Shweta Vajpayee - Guru Kpo

Biyani's Think Tank

A concept based exclusive material

PSYCHOLOGY

(GNM-I Year)

Shweta Vajpayee

Lecturer

Deptt. of Nuring

Biyani Girls College, Jaipur

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Published by :

Think Tanks

Biyani Group of Colleges

Concept & Copyright :

Biyani Shikshan Samiti

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First Edition: 2010

Price:

Leaser Type Setted by:

Biyani College Printing Department

While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any mistake or

omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that neither the

publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind arising to

anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.

GNM First Year (Psychology) 3

Preface

I am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the

students. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in understanding

the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory and adopts the “Teach

Yourself” style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The language of book is quite easy

and understandable based on scientific approach.

This book covers basic concepts related to principal understandings about psychology

and dynamics of human behavior and concept of mental health . This will enable to them

develop positive attitude in the nurses to maintain interpersonal relationship with patients.

Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission

and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readers for which the

author shall be obliged.

I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani,

Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main concept provider

and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this Endeavour. They played an

active role in coordinating the various stages of this Endeavour and spearheaded the

publishing work.

I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various educational

institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the quality of the book.

The reader may feel free to send in their comments and suggestions to the under mentioned

address.

Author

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PSYCHOLOGY

Course Description

This course is designed to help students understand the dynamics of human behaviour and

concept of mental health. This will enable them to develop positive attitude and good inter-

personal relationship in the practice of nursing in all health care settings.

General Objective

Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to :

Describe the concept of mental and psychology.

Explain the dynamics of human behaviour, personality and learning.

Discuss the role of adjustment and emotions in health and illness.

Demonstrate skills in the application of principle of psychology in nursing practice in

all kind of health care sittings.

Course content

Unit I Introduction

Definitions, scope of psychology and its importance in nursing profession.

Unit II psychology of Human Behaviour

Dynamics of behaviour, motivation process of adjustment, adjustments and

maladjustments unconscious behaviours.

Frustration Sources and nature of frustration, measures to overcome frustration.

Conflicts; types, unconscious conflict, resolution, conflict, and nursing

Adjustment mechanism, meaning, types and importance's.

Emotions; in health and disease, emotional situations, control of emotions, effect of

emotional reactions on health.

Attitudes meaning, development, change in attitude, attitude and nursing.


Habits, formation, type effective habit formation, advantages and disadvantage of habit

formation.

Unit III Learning

Nature of learning laws and types of learning, factors promoting, effecting learning,

memory and forgetfulness.

Thinking and reasoning.

Nature and type of thinking.

Problem solving and reasoning.

Unit IV observation

Attention and perception factors affection attention and observation and

Unit V Intelligence

Definition, individual difference in intelligence.

Mental ability and nature of intelligence.

Measurement of intelligence.

Development of intelligent behaviour

Unit VI personality

Meaning types, factor affecting development of personality

Characteristics of various are group child, adolescent, adult and aged.

Will and character.

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Unit- I

Chapter – I

Psychology

Q.1 What is the mean of psychology? Define Psychology?

Ans.: Introduction:

we are all interested in understanding our selves and others.

A knowledge of psychology has come up to be considered of both academic and

practical values in the field of medicine, low, business, social relations, social

workers, nursing and other areas of human behaviour.

Mean of psychology :_

Greek word –

Psyche – Sound or spirit

Logos – Scientific study

Sound was replaced by mind.

Psychology is a science of behaviour :

1. Psychology is derived by 2 Greek word psyche and logos.

2. Later on mind replaced soul.

3. Finally the most model and most widely accepted definitions of psychology is

regarded as "Science of behaviour".

Definition of Psychology :

William James in his book "principle of psychology" published in 1880.

- It define that psychology expulsion stat of our consciousness.


- In the term of study of behaviour "psychology is scientific way of study behaviour of

human beings"

Psycho Soul conscious mind behaviour logy study

- Psychology is a positive or natural science. It is a bound is sense it include all types of

human activity like :

1. Motor activities – Ex. Walking, speaking.

2. Cognitive activities – Ex. Thinking, remembering, reasoning.

3. Emotional activities – Ex. Happiness, sadness, fearness, angriness.

- These activities come under our behaviour.

Q.2 What the importance of psychology for a nurse?

Ans.:

Firstly it will enable her to understand our self.

Psychology will help to student nurse to understand to other people.

The study of psychology will help to the student nurse to appreciate the

necessity of changing the environment.

Psychology will through light an inter dependence or body mind and spirit in each

individual.

No. of adjustment :

(a) With a new environment.

(b) Adjustment with the patient with different lines and of different age group.

(c) Adjustment to her own work routine besides. She needs to develop a. professional

personality.

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Chapter II

Scope of Psychology

Q.1 What are the scope of psychology?

Ans.: The scope of psychology :

First like other science psycho its own scope or psychology is very wide because its no.

of branches :-

1. General Psychology :

It has general principles of psychology,

It desire the universal character and human behaviour

We are Studying general psychology in which includes:- habits, attitude, human

behaviour.

2. Animal Psychology :

In this psychology persons have to study about behaviour of animal with human

beings.

3. Physiological Psychology :

It shows that function + structure of sense organ, muscle, flow nervous system.

4. Genetic Psychology :

It also c/a the development psychology, it is a study of behaviour birth to till older.

It also the study of factor which affecting growth + development of human

behaviour.

5. Child Psychology :

It is study of the behaviour of a child from birth to till 12 years of age.

6. Social psychology :

It study various types of phenomena such as :-

Public opinion

Attitude

Crowed Behaviour

7. Abnormal Psychology:


It is study of mental disorder and treatment by mental disorder.

Q.2 What are the methods of psychology?

Ans.: Psychology are have study previously is a systematic and scientifically studies of

human behaviour. It has its special tools and procedure. These facts about it. These

procedure are c/a "methods of psychology.

1. Intro-inspection or self observation method.

2. The observational method

3. Experimental method

4. Clinical method

5. Genetic or Developmental method.

6. Rating scales, checklist & questionnaires

7. Testing method

8. Socio metry method.

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Unit – II

Chapter- I

Mental Health

Q.1 Let us define the mental health and described the characters of mentally healthy

person?

Ans.: The mental healthy person as adjustment of human being to the world and to each other

with a maximum of effectiveness and happiness. It is ability to maintain an ever temper

on alert intelligence, society, considerate, behaviour and happy position. This type of

condition when in our life create many problem then use found the way of solve the

problem.

Character :

1. He feel comfort him self.

2. He feel responsibility.

3. The enjoy with success.

4. He neither estimate nor or over estimate.

5. When an obstacle come in our life then he don't crying and start trying.

6. He live in good company and he enjoy our life.

7. He can able to think and take able to any decision.

8. He set a goal with himself.


Chapter – II

Motivation

Q.1 What is motivation? Define motive or drive?

Ans.: It is a key ward in psychology it is an inner force, drives are individual. A certain

action. Also determines human behaviour motivation may be positive or negative.

without motivation.

Motive or drive :

Motive or the behavioural drives can also be defined as "some inner force which moves

him to certain action".

When a motive is at work it creates a tension. These tension the individual towards

activity that will relive the tensions.

The motive in broad sense the words include needs, basic drives, interests like a

dislike, desire & attitude because all these move is to same action or the other.

Q.2 Define The types or classification of motive or drive.

Ans.:

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Motive or Drive

Biological or Social motives or Personal motive Unconscious

Physiological drives Drives or drives Motivation

Drives

Vocational Level of Force of habit

Ambitions and aspiration

Life Goals

Gregariousness Mastery Acquisitiveness

Motive motive or possessions


Chapter-III

Defense Mechanism

Q.1 What do your understand by adjustment mechanism why are they also called

defense mechanism?

Ans.: Physical structure or process that protect against from the environment is c/a defense

mechanism. "according to frend the term defense mechanism refers to the un-conscious

powers that defense a person against anxiety. It is also c/a "adjustment mechanism" and

"mental mechanism".

The human being usually able to relief from the conflict by utilizing certain form of

adaptation achieve are c/a defense mechanism.

Q.2 Bring out the various types of defense mechanism (s) by giving example and their

use?

Ans.: Classification of adjustment mechanism use shall simply discuss important

mechanisms called operate in our daily life These are :

1. Compensation : It means something gives to replace a loss or to make up for a defect

or where a person which fall shot of his goal in one area is trying to achieve in another

area.

Ex. A person is physically handicapped he may work hard and get a good score in studies

the compensation reactions in another area.

2. Rationalization : It is most common mechanism use by us. An individual who has

been frustrated or not solve the problem successfully and feel this comfort. Give

different reason rather their actual reason he does not offer the actual reasons because

is too painful.

Ex. A boy don't know how to play chase may not participate in the game, if some one will

ask him. Why he is not playing? He will say, " It is not fun" if he wons to play he can

play very will."

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3. Displacement : It is a special form of projection is c/a displacement.

Ex. Nurse have been angry with a doctor for her negligence her duty. So she feel anger

about it. But she could not show her anger to the doctor. So she may show her feeling

to the patient.

4. Identification: " It is an adjustment mechanism by which the individual feels the

personal satisfaction in the success and achievement of other people and groups.

Ex. Boys often identify them self with their father. And girls other identify their self with

their mother.

5. Substitution: It is a adjustive mechanism in which original goal or desire are substitute

by others the original goal are difficult to achieve so that individual select a new goal

for a new situation which is easier to attend.

Ex. A boy who can't go for a medical college because of lack of fun may join Nursing.

6. Sublimation : Our unacceptable desire or activities are redirected in to socialy

acceptance manner.

Ex. We can't express our sexual or aggressive impulses due to may social reason. law and

restriction these impulses have to be repressed acid energy associated with there may

produce tension and frustration.

Ex. A business man may because energy and tired by certain events of the day he may

redirected his energy in to games or gardening by redirection person get social and

personal satisfaction.

7. It means behave in a childish behaviour or manner in a less mature way.

Ex. A nurse makes an error in gives medication or nsg. Care and than start crying.


Chapter-IV

Frustration

Q.1 What is frustration ? and what are the sources of frustration?

Ans.: Frustration can be defined of the blocking of a desire or needs it refers to failure to

satisfy a basic needs because of condition either in the individual or external obstacles

because frustration is a condition of extreme tension. Its commonly interpreted strong

emotional tension.

Sources of frustration :

1. Our frustration may be caused by minor obstacle in our environment.

2. Our frustration may be caused by confined to other people.

3. Our frustration may be caused by environment, situation or condition. Which one can

not control.

4. Economic deprivation may be caused frustration 5 social customs, tradition, distraction

and taboos.

5. Even the realization of our personal deficiency.

6. An other source of frustration is conflict of motives within the individual.

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Chapter – V

Conflict

Q.1 What is mental conflict? Define the nature of conflict?

Ans.: There may be 2 or more opposite desire or Motive present an individual. The

individual can't decide as to which should be satisfied.

A state of tension follow. This inner state of mind characterized by tension as a result

of present at the time of martially exclusive or apposite tendencies or desires is

described as "mental conflict"

The state of tension makes it difficult for the individual for choose or to make a

decision.

Conflict is a state present in between right and obstacle there may be 2 or more then 2

desire are present in all individual an each desire given purpose satisfaction and

individual can't able to select his desire will give him a maximum satisfaction so that

time the person become in conflict.

Q.2 Define types of conflict?

Ans.: Conflict are different type :-

There may be a conflict.

Ist Classification :-

1. Conflict b/w person and person – ex. Parents – children conflict conflict b/w minor

groups and major groups

2. Conflict b/w person and his environment ex : earthquake, wars, disease, fire etc.

3. Conflict within a person : The internal conflict divided into 3 class :

(i) Internal conflict in which 2 goals are desired at one'c.

Ex : a person want to go for a drama, cinema at same time.

(ii) Internal conflict an individual who wants and doesn't out a certain object

ex.: a boy want to climb on a tree but he get afraid to fall down.


(iii) Internal conflict is one in which an individual doesn't want to do a certain thing

but is force to do it.

Ex. A student does not want to complete his home work but he get afraid that if he will

not completed it then teacher will scold him or punish.

2. IInd

Classification :-

1. Approach – Approach [++] conflict.

Ex. A person want to go for a drama or cinema at some time.

II. avoidance – avoidance conflict.

Ex. A student doesn't want to study and does not want to fail also.

3. Approach avoidance (+–) conflict.

4. Double approach avoidance conflict.

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Unit – III

Chapter – I

Emotion

Q.1 List out the physiological changes in emotion:

Ans.: Increase heart rate

Pupils dilated

Se heart rate

Pupils dilated

B.P. Raise

Goose flash

Se respiration

Se gastric juices

Se peristatic movement of stomach

Excessive perspiration

Formation of blood clot

Muscles tremous

Se blood sugar

Other changes :

1. Changes in voice : Tremor in voice, sharp and high pitch

2. Changes in facial expressions : Interest, enjoy, surprise


Anger, shame, fear

3. Changes in other part of body (body language)

Q.2 Mentions the state of emotions or emotional situations?

Ans.: There are ten different basic emotional situation :-

5 are positive

5 are negative

Positive emotions are :

I. Love

II. Laugh

III. Hope

IV. Optimism

V. Self confidence

Negative emotions are

I. Anger

II. Fear

III. Sadness

IV. Boredom

V. Guilt

Q.3 How would you control of emotion?

Ans.: The following are same point given below in order to have control over your

emotions.

1. One should learn about emotions, their causes, reaction involved and consequences.

The more you know about then the greater is the power you have cover them.

2. One should try to avoid emergency situations as they cause excessive emotional

reactions for this one should Learns the habit of planning our daily life and our future

activities.

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3. One should cultivate hobbies, habits of good reading and wholesome friendship get

busy in some useful activities. This activities will direct your attentions from the

emotion pro-voicing experiences.

4. By trying to learn to control unreasonable and excessive external expression of

emotions.

5. A Through understanding of one self. Once own limitation and powers helps in

controlling one'c emotion face real strictly.

6. A well developed sense of humour will help you to forget your petty annoyances and

irritations.

7. A desirable philosophy a life will enable one self to avoid mental conflict and

emotional tensions.


Chapter II

Attitude

Q.1 Discuss the attitude acc. To the "kimballyouug"?

Ans.: Acc to "kimballyoung": "A predisposition to respon in a persistent and characteristic

manner will habit and skill in reference to some situation idea, values, material, object

or class or object person or a group of person.

The attitude can be positive or negative

The attitude of respect to elders is positive. But attitude of towards particular

company is c/a negative attitude.

Q.2 What are the factors which determine the attitude in human being?

Ans.: There are main 3 kind of factor which determine attitude in human being.

1. Environment – The following environment condition gives effect on our attitude.

I. Home – Shows positive and negative influence

II. School – Peer pressure.

III. Media – News paper, radio, magazine, movies etc.

IV. Religious back ground

V. Cultural back ground

VI. Tradition beliefs

VII. Social environment

VIII. Political environment

All These environment create a culture on every place, a home, organization or a

country has a culture.

1. Experience: Our attitude will be change acc. to experience. A new attitude will

develop with new experience, if use have good experience with person our attitude will

be also positive for that person and our life.

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2. Education: Education Or knowledge also helps to change, our attitude A new attitude

will develop or formed acc. To our knowledge our level of education.


Chapter III

Habit

Q.1 Discuss about the habit and what are the advantages of habit?

Ans.: When a voluntary action repeated frequently is c/a habit.

It first we have a great effort to is called a habit but later one we can do it without much

on more consciousness. Our mind and emotion also involve in this condition.

The habit is a Tendency of an organism to behave in the same way as it has behave

before it is a discripted turn denoting the repetition of similar action in similar

circumstances.

Advantages of habit formation :

Development of habit is good for smooth and effective living, habitual action lead

little attention and effort. Habit makes our movement simple and quicker.

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Chapter – IV

Skill

Q.1 What do you understand by skill? and What principles of learning operate in

acquiring skills?

Ans.:

" skill is art or a specialized ability. Skill is something is to be done well. According to

"moon".

"Skill is a proficiency in the performance of a task".

The task may become typing, playing with an musical instrument driving with car, giving

bath a body.

When skill will be acquired will become smooth and gentle.

Motor skill is defined as integration of well adjusted muscle response.

Principle of learning operate acquiring skill.

1. Our interest, our strong desire are very essential to learn the skill for example : We can

not learn the piyano completely unless does not have a strong desire to learn.

2. Practice is very important think to develop the skill.

3. A clear defined idea or what a learner is accepted to do or to perform will be helpful.

4. The goal must be well defined and the all instruction should be clear.

5. Demonstration and procedure technique is very useful

6. Fear, worry anxiety does not make our skill effective.

7. Intelligence factor is very important to perform skill.

8. To take the help of another person to check the movement accurately. It is wrong that

correct it almost as early its possible.

Q. 2 Write the difference b/w habit and skill ?

Ans.:


Habit Skill

1. Habit are form of our learned Skill is a proficiency in the

Behaviour performance

2. In habit action comes in rantine One'c a skill has been acquired the

action becomes smooth. gentle

Rhythmic and unnecessary movement

Are omitted.

3. Ex. of habit clearing of our Example of skill giving a both to a

Teeth or our hair, dress new born warning an unusual costume.

ourself every day.

4. Types or habit :- types of skill :-

Motor habit - Social skills

Intellectual habit - economic skill

Emotional habit - leisure skill

5. Habit does not provide skill provide economic security

Economic security

6. Habit are done without any In skill we have too require

Conscious efforts consciousness

7. Habit is normal and simplest Skill is special form in nature.

Form in nature

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Chapter – V

Thinking

Q.1 How would you define thinking and describe the nature of thinking by which

concepts are formed.

Ans. Man a rashnal being and roshnality consist in his ability to think and reason. Is it

because of his capacity for better thinking that he is superior to other animals in

learning and making adjustment.

" Thinking is an activity which involve many parts of our body like sense organ and

muscles. Where the thinking process is intense, it is accompanied by muscular tremors"

Exp. When we thin hard or when want to solve a problem we shows wrinkle on our

forehead.

Nature of thinking – It is a mental process in which we deal with thoughts and

ideas actively physiological.

Psychologist define thinking as an activity which involve many part of our

body that is receptor connector and affecter that is "IE" sense organ nerve,

muscles of these are most important connectors of the neural mechanism in the

brain.


Chapter VI

Problem solving and reasoning

Q.1 What are the chief causes of mistaken conclusion, in problems solving by

reasoning? give examples?

Ans.: sherman has made up the process of reflective thinking c/a reasoning he says

"reasoning is a process of thinking during which the individual is aware of a problem,

identify it, evaluates it and decides upon a solution"

In it the thought process is directed consciously towards the solution of a difficulty or a

problems.

The process of reasoning or problems solving include the following points:

i. Awareness the problem.

ii. Comprehensive of the problem.

iii. Formulation of plans and action.

iv. Evolution and choice of the final plan.

v. Putting into practice and verification.

Reasoning will be use full in problem solving any practical that is planning of holiday

or the decoration of a house.

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Chapter VII

The learning process

Q.1 Explain the nature of learning with examples?

Ans.: One of the most important characteristic of human being in their capacity to learn. Our

personality, our habits, skills, knowledge attitude, interests and character is largely

result of learning.

The following general characteristic or nature of learning can be reduced.

Learning is a process of modification of behavior.

Learning is growth threw experience.

Learning is adjustment to a situations.

Learning consist in establishing the right stimulus, response connection.

Learning is the process that is purposeful and goal directed.

Learning is a self active process which set up or environment no one learns in a

vacuum.

Q.2 What are the factor which affects learning process.

Ans.: Practice which influences learning, learning is efficient retained and easily recall.

experience and experiment have brought out the importance of following factor.

Motivation

Intelligence

Maturation

Physical condition of the learner.

Good working condition.

Mental Health of the learner.

Learning is hold by associated things as part of total situations.

Length of the working period.


Q.3 What are the methods or modes of learning?

Ans.:

Methods & Mode of learning : By modes of learning. We mean different ways in which are

learn things there are three modes of learning.

Learning by trial and error.

By conditioning this not learned behaviour.

Trial by observation and insight.

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Unit-IV

Chapter I

Observation

Q.1 Define observation? And why is the importance for a nurse to cultivate habit of

correct observation?

Ans. Definition : observation is a act of carefully watching an object or situation:

Observation is a mental activity which place a important. Role in learning

thinking and Reasoning.

Accurate observation is very important for a nurse. She has to feel the pulse,

note the temperature, proper reporting and recording any other works. Which

required correct observation. If she fails it may be harmful for the patient. Sense

organ and nervous system plays an important role in observation.

Observation involve 2 mental activity :

1. Attention

2. Perception


Chapter-II

Attention

Q.1 What is attention? Give example to show that attentions is influenced by such

factors as size of objects, intensity of stimulation?

Ans. Attention is the chief characteristic of conscious mind and is essential to the

requirement of knowledge. Attention exist only where someone attending to something

At a certain time we may be conscious of many things in our environment but we

may be attending to only one or two at one time.

Attention is also selective mental activity we peak and select some particular aspect

from the situation.

For example:- At a time of listening a lecture you may be aware of there is noises

outside the room, but you are concentrating to only words & ideas as stated by the

lecturer. From this we can include that attention is the higher & consciousness of an

object or stimulus out of many. It means the focusing of consciousness on particular

object or idea at a particular time to the extension of all other object or ideas.

We can make a blurred image clear by focusing on camera on it.

So by focusing our consciousness on an idea or an we get to know the idea or an

object. We get to know the idea or object better.

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Sense perception

Q.1 Define sense perception? Sensation is the initial response of an organism to a

stimulus, "Perception comes a spilt second later and involves an interpretation or

evaluation of stimulus"?

Ans. Sense perception is the second step in observation. It is a process of mental

apprehension of the world around us through sensations. It is a process by means of

which we become aware of our characteristic and those of our environment through the

functioning of our sense organs. For ex. seeing blue color with out associating with

object which is blue, or hearing a noise with a particular object which is producing

similarly there are sensation of warmth. Cold, giddiness, movement, position thirst and

nausea.

Q.2 Describe the factors that effect the formation of our perception?

Ans. : Perception involves direct experience with object, persons or events this means that

the most important aspect of perception is a group of sensations through the

functioning of sense organs.

Our acquired interests also determine the object or objects.

Our needs or desires also modify our perceptions

Our past experiences, our interest, needs, mood & mindsets are c/a functional

factors of perception.

Q.3. What are the common abnormalities and perceptual disorder? Explain with

example?

Ans.: These are example of sensory abnormalities :-

1. Anesthesia

2. Hyperesthesia

3. Parasthesia


1. Anesthesia : Anesthesia Implies complete inability to respond to sensory stimuli. It

means a loss or absence of sensitivity. It may be caused by defective sense organ, affect of

drugs or also by some emotional or functional factors.

2. Hyperesthesia : It means excessive respond to stimuli. sick people often show this

things in their behaviour. They react to noises or bright right when we fatigued we become

hyper sensitive to lights to sounds or to the weight of clothing and to odour.

3. Parasthesia : One grossly false sensations. A person may have sensations of offensive

smell, bitter taste in the month where is no reasons for them.

There are 2 main disorders of perception :

1. Illusions

2. Hallucinations

Illusions : False perceptions are called illusion. Where we percive something and mistake it.

For something that is not rarely there it is the case of an illusion. We take a rope for a snake in

the dark, A toy apple on the mantle piece for real apple. You hear a sound and you think that

somebody is calling your name. Most of our illusion are visual and auditory but others one

possible illusion are caused by inadequate of our sense organ.

Hallucinations: It is an imaginary of perceptions they are an form of accurate observation in

which one sees all fares. Something that is not seeing or heard by other around it. An alcoholic

may see pink.

34

Unit-V

Intelligence

Q.1 What is intelligence & mental ability?

Ans.: It has been define as " In born all round mental efficiency" and also as mental capable

of being transferred from one activity to another. People have different standard of judging it.

For ex. a teacher might consider his student intelligent if he can show good results in the

examination.

Wood worth things that intelligence consist in the application of such intellectual

capacities as observing, understanding, thinking, remembering in handling a situation

or a task.

- Ex. a nurse may be regarded as intelligent by the matron or the doctor. If she can

understand, remember and carry out the instruction carefully and correctly.

Q.2 What are the features of Intelligence?

Ans: Feature / Nature of intelligence :

It brings about following feature of intelligence:

1. It is an innate mental ability which grows and influence by the environment.

2. It shows the capacity to adopt to new situations quickly and correctly.

3. It consist in the ability to carry on higher mental process such as reasoning, criticism,

application and judgment.


4. It shows the capacity to learn difficult task and the ability the solve increasing difficult

problems.

5. It shows the capacity to observe relationship and detect absurdities (mistakes).

6. The best way to understand "what intelligence implies" will be to understand intelligent

behaviour.

Q,3 How would you measure intelligence?

Measurement of Intelligence :

Ans.: One of the achievement of modern psychology is the development of scientific device

of measuring the general mental ability or intelligence these have been c/a intelligence

test.

It is to that and experienced teacher may still tern round and declare that he

does not need any such device or tests and that his inside.

Observation will enable him to find out who are intelligent and who are dull in

his classes.

Recently a No. of new tests have been developed on over used all over the

world.

The first practical scale for measuring intelligence was developed and given to

the word by two French psychologist:

1. Alfred Vinet

2. Theodore Simon

There scale consist of question and problems graded on difficulty for different

age groups from 3-15

other test one of these is the well known wechsler – believer test for adult.

Sample of test item – there are there more popular intelligence test may be:

1. Simon vinet test.

2. Ternan's Stanford vinet test.

3. Wechsler – believer test

Types of intelligence test :

1. Individual test of the verbal type.

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2. Groups test of the verbal types.

3. Performance test for individual

4. Performance for groups.

Representation of intelligence test results:

Many devices are used to show the results or scores of an intelligence test of these two

are the mental age and intelligent. It was bimat to give to idea mental age. It is different

from age or actual age.

Ex.: suppose a boy a ten is presented with problems which every normal boy of 10 is

expected to solve correctly. If he solve them correctly his mental age is also 10.

If he can not his mental age falls below ten.

He can also have the mental age of 11 or 12 or more. If he is able to solve the problems

for these years.

The mental age indicates the level of mental maturity but tells us nothing about the

relative brightness or dullness of the individual that is "how much" of intelligence.

This information is provided by I.Q. it is obtained by dividing once mental age by

chronological age and multiply it by 100 the formula of IQ (Intelligent quotient) :

I.Q. =

I.Q. =

For Ex. : Gopal's chorological Age is 10 and his Mental Age is 12 then formula is :

I.Q. =

In this device a person of normal intelligence describe as having and I.Q. of 100. A more

intelligent will have more than 100 on the bases of I.Q. terman classify level's of

intelligence as follows :


Levels and I.Q. :

S.No. Level I.Q.

1 Idiot 0-25

2 Imbecile (Stupid foolish) 26-50

3 Mentally Subnormal 51-70

4 Border line 71-80

5 Low normal 81-90

6 Normal 91-110

7 Superior 111-120

8 Very Superior 121-140

9 Near Genius or genius 141 and over

Values and limitation of intelligence test:

Intelligence helps in predicating the possibility of individual learner in classify

students. In shifting the gifted from the backward they have been used to determine or

control admission to various causes and to select student for scholarship.

These are useful in the process of vocational guideness and counseling. Its limitation

can be that, intelligence test can not predict the success of a student with absolute

certainty. They do not threw any light on one character, morals, emotionality or

temperamental traits.

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Unit- VI

Personality

Q.1 What is personality, define the nature of personality?

Ans.: Firstly the externals or physique and appearance constitutes only one factor in one'c

personality, they do not constitute the whole thing.

The term personality comes from greek word "persona".

The mask which greek actors use to wear in ancient time in drama so that the

mask show the characteristics personality is total quality of an individual

behaviour as it shown in his thinking, in his attitude, interest and manner of

acting. It is not only include his physical, mental and emotional behaviour but

also include his interest, attitude, ability.

The study of personality is important in psychology because it shows behavior.

people will usually behave acc. to their personality.

Definition of personality a/c to bridge:-

"The pattern develop by the integrated functional of all traits and characteristics of individual".

Q.2 What are the factor which determines or influence the personality?

Ans.: Factors influence personality : There are 3 kinds of factors :-

1. Physiological factor.

2. Social and environment factor


3. Psychological factor.

I. Physiological factor :

1. It include the physique of an individual ex: Size strength looks. It also include the

physical abnormality and nature or glands.

2. Physical appearance is the first thing which attract us and attractive physical

appearance help to create self confidence of individual.

II. Social and environmental factor :

The social and environment factor gives a big effect on personality. acc. to cruze." The

personality influence more by the reaction of other people than by any other factor in

the environment."

III. Mental and psychological factor : Our interest, attitude, will, character and our

intellectual such as intelligence, all these shows our behaviour it also give effect an our

personality development. These factor help to shine our personality, qualities.

For ex. Intelligent and proper attention shows that how to solve a problem.

Q.3 Mention the types of personality ?

Ans. (I) According to karl G jung :

(i) Extrovert

They are interested in world about them.

They are sociable + friendly and not easily upset by difficulties.

They one men of action rather then reflection.

(ii) Introvert :

The introverts are described by him as those who are interested in themselves.

Their own feeling emotions and reaction.

They are highly sensitive and unable to adjust easily to social situations.

(II) Acc. To William Sheldon :

1. Endomorphic : These persons are soft, fatty and round and they are bulky in body.

They does not disappointed usually. They are social and relex in nature.

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2. Mesomarphic: These persons are heavy muscular. Their behaviour noisy. they are

physically active these persons are strong.

3. Ectomorphic : These persons are tall and thin and they have flat chest these persons

are self centered in nature.

(III) All port describe : 2 type of people

1. Ascendant : They dominate the situation is out going. Submission or descendent Self

critical, day dreaming, self analytical, gives to withdraws from social or competitive

situation.

2. Acc. To kretschmer: Things that there is a close relation ship b/w one'c body or

physical make up and personality

there are 3 types of bodies Namely :–

1. Aesthetic –– thin and lean

2. Athletic–– Sports body

3. The pyknic type

(IV) Classification on temperament :

A. Viscertonia :

These persons are relaxing and enjoying in nature.

They like always comfort.

These kind of person are sentimental.

B. Sometotonia :

These persons are aggressive in nature.

These persons have more dancing in nature .

Usually these are non believe in religion

C. Cerebrotonia :

These persons are thought full.


Sensitive in nature and more religious.

Q.4 How would you assess the personality?

Ans.: Assessment of the personality: -

By assessment of personality we mean judging,

evaluation, measurement of personality,

traits or the general pattern possessed by an individual.

Personality can be measured or evaluate by means of :-

Interview

Observation of behaviour

Rating scales

Questionnaires method

Case history method.

The projective technique

Q.5 Explain the personality dynamics?

Ans. Mind is a function of body it does not exist apart from the body.

The structure of mind divided as :

1. Conscious Level: It is relate the awareness of an individual to his environment. IT

works when individual is awake. It attached with thought, feeling and sensations.

2. Preconscious Level: It is a part of mind in which ideas and reaction are stored and

partially forgotten. It also act as watch man.

3. Unconscious level: It is the largest part of mind, it is just like a house from all

memories, feelings and response experienced by the individual his entire life.

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Chapter II

Will

Q.1 What is will, define will?

Ans.: Definition of Will:

Will is the power of making decision.

For ex: you are working hard for your coming exams. One of your friend come and

suggest to you for a movie. That the conflict is arise that what to decision to do according to

your interest.

"The power of making decision is c/a will".

"Will is the natural capacity of an individual to choose or desire or to do one thing

rather another".

"Will is the sense to power to make a decision".


Chapter-III

Character

Q.1 What is the importance of character in human behaviour?

Ans. Important of Characters in human behaivour:

Character is a important part of our behaviour.

It is a part of our mental structure.

Character is the result of growth or it is developed by a society in which we leaves.

We do not born with our character.

We Just born with our body gradually we develop skill, habit, attitude, personality etc.

all these combined are c/a character.

Shweta Vajpayee - Guru Kpo

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