays
Good emotional control Good emotional control
Slide 29
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Developmental Contexts
• Gender may be important factor that influences fate of temperament
• Many aspects of child’s environment encourage or discourage persistence of temperament characteristics
• Goodness of Fit– Match between child’s temperament and
environmental demands
Temperament
Slide 30
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Parenting and Child’s Temperament
• Some temperament characteristics pose more challenges than others
• Management strategies that worked for one child may not work for next one
– Be sensitive to individual characteristics of child
– Structure the child’s environment to provide as good a fit as possible with child’s temperament
– Avoid labeling as “difficult child”
Temperament
Slide 31
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Theories of Attachment
• Attachment — close emotional bond between two people
• Freud — infants attach to person or object providing oral satisfaction
– Harlow’s study proved otherwise
Attachment and Love
Slide 32
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Theories of Attachment
• Erikson — first year of life is key time for attachment development
– Sense of trust or mistrust sets later expectations
• Bowlby — stresses importance of attachment in first year and responsiveness of caregiver
– Four phases of attachment in first 2 years
Attachment and Love
Slide 33
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Individual Differences and the Strange Situation
• Ainsworth’s measure of infant attachment to caregiver
– Requires infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions
– Some infants have more positive attachments than others
Attachment and Love
Slide 34
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Attachment Categories
Attachment and Love
Insecure disorganized
Securely attached
Insecure avoidant
Insecure resistant
Shows insecurity by being disorganized, disoriented
Caregiver is secure base to explore environment from
Shows insecurity by avoiding the caregiver
Clings to caregiver, then resists by fighting against
the closeness
Slide 35
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Significance of Attachment
• Secure attachment in first year is important foundation for psychological development
• Some developmentalists believe too much emphasis on attachment bond in infancy
– Ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exists in an infant’s world
– Ignores that infants are highly resilient and adaptive
Attachment and Love
Slide 36
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Caregiving Styles and Attachment Classification
Attachment and Love
Baby’s Attachment Caregiver Behavior
Secure Sensitive to signals, available
Avoidant Unavailable or rejecting
Resistant Inconsistent
Disorganized Neglect or physically abuse
Slide 37
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Cross-Cultural Comparison of Attachment
Attachment and Love
Fig. 10.11
Slide 38
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Mothers and Fathers as Caregivers
• Maternal interactions usually center on child-care activities
– Feeding
– Changing diapers
– Bathing
• Paternal interactions more likely to include play, engage in rough-and-tumble acts
Attachment and Love
Slide 39
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Care
• Many parents worry about child’s care
• About 2 million children currently receive formal, licensed child care
• More than 5 million children in kindergarten
• Types of child care vary extensively in U.S.
Attachment and Love
Slide 40
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Care
• Five types of parental leave from work
– Maternity leave
– Paternity leave
– Parental leave
– Child-rearing leave
– Family leave
• Sweden has most extensive leave policies
Attachment and Love
Slide 41
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Care
• Child care strategies for parents
– Quality of parenting is key to child’s development
– Make decisions that enhance being good parents
– Monitor child’s development
– Take time to find the best child care
• Child care may harm some children more than others
Attachment and Love
Slide 42
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Adolescence
• Attachment to parents– Secure attachment to both parents positively
related to peer and friendship relations
– Dismissing/avoidant attachment: de-emphasize importance due to caregiver rejection
– Preoccupied/ambivalent attachment: insecure adolescent due to inconsistent parenting
– Unresolved/disorganized attachment: insecure adolescent, high fear due to traumatic experiences
Attachment and Love
Slide 43
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dating and Romantic Relationships
• Types of dating and developmental changes
• Dating scripts– Cognitive models that guide dating interactions
• Males are proactive, females are reactive• Males seek physical attraction, females seek
interpersonal qualities
• Emotion and romantic relationships• Sociocultural contexts and dating
Attachment and Love
Slide 44
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Age of Onset of Romantic Activity
Fig. 10.12
Slide 45
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Attachment in Adulthood
• Adults count on romantic partners to be a secure base to which they can return and obtain comfort, security in stressful times
• Infant attachment style often reflected in adult partnership
Attachment and Love
Slide 46
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Romantic Love
• Also called passionate love or eros
– Complex intermingling of emotions
– Strong components of sexuality and infatuation
– Often predominates early part of a love relationship
• Affectionate love or companionate love– Have deep, caring affection for person
Attachment and Love
Slide 47
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Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Love
• Theory that love includes three types
– Passion: physical, sexual attraction
– Intimacy: warmth, closeness, and sharing
– Commitment: intent to remain together
Attachment and Love
Slide 48
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sternberg’s Triangle of Love
Fig. 10.14
Slide 49
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The End
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