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Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Prepared By

Richard A. Davis

PowerPointPresentations to

AccompanyPsychologyBy John W. Santrock

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Chapter 1

What is Psychology?

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What is Psychology? Defining Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study ofbehavior and mental processes.

Science

Behavior

Mental Processes

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Psychologys Beginnings Natural Selection

The evolutionary principle that theorganisms that are best adapted to their

environment are the most likely to survive,reproduce, and pass on their genes totheir offspring

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Psychologys Beginnings Structuralism

Emphasizes the importance of consciousthought and classification of the minds

structures

Functionalism

Psychologys role is to study the functionsof the mind and behavior in adapting to the

environment

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Approaches to Psychology The Behavioral Approach

An emphasis on the scientific study

of observable behavioral responsesand their environmentaldeterminants

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Approaches to Psychology The Psychoanalytic Approach

An emphasis on the unconscious of themind, conflict between biological instinctsand societys demands, and early familyexperiences

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Approaches to Psychology The Humanistic Approach

An emphasis on a persons capacity forpersonal growth, freedom to choose his orher own destiny, and positive qualities

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Approaches to Psychology The Cognitive Approach

An emphasis on the mental processesinvolved in knowing: How we direct ourattention, perceive, remember, think, andsolve problems

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Approaches to Psychology The Behavioral Neuroscience

Approach

An approach that emphasizes theimportance of understanding the brain andnervous system if we are to understandbehavior, thought, and emotion

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Approaches to Psychology The Evolutionary Approach

Emphasizes the importance of adaptation,reproduction, and survival of the fittest inexplaining behavior

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Approaches to Psychology The Sociocultural Approach

Emphasizes the influences of culture,ethnicity, and gender among othersociocultural factors, on behavior, thought,and emotion

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Psychology and Life: What Matters? Biological processes matter

Environmental processes matter

Mental processes matter Culture matters

Individual variations matter

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Psychology and Life: What Matters? Science matters

Conceptual diversity matters

Controversies matter Critical thinking matters

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Psychology Careers

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Areas of Specialization Clinical and counseling psychology

Diagnose and treat people withpsychological problems

Psychiatry

A branch of medicine practiced byphysicians with a doctor of medicine(M.D.) degree who subsequently

specialize in abnormal behavior andpsychotherapy

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Areas of Specialization Community psychology

Focuses on providing accessible care forpeople with psychological problems

Experimental psychology

Conduct basic research on areas ofpsychology using an experimentalstrategy. Areas include sensation and

perception, cognitive processes, learning,motivation, and emotion

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Areas of Specialization Physiological psychology and

neuroscience

Focuses on biological processes,

especially the brains role in behavior

Developmental psychology

Concerned with how we become who weare, from conception to death

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Areas of Specialization Social psychology

Deals with peoples social interactions,relationships, perceptions, and attitudes

Personality psychology

Focuses on relatively enduring traits andcharacteristics of individuals

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Areas of Specialization School and educational psychology

Concerned with childrens learning andadjustment in school

Industrial/organizational psychology

Deals with the workplace

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Areas of Specialization Cross-cultural psychology

Examines the role of culture inunderstanding behavior, thought, and

emotion

Psychology of women

Emphasizes the importance of promotingthe research and study of women

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Areas of Specialization Health psychology

Emphasizes psychological factors ofhealth, lifestyle, and the nature of the

health care delivery system

Forensic psychology

Applies psychological concepts to thelegal system

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Areas of Specialization Sports psychology

Applies psychologys principles toimproving sport performance and enjoying

sport participation

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