Slender Structures Load carrying principles
Transcript of Slender Structures Load carrying principles
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Hans Welleman 1
Slender Structures
Load carrying principles
Part 1 : Basic cases:
• Extension, Shear, Torsion, Cable
• Bending (Euler)
v2021-1
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Content (5 parts)
Basic cases
– Extension, shear, torsion, cable
– Bending (Euler-Bernoulli) …. extra temperature
Combined systems
- Parallel systems
- Special system – Bending (Timoshenko)
Continuously Elastic Supported (basic) Cases
Cable revisit and Arches
Matrix Method
Hans Welleman 2Part
1, In
troduction
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Learning trajectory
Order of topics based on increasing complexity of the governing differential equation (!!! not in line with the notes !!!)
Recap of math partly in class but primarily DIY !
Extensive use of MAPLE, so install MAPLE and get involved in it!
MatrixMethod with Python
Hans Welleman 3Part
1, In
troduction
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Learning objectives
Understand the outline of the classical displacement
method for finding the ODE’s for basic load cases
Find the general solution for these loadcases and
define the boundary and/or matching conditions for a
specific application
Solve the ODE’s (by hand and MAPLE)
Investigate consequences/limitations of the model
and check results with limit cases
Hans Welleman 4Part
1, In
troduction
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Model
(ordinary) Differential Equation – (O)DE
– Displacement field is the unknown to solve
– Boundary conditions
– Matching conditions Hans Welleman 5
ODE
Part
1, In
troduction
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General recipe to find the ODE
(classical displacement1 method)
Kinematic relation
Constitutive relation
Equilibrium condition
Hans Welleman 6
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (with its general solution)
+ Conditions at boundaries/interfaces
= The Solution
1 counterpart is the Force Method
displacements
deformations
stresses
loads
Part
1, In
troduction
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Extension(prismatic)
Hans Welleman 7
“axial stiffness” EA
external load q
internal generalised stress, normal force N …. BC
axial deformation or strain ε
displacement field (longtitudinal) u …. BC
Maeslantkering
Part
1, E
xte
nsio
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ODE
Fundamental relations
Kinematic relation
Constitutive relation (Hooke)
Equilibrium
Hans Welleman 8
0
dlim
dx
u u
x xε
∆ →
∆= =
∆
N EAε=
0
0
dlim
dx
N q x N N
N N Nq q
x x x∆ →
− + ∆ + + ∆ = ⇔
∆ ∆= − ⇔ = = −
∆ ∆
2
2
d d d
d d d
u N uN EA EA q
x x x= → = = −�
Check:
• direction of displacement field
• same direction of loading
• equilibrium condition in this direction
Part
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xte
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Hans Welleman 9
Example
Solve the ODE using parameters
Write down the boundary conditions
q = 5 kN/m
F = 25 kN
l = 10 m
EA = 2500 kN
Part
1, E
xte
nsio
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I found as an answer
u(x) = ………………………………………
Boundary Conditions:
……………………………………………..
……………………………………………..
……………………………………………..
……………………………………………..
Hans Welleman 10Part
1, E
xte
nsio
n
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Plot the results
Hans Welleman 11
Suggestions for a check ?
Maple> restart;
> ODE:=EA*diff(u(x),x$2)=-q;
> u:=rhs(dsolve(ODE,u(x)));
> eps:=diff(u,x); N:=EA*eps;
kinematic or Dirichlet boundary condition at x=0
> x:=0: eq1:=u=0;
dynamic or Neumann boundary condition at x=L
> x:=L; eq2:=-N+F=0;
> sol:=solve({eq1,eq2},{_C1,_C2}); assign(sol);
> x:='x'; u; N;
> L:=10; F:=25; q:=5; EA:=2500;
> _C1; _C2;
> plot(u,x=0..L,title="displacement u(x)");
> plot(N,x=0..L,title="normal force N(x)");
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What if …
Hans Welleman 12Part
1, E
xte
nsio
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Assignment : Foundation PileDimensions:
l = 20 m
A = 250 × 250 mm
EA = 5×109 N
Pile capacity:
- point bearing, modulus of subgrade reaction
(Beddingsconstante)
c = 16×108 N/m3
- (positive) friction or adhesion:
τ = 3×104 N/m2
Load:
F = 2500 kN
Find the DE to model this pile and the
boundary conditions. Solve the DE and plot the
normal force distribution in the pile. Find the
displacement of the pile tip.
Hans Welleman 13Part
1, E
xte
nsio
n
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Shear
Hans Welleman 14
external load q
internal generalised stress, shear force V …. BC
Shear deformation or shear strain γ
displacement field w …. BC
“shear stiffness” k
Vierendeel shear beam, Hamburg
Part
1, S
hear
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ODE
Fundamental relations
Kinematic relation
Constitutive relation (Hooke)
Equilibrium
Hans Welleman 15
0
dlim
dx
w w
x xγ
∆ →
∆= =
∆
V k γ=
0
0
dlim
dx
V q x V V
V V Vq q
x x x∆ →
− + ∆ + + ∆ = ⇔
∆ ∆= − ⇔ = = −
∆ ∆
2
2
d d d
d d d
w V wV k k q
x x x= → = = −�
Part
1, S
hear
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Conclusion …
Basic Extension and Shear result in an identical ODE
We now know all about this ….
What about the “shear stiffness”?
Hans Welleman 16Part
1, S
hear
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Examples of shear beams
Hans Welleman 17
Sketch the deformed situation
Proof it!
Part
1, S
hear
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More examples of shear beams
Hans Welleman 18
Sketch the
deformed situation
Proof it!
Part
1, S
hear
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Shear stiffness for beams1(in bending)
Hans Welleman 19
assumption in this
model:
- constant V
- constant γ
Shear force V is integrated shear stress
distribution ….
discrete model
1 Work, energy methods & influence lines, appendix A, ISBN 978-90-72830-95-1, J.W. Welleman
Part
1, S
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Shear stress due to bendingfor a rectangular cross section
parabolic shear stress distribution
so .. no constant shear stress τ
and no constant shear deformation γHans Welleman 20
fibre model
Part
1, S
hear
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Both models should generate the
same amount of strain energy E
Hans Welleman 21
( )2
2
1 11 12 2
2 2124
3
discrete model:
d d with:
Fibremodel: ( prereqisuite knowledge )
6( )d d : ( )
2
h
h
discrete
z
fibre z
E V w V x V k
V h zzE b x z with z
G bh
γ γ
ττ
=
=−
= × = × = ×
−= =
Part
1, S
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Elaborate …
Hans Welleman 22
( )
2
2
2
2
21
12
22 21
413
1 1
( )d d d
2
6d
6with: and
5
5with: 1,2
6
h
h
h
h
z
z
z
z
zb x z V x
G
V h zbz V
G bh
VV k A bh
GA
GAk GA
τγ
γ
γ γ
ηη
=
=−
=
=−
= ×
× × − = ×
= = × =
= = =
Part
1, S
hear
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Cross section is not a plane ….
Hans Welleman 23
1γ
dx
1d dw xγ=
V
discreteEh
Part
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Shear Stiffness for Frames
Hans Welleman 24
Source: https://gallery.autodesk.com/projects/fusion-360-bow-arch-vierendeel-truss-bridge-wip-17012015
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Shear Stiffness k for Frames
Hans Welleman 25
rigid floors general model
Although the frame is loaded
in bending a shear beam
model can be used based on
the global behaviour.
Part
1, S
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Model with rigid floors k = ??
Hans Welleman 26
14
:
4
use virtual work
uM H u
h
M Hh
δδγ δ δγ= ∧ =
=
2 3
2
2
: :
240
3 6 6 24
24:
deformation zero rotation at foundation
u Mh Mh Mh Hh EIu h H
h EI EI EI EI h
EIthus k
h
γ γ− + − = = = = =
=
… try this quickly ..
Part
1, S
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General model k = ??
Hans Welleman 27
.. try this yourself ..
:
24
k r
answer
kh b
hEI EI
=
+
Part
1, S
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Assignment
Find the displacement at midspan C for both cases
Hans Welleman 28
10 kN;
1000 kN;
5 m;
5
F
k
a
n
=
=
=
=
Part
1, S
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So we need an extension …
Add a degree of freedom (rotation)
And add an additional equation (moments)
Hans Welleman 29
d
d
dd
d
w
x
MV M V x
x
γ φ= +
= =
NOTE
Not in the notes, all shear beams in the notes
have zero rotation of the cross sections
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Torsion
Hans Welleman 30
external load m
internal generalised stress, torsional moment Mt …. BC
torsional deformation or specific twist θ
rotation around the axis ϕx …. BC
“torsional
stiffness” GItP
art
1, Tors
ion
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ODE
Fundamental relations
Kinematic relation
Constitutive relation (Hooke)
Equilibrium
Hans Welleman 31
x x
0
dlim
dx x x
ϕ ϕθ
∆ →
∆= =
∆
t tM GI θ=
0
0
dlim
d
t t t
t t t
x
M m x M M
M M Mm m
x x x∆ →
− + ∆ + + ∆ = ⇔
∆ ∆= − = = −
∆ ∆
2x x
2
dd d
d d d
tt t t
MM GI GI m
x x x
ϕ ϕ= → = = −�
Part
1, Tors
ion
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Storebaelt Bridge, Danmark
Cable 1load distributed along the projection of the cable
Hans Welleman 32
external load q
internal generalised stress, vertical component V …. BC
Cable slope tanα
Position of the cable z …. BC
“cable stiffness” H
“cable without
elongation” ??!!
Part
1, C
able
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ODE
Fundamental relations
geometrical relation
Equilibrium of Moments
Equilibrium
Hans Welleman 33
0
dtan lim
dx
z z
x xα
∆ →
∆= =
∆
tanV H α=
0
0
dlim
dx
V q x V V
V V Vq q
x x x∆ →
− + ∆ + + ∆ = ⇔
∆ ∆= − ⇔ = = −
∆ ∆
2
2
d d d
d d d
z V zV H H q
x x x= → = = −�
Part
1, C
able
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Remarks Cable takes no bending
Cable ODE describes an equilibirum in the deflected state (funicular curve) so this is a non-linear approach! (no superposition)
H can be regarded as constant only if no horizontal loads are
applied
This model is not valid for loads distributed along the cable!
Derivation is strictly based upon equilibrium only!
Cable force can be expressed in H and z :
Hans Welleman 34
( )2
22 2 2 dtan 1
d
zT H V H H H
xα
= + = + = +
Part
1, C
able
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35
Alternative
Cable : equilibrium method
F
h
a b
A
Bzk
H
H
vA
vB
In all section the horizontale component of the force in the
cable is equal to H! (cable is a string of hinges)
Part
1, C
able
Hans Welleman
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36
Create a section ..
a
A
C
h a
a b
⋅
+
kz
H
vA
( )
( )
( ) 0 total structure 0
0 left part 0
v B
v k C
A a b H h F b T
haA a H z T
a b
+ − ⋅ − ⋅ = =
⋅ − ⋅ + = =
+
F
h
a b
A
B
k
FabH z
a b⋅ =
+
zk
Part
1, C
able
Hans Welleman
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37
Conclusion
The funicular line under the line AB is
identical to the shape of the bending moment
distribution for a simply supported beam with
identical load.
The distance zk under the line AB is
proportional to the magnitude of the moment
M. The horizontal component H of the cable
force is the scaling factor to be used.
Part
1, C
able
Hans Welleman
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Examples(ODE or equilibrium)
Hans Welleman 38
Find the funicular curve and express f in terms of H, q
and l.
Part
1, C
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39
Horizontal component H
A B
l
L
f
F
katrol.
q
F
T = F
Free Body
Diagram of
the block
support
reaction of
the block
force polygon
for the block F
F
VT = F
H
components
of the cable
force T
q
A
B
l
Lf
F
block.
T
HHV V
support reaction
of the block
1
2V ql=
2
2 1
2H F ql
= −
2
2
2 18
2
qlf
F ql
=
−
2
8
qlf
H=
Part
1, C
able
Hans Welleman
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Results
Hans Welleman 40
2 21 14 4
2
2 21 14 4
:
1 1
8
8 8 1 8 1
assume ql F
HH F
F
ql l ff
H l
λ
λ λ
λ λ
λ λ
=
= − = −
= = =− −
,H f
F l
H
F
f
l
ql
Fλ =
Part
1, C
able
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Bendingin x-z plane
Hans Welleman 41
external load q
internal generalised stresses M, V …. BC
deformation is the curvature κ
displacement field w, ϕ …. BC
“bending stiffness” EIP
art
1, B
endin
g
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A lot of parameters …
Hans Welleman 42
( )
d ( ) d( )
d d
u z z
u zz z z
x x
ϕ
ϕε κ
=
= = =
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
d d ( )d
( )d d
h h h
h h h
h h
h h
z z z
z z z
z z
z z
M M z N z z A
M E z z A E z A EI
σ
ε κ κ
= = =
=− =− =−
= =
=− =−
= = =
= = =
Part
1, B
endin
g
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Equilibrium
Hans Welleman 43
d
d
d
d
equilibrium of vertical forces
Vq
x
equilibrium of moments
MV
x
= −
=
Proof this in a minute!
Part
1, B
endin
g
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ODE
Fundamental relations
Kinematic relation
Constitutive relation (Hooke)
Equilibrium
Hans Welleman 44
d d; ;
d d
w
x x
ϕϕ κ= − =
M EI κ=
d d;
d d
V Mq V
x x= − =
Part
1, B
endin
g
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Result Bending in x-z plane
Hans Welleman 45
2
2
22
2
2
2
2
d;
d
dd
d
d
d;
d
wM EI
x
wEI
xq
x
Mq
x
= −
=
= −
sufficient to solve static
determinate structures
general applicable
Part
1, B
endin
g
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Bending - Euler Bernoulli
Mind the coordinate system used!
Basic model for cross sections with one axis
of symmetry
For prismatic beams use:
Hans Welleman 46
4
4
3 2
3 2
d;
d
d d d; ; ;
dd d
wEI q
x
w w wV EI M EI
xx xϕ
=
= − = − = −
Part
1, B
endin
g
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Options for Boundary Conditions
kinematic
ϕ and/or w
dynamic
M and or V
Note:
M or ϕ
V or w
Static Indeterminate (SI)
for 3 or more kinematic
BC
Hans Welleman 47
SD
SD
SI
SI
V=0
V=0
V=0
V
V
VV=0 V
Part
1, B
endin
g
![Page 48: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Examples
Hans Welleman 48
Find the deflection
line and the force
distribution.
Bending:
Neglect the influence
of possible axial
deformation.
Part
1, B
endin
g
![Page 49: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Double Bending
Hans Welleman 49
z
x-axis
z-axis
ϕy
w
u
ϕy
zd
dy
w
xϕ = −
y
x-axis
y-axis
ϕzv
u
ϕzy
d
dz
v
xϕ =
yu zϕ∆ =
zu yϕ∆ = −
cross section at :
( , , ) : ( ), ( ) ( )
x
displacements x y z u x v x and w x
inhomogeneous / unsymmetricalP
art
1, D
ouble
Bendin
g
Complete theory without rotation into principal direction
Kinematic relation for P
![Page 50: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Fibre
Model
Horizontal displacement for fibre through P(x,y,z) :
P y
P
( , , )
d( , , )
d
u x y z u z
or
wu x y z u z
x
ϕ= +
= −
z
d
d
y
vy
x
ϕ−
−
d
dy
w
xϕ = −
d
dz
v
xϕ =
z
x-axis
z-axis
ϕy
w
u
ϕy
z
yu zϕ∆ =
y
x-axis
y-axis
ϕzv
ϕzy
u
zu yϕ∆ = −
Hans Welleman 50Part
1, D
ouble
Bendin
g
![Page 51: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
x-axis
z-axis
x-axis
y-axis
strain
strain
z
y
κz
κy
Strains in cross section
2 2
2 2
d d d( , )
d d d
u v wy z y z
x x xε = − −
P
d d( , , )
d d
v wu x y z u y z
x x= − −
P ( , , )( , )
u x y zy z
xε
∂=
∂
with:2
2
2
2
d; strain of beam axis
d
d; curvature in - plane
d
d; curvature in - plane
d
y
z
u
x
vx y
x
wx z
x
ε
κ
κ
=
= −
= −
y z( , )y z y zε ε κ κ= + +
Hans Welleman 51; ;y zε κ κ
cross sectional deformations:
Part
1, D
ouble
Bendin
g
![Page 52: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Strain to Stress
Constitutive relation
for cross section at x
y z
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
y z E y z y z
y z E y z y z
σ ε
σ ε κ κ
=
= + +
Hans Welleman 52
inhomogeneous
Part
1, D
ouble
Bendin
g
![Page 53: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Cross Section Forces (N, M )
Static relationsy
z
( , )
( , )
( , )
A
A
A
N y z dA
M y y z dA
M z y z dA
σ
σ
σ
=
=
=
Hans Welleman 53Part
1, D
ouble
Bendin
g
2 2 ; tan ;zy z m
y
MM M M
Mα= + =
plane of loading
![Page 54: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Elaborate …( )
( )
( )
y z
y y z
z y z
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
A A
A A
A A
N y z dA E y z y z dA
M y y z dA E y z y z ydA
M z y z dA E y z y z zdA
σ ε κ κ
σ ε κ κ
σ ε κ κ
= = + +
= = + +
= = + +
y z y y z z
2
y y z y yy y yz z
2
z y z z yz y zz z
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
A A A
A A A
A A A
N E y z dA E y z ydA E y z zdA EA ES ES
M E y z ydA E y z y dA E y z yzdA ES EI EI
M E y z zdA E y z yzdA E y z z dA ES EI EI
ε κ κ ε κ κ
ε κ κ ε κ κ
ε κ κ ε κ κ
= + + = + +
= + + = + +
= + + = + +
approach with “double-letter” symbols
Hans Welleman 54
![Page 55: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Constitutive Relation
=
z
y
zzzyz
yzyyy
zy
z
y
κ
κ
ε
EIEIES
EIEIES
ESESEA
M
M
N
at cross sectional level
INDEPENDENT OF THE
ORIGIN OF THE
COORDINATE SYSTEM
SPECIAL LOCATION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE COORDINATE
SYSTEM TO UNCOUPLE BENDING AND AXIAL LOADING …. NC
Hans Welleman 55Part
1, D
ouble
Bendin
g
![Page 56: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Coordinate system taken at the
NORMAL force CENTRE (NC) Bending and axial loading are uncoupled:
=
z
y
zzzy
yzyy
z
y
0
0
00
κ
κ
ε
EIEI
EIEI
EA
M
M
N Axial loading
Bending
y z 0ES ES= =definition NC :
if N = 0 then zero strain ε at the NC and the n.a.
runs through the NC
Hans Welleman 56
A normal force N at the NC will not cause bending
Part
1, D
ouble
Bendin
g
![Page 57: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Location NCy
z
NC NCy
NCz
y
z
dAzyE ),(NCNCzzzyyy +=+=
NCzNC
z
NCyNC
y
),(),(
),(
),(),(
),(
zEAESdAzyEzzdAzyE
dAzzyEES
yEAESdAzyEyydAzyE
dAyzyEES
AA
A
AA
A
×+=+×
=×=
×+=+×
=×=
y
NC
zNC
ESy
EA
ESz
EA
=
=
Part
1, D
ouble
Bendin
g
with:
( , ) ;A
EA E y z dA= Hans Welleman 57
![Page 58: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Equillibrium
conditions
2
2
2
2
d d0
d d
d d d0 and 0
d d d
d d d0 and 0
d d d
x x
y y y
y y y
z z zz z z
N Nq q
x x
V M Mq V q
x x x
V M Mq V q
x x x
+ = = −
+ = − = = −
+ = − = = −
Hans Welleman 58Part
1, D
ouble
Bendin
g
2 2
2 2
;
; tan ;
y z
zy z m
y
V V V
MM M M
Mα
= +
= + =
plane of loading
![Page 59: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Model with ODE’s
d
d
u
xε =
2
2
d
dy
v
xκ = −
2
2
d
dz
w
xκ = −
Kinematics:
Constitutive relations:
y yy yz y yz zy
z zy zz z
0 0
0 :
0
N EA ε
M EI EI κ with EI EI
M EI EI κ
= =
d
dx
Nq
x= −
2
2
d
d
y
y
Mq
x= −
2
2
d
d
zz
Mq
x= −
Equilibrium relations:
subst
ituteaxial loading
bending
2
2
4 4
4 4
4 4
4 4
d
d
d d
d d
d d
d d
x
yy yz y
yz zz z
uEA q
x
v wEI EI q
x x
v wEI EI q
x x
− =
+ =
+ =
Hans Welleman 59Part
1, D
ouble
Bendin
g
![Page 60: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Last step : “cleaning-up”
Hans Welleman 60
2
2
4
4 2
4
4 2
d
d
d
d
d
d
x
zz yy y yz yy z
yy
yy zz yz
yz zz y yy zz z
zz
yy zz yz
uEA q
x
EI EI q EI EI qvEI
x EI EI EI
EI EI q EI EI qwEI
x EI EI EI
− =
−=
−
− +=
−
double bending
extension
2 2
with:
( , ) ;
( , ) ; ( , ) ; ( , ) ;
A
yy yz zz
A A A
EA E y z dA
EI E y z y dA EI E y z yzdA EI E y z z dA
=
= = =
Coordinate system through NC
pseudo load
![Page 61: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Wrap-up Basic Cases
2nd order DE Extension
Shear
Torsion
Cable
Hans Welleman 61
4th order DE Bending
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
xt
uEA q
x
wk q
x
GI mx
zH q
x
ϕ
− =
− =
− =
− =
4
4
4 4
4 4
4 4
4 4
d
d
d d
d d
inhomogeneous / unsymmetrical d d
d d
yy yz y
zy zz z
wone axis of symmetry EI q
x
v wEI EI q
double bending x x
v wEI EI q
x x
=
+ =
+ =
Part
1, W
rap-u
p B
asic
Cases
![Page 62: Slender Structures Load carrying principles](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012020/616890b9d394e9041f70a6ec/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Assignment
Hans Welleman 62
21000 kN; 1500 kNm ; 25 kN; 8 kN/m;k EI F q= = = =
Compare force distributions and deflections
Part
1, A
ssig
nm
ent