Sistem pencernaan

ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGIANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI

SISTEM PENGHADAMANSISTEM PENGHADAMAN

FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. Take in food

2. Break down the food

3. Absorb digested molecules

4. Provide nutrients

5. Eliminate wastes

The Digestive System

ANATOMY AND ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE HISTOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMDIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Digestive Tract Histology

1. Mucosa2. Submucosa3. Muscularis4. Serosa (adventitia)

Oral CavityOral Cavity

1. Lips and Cheek

2. Tongue

3. 32 teeths

4. Palate and Tonsils

5. Salivary Glands

Oral CavityOral Cavity

1. Bibir dan pipi - mengunyah dan bercakap

2. Lidah - bercakap, merasa, mengunyah, menelan

3. 32 gigi - mengerat, melumat/menghancur - crown, neck and root

4. Lelangit - keras dan lembut

5. Salivary Glands - menghasilkan serous dan

mocous 3 glands - 1. Parotid,

2. Submandibular, 3. Sublingual glands

Salivary GlandsSalivary Glands

Pharynx (tekak)Pharynx (tekak)

1. Nasopharynx

2. Oropharynx

3. Laryngopharynx

Esophagus

EsophagusEsophagus

1. Salur memanjang dari pharynx ke stomach melalui diaphragm

2. Ukuran panjangnya 25 sm

3. Esophageal sphincters mengantar makanan

keluar dan masuk esophagus

4. Cardiac sphincter - lower esophageal sphincter

5. Mucous glands - mucus

EsophagusEsophagus

StomachStomach

Heart

StomachStomach1. Stomach - cardiac region and pyloric region

2. The wall of stomach 3 layers;

i. longitudinal

ii. circular

iii. oblique

3. Gastric glands produce;

i. mucus

ii. hydrocloric acid

iii. pepsin

iv. gastrin

v. intrinsic factor

StomachStomach

Small IntestineSmall Intestine

Small intestine - 3 parts:

i. duodenum

ii. jejunum

iii. ileum

Intestinal Lining - circular folds, villi dan microvilli

Goblet cells & duodenal glands - mucus

DuodenumDuodenum

LiverLiver1. Liver menerima darah daripada:

i. hepatic arteryii. Hepatic portal vein

2. Liver produces ‘bile’. Bile leaves lever - hepatic duct system.3. Liver devided into lobules - portal triads

4. Portal triads:I. hepatic portal veinii. hepatic arteryiii. hepatic duct

LiverLiver

PancreasPancreas

1. Pancreas adalah kelenjar endokrine dan exorine.

2. Tugasnya mengawal tahap nutrein darah

3. Exocrine menghasilkan;

i. bicarbonate ions

ii. digestive enzymes

Liver, gallbladder, Pancreas and Duct System

Liver, gallbladder, Pancreas and Duct System

Liver HistologyLiver Histology

Anatomy and Histology of the Pancreas

Anatomy and Histology of the Pancreas

Large IntestineLarge Intestine1. Colon terdiri daripada;

i. Ascending,ii. tranverse

iii. descendingiv. Sigmoid portions

2. Mengandungi mucus - crypts3. Rectum adalah saluran lurus - anal canal4. Cecum and appendix - blind sacs5. Cecum - junction of small and large intestines.

Large IntestineLarge Intestine

Peritoneum and MesenteriesPeritoneum and Mesenteries

MOVEMENTS AND MOVEMENTS AND SECRETIONS IN SECRETIONS IN THE DIGESTIVE THE DIGESTIVE

SYSTEMSYSTEM

Sistem PenghadamanSistem Penghadaman

1. Sistem Penghadaman di atur oleh:

i. neural

ii. hormonal mechanisms

2. Intramural plexuses bertanggungjawab kepada ‘local reflexes’

Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus


1. Amylase (saliva) mula penghadaman.

2. Mucin menghasilkan pelincir

3. Gigi - menghancurkan makanan

4. Voluntary phase: Bolus akan ditolak oleh lidah ke pharynx



5. Pharyngeal phase:

i. soft plate close nasopharynx

ii. epiglottis close - larynx

iii. pharyngeal muscles move the bolus to the esophagus

iv. Peritalsis ( a wave of constriction) moves the food down to the stomach

3 fasa Menelan (1)3 fasa Menelan (1)

StomachStomach

1. Secretion of the Stomach

i. mucus protect the stomach lining

ii. hydrocloric acid kills microorganisms & activates pepsin

iii. pepsin starts protein digestion

iv. intrinsic factor aids (vitamin B12 ) absorption

v. Gastrin helps regulate stomach secretion

and movements.

StomachStomach

StomachStomach2. Regulation of stomach Secretion

i. Cephalis phase - sight, taste, smell …..

ii. Gastrin - stomach secretion

iii. Gastric phase - promotes secretion

iv. intrinsic factor aids (vitamin B12 ) absorption

v. Gastrin helps regulate stomach secretion

and movements.

vi. Intestinal phase - acidic chyme

3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik

StomachStomach

3. Movement in the stomach

i. Mixing wave mix the stomach contents

with the stomach secretion - chyme

ii. Peritalsis wave moves the chyme to the

duodenum


1. Secretions of the small intestine

i. Mucus protects:

- digestive enzymes

- stomach acid

ii. Chemical or tactile irritation


2. Movement in the small intestine

i. Segmental contraction occur

- short distance

- mix intestinal secretion

ii. Peritalsis contraction occur

- length distance

- propel chyme

3. Most absorption occurs in the duodenum

and jejunum

LiverLiver

1. Liver produces;

i. ‘bile’ - emulsify fats

ii. stores and processes nutrients

iii. produces new molecules

iv. detoxifies molecules

v. produces blood proteins

Kawalan Rembesan ‘Bile’Kawalan Rembesan ‘Bile’

PancreasPancreas

1. Pancreas produces;

i. bicarbonate ions

ii. digestive enzymes

2. Acidic chyme - a watery bicarbonate solution

3. Fatty acids and amino acids (duodenum) -

pancreatic enzymes

PancreasPancreas

Large IntestineLarge Intestine

1. Functions:

i. feces production

ii. water absorption

2. Much longer to move

3. In the colon, chyme is converted to feces

4. Mass movements occur 3/4 times/day

5. Defecation - elimination of feces

DIGESTION, DIGESTION,

ABSORPTION ABSORPTION

AND AND

TRANSPORTTRANSPORT

1. Chemical breakdown of organic molecules

into their component parts

2. After digest;

- some diffuse through the intestinal wall

- transported across the intestinal wall

Digestion, Absorption and Transport

Digestion, Absorption and Transport

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

1. Polysaccharides (split) to disaccharides by salivary and pancreatic amylases

2. Disaccharides (breakdown) to monosaccharides

by disaccharides - surface of intestinal epithelium

3. Monosaccharides absorbed - blood, carried by portal veins to liver

4. Glucose - carried and enter into the cells by facilited diffusion.

5. Insulin increases the rate of glucose transport

LipidsLipids

1. Bile salts is emulsify lipids

2. Pancreatic lipase (breakdown) lipid

3. Products - micelles

4. Lipids are stored in the adipose and

in the liver

5. Lipids release when it needed by the body

ProteinsProteins

1. Proteins (split) - small polypeptides by

enzymes (stomach and pancreas

2. Peptidases complete the digestive process

3. Amino acids (absorbed) - intestinal epithelial cells

4. Amino acid actively transported - growth hormon and insulin

5. Amino acid - build new proteins and energy

Water and MineralsWater and Minerals

1. Water can move - ‘osmotic condition’

2. 99 % water absorbed

3. Most minerals are actively transported

SEKIAN SEKIAN

TERIMA KASIHTERIMA KASIH

Sistem pencernaan

Health & Medicine

Transcript of Sistem pencernaan