Singapore as an entrepot in the 14th century (India and China trade links)
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Singapore’s links with the rest of the world in the 14th century
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China: Chinese Junks and navigation
Chinese ships with a flat bottom and square sail. Ships that can carry up to 1000 men by 14th century
Javanese ‘Jong’: 9th century AD.
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Chinese compass, joss sticks and Qiang Xing Ban or Si Nan
Si Nan/ Chinese compassQiang Xing Ban/ Navigational Board
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14th century ships
• Ming Dynasty and Admiral Zheng He• Treasure Ships 150 meters long.
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Qianzhou port
Porcelain, silk, tea, gold, silver and metals and lacquerware
Paper, ink textiles, ginger, sandalwood, eaglewood oil for perfume, medicine,
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Song Dynasty (1196-1205)
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Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368)
• Maritime office at Quanzhou in 1277
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India/Galle
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Calicut – main port for spice trade
• Hindu Zamorin rulers who practised religious tolerence
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Muslin: made from cotton.
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Garam (Hot) Masala (Mixture of spices): Hindi
India: Black peppercorn, coriander seeds, black mustard seeds, black cardamom pods, ginger
Sri Lanka: Cinnamon sticks.
Vietnam and China: Star Anise.
Moluccas: Mace, cloves and nutmegs
Egypt: Cumin seeds
Mediterranean: Fennel seeds and Fenugreek seeds .
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Saffron: From Persi and India and used for seasoning, fragrance, fabric dye and medicine
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Musk: Musk deer of India and their glands extracted to make perfume and Chinese medicine
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Glass bangles and stone beads
• Popular in NW India• Collect raw glass which is
processed in a furnace with the help of a pipe or kiln to make glass bangles.
• Carnelian: Brownish-red semi-precious stone found in the ground. For trade, decorative and religious purpose
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Galle: Sri Lanka
• Trade in precious gems, ivory, peacocks, precious stones
Highest density of gem deposits in the world
Amethyst, garnet, rubies, sapphire, topaz and other precious stones
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Pearls, corals and hawksbill turtles
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Coconut – drinking water for long sea voyages, ropesCoconut palm wood for masts and spars. Also sails
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Galle pots and brass pots
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Tumeric and Cinnamon
• Tumeric for fabric dye and cooking substitute for saffron. Also medicine and religious purpose
• Cinnamon (Kayu Manis or sweet wood) for cooking and as medicine
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Beeswax
• Medicine and skin softener. Also making candles, statues and waxing wood
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Sulphur: raw materials for fumigation, medicine, bleaching cloth.
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Frankincense and Myrrh
• Milky white sap from trees in Middle East, Africa and India. Used as perfume, medicine.
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Evidence from Archaeology
• Excavations at Parliament House. Coins that date back to King Bhuvanika Bahu I (1273-1284): p69 of textbook
• Fragments of glass bangles of Gujerati Design. Western India silica
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Southeast Asian earthernware and Chiense artifacts found at Kottapatnam, S India
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Place of Origin Why is it valuable?
Eg. Hornbill Casques Borneo. Singapura Rare bird. Carved decorations on it. Wanted by Chinese officials
1. Navigation Board
2. Si Nan / Chinese Compass
3. Jong
4. Celadon Ware
5. Qingbai Pottery
6. Cinnamon
7. Glass Bangle