UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOIDGICAL SURVEY

Notes on t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of high-resolut ion s e i s n i c r e f l e c t i o n p r o f i l e s , s ide- scanning sonar records, and sediment samples from lower Cook I n l e t and Kodiak Shelf, R/V SEA SOUNDER c r u i s e S8-79-WG July-August, 1979.

Monty A. Hampton

Arnold H . Boma

U. S. Geological Survey

345 Middlefield Road

Medo P a r k , Cal i fornia 94025

f GEOLOGICAL SLTRVEY

OPEN-FILE REPORT 80-985

7

Menlo Park, Cal i fornia

August 1980

This r epor t i s p r e l i m i n a r y and has n o t been reviewed f o r conformity with

U.S. Geological Survey e d i t o r i a l s t a n d a r d s .

INTRODUCTION

The f o u r t h U. S. G e o l q i c a l Survey geo-envi romenta l c r u i s e i n lower Cook I n l e t and on Kodiak she l f and ad jacen t c o n t i n e n t a l s lope, Gulf of Alaska, w a s conducted aboard t h e R/V SEA SOUNDER f r o m 2 9 J u l y t o 15 August, 1979 (Fig. 1 ) . The o b j e c t i v e s of t h e c r u i s e were t o study i n d e t a i l s p e c i f i c poten- t i a l l y hazardous geologic cond i t i ons i d e n t i f i e d a s a r e s u l t of t h e f i r s t reconra issance c r u i s e conducted i n June ana Ju ly of 1976 and from m r k by o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s , and t o expand t h e r e g i o y l coverage on Kodiak Shelf. Seismic r e f l e c t i o n p r o f i l i n g ( spa rke r , Uniboom , 3.5 kHz, 12 kHz) and side- scannirq sonar surveys formed t h e b a s i s f o r s e l e c t k r y s t a t i o n s f o r observa- t i o n with bottom t e l e v i s i o n and 70 mm bottom camera a s wel l a s f o r samplirq of su r f i c i a l sediment ( g r a v i t y c o r e r , v i b r a c o r e r , g rab sampler) .

General ized t r a c k l i n e charts a r e g i v e n i n F igures 2 and 3 . Deta i led shot-point c h a r t s could not b e constructed c l e a r l y , because of t h e over lap and coincidence of many of the l i n e s . S t a t i o n l o c a t i o n s are shown i n Figure 4 and 5 , and samplirq information i s g iven i n Table 4. Table 5 con ta ins t h e naviga- t i o n r eco rds from t h e c r u i s e ,

The r e s u l t s of ou r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s t o d a t e can be found i n t he refer- emes l i s t e d a t t h e end of t h i s t e x t . Background information i n lower Cook I n l e t with s e v e r a l r e f e rences i s g iven i n Open-Flle Report 75-429 (Magoon and o t h e r s , 1979), and o n Kodiak Shelf i n Open-File Report 76-325 (von Huene and others, 1976) .

I n add i t i on , t h i s r e p o r t accompanies t h e b a s i c s e i smic - r e f l ec t ion and side-scannirq sonar r eco rds acqui red on t h e cruise. The se i smic - r e f l ec t ion r eco rds a r e pub l i c ly a v a i l a b l e from the National Geophysical and s o l a r T e r r e s t r i a l Data Center EDS/NOAA, BOulder, Colorado 8 0 3 0 2 . These records c a n b e inspec ted a t U.S. Geological Survey o f f i c e s a t Rm B-164, Deer Creek F a c i l i t y , 3475 Deer Creek Road, Palo Alto, Ca l i fo rn i a 94303.

* Any use of t r a d e names and trademarks i n t h i s r e p o r t i s for d e s c r i p t i v e

purposes only and does r n t imply endorsement by t h e U . S . Geological Survey.

INSTRLM ENTATION AND PROCEDURES

Navigation --

Navigat ional systems used by t h e s c i e n t i f i c p a r t y c o n s i s t e d of i n t e g r a t e d MagMvox s a t e l l i t e - L o r a n C and Motorola Mini-Rarqer u n i t s . (Mini-Ranger m s used o n l y i n lower Cook I n l e t . ) The da t a from t h e i n t e g r a t e d systems were au toma t i ca l l y recorded on magnetic tape, a s w e l l a s typed ou t o n a keyboard p r i n t e r .

Every 15 minutes t h e p o s i t i o n s E r e p l o t t e d manually o n a 1: 250,000 s c a l e c h a r t i n lower Cook I n l e t and on a 1 :500,000 s c a l e c h a r t on Kodiak She l f . For ea sy r e f e r ence a shot -poin t nunber was g iven t o each 15-minute p o s i t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e rou t ine p l o t s , t h e l o c a t i o n s o f course changes were p l o t t e d . Furthermore, dead-reckoning p o s i t i o n s based on s a t e l l i t e d a t a , t h e sh ip ' s s ing l e - ax i s speed log and t h e gyro , were computed every t w o seconds by the i n t e g r a t e d system and s t o r e d o n magnetic tape .

The Mini-Ranger system rec ived i t s r e t u r n s i g n a l s from shore-based t r a n s p o d e r s pos i t i oned a t s t r a t e g i c l o c a t i o n s b y a land-based support group. A maximum l ine -o f - s igh t range over 8 0 n a u t i c a l m i l e s was ob ta ined f o r some t ransponder l oca t ions . The Mini-Ranger was used a s t h e prirnary nav iga t iona l system i n lower Cook I n l e t because of t h e high frequency and accuracy of t h e data and because most t r a c k l i n e s were w i th in r a r q e l i m i t s of t h e system.

I n a d d i t i o n t o the nav iya t ion by t h e s c i e n t i f i c p a r t y , t h e s h i p ' s o f f i c e r s f r equen t ly succeeded i n u s i r g r ada r and o b t a i n i q l i ne -o f - s igh t b e a r i n g s . Correspondence between the s h i p ' s and s c i e n t i f i c p o s i t i o n s gene ra l l y was good.

S e i s n i c P r o f i l i n g and Visua l Format Systems

Sparker: Sparker d a t a were recorded o n Kodiak Shelf using a Teledyne system a t a power of 1 0 t o 20 k i l o j o u l e s . Seismic s i g n a l s were rece ived on a Te ledyne 1 00-element, s i ng le-channel hydrophone, and t h e reocrd was p r i n t e d on a Raytheon model UGR1900 P r e c i s i o n Recorder. Sweep f i r i r q r a t e s were 2 seconds. F i l t e r s were ad jus t ed t o r e c e i v e s i g n a l s between 4 0 and 1 2 5 h e r t z . Records were annota ted a t -hour i n t e r v a l s with shot -poin t number, t i m e (Greenwich Mean Time, CMT), and water depth. Uniboom: The Uniboom system used fou r EE&E model 234 power sources of 2 0 0 j o u l e s each d r i v i q hull-mounted p l a t e s . The hydrophone was a n EG&E model 265. Data w e r e recorded o n a n EPC 4100 r eco rde r . Sweep and firirq r a t e s were t y p i c a l l y a t one-half second, and f i l t e r s e t t i n g s a t about 6 0 0 t o 1700 he r t z . Annotations were made i n t h e same manner a s t hose on t h e spa rke r system, except a t 15-minute i n t e r v a l s . High-resolut ion: A Ratheon TR-109 3.5 k i l o h e r t z s e i m i c system, wi th a Raytheon 105 PTR t r a n s c e i v e r and a CESP-XI c o r r e l a t o r , was used t o g a t h e r h igh - r e so lu t ion sha l low-pene t ra t ion se i smic da t a a s -11 a s bathymetry, The system opera ted with 12 hull-mounted t r ansduce r s , and t h e da t a were recorded o n a n EFC 4100 recorder . Sweep and f i r i n g r a t e s were a t one-half second.

Annotations were made i n t h e same manner a s those o n the Uniboom system. Bathynetry: A Raytheon TR-73A t ransducer and a Raytheon 1 0 5 PTR t r a n s c e i v e r - 1 2 k i l o h e r t z system yas used t o g a t h e r bathymetr ic d a t a , which e r e dispLayed on a d i g i t a l readout and recorded on magnetic tape. Sweep and firirq rates t y p i c a l l y were a t 1/2 second, and anno ta t ions wcre made the same a s f o r t he o t h e r acous t i c systems. Record q u a l i t y : Four f a c t o r s t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d q u a l i t y of t h e s e i s a i c rcords were: 1 ) t h e t y p i c a l l y coarse-grained and hard na ture of t h e unconsol idated s u r f l c i a l sediment, 2 ) t h e shallow water depth throughout most of bo th a r e a s , 3 ) a c o u s t i c v i b r a t i o n s from t h e v e s s e l , and 4) rough seas .

Coarse-grained and hard sediment most severe ly a f f e c t e d the Uniboom and 3.5 kHz records, causing much of t h e outgoing energy from these high-frequency systems t o be r e f l e c t e d d i r e c t l y from t h e sea bottom with only a minor amount of energy pene t r a t ing through t o subbottom r e f l e c t o r s . Some of t h e uniboom reco rds show s u b t l e , i r r e g u l a r t r a c e s of subbottom r e f l e c t o r s , which can be t r a c e d and c o r r e l a t e d only with d i f f i c u l t y . Many of t h e 3.5 kHz r eco rds show no s i g n of subbottom r e f l e c t o r s and can be used only a s i n d i c a t o r s of water depth.

The shallow water depth caused m u l t i p l e r e f l e c t i o n s t o appear a t s h o r t time i n t e r v a l s a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l sea-bottom r e f l e c t i o n , p a r t i a l l y o r t o t a l l y obscuring s i g n a l s from deeper r e f l e c t o r s .

Al thowh these fou r f a c t o r s each have a d e l e t e r i o u s e f f e c t o n record q u a l i t y , it was found by varyi rq ship speeds and f i l t e r s e t t i n g s t h a t t h e mture of t h e bottom sediment was t h e main reason f o r t h e seismic systems t o d i sp l ay "poor" subbottom acous t i c r e f l e c t i o n s o n t h e records. Depth of pene t r a t ion and d e t a i l s i n t h e record consequent ly v a r i e d with type of bottom and . m t e r depth. Except f o r c e r t a i n p a r t s , t h e records a l l ow adequate subbottom i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of geology. Side-scanning sonar: The side-scanning sonar u n i t used was a n E G G d i g i t a l model, mnna l ly opera ted a t a 125 m s c a l e and towed above the bottom a t 10% of the s c a l e employed. D a t a *re recorded on magnetic type and p r i n t e d on a cont inuous, dry-paper recorder . High q u a l i t y records were g e n e r a l l y obtained. A l t h o q h most s ide-scan sonar surveys were run a t a sh ip speed o f 4 t o 4.5 k m t s , c u r r e n t s could be respons ib le far a d i f f e r e n t speed over the bottom,

Normally t h e uniboom and 3.5 kHz u n i t s were run simultaneously with s ide- scan Sonar f o r depth c o n t r o l and p o s s i b l e subbottom information. Bottom t e l e v i s i o n and bottom camera: A Hydro Products bottom t e l e v i s i o n u n i t , underwater mercury l i g h t s , and a 70 mm camera w e r e mounted i n a l a r g e frame. Photographic exposures could be made by remote c o n t r o l by t h e TV-screen observer. A multiconductor c a b l e , l e a d i ~ l g t o t h e camera and Light, was taped a t 5 m i n t e r v a l s t o t h e winch cable .

Because c u r r e n t s a r e always p r e s e n t i n the lower Cook I n l e t a r ea it was impossible t o f l y t h e s l e d slowly and a t a uniform d i s t a n c e over the bottom. Consequently a system o f jumping had t o be used, lowering t h e s l e d t o t h e bottom and g i v i r q same s lack wire . Due t o s h i p ' s d r i f t , t h e cab le s became taut a f t e r a few seconds and t h e sled was t h e n dragged over t h e bottom. A t

that time, it w s l i f t e d and allowed t o drift rapidly before lt w a s again lowered t o t he bottom.

Samp 1 ig. Devices - - Gravity corer: The gravi ty corer consisted of a 1500 pound *ight t o which one t o three 3 m, 7.6 cm ID steel core b a r r e l s were attached. A c l e a r poly- bu tyra te l i n e r m s inse r ted i n the b a r r e l s , and the sediment was re ta ined by a s t a i n l e s s s t e e l core catcher.

The cores were c u t i n t o 1 .5 m sect ions , and 1 0 cm lorq pieces were c u t from the ends of some sect ions fo r hydrocaAon gas analysis . The remaining core vas x-rayed and then s p l i t lengthwise i n to wrking and archive halves. From the mrk i rg h a l f , vane shear measurements were made, and samples were taken f o r g r a i n s i z e , water content , and Atterberg 1imlt.s. The archive half was described and photographed. Both sections were put i n t o storage tubes t h a t w x e capped, taped, l abe l l ed , and stored under ref r igera t ion. Grab samplers: A standard Van Veen grab sampler proved t o be too light f o r adequate sampling of the typ ica l ly sandy-gravelly seaf loor . Generally, successful attempts were obtained with a heavy modified grab sampler con- s t ruc ted by Andy Soutar of Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography . Vibracorer: A Kiel v ibracorer , capable of co l l ec t ing 2 m cores, was used i n a r ea s of coarse-grained sediment. Two types of b a r r e l s were used; one with square cross-section, 10 cm on a s ide , made of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , and the other i den t i c a l t o those used f o r the g rav i ty corer. Generally, the square b a r r e l s re t r ieved l o w e r cores, but they were mt col lec ted i n p l a s t i c l i n e r s and were therefore d i f f i c u l t t o s tore .

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OF LOWER COOK INLET AND KODIAK SHELF

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l w e r Cook I n l e t and Kodiak S h e l f , R/V SEA SOUNDER c r u i s e S7-77+G,

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Dolton, G. L., 1976, A sunrnary of p e t r o l e u n p o t e n t i a l , environmental

geology, and the t echnology , time f rame, and i n f r a s t r u c t u r e f o r

e x p l o r a t i o n and deve lopnen t of t h e wwestern Gulf of Alaska; U.S. Geol.

Survey Open-File Report 76-325, 92 p .

Table I. It inerary of R/V SEA SOUNDER cruise S8-79+G In lower Cook Inlet and

on Kodiak S h e l f , Alaska.

Port - Homer

Homer

Kodia k

Arrive

5 Aug - 1430 (2 1 8 / 0 0 3 0 )

Depart Remarks

29 J u l y - 0 7 0 0 Start leg 1 , to ( 2 1 0 / 1 7 0 0 ) lower Cook In le t .

6 Aug - 0700 ( 2 1 8 / 0 7 0 0 )

1 5 Aug - 0 8 0 0 ( 2 2 7 / 1 8 0 0 )

End leg 1 .

Start l eg 2, to Kodiak S h e l f .

NOTE: Julian day and Q4T time are g i v e n between brackets.

End l e g 2.

T o t a l underway t ime: 392 hr. Total trackl ine m i l e s/time: 957 .8 m/19 1.6 hr . Sta t ions o c c u p l e d / t o t a l time o n station: 57/55.7 hr.

T a b l e 2. Types and amounts of data c o l l e c t e d on b a a r d t h e R/V SEA SOUNDER

cruise S8-794G i n lower Cook I n l e t and on Kodiak Shelf.

Da ta type

Single c h a n n e l a r c e r

Un ib oom

Side- scann ing sonar

G r a v i t y c o r e

P i s t o n c o r e

Vib racore

S o u t a r g r a b

~V/Camera

P r o f i l i n g c u r r e n t meter

Track1 i n e Remarks

2 r o l l s r e c o r d i n g Paper

13 r o l l s r e c o r d i n g

p a p e r

14 r o l l s r e c o r d i n g

Paper

11 rol ls r e c o r d i n g

Paper

14 r o l l s r e c o r d i n g

Paper

18 r e e l s mag. tape

14 r e c o v e r i e s

1 r e c o v e r y

8 recoveries

2 3 r e c o v e r i e s

6.6 hours, 3 reels mag. tape

1 s t a t i o n

Table 3 . S c i e n t i f i c p e r s o n n e l on b o a r d t h e R/V SEA SOUNDER c r u i s e S8-79-WG i n

lower Cook Inlet and o n Kodiak Shelf.

Name -

Arnold B o r n Monty Hampto n Rober t Orlando M i c h a e l T o r r e s a n Melvyn Rappeport Michae l Underwood Edward Clukey P h y l l i s Swenson John Whitney

George Redden Karen We l i k y Richard Garlow Kaye Ki noshi ta James Nicholson R o r a l d S c h n i t z Jon E r i c s o n R o b e r t Wilson S c o t t R a i n s f o r d

A f f i l i a t i o n D u t i e s

USGS, PAB* co-chief scientist II co-chief s c i e n t i s t

g e o l o g i s t 11

I! soils e q i n e e r @I geologist

USGS, Conserva t ion I#

D i v i s i o n , Anchorage USGS, PAB 11

I 1 I t

V e r m n P i l g r i m

Sc ott Co nrad

P a u l Ba tes

n a v i g a t o r 11

I 1 e l e c t r o n i c s t e c h n i c i a n It 11

II mechanical t e c h n i c i a n I 1 I 1

11 II

S h i p ' s O f f i c e r s

c a p t a i n

c h i e f e n g i n e e r

c h i e f mate

USGS, PAB = U. S . G e o l o g i c a l Survey, Branch o f Pacif i c - A r c t i c Marine Geology, Menlo Park , C a l i f o r n i a .

Table 4. Information about sampling stations and aarnples, cruise S8-79-WG i n

lower m o k Inlet and on Kodiak Shelf.

Sample nu& er

latitude Water Equiptent mngitude depth (m) type Comments --

No recovery

S h e l l hash, 36 em

Pebbly, she l ly sand, 40 crn

Clean sand, wash out

59'36.9'~ 152'1 9.6'~ 5 7 vibracorer

59z33. O'N 152 07.3'W 3 9 vibracorer

59'34.4'~ 152'1 2 . 8 ' ~ 4 4 vibracorer

59'31.2'~ 153'07.6'~ 39 grab sampler Gray mud

Gray mud

Sand, 130 m

Gray t o green sandy mud, 215cm

Gray to green sandy mud

Gray to green sandy mud, 200cm

Gray to green sandy mud, 240m

Gray to green sandy mud, 200m

59'28.2'~ 153-1 1.8'W 35 grab sampler

59:27.4'~ 152 38.01W 60 vibracorer

58'52.7'~ 152'55.4'~ 171 gravi ty corer

58'52.5'~ 152°56.1'W 168 gravi ty corer

58'55.6'~ 152'57. O'W 17 1 gravi ty corer

58'55.3'N 152'57.5'~ 172 gravi ty corer

58'53.9 'N 152'58.4'~ 167 gravi ty corer

58'52.4'~ 1 5 2 ~ 5 7.9 'W 167 gravi ty corer Gray to green sandy mud, 260cm

Observations of comet marks

vibracorer

vlb racorer

vibracorer

vibracorer

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

Sand, 150 cm

NO recovery

N o recovery

N o recovery

Sand with boulders

Sand with boulders

Shelly, pebbly sand

Shelly sand

Sand wi th boulders

Sandy gravel.

Sa nd

Gravelly sand

Bouldery , gravelly sand

Bouldery gravelly sand

Gravel

Shelly, gravelly sand

Gravelly sand

35 TV/Carnera Observe wall of Cook Trough

gravity corer, vibracorer

vibracorer

vibracorer

vib racorer

gravity corer

vibracorer

~V/&mera

gravity corer

gravity corer

gravity corer

vibracorer

vib racorer

grab sampler

gravity corer

vibracorer

Green, ash-rich mud, 180cm

Green, ash-rich mud, 165cm

Ash-rich mud, 30cm

Ash-rich mud, 100cm

No recovery

Shelly, sandy gravel, lOcm

Attempt t o observe

gas seep; no success

Ash-rich mud, 2 2 4 m

Ash-rich mud, 243cm

Ash-rich mud, 214cm

Ash-rich mud, l l l cm

Muddy sandy gravel f ew cm

Gravelly sand

Mud, 225cm

Sandy mud

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

gravity corer

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

grab sampler

gravity corer

Gravelly sand

Sand

Gravelly sand

Sandy mud

Muddy sand

Sand

She l l y pebbly gravel

S h e l l y , pebbly sand

Gray-green mud, 228cm

cwhr L d c p -B-rxr I YR AREA

page 6;L of-

A L A S K A

P A C / F / C OCEAN

I I I

Figure I.- Generalized location mop of the study ore0

S-79WG LEG 1 TRACKLINE MAP

1 I I

SHELIXDF STRAIT -2 I I

110. 2. Trmckllnem. 8 8 - 7 9 - W O . lower Cook Inlet

. . .

I 1 I

&74WC LEG 1 I

8 T A M LOCAflOH MAP

I

SWEf IKOF STRAIT

I I

I A I

f i g . 4. Station Ioc8tionm. 8 8 - 7 1 - W O . l o w e r Cook Inlet