Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

• What is the process of bone formation?

• What are the structures of the long bones?

• What are the structures of the skeletal system?

Functions….Functions…. Support body and

provides shape. Protects internal organs. Movement and

anchorage of muscles-1. Abduction and adduction2. Circumduction and

rotation3. Flexion and extension4. Pronation and supination Mineral Storage (calcium

and phosphorus) Hemopoiesis- 1. White cells made in

yellow marrow2. Red cells made in red

marrow

The Human Body has 206 bones.

BonesBonesOsteocyte

Osteo = boneCyte = cell

Microscopic mature bone cells

Bone Formation:Embryo skeletal starts

as osteoblasts (primative embryonic cells) – then change to cartilage.

At 8 weeks, OSSIFICATION begins. (Mineral matter begins to replace cartilage) infant bones soft because ossification not complete at birth.

Long bones grow in length and ossify from the center to the ends.Fontanel – Soft spot on

baby’s head

Types of Bones Types of Bones

Long bones

• Found in the arms and legs

Types of Bones Types of Bones

Flat bones

• Bones of the skull• Ribs

Types of Bones Types of Bones

Irregular bones

• Spinal column

Types of Bones Types of Bones

Short bones

• Wrist

Diaphysis – ShaftEpiphyses – endsMedullary Cavity – Center

of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fat cells, also cells that form white blood cells.

Endosteum – lines marrow cavity

Shaft is made of Compact bone – ends are spongy Bone, Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made.

Structure of Long BonePeriosteum – tough covering of long bones, contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

Axial & Appendicular SkeletonAxial & Appendicular Skeleton

Axial – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid

Appendicular – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs

SkullSkull1 frontal2 Parietal2 Temporal1 Occipital2 Ethmoid2 Sphenoid

This small U-shaped bone can be found amid the muscles of a human neck. Insignificant as it may seem, it serves a VERY important purpose: the hyoid bone allows human beings to speak! It helps to support your tongue and raise your larynx whenever you talk and swallow. The hyoid exists in other animals also, but humans are the only species where the location of their hyoid bone permits it to work together with the tongue and larynx to articulate a large variety of distinct sounds!

SkullSkull2 nasal1 vomer2 maxilla2 lacrimal2 zygomatic2 palatine1 mandible

Spine – Vertebral ColumnSpine – Vertebral Column

Encloses the spinal cord Vertebrae – separated by

pads of cartilage=intervertebral discs

1.Cervical vertebrae (7)B2.Thoracic vertebrae (12)L3.Lumbar vertebrae (5)S4.Sacrum-fused5.Coccyx-fused

*You eat breakfast at 7 am,lunch at 12 noon and supper at 5!

Ribs and SternumRibs and Sternum

Sternum divided into 3 parts-bottom tip is xiphoid process

12 pairs of ribs-first 7 are true ribs-connected to sternum by cartilage

Next 3 are false ribs-cartilage connects them to 7th rib (not sternum)

Next 2 are floating

Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton

Clavicle- collar bone Scapula- shoulder blade Humerus-upper arm Radius and ulna-lower

arm Carpals-wrist bones Metacarpals-hand bones Phalanges-fingers Pelvis-3 bones(ilium,

ischium, and pubis

Femur-upper leg, longest and strongest bones in body

Tibia and fibula-lower leg Patella-kneecap Tarsal bones-ankle Calcaneus-heel bone Metatarsals-foot bones

Joints….are points of contact Joints….are points of contact between 2 bones classified between 2 bones classified according to movementaccording to movement

Bursa◦ Fluid-filled sac

that contains the synovial membrane

◦ Lined by synovial membrane

Synovial Fluid – lubricating substance in joints.

Diarthroses = moveable jointsFour types

Ball and socketHingePivotgliding

TYPES OF JOINTS

Ball and Socket Joint

Hinge Joints Pivot Joint Gliding Joints

Bone with ball shaped head fits into concave socket Example: shoulder and hip.

Allows for greatest range of motion

Move in one direction or plane.

Example: Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers.

Rotate on a 2nd, arch shaped bone.

Bones that rotate across each other

Example: Radius and ulna

Flat surfaces glide across each other.

Example:

Vertebrae of spine.

Amphiarthroses

Partially movable joints

Synarthroses

Immovable jointsConnected by fibrous connective tissue

Suture: immovable joint in skull

Test your gray matter…Test your gray matter…

What lower arm bone is located on the thumb side of the hand?

Patella, Tibia, Radius, ulna

Which of the following is NOT classified as a cranial bone? Parietal, Sternum, Occipital, Temporal

The medical term for the finger bones is:

Carpals, Tarsals, Phalanges, Ulnas

The medical term for the knee-cap is the: Patella, Calcaneous, Tarsals, Tibia crest

The outer covering of the bone is the: Cartilage, Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Periosteum

The largest bone in the body is the; Femur, Scapula, Pelvis, Sternum

Another name for the breast bone is the: Scapula, Ulna, Sternum, Xiphoid process

The shaft of a long bone is called the: Medulla, Epiphysis, Periosteum, Diaphysis

Bones of the skull, spine and chest make up the: Appendicular skeleton, Axial skeleton, Dorsal skeleton, Ventral Skeleton

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the pelvis? Coccyx, Ischium, Ilium, Pubis

The fluid that reduces the friction during joint movement is: Bursa fluid, Pleural fluid, Cerebrospinal fluid, Synovial fluid

The process of blood cell information in the red bone marrow of bones is called: Erythrocytopenia, Hemopoiesis, Hemolysis, Leukoblastosis

Dense bone is called compact bone and porous bone is called? Bone marrow, Spongy bone, Cartilage, Soft bone

One function of the skeletal system is the storage of: Calcium, Iron, Chloride, Oxygen

Bones are composed of microscopic cells called: Dendrites, Osteoclasts, Leukocytes, Osteocytes

Chewing involves the use of which moveable skull bone? Maxilla, Zygomatic, Mandible, Parietal

The areas where cranial bones join together to form immovable joints are called: Cranial seal, Sutures, Foramen, Fontanels

What type of joint allows the greatest freedom of movement? Ball and socket joints ,Pivot joints, hinge joints, Gliding joints

ThatThat’’s all……s all……