The Skeletal System The Skeletal System. Functions Support Support –structured frame that supports...
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Transcript of The Skeletal System The Skeletal System. Functions Support Support –structured frame that supports...
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
FunctionsFunctions
SupportSupport– structured frame that supports other structured frame that supports other
body structuresbody structures ProtectionProtection
– surround internal body organssurround internal body organs Aid in MovementAid in Movement
– Attachment site for muscles, serve Attachment site for muscles, serve as levers when muscles contractas levers when muscles contract
Functions cont.Functions cont.
Blood Cell FormationBlood Cell Formation– blood cells manufactured by red blood cells manufactured by red
marrow found in bone tissuemarrow found in bone tissue StorageStorage
– stores calcium and phosphate-these stores calcium and phosphate-these are minerals needed for muscle are minerals needed for muscle contraction, nerve cell function and contraction, nerve cell function and movement across cell membranesmovement across cell membranes
Types of BonesTypes of Bones
Long bonesLong bones– greater in length than widthgreater in length than width– absorb stress from body weightabsorb stress from body weight
Short bonesShort bones– equal in length and widthequal in length and width– cube shapedcube shaped– found in wrists and anklesfound in wrists and ankles
Types of Bones cont.Types of Bones cont.
Flat bonesFlat bones– thin and flatthin and flat– cranium, ribs and sternumcranium, ribs and sternum
Irregular bonesIrregular bones– complex shapes that don’t fit other complex shapes that don’t fit other
categoriescategories– vertebrae, bones of facevertebrae, bones of face
Parts of a Long BoneParts of a Long Bone DiaphysisDiaphysis
– shaft shaft located between proximal located between proximal
and distal epiphysesand distal epiphyses
– articulationarticulation point where long bone forms point where long bone forms
joint with another bonejoint with another bone covered by articular covered by articular
cartilagecartilage
– periosteumperiosteum dense connective tissue that dense connective tissue that
surrounds rest of bonesurrounds rest of bone
Cross Section of Long Cross Section of Long BoneBone
DiaphysisDiaphysis– Compact bone surrounds Compact bone surrounds
chamber known as medullary chamber known as medullary cavitycavity
– cavity filled with yellow marrow cavity filled with yellow marrow used for energy storageused for energy storage
– cavity lined by endosteumcavity lined by endosteum EpiphysisEpiphysis
– mostly occupied by spongy mostly occupied by spongy bone surrounded by thin layer bone surrounded by thin layer of compact boneof compact bone
– spaced filled with red marrowspaced filled with red marrow
Three Types of Bone Three Types of Bone CellsCells OsteoblastsOsteoblasts
– youthful stageyouthful stage– found on surface of bone tissuefound on surface of bone tissue– produces matrixproduces matrix
OsteocytesOsteocytes– maturemature– trapped in lacunae, surrounded by matrixtrapped in lacunae, surrounded by matrix
OsteoclastsOsteoclasts– cells that wander through tissue secreting cells that wander through tissue secreting
substance that dissolved matrixsubstance that dissolved matrix– probably osteoblasts under hormonal probably osteoblasts under hormonal
influenceinfluence
Microscopic Structure of Microscopic Structure of BoneBone
CompactCompact– organized in concentric organized in concentric
units known as units known as osteons/haversian osteons/haversian systemssystems
– Each osteon hasEach osteon has lamellae - layer of lamellae - layer of
hardened matrix hardened matrix Volkmann’s Canals – Volkmann’s Canals –
longitudinal canals to longitudinal canals to connect to blood supplyconnect to blood supply
Canaliculi – small canals Canaliculi – small canals from osteonic canal to cells from osteonic canal to cells in lacunaein lacunae
Microscopic Structure Microscopic Structure of Bone cont.of Bone cont. SpongySpongy
– more porous than compactmore porous than compact– bony plates (trabeculae) with spaces bony plates (trabeculae) with spaces
filled with red marrowfilled with red marrow– site of blood cell formationsite of blood cell formation– osteocytes still located in lacunae – osteocytes still located in lacunae –
don’t need channels because of rich don’t need channels because of rich blood supplyblood supply
Two Types of Bone Two Types of Bone DevelopmentDevelopment
IntramembranousIntramembranous– Bones that develop from embryonic Bones that develop from embryonic
membranesmembranes– Spongy bones develop first forming Spongy bones develop first forming
thin, bony plates in center of bonethin, bony plates in center of bone– Compact bones form along outer Compact bones form along outer
surfacessurfaces– ExamplesExamples
flat bones of skullflat bones of skull mandiblemandible claviclesclavicles
Two Types of Bone Development Two Types of Bone Development cont.cont. EndochondralEndochondral
– bones that form from cartilagebones that form from cartilage– begins around 6begins around 6thth week of life week of life– Primary Ossification Center (diaphysis)Primary Ossification Center (diaphysis)
osteoblasts move here and produce spongy bone tissueosteoblasts move here and produce spongy bone tissue at same time layer of compact bone is layed along at same time layer of compact bone is layed along
surfacesurface
– Secondary Ossification Center Secondary Ossification Center (epiphysis)(epiphysis) cartilage replaced by spongy bone tissuecartilage replaced by spongy bone tissue cartilage destruction leaves medullary cartilage destruction leaves medullary
cavitycavity walls of diaphysis thicken into compact walls of diaphysis thicken into compact
bonebone Episyseal PlateEpisyseal Plate
– cartilage layer between epiphysis and cartilage layer between epiphysis and diaphysisdiaphysis
Two Types of Bone Development Two Types of Bone Development cont.cont.
Bone GrowthBone Growth
Interstitial GrowthInterstitial Growth– increase in length at epiphyseal plateincrease in length at epiphyseal plate– cartilage cells regenerate and die, cartilage cells regenerate and die,
then are replaced by bonethen are replaced by bone Appositional GrowthAppositional Growth
– expansion in widthexpansion in width– done through production of compact done through production of compact
bone in periosteumbone in periosteum– medullary cavity expands through medullary cavity expands through
destruction of inner wall by destruction of inner wall by osteoclastsosteoclasts
Bone RemodelingBone Remodeling
At certain age bones stop growing At certain age bones stop growing and the epiphyseal plate disappearsand the epiphyseal plate disappears– bones don’t become inactivebones don’t become inactive
osteoblasts keep producing new boneosteoblasts keep producing new bone osteoclasts keep destroying old boneosteoclasts keep destroying old bone
Remodeling varies bone to boneRemodeling varies bone to bone– distal part of femur replaced every 5-6 distal part of femur replaced every 5-6
monthsmonths due to high amount of stressdue to high amount of stress
Bone Remodeling Bone Remodeling cont.cont.
This process helps maintain This process helps maintain homeostasishomeostasis
– if calcium and phosphate if calcium and phosphate are in excess they can be storedare in excess they can be stored
in new bone cellsin new bone cells– if they are needed elsewhere in if they are needed elsewhere in
the body the osteoclasts can the body the osteoclasts can destroy the bone cells and destroy the bone cells and release these mineralsrelease these minerals
– also needed for healing of also needed for healing of tissue damaged by disease ortissue damaged by disease or fracturefracture
Organization of Organization of SkeletonSkeleton
AxialAxial– skullskull– hyoidhyoid– vertebral columnvertebral column– thoracic cagethoracic cage
AppendicularAppendicular– pectoral girdlepectoral girdle– upper limbsupper limbs– pelvic girdlepelvic girdle– lower limbslower limbs
Surface FeaturesSurface Features
Condyle – large rounded prominenceCondyle – large rounded prominence Facet – smooth articular surfaceFacet – smooth articular surface Fissure – narrow opening or cleftFissure – narrow opening or cleft Foramen – opening/hole through boneForamen – opening/hole through bone Fossa – depression or grooveFossa – depression or groove Process – projection from surface Process – projection from surface Spine – narrow or pointed projectionSpine – narrow or pointed projection Trochanter – large, blunt processTrochanter – large, blunt process Tubercle – small rounded processTubercle – small rounded process Tuberosity – rounded, elevated area of Tuberosity – rounded, elevated area of
bonebone
Skull FeaturesSkull Features 22 bones = 8 cranial + 14 facial 22 bones = 8 cranial + 14 facial very close together very close together
– narrow joints in between known as suturesnarrow joints in between known as sutures SinusesSinuses
– chambers in skull lined with mucous chambers in skull lined with mucous membranesmembranes
– drain fluids through nasal cavitydrain fluids through nasal cavity– reduce weight of skullreduce weight of skull– resonate sound from resonate sound from
voicevoice– inflammation known inflammation known
as sinusitisas sinusitis– only found in 5 bonesonly found in 5 bones
frontal, ethmoid, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillarysphenoid and maxillary
Cranial BonesCranial Bones FrontalFrontal
– forehead and roof of eye sockets forehead and roof of eye sockets (orbits)(orbits)
– supraorbital foramen – space for blood supraorbital foramen – space for blood vessels and nerves to passvessels and nerves to pass
– sinuses above each orbit near middlesinuses above each orbit near middle ParietalParietal
– lateral sides lateral sides of craniumof cranium
– meet each other meet each other at sagittal sutureat sagittal suture– meets frontal meets frontal at coronal sutureat coronal suture
Cranial BonesCranial Bones OccipitalOccipital
– posterior wall and floor of craniumposterior wall and floor of cranium– meets parietals at lamboidal suturemeets parietals at lamboidal suture– contains foramen magnumcontains foramen magnum
where spinal cord enters craniumwhere spinal cord enters cranium
Occipital condylesOccipital condyles– form joints w/ form joints w/
vertebraevertebrae– allows you to allows you to
move your headmove your head
Cranial BonesCranial Bones TemporalTemporal
– meets parietals at squamosal suturemeets parietals at squamosal suture– External Auditory MeatusExternal Auditory Meatus
leads to inner earleads to inner ear– Mandibular FossaMandibular Fossa
joint for mandiblejoint for mandible– Zygomatic ProcessZygomatic Process
sticks out to form sticks out to form cheekbone with cheekbone with zygomatic bonezygomatic bone
– Styloid ProcessStyloid Process anchor for tongue anchor for tongue and pharynxand pharynx
– Mastoid ProcessMastoid Process rounded projectionrounded projection attachment site for attachment site for neck musclesneck muscles
Cranial BonesCranial Bones SphenoidSphenoid
– Butterfly shapedButterfly shaped– forms lower lateral forms lower lateral
walls, floor of walls, floor of cranium, and cranium, and posterior wall of orbitsposterior wall of orbits
– Optic foramenOptic foramen optic nerve passes optic nerve passes
to send signals to brainto send signals to brain– Superior and Inferior Orbital Superior and Inferior Orbital
FissuresFissures transmit blood vessels transmit blood vessels
and nervesand nerves– Sella turcicaSella turcica
houses pituitary glandhouses pituitary gland– Sphenoidal sinusesSphenoidal sinuses
Cranial BonesCranial Bones Ethmoid BoneEthmoid Bone
– mostly internalmostly internal– anterior to sphenoidanterior to sphenoid– forms cranial floor, orbital forms cranial floor, orbital
walls, nasal cavity wallswalls, nasal cavity walls– Cribiform plateCribiform plate
divides cranial cavity from nasal cavitydivides cranial cavity from nasal cavity– Crista galliCrista galli
process projecting upward from cribiform plateprocess projecting upward from cribiform plate attachment place for membranes enclosing brainattachment place for membranes enclosing brain
– Perpendicular platePerpendicular plate process projecting downward from cribiform plateprocess projecting downward from cribiform plate forms nasal septumforms nasal septum divides nasal cavity into left and rightdivides nasal cavity into left and right
– Superior and Middle Nasal ConchaeSuperior and Middle Nasal Conchae scroll-like projections extending from nasal cavityscroll-like projections extending from nasal cavity
– Ethmoid sinusesEthmoid sinuses
Facial BonesFacial Bones
Made of 13 Immovable bones and Made of 13 Immovable bones and 1 Movable lower jaw1 Movable lower jaw
FunctionsFunctions– support facesupport face– attachment for muscles that move attachment for muscles that move
jawjaw– control facial expressionscontrol facial expressions
Facial BonesFacial Bones MaxillaryMaxillary
– two bones on each side two bones on each side of faceof face
– forms upper jaw, floor forms upper jaw, floor of orbits, roof of mouth, of orbits, roof of mouth, walls and floor of nasal walls and floor of nasal cavitycavity
– maxillary sinusesmaxillary sinuses largest of sinuseslargest of sinuses drain directly into nasal cavitydrain directly into nasal cavity
– Upper set of teeth form joint at Alveolar Upper set of teeth form joint at Alveolar ProcessesProcesses
– Palatine ProcessPalatine Process forms anterior roof of mouthforms anterior roof of mouth normally fuses before birth and becomes hard normally fuses before birth and becomes hard
palatepalate if it doesn’t you have cleft lip/cleft palateif it doesn’t you have cleft lip/cleft palate
Facial BonesFacial Bones Palatine (2)Palatine (2)
– L-shapedL-shaped– posterior to maxillaposterior to maxilla– forms posterior roof offorms posterior roof of
mouth, floor of nasal mouth, floor of nasal cavity, lateral walls of cavity, lateral walls of nasal cavitynasal cavity
Zygomatic (2)Zygomatic (2)– one on each side of faceone on each side of face– forms cheekbones and orbitsforms cheekbones and orbits– Temporal ProcessTemporal Process
unites with zygomatic process to form unites with zygomatic process to form zygomatic archzygomatic arch
Facial BonesFacial Bones
Nasal (2)Nasal (2)– small, rectangular small, rectangular – forms bridge of forms bridge of
nose between nose between
orbitsorbits– rest of the nose is cartilagerest of the nose is cartilage
Lacrimal (2)Lacrimal (2)– small thin bonessmall thin bones– size of fingernailsize of fingernail– forms medial wall of orbitforms medial wall of orbit
Facial BonesFacial Bones VomerVomer
– found within found within
nasal cavitynasal cavity– joins ethmoid to joins ethmoid to
form nasal septumform nasal septum
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)– thin, scroll-like bonesthin, scroll-like bones– attached to lateral walls of nasal cavityattached to lateral walls of nasal cavity– located below conchae of ethmoidlocated below conchae of ethmoid
with conchae of ethmoid three shelves of nasal with conchae of ethmoid three shelves of nasal cavity are formedcavity are formed
Facial BonesFacial Bones
MandibleMandible– Lower jawLower jaw– Articulates with Articulates with
temporal bonetemporal bone mandibular condyle articulates with mandibular condyle articulates with
mandibular fossamandibular fossa
– Only movable bone of skullOnly movable bone of skull– Alveolar ProcessAlveolar Process
lower set of teeth articulate herelower set of teeth articulate here
Facial BonesFacial Bones
HyoidHyoid– Doesn’t articulate with any other Doesn’t articulate with any other
bonebone– Found in neck below mandibleFound in neck below mandible– Suspended from styloid process by Suspended from styloid process by
ligaments and muscleligaments and muscle– Horseshoe shapedHorseshoe shaped– Functions to support tongueFunctions to support tongue
Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column
Strong, flexible rodStrong, flexible rod Supports trunk, yet allows for Supports trunk, yet allows for
movementmovement Protects spinal cordProtects spinal cord Extends from base of skull to pelvisExtends from base of skull to pelvis Composed of:Composed of:
– VertebraeVertebrae– Intervertebral DiscsIntervertebral Discs
Four Curves of Vertebral Four Curves of Vertebral ColumnColumn Cervical Cervical
– bends to frontbends to front– concaveconcave– develops as child holds head updevelops as child holds head up
ThoracicThoracic– bends toward backbends toward back– convexconvex
LumberLumber– bends to frontbends to front– concaveconcave– develops as child learns to walk/standdevelops as child learns to walk/stand
SacralSacral– bends to backbends to back
FunctionsFunctions– add strength to columnadd strength to column– help maintain balancehelp maintain balance– absorb shockabsorb shock
The Typical VertebraeThe Typical Vertebrae BodyBody
– drum shapeddrum shaped– weight-bearingweight-bearing– attaches to attaches to
intervertebral discsintervertebral discs Vertebral ArchVertebral Arch
– extends from bodyextends from body– completes circle forming vertebral foramencompletes circle forming vertebral foramen
Vertebral ForamenVertebral Foramen– passage for spinal cordpassage for spinal cord
PediclesPedicles– two narrow bridgestwo narrow bridges– attach to bodyattach to body
The Typical Vertebrae The Typical Vertebrae cont.cont. LaminaeLaminae
– plates extending plates extending backward from backward from pediclepedicle
Spinous ProcessSpinous Process– posterior projectionposterior projection– muscle attachmentmuscle attachment
Transverse ProcessTransverse Process– lateral projection/muscle attachmentlateral projection/muscle attachment
Superior and Inferior ProcessSuperior and Inferior Process– upward and downward projectionsupward and downward projections– unite vertebrae above and belowunite vertebrae above and below
Cervical VertebraeCervical Vertebrae Seven of theseSeven of these Support headSupport head Differ from others in two waysDiffer from others in two ways
– smaller and lightersmaller and lighter– transverse processes have small transverse processes have small
holehole Transverse Foramen – opening for Transverse Foramen – opening for
arteries to reach brainarteries to reach brain
Two Special Cervical Two Special Cervical VertebraeVertebrae AtlasAtlas
– articulates with occipital condyles of skullarticulates with occipital condyles of skull– has no bodyhas no body– permits up and permits up and
down movement down movement
of headof head
nod “yes”nod “yes” AxisAxis
– Odontoid Process Odontoid Process tooth-like projectiontooth-like projection projects up throughprojects up through
ring of atlasring of atlas allows head to turn side to side – “no”allows head to turn side to side – “no”
Thoracic VertebraeThoracic Vertebrae
TwelveTwelve Larger than cervicalLarger than cervical Long, pointed spinous processes Long, pointed spinous processes
pointing downpointing down Only members Only members
to articulate to articulate
with ribswith ribs
Lumbar VertebraeLumbar Vertebrae
FiveFive Larger and thicker than cervical Larger and thicker than cervical
and thoracicand thoracic– because of added stress due to because of added stress due to
increasing body weightincreasing body weight
SacrumSacrum Large triangular bone Large triangular bone
at base of pelvisat base of pelvis really 5 vertebrae really 5 vertebrae
fused togetherfused together Spinous processSpinous process
– median sacral crestmedian sacral crest Superior Articular ProcessSuperior Articular Process
– top two processes of the median sacral top two processes of the median sacral crest articulate with 5crest articulate with 5thth lumbar vertebrae lumbar vertebrae
Vertebral canal becomes Sacral canalVertebral canal becomes Sacral canal Sacral HiatusSacral Hiatus
– openings at opposite ends of sacrumopenings at opposite ends of sacrum Dorsal Sacral Foramina and Pelvic Dorsal Sacral Foramina and Pelvic
ForaminaForamina– openings for nerves and blood vesselsopenings for nerves and blood vessels
CoccyxCoccyx
3-5 Small fused/partially fused 3-5 Small fused/partially fused bonesbones
Attached to sacrum by ligamentsAttached to sacrum by ligaments This is your tailboneThis is your tailbone
Thoracic CageThoracic Cage
Made of:Made of:– Thoracic vertebrae, sternum and ribsThoracic vertebrae, sternum and ribs
FunctionsFunctions– Encloses organs Encloses organs
of chestof chest– Supports shoulder Supports shoulder
girdle and upper girdle and upper limbslimbs
Thoracic CageThoracic Cage
SternumSternum– BreastboneBreastbone– Three partsThree parts
Manubrium Manubrium
superiorsuperior Body Body
middlemiddle Xiphoid Process – small triangular Xiphoid Process – small triangular
projectionprojection
– Articulates with clavicles at superior Articulates with clavicles at superior end and ribs along lateral bordersend and ribs along lateral borders
Thoracic CageThoracic Cage RibsRibs
– 12 pair12 pair– Attaches to thoracic vertebraAttaches to thoracic vertebra
curves around stopping short of sternumcurves around stopping short of sternum attaches to sternum via costal cartilageattaches to sternum via costal cartilage
– True ribsTrue ribs first 7 pairfirst 7 pair connect directly to connect directly to
sternumsternum
– False ribsFalse ribs last five pairlast five pair indirect connectionindirect connection last two are floatinglast two are floating
– no connection at allno connection at all
The Appendicular The Appendicular SkeletonSkeleton Pectoral GirdlesPectoral Girdles
– Connect upper limbs to axial skeletonConnect upper limbs to axial skeleton– Support arms & attach muscles that move Support arms & attach muscles that move
armsarms Upper LimbsUpper Limbs
– Support arms, wrists, hands & fingersSupport arms, wrists, hands & fingers Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle
– Support of upper bodySupport of upper body– Protection for organsProtection for organs– Attachment for lower limbsAttachment for lower limbs– Skeletal part of birth canalSkeletal part of birth canal
Lower LimbsLower Limbs– Support thigh, leg, ankle and footSupport thigh, leg, ankle and foot
Pectoral Pectoral GirdleGirdle
ClavicleClavicle– Collar bonesCollar bones
Extends from Extends from sternum to sternum to scapulascapula– Holds shoulder in place while arm is Holds shoulder in place while arm is
movingmoving– Acromioclavicular JointAcromioclavicular Joint
where clavicle joins with scapulawhere clavicle joins with scapula
Pectoral Girdle cont.Pectoral Girdle cont. ScapulaScapula
– shoulder bladesshoulder blades Triangle shapedTriangle shaped thin, broad surfaces & two processesthin, broad surfaces & two processes Attachment site for musclesAttachment site for muscles
– Subscapular FossaSubscapular Fossa Interior surfaceInterior surface concave, very smoothconcave, very smooth
– SpineSpine Prominent ridge on posterior surfaceProminent ridge on posterior surface
– Acromion ProcessAcromion Process lateral end of spinelateral end of spine unites with clavicle at Acromioclavicular Jointunites with clavicle at Acromioclavicular Joint
– Coracoid ProcessCoracoid Process attachment site for arms and musclesattachment site for arms and muscles
– Glenoid CavityGlenoid Cavity oval depression on lateral edgeoval depression on lateral edge receives head of humerusreceives head of humerus
Upper Limbs-HumerusUpper Limbs-Humerus Long bone of armLong bone of arm
– extends shoulder to elbowextends shoulder to elbow HeadHead
– smooth round surfacesmooth round surface– articulates w/ glenoid cavityarticulates w/ glenoid cavity
Anatomical NeckAnatomical Neck– circular groovecircular groove– separates head from:separates head from:
Greater and Lesser Greater and Lesser TubercleTubercle– muscle attachmentmuscle attachment
Intertubercular GrooveIntertubercular Groove– narrow channel between greater and lessernarrow channel between greater and lesser
Surgical NeckSurgical Neck– most common place for fracturesmost common place for fractures
Deltoid TuberosityDeltoid Tuberosity– roughened elevation near middle of shaftroughened elevation near middle of shaft– provides attachment for deltoid muscleprovides attachment for deltoid muscle
Upper Limbs-HumerusUpper Limbs-Humerus Distal end has four processes Distal end has four processes
and two projections forming and two projections forming elbow jointelbow joint– Capitulum and TrochleaCapitulum and Trochlea
Two rounded processes in centerTwo rounded processes in center Capitulum articulates with radiusCapitulum articulates with radius Trochlea articulates with ulnaTrochlea articulates with ulna
– Lateral and Medial EpicondyleLateral and Medial Epicondyle attachment for muscle and elbow attachment for muscle and elbow
ligamentsligaments
– Coronoid FossaCoronoid Fossa depression for ulna processdepression for ulna process
– Olecranon FossaOlecranon Fossa receives process of ulna receives process of ulna
if arm is straightif arm is straight
Upper Limbs-RadiusUpper Limbs-Radius Lateral bone of forearmLateral bone of forearm Always in line with thumbAlways in line with thumb HeadHead
– articulates with capitulum articulates with capitulum
and radial notch of ulnaand radial notch of ulna Radial TuberosityRadial Tuberosity
– rough surfacerough surface– bicep attachmentbicep attachment
Styloid ProcessStyloid Process– pointed projectionpointed projection– attachment for wrist ligamentsattachment for wrist ligaments
Upper Limbs-UlnaUpper Limbs-Ulna
Olecranon ProcessOlecranon Process– Funny boneFunny bone
Coronoid ProcessCoronoid Process– Projection articulating with Projection articulating with
humerushumerus Trochlear NotchTrochlear Notch
– Receives trochlear of Receives trochlear of humerushumerus
Head Head – On distal endOn distal end– Separated from wrist Separated from wrist
by fibrocartilageby fibrocartilage Styloid ProcessStyloid Process
– attachment for wrist ligamentsattachment for wrist ligaments
Upper Limbs-HandUpper Limbs-Hand CarpalsCarpals
– Eight small bones closely bound by Eight small bones closely bound by ligaments (2 rows of four)ligaments (2 rows of four)
– Articulate with radius, ulnar fibrocartilage Articulate with radius, ulnar fibrocartilage and metacarpalsand metacarpals
MetacarpalsMetacarpals– Five that form palmFive that form palm– Flattened base, elongated shaft, Flattened base, elongated shaft,
rounded head (knuckles)rounded head (knuckles) PhalangesPhalanges
– 14 per hand14 per hand– Two in thumb (proximal & distal)Two in thumb (proximal & distal)– Three in fingers (proximal, middle & distal)Three in fingers (proximal, middle & distal)
Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle Coxal BonesCoxal Bones
– In infants there are three separate In infants there are three separate bonesbones Ilium, Ischium & PubisIlium, Ischium & Pubis
– Merge when child stops growingMerge when child stops growing– AcetabulumAcetabulum
merger sitemerger site cavity is socket for femurcavity is socket for femur
Pelvic Girdle-IliumPelvic Girdle-Ilium Largest areaLargest area Large, flat portion forms bony ridge of Large, flat portion forms bony ridge of
hiphip Iliac crestIliac crest
– superior margin of ridgesuperior margin of ridge Auricular surfaceAuricular surface
– rough surface that unites rough surface that unites
with sacrumwith sacrum– forms Sacroiliac Jointforms Sacroiliac Joint
SpinesSpines– attachment sites for hip attachment sites for hip
and thigh musclesand thigh muscles
Pelvic Girdle-IschiumPelvic Girdle-Ischium Inferior, posterior portionInferior, posterior portion
– looks like letter Llooks like letter L Ischial SpineIschial Spine
– projection near superior projection near superior border w/ iliumborder w/ ilium
Ischial TuberosityIschial Tuberosity– rough, elevated surface rough, elevated surface
near angle of Lnear angle of L– supports body weight supports body weight
when sittingwhen sitting RamusRamus
– flat region that fuses flat region that fuses with pubiswith pubis
– leg of the Lleg of the L
Pelvic Girdle-PubisPelvic Girdle-Pubis
Inferior, anterior regionInferior, anterior region Symphysis PubisSymphysis Pubis
– unites with pubis unites with pubis
of opposite bone of opposite bone
to form jointto form joint Obturator ForamenObturator Foramen
– Ischium and pubis Ischium and pubis
curve to form thiscurve to form this– largest foramen largest foramen
in skeletonin skeleton
Pelvic Girdle-Male vs Pelvic Girdle-Male vs FemaleFemale
MaleMale FemaleFemale
OrientationOrientation Backward TiltBackward Tilt Forward TiltForward Tilt
Pelvic InletPelvic InletNarrowNarrow
Heart ShapedHeart ShapedWideWide
Oval ShapedOval Shaped
Pubic ArchPubic Arch <90<9000 Angle AngleBroadBroad
>90>9000 Angle Angle
SacrumSacrumNarrowNarrow
LongLongWide, ShortWide, Short
Greater CurvatureGreater Curvature
CoccyxCoccyx ImmovableImmovable MovableMovable
Bone Bone DensityDensity
Thick, HeavyThick, Heavy Thin, LightThin, Light
Lower Limbs-FemurLower Limbs-Femur Longest, heaviest bone in bodyLongest, heaviest bone in body HeadHead
– fits in acetabulum of coxal bonefits in acetabulum of coxal bone NeckNeck
– extends to main shaftextends to main shaft Greater and Lesser TrochanterGreater and Lesser Trochanter
– border base of neckborder base of neck– muscle attachment for hip muscle attachment for hip
and thighand thigh Linea AsperaLinea Aspera
– narrow ridge on posterior sidenarrow ridge on posterior side– muscle attachment sitemuscle attachment site
Lower Limbs-FemurLower Limbs-Femur Lateral and Medial CondylesLateral and Medial Condyles
– rounded processes at base rounded processes at base of femurof femur
– articulate with tibiaarticulate with tibia Intercondylar FossaIntercondylar Fossa
– depression on posterior side depression on posterior side between condylesbetween condyles
Patellar SurfacePatellar Surface– On anterior sideOn anterior side– Smooth, slight depressionSmooth, slight depression– Articulates with patella (kneecap)Articulates with patella (kneecap)– Located within quadriceps tendonLocated within quadriceps tendon
Lower Limbs-TibiaLower Limbs-Tibia Larger bone of lower legLarger bone of lower leg Lateral and Medial CondylesLateral and Medial Condyles
– articulate with femurarticulate with femur Tibial TuberosityTibial Tuberosity
– rough surfacerough surface– attachment site for attachment site for
patellar ligamentpatellar ligament Medial MalleolusMedial Malleolus
– distal end of tibiadistal end of tibia– inside ankle bone (medial side)inside ankle bone (medial side)– articulates with fibula (lateral side)articulates with fibula (lateral side)
Lower Limbs-FibulaLower Limbs-Fibula
Thin, twisted boneThin, twisted bone– lateral to the tibialateral to the tibia– head articulates w/ lateral head articulates w/ lateral
condyle of tibiacondyle of tibia Lateral MalleolusLateral Malleolus
– outside of ankleoutside of ankle– articulates w/ large bone articulates w/ large bone
of foot (talus)of foot (talus)
Lower Limbs-AnkleLower Limbs-Ankle 7 Tarsal bones7 Tarsal bones
– TalusTalus articulates with tibia and fibulaarticulates with tibia and fibula bears weight of bodybears weight of body
– CalcaneusCalcaneus heelheel largest, strongest largest, strongest
bone of footbone of foot supports body supports body
weightweight muscles attachmuscles attach
– Navicular, Cuboid, Lateral, Navicular, Cuboid, Lateral, Intermediate and Medial CuneiformIntermediate and Medial Cuneiform
Lower Limbs-FootLower Limbs-Foot InstepInstep
– 5 Metatarsal Bones5 Metatarsal Bones Each has base, shaft & distal headEach has base, shaft & distal head Heads form ball of footHeads form ball of foot
– ArchesArches between calcaneus and between calcaneus and
ball of football of foot maintained by ligaments maintained by ligaments
between tarsals and between tarsals and metatarsalsmetatarsals
provide lift while walkingprovide lift while walking
– ToesToes 14 Phalanges14 Phalanges