Skeleton SP14 Student

8/13/2019 Skeleton SP14 Student

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SKELETAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND

FUNCTIONS

What does the skeletal system consist of? Bone tissue or material Cartilage tissue or material


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COMMON FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL

SYSTEM

Support Posture stability ____________

skull over brain rib cage over heart and lungs

Movement Red Blood Cell Formation

Red blood cells are produced in bonemarrow.

Breathe O2and molecules bonds withhemoglobin (red cells) in blood

O2is transported to _____________ Muscles consume O2 Blue blood (oxygen deplete) returns to

lungs

Calcium Storage Bones are a storagedepot for calcium.


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GROSS SKELETAL STRUCTURE

What are the major parts of thehuman skeleton?

Axial skeleton: Skull _____________ Vertebral column Ribs Sternum and Hyoid bone

Note: Anterior view of

hyoid bone.


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MAJOR PARTS OF SKELETON

Appendicular skeleton - Bones and joints of the upper and lowerextremities (includes pectoral and pelvic girdles).


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THE HAND AS PART OF THE

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Bones at ______ ofcarpal tunnel (from

Hall (1999)).

Nerves and arteries ofhand (from Tichauer

(1978)).

Cubital

Bones

Cubital Muscles

Radial Artery

Ulnar Nerve

Carpal Ligament

Flexor Muscles

Palmar Muscles

Tendons


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HUMAN BONE STRUCTURE

Main components: Living cells ___________ - Non-living

intercellular substance.

Different types of bones (dependingon constituents of matrix): Compact (dense) bone.

Intercellular spaces are filled withmatrix (calcified material) organized

in lamellae.

Example: Shaft of long bone(humerus, femur).

__________ (cancellous) bone. Found in the enlarged ends of long

bones (epiphyses).

Many open spaces exist betweenbone material (trabeculae structure).


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ARRANGEMENT OF COMPACT AND

SPONGY BONE TISSUE

Spongy bone: Pattern of bone (trabeculae) resists tensile,

compressive, and lateral deformation.

Compact bone: Lamellae are positioned at 90 degrees toeach other. Lamellae align themselves over time to

lines of stress that develop at bone.

Pattern of lamellae (or trabeculaestructure) develops to best meet loadsimposed on them over time.

__________________ is bone diseasecausing breakdown of bone structure.


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MORE BONE TYPES

What are the different types ofbone?

Long bones: ___________ (shaft) Epiphysis (enlarged ends) Articular cartilage (see next slide) Medullary cavity (see next slide.)

Different types of bone (cont.): Short bones hands, feet Flat bones - skull Irregular bones - __________(All have spongy core encased in

compact bone.)


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CARTILAGE AND BONE CAVITY

Description of location ofarticular cartilage and

ligaments in knee.

Micrographs of ____________cavity and cross-section of

dried bone revealing marrow.


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PROJECTIONS AND PROCESSES

Fit into joints _______ projection entering into formation of joint Head rounded projection beyond neck-like portion

Muscle attaches to Tuberosity small rounded projection


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MORE PROJECTIONS

Trochanter very large process Crest a ridge of bone Spinous _______ sharp bone segment


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SPINE STRUCTURE

Spine is one of most complexstructures in body, including:

Bone (vertebrae), intervertebral discs,spinal ligaments and tendons, spinal cord

and branching nerves.

33-34 vertebrae 7 cervical, 12 thoracic,___ lumbar, 5 sacral, 4-5 coccygeal.

Double S shape in natural position includes kyphosis (curve of thorax) and

_________ (curve of lumbar region).

Spinal cord passes between discs andspinous processes.

Lower-back is most common site forinjury to workers.


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CARTILAGE: THE OTHER BODY TISSUE

Characteristics of cartilage? Similar to bone - Made-up of cells and intercellular substance. Contains collagenic fibers (reinforce structure of tissue). Differs from bone in that cartilage has flexibility, bone is rigid.

(Why?) Fibers are embedded in gel instead of calcified material.

Three types of cartilage tissue: _________ (articular) cartilage most common

Looks like a milky glass. Part of respiratory track Covers joint surfaces and cushions against shock

Image: Fibers of hyaline

cartilage transitioning into

other connective tissue.


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MORE TYPES OF CARTILAGE

________ cartilage Very strong and rigid cartilage. Made-up of mostly collagenic fibers.

_________ cartilage Elastic but firm. Contains both collagenic and elastic fibers.

Image: Intervertebral disc

cartilage. You can see bandsof collagen fibers.

Image: Large red bands are

collagen fibers and very

small lines are elastic fibers.


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JOINTS OF THE SKELETON

Junctions between two ormore bones.

Three main types of joints: Immovable joints

(syntharthrosis), e.g., skullsutures, pubis symphysis.

Slightly movable joints(amphiarthrosis), e.g., rib

and vertebral joints.

Freely movable joints(diarthrosis) also called

synovial or limb type joints.

Joints having cavities, suchas the knee or knuckles.


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PUBIC JOINT

Synarthosis (immovable joint). Symphysis (joint) that unites two bony surfaces with pad

of fibrous cartilage.

Pubic symphysis is located at front of pelvis.(Pubis is lower portion of Ilium or hip bone.)


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RIB JOINTS

Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) joints unite two boneseither by hyaline cartilage (synchondroses) or by fibrous

cartilage (symphyses).

Rib cage contains both types: Synchondoses intersection of hyaline costal cartilages (of first rib)

with sternum

Symphyses intersection of fibrous costal cartilages (of other ribs)with sternum


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VERTEBRAL JOINTS

Also amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable). Fibrous cartilage of discs create symphyses between vertebrae.

Discs in cervical region of spine are _________. Discs in thoracic region have more ______________ than those in

cervical region.

Lumbar symphyses are large, thick and resilient because they mustwithstand greatest ____________ force.

Movement is greatest in cervical and lumbar regions. Neck can be moved about ___________________. Lumbar regions primarily

permits __________________.


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SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Diarthrosis joints. Synovia fluid - transparent viscid lubricating fluid from a

membrane in the joint, e.g., bursa or tendon sheath.

Joint surface is covered by articular or hyaline cartilage. Joint is encapsulated outer _________ capsule; inner

_________ capsule.


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Synovial (freely moveable joints)provide for several types of motion:

Flexion Decrease angle at joint Extension Increase angle at joint

___________ Move segment away fromcenterline of body

___________ Move segment towardscenterline of body

TYPES OF MOVEMENTS AT JOINTS


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OTHER TYPES OF

MOVEMENTS AT JOINTS

Circumduction describe surface ofcone at joint (includes flexion,

extension, abduction and adduction).

Rotation Movement of bone aroundlong axis.

_________ Inward (medial) rotationof forearm. _________ Outward (lateral) rotation

of forearm


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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Plane joints - opposed bony surfaces areapproximately flat, e.g., carpal joints.

Uniaxial joints - hinge joints; one surfaceis concave, other is convex, e.g., elbow .

_________ joints - circumduction ispermitted but rotation is not conspicuousfeature, e.g., metacarpophalangeal joints

(__________), radio-carpal joints (wrist).


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MULTI-AXIAL JOINTS

Multi-axial joints


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JOINT DISORDERS

Most common form of joint disease Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD), which isaging process.

(Also known as osteoarthritis.)

____________ arthritis - occurs from infectionand can be transferred from joint to joint.

Tuberculous arthritis due to pulmonarytuberculosis.

Rheumatoid arthritis: General connective tissue disorder. Destroys small joints in feet and hands. Initial cause unknown. Patients produce blood protein called

rheumatoid factor creating condition.

Skeleton SP14 Student

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