Gender Determination, Care, Water Quality Management, and Nutrition.
SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender...
-
Upload
amie-hawkins -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
1
Transcript of SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender...
![Page 1: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SEX DETERMINATION AND
DIFFERENTIATION
![Page 2: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lots to talk about . . .Lots to talk about . . .
Gender DeterminationGender DeterminationGender DifferentiationGender Differentiation– GonadsGonads– BrainBrain
Gender Differences in the Gender Differences in the HPG axisHPG axis– Menstrual CycleMenstrual Cycle– Male Gonadal Hormone Male Gonadal Hormone
RegulationRegulation
Disorders of Sexual Disorders of Sexual DifferentiationDifferentiation
![Page 3: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Sexual DeterminationSexual Determination
Chromosomal sexChromosomal sex: : XXXX XYXY
– Determines Determines gonadal sex gonadal sex – Determines Determines hormonal sexhormonal sex
Gonadal differentiation occurs during the 5Gonadal differentiation occurs during the 5thth and 6 and 6thth weeks of fetal development . . . weeks of fetal development . . .
![Page 4: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sexual DifferentiationSexual Differentiation
A complex process . . .A complex process . . .
fa llop ian tu b escervixu te ru s
M u lle rian d u c t sys tem
L ow es trog en h orm on e sec re tionN o T - fem in iza tion
N o M IH - d em ascu lin iza tion
O vary d eve lop m en tG erm in a l rid g e o f p ro tok id n ey
X X
vas d e fe ren ssem in a l ves ic les
W olffian d u c t sys tem
A n d rog en s & P ep tid es sec re tedT - m ascu lin iza tion
M u lle rian in h ib ito ry h orm on e (M IH )- d e fem in iza tion
Tes tis d eve lop m en tG erm in a l rid g e o f p ro tok id n ey
tes tis d e te rm in a tion fac to r (TD F )X Y
X X / X YS R Y g en e exp ress ion ?
S ex-d e te rm in in g reg ion on th e Y ch rom osom e
![Page 5: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Gonadal Development of the EmbryoGonadal Development of the Embryo
![Page 6: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Mullerian and Wolffian Duct Mullerian and Wolffian Duct SystemsSystems
![Page 7: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sexual DifferentiationSexual Differentiation
A masculine-feminine continuum . . .A masculine-feminine continuum . . .
MasculinizationMasculinization = induction of male traits. = induction of male traits.
DefeminizationDefeminization = removal of the potential for female = removal of the potential for female traits.traits.
FeminizationFeminization = induction of female traits. = induction of female traits.
DemasculinizationDemasculinization = removal of the potential for = removal of the potential for male traits.male traits.
![Page 8: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sexual DifferentiationSexual Differentiation
Androgens are responsible for the differentiation of Androgens are responsible for the differentiation of the external genitalia . . . the external genitalia . . .
– AndrogensAndrogens
Testosterone Testosterone 5 5α-reductase α-reductase DHT DHT penis, penis, scrotumscrotum
– No AndrogensNo Androgens clitoris, vaginal labia clitoris, vaginal labia
In the absence of androgens, the “default” gonadal In the absence of androgens, the “default” gonadal development isdevelopment is
![Page 9: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Temperature-dependent Sex Temperature-dependent Sex Determination?Determination?
Reptiles & FishReptiles & Fish: Temperature of egg incubation is an important : Temperature of egg incubation is an important factor in determining gender!!factor in determining gender!!
Lizards / AlligatorsLizards / Alligators: Temperatures > 30: Temperatures > 30° C produce males and < ° C produce males and < 28° C produce females in some lizards and alligators!! 28° C produce females in some lizards and alligators!! Temperatures may inactivate enzymes like aromatase and 5α-Temperatures may inactivate enzymes like aromatase and 5α-reductase. reductase.
And humans?And humans? The DMRT1 gene required for male development in The DMRT1 gene required for male development in humans and mice is similar to the mab-3 and doublesex genes of humans and mice is similar to the mab-3 and doublesex genes of animals whose sex is determined by temperature . . . An animals whose sex is determined by temperature . . . An evolutionary link? evolutionary link?
![Page 10: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Sexual Differentiation of the Brain
The POTENTIAL for feminine or masculine behavior appears to be organized by early exposure to hormones.
Like the body, the brain is initially programmed to develop in the FEMALE direction.
![Page 11: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sexual Organization of the Brain
GONADS Testosterone
Estrogen
aromatase
Estrogen-receptor
reductase
Dihydrotestosterone
Androgen-receptor
++
Creation of the male rat brain
![Page 12: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Sexual Organization of the Brain
Gonads Estrogen
EstrogenSequestered by alpha-fetoprotein
Creation of the female rat brain
End-result : Estrogen is removedfrom placenta and metabolized bymaternal liver
Less estrogen to get to brainand defeminize the brain
Female : less testosterone toaccess brain and aromatize to estrogenso again, no possibility of masculinization
![Page 13: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Summary: Sexual Organization of the BrainSummary: Sexual Organization of the Brain
Male RatsMale Rats: Testosterone aromatized to estrogen (E) appears to : Testosterone aromatized to estrogen (E) appears to be especially important for masculinizing the male rat brain!!be especially important for masculinizing the male rat brain!!
Female RatsFemale Rats: Exposed to high levels of E from mom’s ovaries : Exposed to high levels of E from mom’s ovaries and own E from fetal ovaries, and own E from fetal ovaries, so why are they not so why are they not masculinizedmasculinized? ?
– Mom has high levels of the carrier protein Mom has high levels of the carrier protein α-fetoproteinα-fetoprotein in in circulation which binds estrogens well, but NOT androgens. circulation which binds estrogens well, but NOT androgens.
– Αlpha-fetoproteinΑlpha-fetoprotein sequesters, or removes, E via the sequesters, or removes, E via the placenta to be metabolized by mom’s liver. It protects the placenta to be metabolized by mom’s liver. It protects the female rat brain from any masculinizing effects of E. female rat brain from any masculinizing effects of E.
![Page 14: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sexual Organization of the Brain
GONADS Testosterone Estrogen
EstrogenSequestered in brainby alpha-fetoprotein
Estrogen
aromatasereductase
Dihydrotestosterone
Any dysfunction in genetic and hormonal pathways will lead to problems in sexual differentiation in both animals and humans . . .
![Page 15: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
GnRH
LH/FSH
Pulsatile Release
Pulsatile Release
Sex Steroids-
-
-
Gender Differences in HPG regulationBack to the axes . . .
![Page 16: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Gender Differences in HPG Regulation
Females: Females: CyclicCyclic gonadal function gonadal function– Estrogens and ProgesteroneEstrogens and Progesterone
Males: Males: TonicTonic gonadal function gonadal function– TestosteroneTestosterone
![Page 17: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Secretion of Sex Steroids
GnRH
LH/FSH
Pulsatile Release
Pulsatile Release(every 60 mins for humans)
Sex Steroids-
-
-
Females : Steady Increasein Estrogen
How???
+
Surge+
The more estrogen you have, the higher the probability to induce POSITIVE FEEDBACK and surges of GnRH and LH / FSH.
![Page 18: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
What do you predict?
GnRH
LH/FSH
Sex Steroids-
-
-
+
+OVX + low doses Estrogen
LH
GnRH
OVX + high doses Estrogen
LH
GnRH
Conclusion : High doses of estrogen in females overcomes negative feedback
![Page 19: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
.. evidence that this only applies to females
GnRH
LH/FSH
Sex Steroids-
-
-
+
+Castration + low doses Estrogen
LH
GnRH
Castration + high doses Estrogen
LH
GnRH
Conclusion : High doses of estrogen in females overcome negative feedback
![Page 20: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Menstrual CycleThe Menstrual Cycle
![Page 21: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Menstrual CycleThe Menstrual Cycle
![Page 22: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Menstrual CycleThe Menstrual Cycle
![Page 24: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Amazing Ovarian FunctionAmazing Ovarian Function
1-2 million follicles in each ovary at birth 1-2 million follicles in each ovary at birth only about 400 oogonia (potential ovum) only about 400 oogonia (potential ovum) used during female reproductive lifespan!used during female reproductive lifespan!
Ovulation is a result of a careful Ovulation is a result of a careful orchestration of LH, the FSH:LH ratio, orchestration of LH, the FSH:LH ratio, receptor systems, and the availability of receptor systems, and the availability of estrogens, androgens, plus other estrogens, androgens, plus other neurochemicals (eg., inhibin – a peptide that neurochemicals (eg., inhibin – a peptide that feeds back to inhibit FSH)feeds back to inhibit FSH)
![Page 25: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Quick Facts about Ovarian FunctionQuick Facts about Ovarian Function
Follicular PhaseFollicular PhaseFollicular cell Follicular cell – Stimulated by FSHStimulated by FSH– Produces estradiol and Produces estradiol and
other estrogensother estrogensE synthesis hypothesis . . .E synthesis hypothesis . . .– Thecal cells surrounding Thecal cells surrounding
the follicle have LH the follicle have LH receptors and produce receptors and produce androgensandrogens
– Granulosa cells Granulosa cells surrounding the follicle surrounding the follicle have FSH receptors and have FSH receptors and convert androgens to convert androgens to estradiolestradiol
Luteal PhaseLuteal PhaseCorpus LuteumCorpus Luteum– An endocrine glandAn endocrine gland– Produces progesterone Produces progesterone
(and some estrogen)(and some estrogen)– Progesterone suppresses Progesterone suppresses
LH and GnRHLH and GnRH– Progesterone down-Progesterone down-
regulates estradiol regulates estradiol receptorsreceptors
– Capillaries in the Capillaries in the endometrial lining endometrial lining constrict when E and P constrict when E and P rapidly withdraw on days rapidly withdraw on days 27-28, leading to 27-28, leading to menstruation. menstruation.
![Page 26: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
How about Testicular Function?How about Testicular Function?Testes produce many trillions of spermatozoa in a Testes produce many trillions of spermatozoa in a lifetime!lifetime!
Leydig cells:Leydig cells:– Have LH receptorsHave LH receptors– Produce testosteroneProduce testosterone– Initiate paracrine interactions with seminiferous tubules and Initiate paracrine interactions with seminiferous tubules and
Sertoli cells to influence spermatogenesis.Sertoli cells to influence spermatogenesis.
Sertoli cells:Sertoli cells:– Have FSH receptorsHave FSH receptors– Produce estradiol from testosteroneProduce estradiol from testosterone– Produce proteins like androgen-binding protein, nourish Produce proteins like androgen-binding protein, nourish
developing spermatozoa, phagocytosis of damaged sperm, developing spermatozoa, phagocytosis of damaged sperm, produce sperm transport fluid.produce sperm transport fluid.
![Page 27: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The TestisThe Testis
![Page 28: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
Experiments of nature . . .
HERMAPHRODITE :
A person born with both male and female sex organs. This is a vague, confusing and inaccurate definition. There are 3 labels of Hermaphrodites: True, Male Pseudo and Female Pseudo.
PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITE :
Human babies born with ambiguous genitalia. Usually one set of gonads is present.
http://users.southeast.net/~help/sexdiff.html
![Page 29: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Disorders of Sexual DifferentiationDisorders of Sexual Differentiation
TRUE HERMAPHRODITE
A person born with both ovary and testicular tissue, this could be 2 separate gonads ( one of each) or a combination of both in one (an ovotestes).
The chromosome compliment can be XX (female), XY (male), XX/XY (mosaic) or even XO (extremely rare). Those XX with female genitalia are raised female (some have even given birth). Those XY with male genitalia are raised male ( a few have fathered children). The children born XX/XY or XO (with genitalia male or female are raised in the sex they look most like). Those born with ambiguous genitalia have many medical tests for the doctors to determine which sex they should be assigned. Doctors then recommend early surgery to make the child look physically like the sex assigned to them.
CAUSES: The causes are not known, The medical community does know this is a very rare condition but do not have accurate figures to how many people have this condition (depending on the literature between 350-450 known cases).
![Page 30: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
2. FEMALE PSEUDOA person born XX with normal female internal organs but with "masculinized" genitalia. They can appear more male than female or a combination of each.
CAUSESThe most common is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) it occurs approximately 1:14,000 births.This is when the adrenal glands overproduce testosterone. It also has been recorded that some persons with this disorder had been exposed to progesterone-like drugs before they were born (diethylstilbestrol and medroxyprogesterone acetate used to maintain pregnancies).
Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
No cure as of today,but treatment is available (cortisol).
![Page 31: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
3. MALE PSEUDO
A person born XY with testes (usually in the abdominal cavity). The external genitalia are usually female but can be ambiguous.
CAUSES
The most common cause is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS). This is when the body doesn't respond to the androgen being produced because the androgen receptors do not function. There are different variations: Complete (CAIS) , and Partial (PAIS). This condition has a variety of names and occurrence rates.
Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
![Page 32: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
Another related syndrome : Turner Syndrome
A disorder in women caused by an inherited chromosomal defect. This disorder inhibits sexual development and causes infertility. Ovarian development is impaired, preventing gonadal estrogen and androgen production!!
Cause : Abnormality in or absence of the second X chromosome.
It affects 1 out of 3,000 live births. There are many manifestations of this syndrome:-Short Stature-Webbing of the skin of the neck-Absent or retarded development of secondary sexual characteristics-Absence of menstruation
![Page 33: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Gender Dimorphism in Cognitive Gender Dimorphism in Cognitive FunctionFunction
Female Advantages:Verbal tasks
Perceptual Skills
Fine Motor Skills
Mathematical Calculation
Male Advantages: Quantitative tasks
Directed Motor Skills
Visuospatial Abilities
Mathematical Reasoning
![Page 34: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
TS Cognitive Findings . . .TS Cognitive Findings . . .
Normal verbal skills
Impaired visual-spatial ability
Impaired visual-perceptual ability
Nonverbal memory < Verbal memory
Impaired on attention tasks
Impaired on tests of arithmetic
Impaired on tests of motor function
A unique sex hormone-deficient model that can be be used to investigate hormone effects on cognition.
![Page 35: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Estrogen Treatment for TS GirlsEstrogen Treatment for TS Girls . . . . . .Ross et al., 2000
Double-blind, placebo Double-blind, placebo controlled study:controlled study:
29 children (7-9 years)
placebo estrogenGH GH / Econtrols
RESULTS:
Controls > Estrogen-treated girls > Placebo girls on recall of word lists (verbal memory) . . . But only the difference between normal controls and placebo girls was significant; also small sample size, low E-dose . . .
![Page 36: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Androgen Treatment for TS Girls . . .Androgen Treatment for TS Girls . . .Ross et al., 2003
Double-blind, placebo controlled Double-blind, placebo controlled study:study:
51 children (10-14 years)
placebo/GH
Oxandrolone / GH(androgen that does not aromatize to estrogen)
controls
RESULTS:
Androgen group > placebo on tests of working memory over two years of treatment.
No differences on tests of verbal ability, spatial cognition, and executive function.
BUT, effects of GH? practice effects of testing twice? . . .
![Page 37: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Other Clinical Neuroendocrine Other Clinical Neuroendocrine ModelsModels
PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome)PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome)
Transsexual studies . . .Transsexual studies . . .
![Page 38: SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. Lots to talk about... Gender Determination Gender Differentiation –Gonads –Brain Gender Differences in the HPG.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649e155503460f94affde3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The ENDThe END