shipyards and as a Union steward participating in the some ...

Here in the Pacific Northwest the name Ramona Bennett a Puyallup tribal

member will often times ring as a familiar name for both American Indians and

non-Indians alike Rightly so because through the 1960s into the 1980s she

established herself as a public figure an American Indian activist But her life did

not start out that way

Archie and Gertrude Church gave birth to Ramona August 23 1938 on

Capital Hill in Seattle Washington at the fonner Martins Hospital 1 Archie

Church was a white man who was quite prejudiced against anyone other than

white but ironically married an American Indian woman After Ramonas birth

Archie moved the family to Bremerton Washington where he worked in the naval

shipyards and as a Union steward participating in the some early labor

movements

Gertrude was a smart outspoken and cute flapper dancer and a proud

Puyallup Indian woman Against Archies wishes Gertrude always reminded

Ramona that she and her were Indians and had Indian families in the world So

growing up Ramona realized that she could easily pass as a white woman in

white society because of her fair complexion that she inherited from her white

father but never felt the need to Ramona said

In school I always said I was Indian And these teachers would say Honey you

dont have to admit that you could pass as white And Id be like oh my-gosh

I Debbie Lowman Out from Under Life as Usual The Seattle Times 19 March 1977

1

why would anyone want to be white I never could get it but there were No

Dogs or Indians Allowed signs So when travelling with my mother and father

I would always have that choice of going into the facility with my father or

peeing in the bushes with my mother What do you think I did Of course I

stuck with my mother

The family moved back to Seattle when Ramona was a teenager Ramona

met and married her high school sweetheart They had a son they named Eric

That marriage ended after two years She remarried another and they had a

daughter they named Ronica That marriage ended after four years By this time

Ramona had been working for Seattles Auto-Freight and joined and volunteered

for the Teamster Union 174 in Seattle From all appearances Ramona had made

a pretty successful middle class life for herself and her two children in Seattle

~ Ramona owned a cute little brick house with a white picket fence But her heart

felt drawn to work with Indian people

ABOUT GERTURDE

Gertrude was born in 1907 to a Puyallup Indian mother and a Swinomish

Indian father Gertrude spent only the first five years of her life with her beloved

parents before the Bureau of Indian Affairs took her and two her sisters away and

put them into Indian boarding school Ramona said

Her mothers childhood was beyond traumatic Because as you probably

know the Puyallup reservation has the city of Tacoma standing on it [with]

2

some very valuable real estate so [it was] hit very hard in the land grab 2 My

mother was very young when this was taking place

The land-grab according to Ramona followed the passing of the 1912

Cushman Act

Which made it legal for Puyallup land owners to sell off their allotted

reservation lands which consisted of 23Ooo-acres save forty-two acres that was

set aside for a school-r

But the Puyallup Indians did not want to sell their land and became an obstacle to

the white business people Ramona said

What happened is [the Puyallup] Indians were declared incompetent (by the

state and federal courts) we couldnt read write or speak English and because

we couldnt read write or speak English we were assigned guardians And the

guardians sold the land to each other and kept the money for probate fees and

then removed the Indian people by force 4

It was a horrible time for Puyallup Indian families According to Ramona

local whites and law enforcement officials evicted many from their homes or

murdered them if they refused to leave Sometimes Indians ended up on the chain

gang building local roads Two of Gertrudes sisters Lucy and Jenny were

2 Land grab n An aggressive taking of land especially by military force in order to expand

territorial holdings or broaden power lthttpwwwthefreedictionarycomlland+grabgt

3 Robert Charles The Cushman Indian Trades School and World War 1 American Indian

Quarterly Vol 11 No3 (summer 1987) 221

4 Bennett Ramona Interviewed by Cecelia La Pointe-Gorman 65 minutes University of

Washington-Tacoma Oral History and Memory Project 9 July 2009

3

victimized by such violent crimes They had been brutally raped and killed in

front of their families and their bodies were thrown on the railroad tracks 5

During this time the Puyallup reservation diminished to ahnost nothing while

ironically Tacoma expanded and grew

ABOUT ARCHIE

Ramona said

My Dad was a white man and thought minority people were pretty much useless

and worthless But you know I am light skinned and so he valued me and

taught me a lot So I grew up [hearing his prejudiced] attitudes

Because of Archies racial attitudes Ramona developed an emotional immunity

to such prejudiced remarks an immunity that no doubt helped her be tough in

later years as an activist

However when Ramona got older she heard prejudices all around her

because people thought she was white and would say racial things in front of her

Ramona said Because I look white I kept hearing those gross racial slurs gross

people make6 Ramona realized once again she could live in the white world if

she really wanted to but she didnt believe in that world and she would not deny

her American Indian heritage


Washington Tacoma Oral History and Memory Project 9 July 2009

6 Debbie Lowman Out from under life as usual The Seattle Times 19 March 1977

4

~ SEATTLE INDIAN CENTER

In 1964 Ramona volunteered at the Seattle Indian Center Director Pearl

Warren taught and mentored Ramona on how to advocate for Indian programs

Ramona volunteered and worked for the Seattle Indian Centers American Indian

Womens Service League and The American Indian Dance Club Ramona

also became highly active working with Indian activist Bernie Whitebear Mr

Whitebear spearheaded the takeover of Seattles Fort Lawton 19707 Ramona

said

We had our eyes on Fort Lawton to set up services and programs for the

Indian people [Because the Indian population] was a [much] neglected

populationand there were huge gaps in services for Indian people in Seattle

and there was a big big big Indian population8

Not long after her involvements in the Seattle Indian Center Ramona

herself is thrust into the frontlines of Indian activism for the Puyallup Tribe in

Tacoma Washington

7 Bernie Whitebear (1937-2000) was a Colville Indian and Seattle based Indian activist and the

president of United Indian of All Tribes Foundation He spearheaded the 1970 takeover of

Seattles Fort Lawton property which resulted in success by 1971 In 1971 the federal government

turned over fifteen acres of Fort Lawton to the Indians to use for a cultural center known today as

the Day Break Star Cultural Center Scates Shelby Whitebear Leads Indians to Victory in Ft

Lawton Seattle Post-Intelligencer 5 December 1971 sec A14

8 Ramona Bennett Interviewed by Cecelia La Pointe-Gorman 4608 minutes University of

Washington Tacoma- Oral History and Memory Project 4 September 2009

5

~ ELECTED TO PUYALLUP TRIBAL COUNCIL

Ramona drove her mother to a Puyallup tribal council meeting in Tacoma

in 1968 At this time Ramona was not a Puyallup tribal member Being familiar

with much of the Seattle Indian social and political needs Ramona did not yet

know the full extent of social needs and political issues of the Puyallup tribe She

saw this meeting as a good opportunity to check out the condition of the Puyallup

tribe

Apparently there had been a recall on some of the tribal members on the

council In the meeting tribal council member (not being re-called) Hattie Cross

nominated Ramona for a position on the Puyallup tribal Council Another tribal

council member named Alice at that point spoke up and said

Well Ramonas not enrolled and Hattie said Well why isnt she enrolled

and Alice said Well because of this provision in our constitution that states if

your not born within twenty-miles of the reservation- you can not be enrolled

Puyallup And Hattie said Well whats the exception And Alice said Well

a permanent address on the reservation And Hattie (turns to Ramona) says

Ramona where do you plan to be buried and I said Right out there (points

towards the Puyallup graveyard) And Hattie says Well how permanent can

you get Then Hattie says I make a motion that Ramona be recognized as a

member of the Puyallup tribe and Toni said and I second that And they

voted voted me in 9

9 Ramona Bennett Interviewed by Cecelia La Pointe-Gorman 4608 University of Washington

Tacoma-Oral History and Memory Project 4 September 2009

6

Ramona was both got recognized as a tribal member and put on the ballot

for the tribal elections for the tribal council She was elected into the council that

June Thus began Ramonas exciting career as a tribal council member At the

next term election she made Tribal Chairwoman for the tribe

BEING MADE READY

Pearl Warren taught Ramona how to advocate for Native American Indian

social (NAIS) programs Ramona had also worked with Bernie Whitebear in

developing Indian programs for what later became the Day Break Star cultural

Indian center Also having a strong history of being a Teamster Union woman

she came into the tribal council well equipped to organize and facilitate

demonstrators for tribal causes

In fact just before she got recognized as a Puyallup tribal member and put

on the tribal ballot for election to council Ramona had been approached by some

of the Teamster members People from several Auto-Freight companies came as

a committee and said you know we like your style we really think we need

you and wed like you to go on the ballot Ramona chose to devote her work to

her tribe

Ramona possessed a wonderful ability to look at a negative situation as an

opportunity to make things better She typed fast and wrote very well Ramona

could put a vision down on paper write a proposal gain support and make it

happen

Moving to Tacoma to serve on the tribal council Ramona immediately

~ began to campaign for outside supporters both the Indians and non-Indians She

7

knew how effective fonning public awareness could be when asking for social

support She wanted people to know what the plight of the American Indians

really looked like and felt like Ramona describes the condition of her tribe in

1967

When I got down here I found out we had no land no control over our rivers

the Presbyterians owned our bones there was no healthcare we had no

educational services we had a broken typewriter we had a broken filing

cabinet the Bureau of Indian Affairs controlled all our records and we had not

had an updated enrollment since 1929 And what do you see that as I saw it as

an opportunity there was so much to do and how could you go wrong 1 hit

the ground running 10

A PLACE TO WORK OUT OF

Ramona knew the importance of having a place to work out of Having a

place to work out of simply puts one on-the-map in society Ramona went to

Tacomas Urban League and introduced herself to the Urban Leagues Director

Tom Dixon II

Hello my name is Ramona Bennett and were going to organize the Puyallup

Tribeand work on the recognition of our treaty rights and we have no office

we have no support or anything Tom Dixon replied Well hello Ramona


Tacoma- Oral History and Memory Project 4 September 2009

IJ Tom Dixon was the chair of the committee organizer in the establishment Tacomas Urban

League in 1966 httpwwwtacomawashingtonedullibrarychpclipsexample2htmgt accessed 4

December 2009

8

r--- Bennett theres your desk theres your phone theres your copy machine

theres your secretary just use it as long as you need12

Also serving on the council was Maiseele Bridges and Don

Matheson who went after fishing rights Alice Buelber and Silas Cross

went after the Puyallup land Ramona went after getting social services

established for the tribe

RODE THE WAVE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

One could write a book about Ramonas life Her life has not been

commonplace to say the least Her times are filled with exciting moving and

often dangerous experiences Ramona has often said We rode the wave of the

Civil Rights Movement

Ive known Ramona all my life I first came to personally know her July

of 1976 when I was sixteen-years-old Ramona three of my sisters and me

trekked across the country from Washington State to Washington DC We were

a group of more than sixty Indians to partake in a movement called The Trail of

Self-Detennination

Though I did not fully understand the meaning behind our trek I found

myself many times with my fist held high loudly crying Red Power with my

Indian brothers and sisters At that time I had never felt really proud to be an

American Indian but the trip changed me forever



9

On July 7 1976 a group fifty-four of us demonstrated at the Bureau of

Indian Affairs building in Washington DC which resulted in our being arrested

Having been forced to lie facedown by three SWAT team professionals I

watched as Ramona was literally attacked by four big SWAT team officers The

officers stepped on her legs wrestled her little body to the ground I could see one

of her legs was cut and bleeding through one of her pant legs This happened

while the three officers pulled my arms behind my back My arms were held

painfully with six plastic restraints

Up to that point I really didnt believe we were in any kind of danger

After being tied up with restraints we were roughly put into paddy-wagons There

were seven of us inside the one I was put into including my older sister Kathy I

r was crying because the restraints on my wrest were so tight Kathy with her

small wrists slipped free of the over-sized hand-cuffs Fortunately for me she had

finger-nail clippers in her pant pocket which she cut me loose with as well as

others in our paddy-wagon

It was stifling hot locked up in the paddy-wagon The police left us in the

heat for about two hours I heard no one complaining and the Indians began to

sing beautiful Indian songs in the paddy-wagons It was a moving and powerful

emotional experience I will never forget

Since then many positive changes have happened in Indian country but

not without a great price paid by many Indians and non-Indians alike Even if it

meant getting beaten jailed or even killed we still went out there and

10

demonstrated because we wanted a better life a life we could offer unto our

children

1969 middotIF ALL YOU GOT LEFT IS YOURE BODIES

One of the great stories that Ramona tells is about something that took

place in 1969 in Washington DC when Allison Bridges and Merge Matheson

and she traveled to Washington DC to attend a workshop about Indian Selfshy

Determination While there Ramona found herself confronted with a very

moving and powerful black womans demonstration taking place This is

Ramonas memory of that moment

Allison Bridges and Merge Matheson and my self had driven back in my

little voltswagon to this event And I took off I went off on a little side journey

And I heard these women singing and I just followed the sounds of their voices

And the women would come up the sidewalk singing and they were going to

the welfare office they were all black women and they were singing We will

overcome or The people united will never be defeated They would start

singing way down the avenue and they would walk on up and they would get

right up to the doors of the welfare office and the pigs would come and beat

them so hard that they were breaking bones these women were being beat and

thrown into paddy-wagons and then another bunch would come and this went

on all day 1 [asked] whats the issue and what happened is all educational

funding had been cut by the District of Columbia for welfare parents and they

needed to break out of ignorance and poverty And it was all they could do

you know if all that you have is your body and that is all you have to put up

than thats what you have to put up You could not believe the blood I mean

11

you could not believe how hard those pigs were hitting them and they didnt cry

out they didnt scream they didnt back up they just kept coming 13

Ramona had tears in her eyes when she recalled this event Back home in

the Pacific Northwest the tribe still suffered devastating poverty they still had no

land and they werent allowed to fish to support their families and there still was

no healthcare or educational services and the Presbyterians still owned their

bones The journey ahead would not be easy And she thought perhaps at times

all we will have is our bodies to put up thats what we will have to put up

When Ramona shared this story with me the very imagine in my mind

seemed unbelievable and terrible I recall a time in my own life with her Again I

am reminded what we were up against back then We were desperate as a people

to have a real chance at having life in dignity Continued poverty and oppression

were just too terrible to accept anymore We had no other way to go but forward

We were fighting for our lives

FISHING RIGHTS

The fishing wars had been going on a long time when Ramona became a

tribal council woman and it was not over Ramona said It was ugly And our

fishermen were getting beat up and arrested and their equipment getting broken

up and taken by the State Game and Fisheries Department)4

13Ramona Bennett Interviewed by Cecelia La Pointe-Gorman 4608 University of Washington




12

The newspapers covered years of this struggle between Washington

States Department of Fisheries and Puyallup and Nisqually Indians A conflict

that resulted many times in the arrests of both Puyallup and Nisqually Indians by

law enforcement officers

Puyallup council woman Maisselle Bridges and her daughters Allison

Valerie and Suzette and husband Al Bridges were among the many who stood

their ground for the right to fish according to their tradition and their treaty rights

and got arrested many times Others include Puyallup tribal members Robert and

Susie Satiacum and Nisqually fisherman Don and Janet McCloud Read the many

newspaper articles about these conflicts through the 1960s and 1970s

For Indians fishing had always been a traditional way of life for

thousands of years it was also the way they supported their families So when the

state told the Indians they could not fish it meant they were banned from

practicing their traditions and their livelihood livelihood that fed and put clothes

on their children This fishing ban left many families in dire poverty Ramona

said How can you live with any kind of dignity when youre on your bloody

knees in a welfare line

The Indian movements in the 1960s and 1970s brought a sense of Indian

pride across the country Movements like The Red Power Movement the

Trail-of Self-Determination Movement and the Trail of Broken Treaties

Movement and The Survival of the American Indian Movement and the

13

AIM (American Indian movement) all brought exciting hope and renewed

strength to Indian people everywhere

PUYALLUP SECURITY CAMP 1970

In an effort to protect the Indian fishermen the Puyallup tribe set up a

fishing camp called a Security Camp on the Banks of the Puyallup River The

idea for the camp was to provide eye-witnesses to help deter abusive activities

against the fishermen by the State Game and Fisheries Department or whites or

any other people that wanted to harm the Indian fishermen Ramona tells this

story

And so we set up security camp all these people (Indian and non-Indian

supporters) start coming and they bring like picnic lunches well the camp

begins to grow it takes on its own personality some Puyallup some other

Indians Pow wow people and club people At this time I am still vice-president

of the American Indian Service League [of Seattle Indian Center] 1 am a

Teamster 1 go to my meeting (Teamster)up in Seattle and I tell them what

were doing this sounds like fun so our girls come down and more of the

Minority Concerns Task Force come down to support us

The security camp continued to gain interest and support from people all

over the state and country Indians even came from Canada to support the Indian

fishermen And the Freedom Socialist Party of Seattle brought big pots of soup

and hygiene supplies A first security camp carried a no gun policy But that

changed in one day Ramona tells this story

David Matheson is going fishing he is the son of Pauline and Don Matheson

David went fishing and Pauline came driving in (fishing camp) and she got out

of her car and shes got on a grey skirt shes got on oxford shoes she dressed

14

in just a real good traditional social worker outfit nice hairdo- and a rifle And

shes walking through the camp with a rifle up to this point there had been no

guns in that camp She stopped and she turned around and said My name is

Pauline Matheson and I am Don Mathesons wife my son David is nineteen

hes going fishing right now And weve been at war with the state as many

years as my son has been alive I am bringing a rifle down today because if any

of those State agents touch my son I am going to shoot them 15

Pauline Matheson did watch and guard over her son that day and the next

day Ramona said the camp was full of guns16 Being an armed camp some

supporters left while others came in The seriousness of the camp heightened as

did its added dangers

Read more on the camps fate and the fishing wars Read the articles in the

1970 issues of the Indian newspaper called the Survival News- the Renegade

Read how the Puyallup camp was raided by 150 armed local police and state Fish

and game department officers on the morning of September 9 1970 Arrests were

made and the camp was bulldozed over and shut down 17

TAKING BACK OUR PROPERTY

One of the most exciting events recorded in the news locally was when

Ramona and a small group of Pacific Northwest Indians seized and occupied the

Cascadia Juvenile Diagnostic Center on July 23 1976 formerly known to the

15 Ramona BennettSuzette Mills Interviewed by Cecelia La Pointe-Gorman 6210 May 2009


17 Ellen Abbot US in New Armed Assault on Medicine Creek Treaty Survival News-The

Renegade Official publication Survival ofAmerican Indian Association 1970 I

15

Indians as the Cushman Indian hospital This event attracted national attention

and drew supporters in from all over the United States The reasons behind the

takeover are recorded many times in the media It was both historically motivated

as well as currently motivated The issues included the lack of Indian healthcare

as was promised to the Indians in their treaty rights by the government In

addition the Puyallup Indians felt much unrest with the way the hospital had been

illegally transferred to the state of Washington by the United States Eventually

the building and grounds became the Cascadia Juvenile Detention Center The

institutional facility was most deplorable to the culture and beliefs of Puyallup

Indian peoples

Clara Frazer the editor of the Freedom Socialist Party and long activist in

support of Native American rights interviewed Ramona in the lounge area of the

Cascadia facility during the occupation Frazer asked Ramona What is your

impression about how the media covered the story Ramona replied There

were two important things the media wasnt mentioning and those were

One is that we have for the past several years objected to the program that had

been called Cascadia Diagnostic Service We have believed for a long time that

this is a real Dark Ages program I resent the process the state used what I see

at Cascadia is removal an isolation and loss of emotional support to me its

like taking a little mouse that lives in the woods that has its little nest that

gathers food that does its little things for amusement You take that little mouse

and you put it in an aquarium with a concrete floor and you watch it bounce off

the floor and you say gee thats a defective mouse Look how crazy it is

16

running around hurting itself To me that what this program is like its

inhumane IS

Now the other main problem with the press is that we stated our purposes and

our needs over and over but I dont think any of the regular press understands

how critical our social needs really are We have the highest arrest rate the

highest teenage suicide rates the highest unemployment rates the highest infant

mortality rates Our elders have the highest rate of tuberculosis diabetes

disease 19

PUTTING BODIES ON THE LINE

During the occupation of Cascadia Ramona and her supporters knew at

any moment they could all be causalities to the federal law enforcements and the

US military The Indians with their few guns stood no chance at all if an anned

battle broke out But yet they were all willing to die for the causes listed above

In conclusion I will repeat Ramona Bennett How can you live with any

kind of dignity when youre on your bloody knees in a welfare line During that

summer of 1976 things turned around for Indians here in the Pacific Northwest

One could even analogize and say the castle was won the king of the hill brought

down But the truth is that the only thing we had left as a people was our bodies

to give up to the cause

Living with dignity and sense of pride for being an American Indian and

to know my children and I have good healthcare and a fair chance at a good

19 Clare Frazer Clare Frazer Interviews Ramona Bennett Freedom Socialist Fall 1976 9

17

~ education was really worth it all the struggles it took to get here Thanks to all

our supporters through the years and to Ramona Bennett

The following are additional noteworthy things Ramona was involved in

and did Read the transcripts and newspaper clippings for more Ramona took part

in the April 1970 takeover and occupation of Seattles Fort Lawton In 1972

Ramona took part in the Bureau of Indian Affairs building takeover in

Washington DC and was suspected of taking BIA documents during that

seizure2o She was elected in 1974 as Puyallup Tribal Chairwoman Ramona

spearheaded the November 1974 occupational trespass of the Gethsemane

Catholic Cemetery building in protest and request for the need for an Indian

childrens group-home 21Another great success in Ramonas life was when the

1978 Indian Children Welfare Act was passed into law Ramonas testimony

played as a paramount part in the decision that actually past an act into law The

Indian Children Welfare Act provides for tribal jurisdiction over Indian child

custody matters It serves a dual purpose of protecting the best interest of Indian

children and promoting the stability and security of Indian tribes and families 22

20 Jack Wilkins Stolen BIA Records In Indian Country Tacoma News Tribune 21 December

1972

21 Police Evict 26 Indians from cemetery building Seattle Post-Intelligencer 28 November

1974

22 Suzanne Garner The Indian child Welfare Act A Review Wicazo Sa Review Vol 9 No1

(Spring 1993) 47

18

why would anyone want to be white I never could get it but there were No

Dogs or Indians Allowed signs So when travelling with my mother and father

I would always have that choice of going into the facility with my father or

peeing in the bushes with my mother What do you think I did Of course I

stuck with my mother

The family moved back to Seattle when Ramona was a teenager Ramona

met and married her high school sweetheart They had a son they named Eric

That marriage ended after two years She remarried another and they had a

daughter they named Ronica That marriage ended after four years By this time

Ramona had been working for Seattles Auto-Freight and joined and volunteered

for the Teamster Union 174 in Seattle From all appearances Ramona had made

a pretty successful middle class life for herself and her two children in Seattle

~ Ramona owned a cute little brick house with a white picket fence But her heart

felt drawn to work with Indian people

ABOUT GERTURDE

Gertrude was born in 1907 to a Puyallup Indian mother and a Swinomish

Indian father Gertrude spent only the first five years of her life with her beloved

parents before the Bureau of Indian Affairs took her and two her sisters away and

put them into Indian boarding school Ramona said

Her mothers childhood was beyond traumatic Because as you probably

know the Puyallup reservation has the city of Tacoma standing on it [with]

2




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17


















1972


1974


(Spring 1993) 47

18















FISHING RIGHTS









12






















13









story

















14

























15










Indian peoples














16


inhumane IS






disease 19















17


















1972


1974


(Spring 1993) 47

18






















13









story

















14

























15










Indian peoples














16


inhumane IS






disease 19















17


















1972


1974


(Spring 1993) 47

18









story

















14

























15










Indian peoples














16


inhumane IS






disease 19















17


















1972


1974


(Spring 1993) 47

18

























15










Indian peoples














16


inhumane IS






disease 19















17


















1972


1974


(Spring 1993) 47

18










Indian peoples














16


inhumane IS






disease 19















17


















1972


1974


(Spring 1993) 47

18


inhumane IS






disease 19















17


















1972


1974


(Spring 1993) 47

18


















1972


1974


(Spring 1993) 47

18

shipyards and as a Union steward participating in the some ...

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