Slavery Divides the NationSlavery Divides the NationChapter 16 NotesChapter 16 Notes

Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise (1820)(1820)In 1819 there were In 1819 there were 11 free states11 free states and and

11 slave states11 slave states..Missouri wanted to enter the Union as Missouri wanted to enter the Union as

a slave state. This would give the a slave state. This would give the South majority in the Senate.South majority in the Senate.

To solve this problem, Senator Henry To solve this problem, Senator Henry Clay developed the Clay developed the Missouri Missouri CompromiseCompromise

Missouri Compromise (cont.)Missouri Compromise (cont.)

As part of the Missouri Compromise:As part of the Missouri Compromise: Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine as Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine as

a free state.a free state. The The “slavery line”“slavery line” in the Louisiana Purchase in the Louisiana Purchase

was established at 36 degrees 30’ N (lower was established at 36 degrees 30’ N (lower boundary of Missouri).boundary of Missouri).

Slavery in the Mexican Slavery in the Mexican CessionCessionThe question of slavery in these The question of slavery in these

territories caused many problems territories caused many problems between anti-slavery and pro-slavery between anti-slavery and pro-slavery groups.groups.

The The Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso proposed proposed outlawing slavery in the land received outlawing slavery in the land received from Mexico, BUT it was defeated in from Mexico, BUT it was defeated in the Senate.the Senate.

Free Soil PartyFree Soil Party

Many northern Democrats and Whigs opposed the Many northern Democrats and Whigs opposed the spread of slaveryspread of slavery

Both parties refused to take a stand on the issueBoth parties refused to take a stand on the issue Members of both parties left to create the Free Soil Members of both parties left to create the Free Soil

PartyParty Chose Martin Van Buren as candidate in the Chose Martin Van Buren as candidate in the

election of 1848election of 1848– Slavery became an important election issue for the first timeSlavery became an important election issue for the first time

Zachary Taylor won the election but Free Spoilers Zachary Taylor won the election but Free Spoilers did well- showed slavery was a national issuedid well- showed slavery was a national issue

The Slavery Debate Erupts AgainThe Slavery Debate Erupts Again

In 1849 there were 15 slave and 15 free statesIn 1849 there were 15 slave and 15 free states California, Oregon, Utah, New Mexico may enter California, Oregon, Utah, New Mexico may enter

the Union as free statesthe Union as free states Southerners feared losing power- talked of Southerners feared losing power- talked of

secession secession (removing themselves from the US)(removing themselves from the US) People looked to Henry Clay to create a People looked to Henry Clay to create a

compromisecompromise

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850California was admitted to the Union as a California was admitted to the Union as a

FREEFREE state. state.

Utah and New Mexico Territories were Utah and New Mexico Territories were allowed to decide slavery by the people’s allowed to decide slavery by the people’s vote. (vote. (popular sovereigntypopular sovereignty))

Slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.Slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was established.was established.

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

All slaves had to be returned to owners in All slaves had to be returned to owners in the South or pay a $1,000 fine.the South or pay a $1,000 fine.

Northern courts heard cases and received Northern courts heard cases and received $10 if slaves were sent back and $5 if slaves $10 if slaves were sent back and $5 if slaves were set free.were set free.

Fugitive slaves could no longer hide in the Fugitive slaves could no longer hide in the North.North.

How do you think Northerners and How do you think Northerners and Southerners reacted to the Fugitive Slave Southerners reacted to the Fugitive Slave Law?Law?

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin

Novel about Southern SlaveryNovel about Southern Slavery Written by Harriet Beecher StoweWritten by Harriet Beecher Stowe Sold over 3 million copies in the USSold over 3 million copies in the US Showed how slavery not only Showed how slavery not only

oppressed black people but also oppressed black people but also destroyed familiesdestroyed families

Southerners claimed it was based on Southerners claimed it was based on lieslies

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

It broke up Nebraska Territory into Kansas It broke up Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska.and Nebraska.

The question of slavery was to be decided The question of slavery was to be decided by the people of each state.by the people of each state.

This sparked a lot a controversy between This sparked a lot a controversy between Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery factions.Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery factions.

Both territories were supposed to be Both territories were supposed to be FREE FREE according to the Missouri Compromiseaccording to the Missouri Compromise

Now slavery could spread to areas that Now slavery could spread to areas that were free for more than 30 yearswere free for more than 30 years

The Crisis Turns ViolentThe Crisis Turns Violent

Abolitionists moved into KansasAbolitionists moved into Kansas Proslavery bands from Missouri rode into Kansas Proslavery bands from Missouri rode into Kansas

and voted illegal (Border Ruffians)and voted illegal (Border Ruffians) Two governments (one free and one slave) were Two governments (one free and one slave) were

createdcreated Proslavery attack on Lawrence Proslavery attack on Lawrence John Brown, abolitionists, responded with an John Brown, abolitionists, responded with an

attack on Pottawatomie Creekattack on Pottawatomie Creek– Murdered 5 men in the middle of the nightMurdered 5 men in the middle of the night

Led to more violence in Kansas Led to more violence in Kansas

Violence in the SenateViolence in the Senate

Charles Sumner- Senator from Charles Sumner- Senator from Mass, leading abolitionistMass, leading abolitionist–Verbally attacked elderly Senator from Verbally attacked elderly Senator from

SC- Andrew ButlerSC- Andrew Butler

–Butler’s nephew, Preston Brooks came in Butler’s nephew, Preston Brooks came in a few days later and beat Sumner with a a few days later and beat Sumner with a canecane

J.L. Magee's famous political cartoon of the attack on Charles Sumner

J.L. Magee's famous political cartoon of the attack on Charles Sumner

Dred Scott Decision (1857)Dred Scott Decision (1857)A slave sued for his freedom, after his A slave sued for his freedom, after his

master died, while in a Free State.master died, while in a Free State.The Supreme Court ruled:The Supreme Court ruled:– Blacks were not citizens and could not sue in Blacks were not citizens and could not sue in

federal court.federal court.– Slaves were property. Slaves were property. – Congress did not have the power to outlaw Congress did not have the power to outlaw

slavery in the territoriesslavery in the territories..

How do you think this Decision affected the How do you think this Decision affected the Missouri Compromise?Missouri Compromise?

Dred Scott and his wife Harriet are portrayed here with their children as an average middle-class family, an image that fueled Northern opposition to the Supreme Court’s 1857 decision that denied both Scott’s freedom and his citizenship. Courtesy of Library of Congress

Dred Scott and his wife Harriet are portrayed here with their children as an average middle-class family, an image that fueled Northern opposition to the Supreme Court’s 1857 decision that denied both Scott’s freedom and his citizenship. Courtesy of Library of Congress

The Republican PartyThe Republican Party

Free soilers, northern democrats, and antislavery Free soilers, northern democrats, and antislavery Whigs formed the Republican Party in 1854Whigs formed the Republican Party in 1854

Wanted to keep slavery out of the territoriesWanted to keep slavery out of the territories Chose John C. Fremont to run for president in Chose John C. Fremont to run for president in

18561856 James Buchanan- Democrat- won election of 1856James Buchanan- Democrat- won election of 1856

Election of 1856 ResultsElection of 1856 Results

James Buchanan - 15th President James Buchanan - 15th President

Abe Lincoln of Illinois Abe Lincoln of Illinois

Lincoln - Douglas debatesLincoln - Douglas debates Race for Illinois senator- 1858Race for Illinois senator- 1858 Douglas supported popular sovereigntyDouglas supported popular sovereignty Lincoln thought slavery was morally wrongLincoln thought slavery was morally wrong Douglas won the electionDouglas won the election Lincoln gained popularity- would help him win the Lincoln gained popularity- would help him win the

presidency in 1860presidency in 1860

Harper’s Ferry (1859)Harper’s Ferry (1859) John BrownJohn Brown attacked the Federal attacked the Federal

armory in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.armory in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. Brown wanted to arm slaves in a Brown wanted to arm slaves in a

revolt against their owners, but it revolt against their owners, but it failed.failed.

Brown was tried and hanged for Brown was tried and hanged for treason.treason.

Brown was considered a martyr Brown was considered a martyr (someone who dies for their beliefs) by (someone who dies for their beliefs) by northerners northerners

Abraham Lincoln Elected Abraham Lincoln Elected President President

Lincoln wanted to keep slavery from Lincoln wanted to keep slavery from expanding into the territories.expanding into the territories.

However, he didn’t advocate However, he didn’t advocate abolishing slavery.abolishing slavery.

He solidly defeated all three of his He solidly defeated all three of his opponents even without his name on opponents even without his name on the ballot in most Southern states.the ballot in most Southern states.

Election of 1860 ResultsElection of 1860 Results

The Freeport Wide Awake, acampaign newspaper fromIllinois, ran this full-page bannercelebrating the election of Abraham Lincoln as president and the election of a Republican state legislature. Lincoln won with an ElectoralCollege majority of 180 to Southern Democrat John Breckinridge’s 72, Constitutional Unionist JohnBell’s 39, and NorthernDemocrat Stephen Douglas’s 12.

The Freeport Wide Awake, acampaign newspaper fromIllinois, ran this full-page bannercelebrating the election of Abraham Lincoln as president and the election of a Republican state legislature. Lincoln won with an ElectoralCollege majority of 180 to Southern Democrat John Breckinridge’s 72, Constitutional Unionist JohnBell’s 39, and NorthernDemocrat Stephen Douglas’s 12.

Southern SecessionSouthern Secession

The Southern states decided to secede The Southern states decided to secede from the Union because of Lincoln’s from the Union because of Lincoln’s election.election.

South CarolinaSouth Carolina seceded first on seceded first on December 20, 1860December 20, 1860..

Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, North Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, and Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee followed shortly after.Tennessee followed shortly after.

Fort Sumter AttackedFort Sumter Attacked

Fort Sumter was located in Fort Sumter was located in Charleston Harbor in South Carolina. Charleston Harbor in South Carolina.

The federal fort, under Col. The federal fort, under Col. Anderson, survived four months Anderson, survived four months without re-supply.without re-supply.

The Confederate troops opened fire The Confederate troops opened fire on the fort on April 12, 1861.on the fort on April 12, 1861.

The Civil War begins!The Civil War begins!

The Confederate attack on Fort SumterThe Confederate attack on Fort Sumter

ActivityActivity

Based on what we have learned today, Based on what we have learned today, make a time line using the nine events make a time line using the nine events presented.presented.

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850 Lincoln’s Election Lincoln’s Election

Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott Decision Texas Annexation Texas Annexation

Harper’s FerryHarper’s Ferry Mexican Cession Mexican Cession

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act Fort Sumter Fort Sumter

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise Southern Secession Southern Secession