Micromechanisms of Capacity Fade in Silicon Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries
SiFAB Advanced Silicon Anode Technology
Transcript of SiFAB Advanced Silicon Anode Technology
#AdvMfgExpoInformation Classification: General
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SiFAB Advanced Silicon
Anode Technology
Bruce Zoitos
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Novel fiber-based anode offering:
• High energy density (>1000 mAh/g)
• Manufacturing flexibility: drop in to current cell manufacturing
• Performance: cycle life, high rate charge/discharge
• Commercial scale production coming in 2022, further capacity in 2023
Introducing…SiFABTM Silicon Fiber Anode Battery Technology
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Unifrax is a Leading Global Supplier of High-performance Specialty Fibers
Unifrax is a global leader in high-performance specialty fibers and inorganic materials used in high-temperature industrial, automotive, and fire protection applications. We are committed to producing superior products that help our customers save energy, reduce pollution, and improve fire safety.
Quality Certifications: ISO 9001:2015 IATF 16949:2016
Greener.Lower fuel costs, higher operational efficiency, and significant energy savings.
Cleaner.High-performance, environmentally friendly solutions.
Safer.Maximum fire protection – for your people and your equipment.
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FyreWrap® LiB Papers FyreWrap® LiB Coatings
FyreWrap® LiB Films & Enhanced Films Offering Blast ResistanceFyreWrap® LiB Boards & Felts
We Supply LiB Technology For Industry Leading OEMs
Cell-to-Cell Thermal Runaway Propagation Barriers
Module Passive Fire Protection
Heat Shielding
Battery Pack Passive Fire Protection
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Unifrax Quality Certifications: ISO 9001:2015, IATF 16949:2016
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FyreWrap® LiB Papers FyreWrap® LiB Coatings
FyreWrap® LiB Films & Enhanced Films Offering Blast ResistanceFyreWrap® LiB Boards & Felts
We Supply LiB Technology For Industry Leading OEMs
Unifrax Quality Certifications: ISO 9001:2015, IATF 16949:2016
Cell-to-Cell Thermal Runaway Propagation Barriers
Module Passive Fire Protection
Heat Shielding
Battery Pack Passive Fire Protection
LiB Battery Separator
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FyreWrap® LiB Papers FyreWrap® LiB Coatings
FyreWrap® LiB Films & Enhanced Films Offering Blast ResistanceFyreWrap® LiB Boards & Felts
We Supply LiB Technology For Industry Leading OEMs
Presentation Focus
Cell-to-Cell Thermal Runaway Propagation Barriers
Module Passive Fire Protection
Heat Shielding
Battery Pack Passive Fire Protection
LiB Battery Separator
Advanced Silicon Anode Technology
High capacity, silicon dominant anode resistant to swelling
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Unifrax Quality Certifications: ISO 9001:2015, IATF 16949:2016
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A Simple, Novel, Scalable Approach to Silicon Anode.
High performance fiber…
• Ultra high-capacity silicon dominant anode• Unique geometry allows drop-in use to anode slurries• Allows better particle-particle contact• Offers better options for anode microstructure
Nanostructured…
• 30% open volume to accommodate swelling• Controlled high surface area to facilitate Li transfer• Short internal diffusion distances to minimize swelling stress
Highly scalable…• Manufacturing process uses established, large scale methods• Unifrax has a 75-year track record of supplying specialty fibers• Tested in Roll 2 Roll
SiFAB Nano Porous Fiber Structure
Artist rendition of SiFAB at nano scale
SiFAB on R-T-R anode
STEM of Si-C composite structure
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SiFAB Manufacturing Expansion
Process Design is Modular & Scalable
Widnes, EnglandPrimary Fiber Production Plant
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New Carlisle, Indiana Secondary Process Facility Online 2022
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We Are Rapidly Scaling SiFAB Production to Hundreds of MT By 2023 Following 5 Years of Product Development
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
First material synthesized
Internal R&D
1st Production Line
Fully dedicated plant
Performance testing with third party labs
Half cells Full coin cellsPouch &
cylindrical cells
Production Scale(Annual capacity)
Commercialization Timeline
Today
KG Samples available now
Data to be shared today
1,000 MT100s of MT capacity
by 2023
20 MT
Will continue to add scale ‘24 -25
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High Capacity in Silicon Dominant Anode
Composite Reversible Capacity
>1000 mAh/g
Si / SiOx
SiFAB(Current Composition)
35%
65%
Carbon
Si/SiOx/C composite material design with high capacity
• Chemistry and process may be tuned to alter material base characteristics
• Can alter %Si, porosity, open volume % carbon
• Tailor desired capacity, other performance parameters, to end user need
• % Si -- capacity
• Porosity & carbon level to impact other parameters
• Following data is based on A single target structure
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Roadmap to Enabling SiFAB in Lithium-Ion Batteries
SiFAB Development program
• Key base performance metrics
• SiFAB drop-in development
• Roll 2 roll process development
• Prelithiation studies
• High throughput cell optimization studies
• Swelling testing
• Large cell development
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Roadmap to Enabling SiFAB in Lithium-Ion Batteries
SiFAB technical programs are moving fast fully characterizing SiFAB
Anode Capacity up to 725 mAh/gAnode Capacity >1000mAh/g
Depends on customers’ current technology roadmap
Very High Capacity High Load w/ Prelithiation
Blended with Graphite
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Prelithiation in 100% SiFAB Anode Study Details
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Vo
ltag
e(V
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Specific Discharge Capacity (mAh/g)
Voltage(V), vs. Specific Discharge Capacity (mAh/g)
Anode Capacity 1199 mAh/g
FCE = 89.2%
NMC 532 Cathode
Full cell, first cycle results • 100% SiFAB anode
• SiFAB anode externally pre-lithiated to 3 cycles in half cell
• Half cell anode capacity 1200 mAh/g
• Full cell FCE 89.2%, much attributable to NMC 532
Conclusion:
• Full Cell FCE 89.2%• Anode half cell capacity of 1200 mAh/g
realized by anode. (100% Si)
Based on cathode (pos-limited)
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FCE 89.2%
Anode capacity 1200 mAh/g
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Prelithiation in Composite Anode Study Details
• Composite anode: 69% SiFAB/31% Graphite
• SiFAB anode externally pre-lithiated to 25% capacity
• Full cell first cycle reversible anode capacity >900 mAh/g. (947 mAh/g in half cell)
• Full cell FCE ~89%, much attributable to NMC 622
Conclusion:
• Full cell FCE 89% • Full cell anode capacity of 900 mAh/g
(69Si / 31Graphite blend)
Full Cell, First Cycle Results
NMC 622//UF Si+Gr (Preli 25%)
25°C
2.5-4,3V
Cy1: C/20 CC, C/50 CV
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FCE 89%
Anode capacity ~900 mAh/g
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Commercial Scale Lithiation in Practice
Unifrax Worked with who have developed and enabled Commercial Scale
Lithiation Systems in a Tightly Controlled Turnkey Continuous Process Design.
In this Prototype work SiFAB containing cells achieved:
>90% FCE on roll to roll electrodes
Reversible Capacity >1000mAh/g
Up to 20% increase in modeled Gravimetric Energy Density
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Full Cell Energy Density via PrelithiationModeling Results
Energy Density Improvement
Anode Wh/l
Graphite
SiFAB-925 mAh/g*
SiFAB-1200 mAh/g
661
758
824
* 69% SiFABTM blend with graphite
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500
600
700
800
900
Vo
lum
etr
ic E
ne
rgy
De
nsi
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Graphite
SiFAB 925
SiFAB 1200
25%
* 100% SiFABTM
vs NMC 622
Can be >900 Wh/l using NMC 811
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Roadmap to Enabling SiFAB in Lithium-Ion Batteries
SiFAB technical programs are moving fast fully characterizing SiFAB
Anode Capacity up to 725 mAh/gAnode Capacity >1000mAh/g
Very High Capacity High Load w/ Prelithiation
Blended with Graphite
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% F
irst
Cyc
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ffic
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%SiFAB Blended with Graphite
SiFAB Can Be Easily Blended With Graphite
• Proven FCE increase with Graphite blend
• SiFAB easily incorporated into blended electrode
• Graphite blends up to 40% SiFAB demonstrate >80% FCE
• Reversible capacity up to 725mAh/g can be accessed at >80% FCE w/ up to 40% SiFAB
• Pouch cells are being tested for swelling
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Half cellVs. Li foil
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% F
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%SiFAB Blended with Graphite
SiFAB Can Be Easily Blended With Graphite
Up to 40% SiFABFCE > 80%
Reversible capacity up to 725mAh/g
80%
• Proven FCE increase with Graphite blend
• SiFAB easily incorporated into blended electrode
• Graphite blends up to 40% SiFAB demonstrate >80% FCE
• Reversible capacity up to 725mAh/g can be accessed at >80% FCE w/ up to 40% SiFAB
• Pouch cells are being tested for swelling
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Half cellVs. Li foil
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Anode StructureBlended SiFAB/Graphite Electrode Structure
50% SiFAB; 50% Graphite100% SiFAB; 0% Graphite 19% SiFAB; 81% Graphite
SiFAB readily blends with graphite and provides a bridging, connected structure
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C/2 cycling studies indicate 250 cycles for
highest load (75% SiFAB)
Lower loadings projected to >500 cycles
Binders and electrolyte being optimized
for cycle life via high throughput studies.
Cycling in Single Layer Pouch Cells
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% R
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CA
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CYCLE #
9.4% SiFAB
19.4% SiFAB
29.4% SiFAB
50% SiFAB
75% SiFAB
SiFAB composite cells
Full Cell
NMC 532
C/2 cycling
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75% SiFAB: 250 cycles to 80% Capacity
50% SiFAB: projected 500 cycles
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Cycle Characteristics of SiFAB
60 cycles in half cell
>150 cycles half cell
As formed anode
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Re
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Cap
acit
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Ah
/g
Cycle #
100% SiFAB AM showing stable cycling performance in half cell
Structurally stable: No evidence of anode pulverization
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Half cellVs. Li foil
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Overall cell swelling for cycle 1 (post
formation) and cycle 200.
Swelling measured at full charge and full
discharge—expansion on each cycle.
Swelling remains in defined band. Cells
do not show progressive expansion with
cycling.
Swelling Measurements of Pouch Cell
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% E
XPA
NSI
ON
SiFAB LOADING (%)
Cycle 1
CELL SWELLING (%)D [TOC – BOC]
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Overall cell swelling for cycle 1 (post
formation) and cycle 200.
Swelling measured at full charge and full
discharge—expansion on each cycle.
Swelling remains in defined band. Cells
do not show progressive expansion with
cycling.
Swelling Measurements of Pouch Cell
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% E
XPA
NSI
ON
SiFAB LOADING (%)
Cycle 1
Cycle 200
CELL SWELLING (%)D [TOC – BOC]
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High Rate Charge/Discharge Performance
SiFAB was tested in full cells for high rate performance The top binder systems from a previous study were tested At 4C, Discharge rate retention >74% was achieved and >60% Charge Rate Retention
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C-RATE
RATE CAPABILITY: CHARGING
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CA
PAC
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% C
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C-RATE
RATE CAPABILITY: DISCHARGE
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60% CAPACITY AT 4C CHARGE RATE
74% CAPACITY AT 4C DISCHARGE RATE
FULL CELLSVs. NMC 6223 mAh/cm2
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Key Takeaways & Next Steps
What we discussed Next Steps
SiFAB silicon dominant anode material showing high capacity and versatility
Tested with third party labs to establish optimal use
To learn more and request a material sample:
• Visit us in Booth 1431
• Go to sifab.com and join our mailing list
Unifrax partnering with OEMs and Cell Makers and have 1Kg samples available
75+ years of experience Large scale manufacturing
of SiFAB in 2022
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